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AddMathLesson (5th Form Term 1, Lesson 28 - Anti-Derivatives)

This document introduces the concept of anti-derivatives, which are the reverse of differentiation. [1] The indefinite integral yields the anti-derivative plus a constant term. [2] For a given derivative, there is a family of anti-derivatives that differ by the constant term. [3] Integration formulas can be used to find the anti-derivative by adding 1 to the exponent, dividing by the new exponent, and adding the constant term.

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22 views4 pages

AddMathLesson (5th Form Term 1, Lesson 28 - Anti-Derivatives)

This document introduces the concept of anti-derivatives, which are the reverse of differentiation. [1] The indefinite integral yields the anti-derivative plus a constant term. [2] For a given derivative, there is a family of anti-derivatives that differ by the constant term. [3] Integration formulas can be used to find the anti-derivative by adding 1 to the exponent, dividing by the new exponent, and adding the constant term.

Uploaded by

The Mathematician
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© © All Rights Reserved
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LESSON 28: Anti-Derivatives

“Oh I’m not like the Flash at all. Some would say I’m the ‘reverse’!” – The Reverse Flash

O.M. “ The Flash and the Reverse Flash. White hat hackers and black hat hackers.
Encryption and decryption. Differentiation and integration. What do these have in
common? They are reverses of each other! However, since this is a mathematics lesson,
we will be focusing on introducing and understanding the concept of the reverse of
differentiation – integration.

28.1 THE REVERSE OF DIFFERENTIATION

The differentiation of the equation of a curve will result in the derivative – the
gradient function. For example, suppose the equation of a curve is given by

y = 3x3 – 2x2 + x – 1
𝑑𝑦
Then, the derivative, = 9x2 – 4x + 1.
𝑑𝑥

This result will enable us to determine the gradient of the curve at any point.
However, is there a way, we can use the derivative to obtain the original equation of the
curve? Yes, there is! The process is called integration. Integration is essentially the
reverse process of differentiation and the result is therefore called the anti-derivative or
the integral (or primitive function)
Hence, the integral of the derivative, written as

𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 9𝑥 2 – 4𝑥 + 1 dx
= 3x3 – 2x2 + x – 1
28.2 THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

Study the table below:

Derivative Anti-derivative
9𝑥 2 – 4𝑥 + 1 3x – 2x2 + x – 1
3

9𝑥 2 – 4𝑥 + 1 3x3 – 2x2 + x + 3
9𝑥 2 – 4𝑥 + 1 3x3 – 2x2 + x – 5

Q: What did you notice?

So we can see that for the derivative 9x2 – 4x + 1, there are three possible anti-
𝑑
derivatives! Actually, there can be a lot more. This stems from the fact that (C) = 0,
𝑑𝑥
that is, the derivative of any constant is zero.
𝑑 𝑑
So it follows that (3x3 – 2x2 + x – 1) = (3x3 – 2x2 + x + 3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= (3x3 – 2x2 + x – 5 )
𝑑𝑥
= 9x2 – 4x + 1
𝑑
We can generalize this to say that (3x3 – 2x2 + x + C) = 9x2 – 4x + 1. And thus
𝑑𝑥
∫ 9𝑥 2 – 4𝑥 + 1 dx = 3x3 – 2x2 + x + C , where C is the constant of integration.

We can therefore deduce that it is possible to have an indefinite supply of antiderivatives


for any derivative and hence, we call this type of integral , the indefinite integral. Such
an integral exists for us when there is no data available (for example boundary
conditions) to ascertain the exact value of the constant C. However, once such data
exists, the value of constant C can be known and we get therefore, the definite integral
(more on that later).

Proof of integration formula:


1
Let f (x) = x n+1
𝑛+1
1
Then f ' (x) = × (n + 1) × x n+1 – 1 //Power law of differentiation.//
𝑛+1

𝑛+1 n
= x = xn
𝑛+1

1
It follows therefore that ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 dx = x n+1 + C Q.E.D.
𝑛+1

The indefinite integral must always feature C, the constant of integration


Hence, the steps for obtaining the indefinite integral of xn are :
• Add 1 to the index of the term
• Divide the resulting term by the new index
• Add the constant of integration, C.

28.3 A FAMILY OF FUNCTIONS

Based on our study above, we can express our findings as follows:

Given a function f (x) , whose derivative is f '(x) the following statement holds true:

∫ 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = f (x) + C

The values that C can take thus belong to the same family of functions that have the
same derivative.

Example: Let f (x) = x2

(i) Determine f ' (x)

(ii) Calculate the anti-derivative of f ' (x)

(iii) Sketch the graph of four of the antiderivatives for f ' (x)

Solution:
(i) f (x) = x2

f '(x) = 2x

(ii) ∫ 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= x 1 + 1 + C //Using the integration formula.//
2
= x2 + C //This is our anti-derivative.//

(iii)

The graphs below represent three functions which belong to the family of anti-
derivatives x2 + C
These are just four of an infinite supply of antiderivatives x2 + C. Here C takes on the
values, -1, 0, 1 and 3 ( observe the y-intercepts)

TAKE-AWAYS

• Integration is the reverse of differentiation


• The indefinite integral yields the anti-derivative (also known as the primitive
function) and the constant of integration C.
1
Memorize ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 dx = x n+1 + C
𝑛+1

• The presence of the arbitrary constant C in the indefinite integral produces a


family of functions which are anti-derivatives for a given derivative .

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