This activity is for: Years 9-10

LAN Party
This activity teaches…
● Subnet masks
● Basic local network configuration

The activity teaches students how IP addresses - the addresses that identify computers - determine the network a
computer belongs to. It explains how a subnet mask is used to identify which part of the address belongs to the
network, and which part identifies the computer itself. It also describes how a CIDR number can be used as a
shorthand for writing the subnet of a network.

It is targeted towards secondary students in years 9 and 10 and addresses the expectations of the Australian
Curriculum at that level. It assumes students have learned the content in the Year 7 and 8 band of the Digital
Technologies curriculum, and understand both what an IP address is, and basic binary operations.

It should take about 1 hour.

You will need…

Pen and paper

Getting started (read this with your child):

Understanding how local networks are configured is important, from setting up a home network, to running an
enterprise system. The fundamental knowledge remains the same, and central to that is understanding who can
communicate with others in a local network.

Step by step
Read the notes and answer the questions below

This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Developed by the Grok Academy Limited (formerly the Australian Computing Academy, Page 1 of 12
the University of Sydney). Find out more: grokacademy.org, get help:
help@grokacademy.org
LAN Party
Understanding subnet masks - who is visible on your network

LAN and subnet masks

Computers, smartphones, tablets and many other devices communicate in networks. The network you have at home
is called a local area network (LAN), and it will look something like this:

So we can identify each device uniquely, it has an address assigned to it, just like different houses have addresses
on the same street. These addresses are called IP addresses, because they use the Internet Protocol (IP). Because
home networks are quite small, they use the IPv4 (version 4) protocol, and addresses using IPv4 look something like
this:

192.168.0.1

The IP address is a series of 4 numbers between 0 and 255, and each can be represented as an 8 bit number.

Although it may not be obvious this address is made up of two parts - one part describes the network, and the other
identifies the host. A host is a device on a network, like your router, laptop, phone, wireless printer or even a smart
LED like the Philips Hue.

The subnet mask on a typical LAN is usually 255.255.255.0 If we convert the subnet mask into binary, we see
something interesting:

Subnet mask 255.255.255.0

Subnet mask (binary) 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000

Network/hosts |------------network------------| |-hosts-|

When we convert to binary, the network part is always at the front and is represented as a series of ones. The
remaining part - the zeros, is set aside for the hosts. Once a zero appears in the subnet mask, no ones can be added
after it! The subnet mask dictates which devices are visible to other devices. It also dictates what addresses a
broadcast message will go to (all hosts in the network).

This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Developed by the Grok Academy Limited (formerly the Australian Computing Academy, Page 2 of 12
the University of Sydney). Find out more: grokacademy.org, get help:
help@grokacademy.org
Reserved addresses - broadcasting and the network address

In this scheme, a host can have addresses from 1 to 254. The number 255 is used for broadcasting
a message to everyone, and 0 is reserved for describing the network without specifying a host.

When we combine this info with the IP address (192.168.0.1) , it tells us the network address and the possible range
of IP addresses that can be given out to devices on the same network.

How does a device know what other hosts are visible

A host knows which other hosts it can communicate with by performing the AND operation between the destination
IP address and the subnet mask to find the network address..

Subnet mask (binary) 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000

Network/hosts |------------network------------| |-hosts-|

IP address (binary) 1100 0000 . 1010 1000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0001

Network address (binary) 1100 0000 . 1010 1000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000

Network address 192.168.0.0

Host range 192.168.0.1 - 192.168.0.254

All computers that can communicate will have the same network address. Different devices will have a different host
number.
Communicating outside the network

Communicating outside the network requires a router to forward the packets (chunks of data) to the correct location.
A host can specify the default gateway to be the IP address of the router, and if the destination is outside the network
the packets are forwarded by the router.

What does this have to do with subnets?

IP addresses take the general form of <network><host>. Sometimes you want to separate some devices on your
network from others, like you might in a guest network where visitors shouldn’t get access to your network drive. In
this situation, you might consider breaking your network into smaller networks - or subnets. When we do this, we use
the last part of the <network> part of the address to define separate subnets.

