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CLO1 Basic concepts 11 May 22

The document provides an overview of basic concepts in Circuit Theory I, including definitions of circuits, electric charge, current, voltage, power, and energy. It explains the types of current (direct and alternating), circuit elements (active and passive), and includes exercises for practical understanding. The lecturer is Ts. Dr. Sarah ‘Atifah binti Saruchi, and the content is aimed at foundational knowledge in electrical circuits.

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Mahmoud
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16 views32 pages

CLO1 Basic concepts 11 May 22

The document provides an overview of basic concepts in Circuit Theory I, including definitions of circuits, electric charge, current, voltage, power, and energy. It explains the types of current (direct and alternating), circuit elements (active and passive), and includes exercises for practical understanding. The lecturer is Ts. Dr. Sarah ‘Atifah binti Saruchi, and the content is aimed at foundational knowledge in electrical circuits.

Uploaded by

Mahmoud
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE112/BEE1013

Circuit Theory I

Basic concepts
Charge, current, voltage, power and energy

Lecturer: Ts. Dr. Sarah ‘Atifah binti Saruchi


11/5/22
What is Circuit?
A circuit is a path between two or more points along which an electrical current can be carried
What is Circuit?

Circuit Breaker
- Disconnect the electrical path from one point to another when overload detected
What is Circuit?

Integrated Circuit - IC

Printed Circuit Board


Basic Concepts

• Systems of Units
• Electric Charge
• Current
• Voltage
• Power and Energy
• Circuit Elements
System of Units
The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory
Electric Charge

Van de Graaff generator – electric static


Electric Charges

• Electric charge is an electrical property of matter that exists because of more


electron ( -ve charge) or insufficient of electron (+ve charge)

• When a valence electron is pulled away from an atom, there is an insuffient of


electron (less electron), therefore, the atom becomes positive ions with a net
positive charge.

• When an atom acquires an extra electron in its outer most orbit, there is an
excess of electron (more electron), therefore, the atom becomes negative ions
with a net negative charge.

• Symbol of electric charge is Q and SI unit is coulomb C


Electric Charge

• One coulomb is the total charge possessed by 6.25  1018


electrons

• A single electron has a charge of 1.602  10-19 C


Voltage
• Voltage (or potential difference): energy
required to move a unit charge through an
element.
• Measured in volts (V).

• Mathematically,
vab = dw / dq
– w is energy in joules (J)
– and q(or Q) is charge in coulomb (C).
Voltage

• Electric voltage, vab, always across the circuit element or between


two points in a circuit.
– vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential of b
– vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower than potential of b
Current

• Definition: time rate of change of charge.


• Electric current i = dq/dt.
• Unit of ampere (A) can be derived as 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second.
• When a wire is connected to a battery, the charges are compelled to move;
positive charges move in one direction while negative charges move in the
opposite direction.
• This motion of charges creates electric current.
• It is conventional to take the current flow as the movement of positive
charges, that is, opposite to the flow of negative charges
Direction of current flow

Positive ions Negative ions

(same direction) (opposite direction)

It is conventional to take the current flow as the movement of


positive charges, that is, opposite to the flow of negative charges
Types of Current

• Direct current (dc):


A direct current (dc) is a current that remains
constant with time.

• Alternating current (ac):

An alternating current (ac) is a current that


varies sinusoidally with time. (reverse
direction)
Exercise 1

10C of charge flow past a given point in a wire in 2


seconds. What is the current in ampere?
(Formula : Electric current i = dq/dt. (q=charge, t=time))
Exercise 1

10C of charge flow past a given point in a wire in 2 seconds.


What is the current in ampere?
(Formula : Electric current i = dq/dt. (q=charge, t=time))

Solution:
i = dq/dt
= 10 C / 2s
= 5A
Exercise 2

A conductor has a constant current of five amperes.


How many electrons pass a fixed point on the
conductor in one minute?
(Formula : Electric current i = dq/dt. (q=charge, t=time))
A single electron has a charge of 1.602  10-19 C
Exercise 2

A conductor has a constant current of five amperes.


How many electrons pass a fixed point on the
conductor in one minute?
(Formula : Electric current i = dq/dt. (q=charge, t=time)
A single electron has a charge of 1.602  10-19 C)

Solution:
Q = 5A x 60s = 300 C

300 / 1.602  10-19 = 1.87  1021 electrons


Exercise 3

In an electric circuit an energy of 9.25 𝜇J is required to


transport 0.5 𝜇C from point a to point b. What electric
potential difference exists between the two points?
(Formula: vab = dw / dq ; w is energy in joules (J) and q=charge in coulomb (C))
Exercise 3

In an electric circuit an energy of 9.25 𝜇J is required to


transport 0.5 𝜇C from point a to point b. What electric
potential difference exists between the two points?
(Formula: vab = dw / dq ; w is energy in joules (J) and q=charge in coulomb (C))

Solution:
Exercise 4

An energy source forces a constant current of 2 A


for 10 s to flow through a lightbulb. If 2.3 kJ is
given off in the form of light and heat energy,
calculate the voltage drop across the bulb.
(
(
Exercise 4

An energy source forces a constant current of 2 A


for 10 s to flow through a lightbulb. If 2.3 kJ is
given off in the form of light and heat energy,
calculate the voltage drop across the bulb.
Power & energy

• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,


• Measured in watts (W).
• Mathematical expression:

dw dw dq
P= = × = vi
dt dq dt

where p is power in watts (W), w is energy in joules (J), and t is time in seconds (s)
Power
Passive sign convention is satisfied when the
current enters through the positive terminal of an
element and P = +vi. If the current enters through
the negative terminal, P = −vi.
i i

+ +

v v

– –

P = +vi P = –vi
absorbing power supplying power
Power
The law of conservation of energy:
• The algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at any instant of time
(Power absorbed = −Power supplied)
p=0 Or
(Total power absorbed + power supplied = 0)
Exercise 5

The total power supplied equals the total power absorbed


Circuit Elements
• Two types of elements in electronics circuit :
Active & passive

1. Active Elements
• Capable of generating energy/electricity
Example: Generators, battery, transistor
Circuit Elements
2. Passive Elements
• Not capable of generating energy
Examples: Resistors, capacitors, inductors.
Circuit Elements

Active Elements Passive Elements

Independent Dependant A dependent source is an active element in


sources sources which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.
Circuit Elements

Dependent source usually designated by diamond-


shaped symbol
Ex:
1) A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
2) A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
3) A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
4) A current-controlled current source (CCCS)
Example

• Voltage 10i of the voltage source depends on


the current i through element C
• The value of the dependent voltage source is
10i V (and not 10i A) because it is a voltage
source.
• The key idea to keep in mind is that a voltage
source comes with polarities (+ −) in its
symbol, while a current source comes with an
arrow, irrespective of what it depends on.
The end

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