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ELL101: INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRICAL ENG.
Basic Components of Electrical Circuits

Course Instructors:
Manav Bhatnagar, Subashish Dutta, Debanjan Bhaumik, Harshan
Jagadeesh
Department of Electrical Engineering, IITD

SI Units
SI (System International) units: Official system of measurement of
length, distance, weight, temperature, etc.

Prefixes:
pico (p): 10-12 tera (T): 1012

nano (n): 10-9 giga (G) : 109

micro (): 10-6 mega (M): 106

milli (m): 10-3 kilo (k): 103

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SI Units
Quantity Symbol Unit Abbreviation
Energy w Joule J

Power P watt W

Charge q Columb C

Current i Ampere A

Voltage v Volt V

Force f Newton N

Electricity
• Electricity is generated because of flow of electrical power or charges.
• Electrons are the particles which carry charge.
• So electricity is a result of accumulation or motion of numbers of
electrons.
• Static electricity: Because of an imbalance between negative and
positive charges on a surface/object. These charges can stay on the
surface/object till they are discharged through some ways. Example:
Charging of a capacitor and when you short-circuit both its terminals,
there is lightning/spark.
• Dynamic electricity: Because of steady flow of electrons between
nodes. A conductor of electricity is needed for the same.

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Current
• Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge through a point or
surface.
𝑑𝑞
𝑖=
𝑑𝑡
• 𝑞 denotes charge.
• Charge on 1 electron = 1.602 x 10-19 C

• The unit of current is the ampere (A). Note that

1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second

Types of Electric Current (AC)

• Alternating Current (AC): the movement of electric charge periodically
reverses direction.

Source: https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/ac-circuit-theory

• Electric power is delivered in the form of AC to our houses and

industries.
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Types of Electric Current (DC)

• Direct current (DC): DC is an electric current that is uni-directional,
hence the flow of charge is always in the same direction.

Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/266275396691168285/ Source: https://sites.google.com/site/theme5electricityinthehome/alternating-current

• Battery is a source of DC, further, DC may be obtained from an AC

supply by using a rectifier

Conventions for Direction of Current Flow

• In the circuit theory analysis, it is important to know the correct direction
of flow of current.
• The direction of flow of current is indicated by using an arrow.
I1 = 4 A I2 = - 3 A

Circuit 1
Ci rcui t 1 Circuit 2
Ci rcui t 2

(a) (b)

• In Fig a, current I1 of 4A flows from left to right but in Fig b, I2 of 3A flows

from right to left.

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Voltage
• Voltage: It is the difference in electric potential between two points.
• Voltage can be considered as the pressure that forces the charged electrons to flow
in an electrical circuit.

Source: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/basic_concepts/voltage/what-is-voltage-basics-tutorial.php

• Voltage is also called electromotive force (emf).

• Suppose one coulomb of charge is located at point b and one joule of energy is
required to move the charge to point a. Then we say that Vab = 1 volt = 1
joule/coulomb = 1 newton.meter/coulomb.
𝑑𝑤
𝑣=
𝑑𝑞
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Voltage
Similar to the current, we must assume a direction/polarity for the
voltage.
For example, see the three diagrams below.

+ . a

v = 5v vab = 5 v v=5v

-
. b

Each of the above gives the same information.

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Sign Convention for Voltage

• Consider the following figure:

+ The negative sign for 7 v indicates that if the

red lead of a voltmeter is placed on + terminal
V=-7v and the black lead on the – terminal the meter
will read downscale or –7v. A digital meter
would read –7 v. What about an analog meter?
-
We need to keep in mind that we assume a polarity for the voltage.
When we solve the circuit for the voltage, we may find that the actual
polarity is not the polarity we assumed.
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Definitions
• Electric Field Strength: Around an electric charge is a region of
influence called the electric field. Electric field strength is the force
experienced by a unit positive charge in the field
𝑑𝑣
𝑓Ԧ = 𝑞𝐸 𝐸=−
𝑑𝑙
• Magnetic Flux Density: Around a moving charge or current is a region
of influence called the magnetic field. The force exerted by a charge
moving with a certain velocity due to magnetic flux density

𝑓Ԧ = 𝑞𝑢 × 𝐵

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Electrical Power and Energy

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Example 1
The “electron gun” of a cathode-ray tube provides a beam of high-
velocity electrons.
(a) If the electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of
20,000 V over the distance of 4 cm (as shown in Figure), calculate the
average field strength.
(b) Calculate the power supplied to a beam of 50 million billion electrons
per second.