Subnet addresses 192.168.0.0, 192.168.1.0, 192.168.2.0, ..., 192.168.255.0

Subnet mask (binary) 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000

Network/hosts |------network-------| |subnet-| |-hosts-|

Host ranges 192.168.X.1 - 192.168.X.254 (where X is anything from 0 - 255)

This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Developed by the Grok Academy Limited (formerly the Australian Computing Academy, Page 3 of 12
the University of Sydney). Find out more: grokacademy.org, get help:
help@grokacademy.org
Here’s an example network (There is a larger image on page 6), where two townhouses on Mars are sharing an
internet connection on the same network. Each device in the picture (that isn’t a router) has a subnet mask of
255.255.255.0.

Let’s look at some of these devices, all of these devices in the house have the same subnet, which means they can
communicate to other devices in the same network. But the devices in the separate townhouses can’t communicate
with each other.

Left house - IP addresses Right house - IP addresses

Device Network Subnet Host Network Subnet Host

Router 192.168 30 1 192.168 20 1

Computer 192.168 30 154 192.168 20 12

Smart TV 192.168 30 132 192.168 20 46

Smart light 192.168 30 118 192.168 20 87

Google home 192.168 30 90

Phone 192.168 20 32

Smart fridge 192.168 20 125

This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Developed by the Grok Academy Limited (formerly the Australian Computing Academy, Page 4 of 12
the University of Sydney). Find out more: grokacademy.org, get help:
help@grokacademy.org
A shorthand notation

There is a shorthand way to specify an IP address and the associated subnet masks. For example: 192.168.1.33/24.
The “/24” indicates there are 24 1s in the subnet mask. In other words, it’s saying the subnet mask is

1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000

which is our old friend 255.255.255.0.

Since subnet masks always start with 1s, this shorthand notation just says how many 1s there are in the subnet mask -
that’s it! This is called Classless Inter-Domain Routing (or CIDR)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing.

This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Developed by the Grok Academy Limited (formerly the Australian Computing Academy, Page 5 of 12
the University of Sydney). Find out more: grokacademy.org, get help:
help@grokacademy.org
This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Developed by the Grok Academy Limited (formerly the Australian Computing Academy, Page 6 of 12
the University of Sydney). Find out more: grokacademy.org, get help:
help@grokacademy.org
Questions
Question 1
The network address is 172.10.45.22/16, what is the subnet mask?
* Find the answer in the box titled A shorthand notation

Question 2
Take a look at the image in the What does this have to do with subnets section. A pair of townhouses are sharing an
internet connection, but each have their own routers and networks.

a) Why is it useful for them to be on separate networks?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Find the answer in the section What does this have to do with subnets

b) One of the devices has a problem. It still connects to the internet, but it can’t connect to the smart TV in the
same house. What is the problem, and which device is it?

Problem: _______________________________________________________

Problem device IP address: _____________________________________

* Use the image in the section What does this have to do with subnets

Question 3
255.255.115.0 - Is this a valid subnet mask?
* Find the answer in the section LAN and subnet masks

Question 4
A device has an address of 192.160.33.5/24. What address would you use to broadcast a message to everyone
on the same subnet?
* Find the answer in the box titled Reserved addresses - broadcasting and the network address

Question 5

The printer is at 10.0.160.5/20. Which devices can print on the printer?

* Find the answer in the section What does this have to do with subnets

Laptop 1 - 10.0.162.6
Laptop 2 - 10.0.172.5
Laptop 3 - 10.10.3.165
Laptop 4 - 10.0.159.240
Laptop 5 - 10.0.160.25

This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Developed by the Grok Academy Limited (formerly the Australian Computing Academy, Page 7 of 12
the University of Sydney). Find out more: grokacademy.org, get help:
help@grokacademy.org
Question 6
You have invited 2 other friends over for a LAN party to play games, and are configuring the 3 devices. Unfortunately
you find the router you have is broken, but you still want to be able to play. Luckily, you have a network switch and
can plug everything in. What do you put in each field so the devices can communicate? (You can specify your own
network configuration)

Ignore the DNS settings, you don’t need them.

Computer 1 Computer 2

Computer 3

This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Developed by the Grok Academy Limited (formerly the Australian Computing Academy, Page 8 of 12
the University of Sydney). Find out more: grokacademy.org, get help:
help@grokacademy.org
 Answer key
Choose if you want to print this for your kids
or keep it to yourself!

