ME 321: FLUID MECHANICS-I

Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka

Lecture-06
24/01/2024

Fluid dynamics
• Conservation of Mass
(Continuity Equation)

toufiquehasan.buet.ac.bd
toufiquehasan@me.buet.ac.bd

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 1
Recap
Reynolds transport theorem (RTT) for a fixed, nondeforming control volume (CV)
d
dt
Bsyst   d
dt
 CV
 dV   
CS


  V  nˆ dA 
This relation permits to change from a system
approach to control volume (CV) approach.
where
Bsyst  any property of fluid (mass, momentum, enthalpy, etc.)
  intensive property of fluid (per unit mass basis)
  density of fluid
dV  elemental volume
 

V  nˆ dA  elemental volume flux

CV
 volume integral over the control volume (CV)

CS
 surface integral over the control surface (CS)

Similar expression adopted by other books:

D
Dt
Bsyst   
t
CV
 dV   
CS



  V  nˆ dA

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 2
Conservation of Mass

Reynolds transport theorem (RTT) with B = mass and so, β = 1; accordingly

mass
 1
mass
 msyst  
d
dt
d
dt

CV
dV   CS



 V  nˆ dA

  
d 

dt CV
dV 
CS
 V  nˆ dA  0
Control volume expression for conservation of
mass, commonly known as continuity equation.

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 3
Conservation of Mass
d
For steady flow i.e.   0
dt

=0
 
d 
dt  CV
ρ dV  
CS
 V  nˆ dA  0

 

 CS
 V  nˆ dA  0 (ii )

The integrand in the mass flow rate integral represents the product of the component of velocity, V
perpendicular to the small portion of the control surface and the differential area, dA.
As shown in figure (dot product)
 

V nˆ   ve ; +ve for flow out from the control volume
 

V nˆ   ve ; -ve for flow in to the control volume

Equation (ii) states that in steady flow, the mass flows entering and leaving the control
volume (CV) must balance exactly.

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 4
Conservation of Mass

When all of the differential quantities are summed over the entire control surfaces;

 

  V  nˆ dA  0    AV out    AV in
CS

  m out   m in 0

  m in   m out
Mass continuity equation

For incompressible flows, (ρ =constant through the flow system)

   AV  in    AV  out

 Q in  Q out
volume continuity equation

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 5
Problem

Both pistons are moving to the left , but piston A has a speed
twice as great as that of piston B. Is the water level in the tank
(a) rising, (b) not moving up or down, or (c) falling?
What is the requirement of velocity ratio, VA : VB to keep the
water level same in the tank?

Ans: rising, 4.

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 6
Problem
A worker is performing maintenance in a small rectangular tank with a height of 3 m and square base 1.8 m
by 1.8 m. Fresh air enters though a 200 mm diameter hose and exists through a 100 mm diameter port on
the tank wall. Assume the flow to be steady and incompressible.
(a) Determine the exchange rate needed for the ventilation safety of the worker inside the tank. A complete
change of air every 3 minutes (Air Change per Hour, ACH = 20) has been generally accepted by
industry as per ventilation requirement.
(b) Determine the velocity of the air entering and existing the tank at this exchange rate.

Ans: (a) 3.24 m3/min (120 cfm)

(b) 1.72 m/s, 6.88 m/s

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 7
Problem (Unsteady flow)
The tank in Fig. is being filled with water by two one-dimensional inlets. Air
is trapped at the top of the tank. The water height is h.
(a) Find an expression for the change in water height dh/dt.
(b) Compute dh/dt if D1 = 25 mm, D2 = 75 mm, V1 = 0.75 m/s, V2 = 0.60
m/s, and At = 0.2 m2.

Solution:
General Continuity Equation in integral form applied to the shown control volume

 
d  d
 ρ dV    V  nˆ dA  0 Unsteady,
dt 
CV
ρ dV  0
dt CV CS

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 8
 d
dt
CV

 dV  1 AV
1 1   2 A2V2  0

=0
Now, (air is trapped, no change
of air mass with time)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝜌𝑑𝑉̶ = (𝑚𝐶𝑉 ) = (𝜌 𝐴 ℎ) + [𝜌 𝐴 (𝐻 − ℎ)]
𝑑𝑡 CV 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡


d
dt
 CV

 dV   w At
dh
dt

Thus,
dh 1 AV
1 1   2 A2V2

dt  w At
dh AV  A2V
  1 1
dt At
dh Q1  Q2
  Ans. (a)
dt At

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 9
 dh Q1  Q2
 
dt At

dh  4 D12 V1   4 D22 V2
 
dt At
dh
  0.015 m/s Ans. (b)
dt

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 10
Problem (Unsteady flow)
A 1.5 m high, 1 m diameter cylindrical water tank whose top is open to
the atmosphere is initially filled with water. Now, the discharge plug near
the bottom of the tank is pulled out, and a water jet whose diameter is
0.01 m streams out (Fig.). The average velocity of the jet is given by:
V jet  2gh m/s
where h is the height of water in the tank measured from the center of
the hole and g is the gravitational acceleration. Determine
(i) How long it will take for the water level in the tank to drop to 0.75 m
from the bottom?
(ii) How long it will take to empty the tank?

Solution:
General Continuity Equation in integral form applied to the shown control volume

 
d  d
 ρ dV    V  nˆ dA  0 Unsteady,
dt 
CV
ρ dV  0
dt CV CS

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 11
Problem (Unsteady flow)

  
d 
Now,
dt CV
ρ dV 
CS
 V  nˆ dA  0

d
 m CV    AjetV jet  0 No inflow; only out flow through the
dt hole (+ve)

 2 
m CV   V    D tank  h h  h (t ) ; m CV  f (t )
4 
 2  V jet  2 gh  f (t )
 A jetV jet    D jet  2 gh
 4 

Then,
d   2   2 
    D tank  h      D jet  2 gh  0
dt   4  4 


d
2
D tank  
 h   D jet
2
 2 gh 
dt Unsteady,
t 
CV
ρ dV  0

dh  D jet
2

   2  2 gh
dt D 
 tank 

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 12
Problem (Unsteady flow)
2
1 D tank dh
 dt   2
2 g D jet h

Now, integrating from t = 0 at which h = h0 to t = t at which h = ht

2
t 1 D tank ht dh
0
dt   2
2 g D jet 
h0
h
ht
  1 1 
2
1 D tank  h 2 
t 2  1 
2 g D jet    1
 2  h0
2
1 D tank ht
t 2
h
g 2 D jet h0

h0  ht D tank
2
t 2
g 2 D jet Time required to reduce the water height from h0 to ht

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 13
Problem (Unsteady flow)
Time required for the water level in the tank to drop to 0.75 m from the bottom:

h0  ht D tank
2
t 2
g 2 D jet

1 .5  0 .75 12
 t ht  0.75   1619 .7 s  27 min
g 2 0 .01 2

Time required to empty the water tank:

1 .5  0 12
 t ht  0  2
 5530 s  9 2 min
g 2 0 .01
Time requirement is NOT linear (rather non-linear)
(AN UNSTEADY PROBLEM)

Homework:
Plot the water height, h versus time, t

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 14
Problem (Unsteady flow)

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 15