Figure: Current and power

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Example 1

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Example 1

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Electrical Power and Energy

• In any closed electric circuit, there are few elements
which supply power and there are few elements
which absorb the power. Further,
Power supplied=Power absorbed
• Stated another way, we can say that the law of
conservation of energy must hold. Therefore, in any
electric circuit the algebraic sum of the power must
be zero.
∑𝑃𝑖 = 0
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Sign Convention for Power

I
• Power supplied
+ +
If the assumed direction of the source vs load
vL
current leaves the assumed positive
_ _
polarity of the voltage, power is
supplied.
• Power absorbed Load is
Source is
If the assumed direction of the supplying absorbing
the power the power
current enters the assumed positive
polarity of the voltage, power is
absorbed.
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Electrical Power Calculation Examples

Let us consider the following examples:

I=5A I=5A I=5A I=5A

_ _
+ +

v = 10 v v = 10 v v = 10 v v = 10 v

+ - +

(a) P = 50W (b) P = 50W (c) P = -50W (d) P = -50W

absorbed absorbed absorbed absorbed
OR
P=50W P=50W
supplied supplied
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Circuit Elements
• Passive elements: They cannot generate energy.
Examples: resistors, capacitors and inductors.
Capacitors and inductors can store energy but cannot
generate energy.

• Active elements: They can generate energy.

Examples: Power supplies, batteries, operational
amplifier.

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Ideal Voltage Source

• An ideal voltage source has a constant voltage across
its terminals, despite of the load connected to the
terminals.
• The ideal voltage source can supply an arbitray
amount of current and power.
• Standard symbols of the ideal voltage source:

+ Symbol 2
v(t) _ Symbol 1 E

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Ideal Current Source

• An ideal current source provides a constant current,
to any load.
• The ideal current source can generate any amount of
voltage and supply arbitrary power to load.
• Standard symbol of the ideal current source:

i(t)

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Dependent Voltage Source

The voltage of a dependent
voltage source depends upon a
voltage or current at some
other place in the circuit.
The voltage of a
The voltage of a dependent dependent voltage
voltage source depends upon source depends upon
the voltage drop at the circuit the voltage drop at
element. the circuit element.

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Dependent Current Source

The current of a dependent
current source depends upon a
voltage or current at some
other place in the circuit.
The current of a
The current of a dependent dependent current
current source depends upon source depends upon
the voltage drop at the circuit the current in the
element. circuit element.

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Resistance
• Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current
flow in an electrical circuit.
• Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by the
Greek letter omega (Ω).

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/resistance-and-resistors/

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Color Coding of Resistance

Example 1

Yellow-Violet-Orange-Gold
47 kΩ with a tolerance of +/- 5%

Example 2

Green-Red-Gold-Silver
5.2 Ω with a tolerance of +/- 10%

Source: https://www.electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/resistor-colour-code
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Experimental Laws
• Resistance: Ohms Law

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Capacitance

Source: https://depositphotos.com/191130622/stock-illustration-group-of-capacitors-types-isolated.html

Source: https://binaryupdates.com/what-is-capacitor/

Source: https://binaryupdates.com/what-is-capacitor/

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Inductance

Source: http://www.electronicsandyou.com/inductor-basics-types-formula-symbol-unit-uses-function.html

Symbol of inductor

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Example 2
A current varied as a function of time as shown in
Figure. Predict and plot the voltage produced by this
current flowing in an initially uncharged 1 µF capacitor.

Figure: Current-voltage relations in a capacitor

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Example 2

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Circuit Diagram Convention I

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Circuit Diagram Convention II

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Circuit Diagram Convention III

• Branch
- Path containing one or more
elements that connects two
nodes
• Node
- Terminal common to two or
more branches of a circuit
• Loop
- Closed path progressing from
node to node and returning to
the starting node. Source: https://www.thepowerprofessor.com/definition-of-electric-circuit/

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Circuit Elements I

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Circuit Elements II

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Energy Storage in Linear Elements I

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Energy Storage in Linear Elements II

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Energy dissipation in Linear elements

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Continuity of stored energy

V(t)=V(1−exp(−t/RC))
i(t)=V⋅(1−exp(−Rt/L))
At t=0, V=0 (short ckt)
at t=0, i=0 (open ckt)

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Circuit Diagram Convention

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