Answer 1
The network address is 172.10.45.22/16
Subnet mask is:
255.255.0.0
Since the end is /16, we know there are 16 1s in the subnet mask.

Expanding the above into binary

1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000

255 . 255 . 0 . 0

Answer 2
a) They should use separate subnets so that their devices are separated. If not, they could access their
neighbors printer, smart TV, or Google home, which is undesirable.
b) The left house’s laptop is configured wrong. It’s on the neighbours network!
It’s IP address is 192.168.20.233

Answer 3
No - 255.255.115.0 is not a valid subnet mask. Converting it to binary it looks like this:
1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0111 0011 . 0000 0000

Since there is a mix of 1s after 0s, it is not a valid subnet mask.

Answer 4
192.160.33.255 - since 255 is reserved for broadcast messages to everyone on that subnet.

This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Developed by the Grok Academy Limited (formerly the Australian Computing Academy, Page 9 of 12
the University of Sydney). Find out more: grokacademy.org, get help:
help@grokacademy.org
Answer 5

The subnet mask becomes:

255.255.240.0
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
So we can see that any devices with the same first 20 digits of their IP address will be on the
same network.

The printer is at:

10.0.160.5
00001010.00000000.10100000.00000101

So any device whose IP address starts with 00001010.00000000.1010 is on the same network.

To check this, convert each address to binary, and compare their initial numbers to the printers’.

IP Address Binary IP Address Matches

printer?

Laptop 1 10.0.162.6 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1010 0010 . 0000 0110 Yes

Laptop 2 10.0.172.5 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1010 1100 . 0000 0101 Yes

Laptop 3 10.10.3.165 0000 1010 . 0000 1010 . 0000 0011 . 1010 0101 No

Laptop 4 10.0.159.240 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 1111 . 1111 0000 No

Laptop 5 10.0.160.25 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1010 0000 . 0001 1001 Yes

Answer 6
This is a screen that has often faced students who want to set up their LAN party. There are millions of different
answers here. Since there are only 3 devices, we want to have a small subnet, 255.255.255.0 is a sensible default
choice. Any host number between 1 and 254 will work, as long as there are no conflicts. You can add more bits to the
mask, if you like. The IP addresses should be narrow accordingly.

The default gateway field is not used, since there is no external communication. So you can leave that field empty,
or just put in a number that doesn’t conflict like 192.168.0.1 as a default (even though it doesn’t exist). Either will
work.

This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Developed by the Grok Academy Limited (formerly the Australian Computing Academy, Page 10 of 12
the University of Sydney). Find out more: grokacademy.org, get help:
help@grokacademy.org
This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Developed by the Grok Academy Limited (formerly the Australian Computing Academy, Page 11 of 12
the University of Sydney). Find out more: grokacademy.org, get help:
help@grokacademy.org
Want more?
Here are some further activities, online resources, assessment
ideas and curriculum references.

This is just the start of networking Keep learning

Once students understand how local networks For High School students interested in learning more
operate, you can extend into routing, how IP about how computers communicate, try this course:
addresses are allocated, types of data packets and cmp.ac/networksec
more!

There’s a whole lot more to networking than what was

Linking it back to the Australian Curriculum:
covered here! A few topics to investigate:
Digital Technologies
1. DHCP - how devices get assigned IP
addresses automatically
2. DNS - how words (like google.com) are Digital Systems
converted into a destination IP addresses Investigate the role of hardware and
3. TCP - what is put inside a data packet so software in managing, controlling and
information can be sent back and forth securing the movement of and access
reliably to data in networked digital systems.
(ACTDIK034 - see cmp.ac/systems)

Refer to aca.edu.au/curriculum for more curriculum

Keep the conversation going information.
● What’s the purpose of subnet masks?
● What would happen if any host could
communicate with a wider range of IP addresses?
● What happens if we run out of addresses?

This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Developed by the Grok Academy Limited (formerly the Australian Computing Academy, Page 12 of 12
the University of Sydney). Find out more: grokacademy.org, get help:
help@grokacademy.org