Modules in Calculus 2

(Integral Calculus)
CALCULUS 2 (INTEGRAL CALCULUS)

Module 1 – (Weeks 1 – 4)

INTEGRAL AS ANTIDERIVATIVE
BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS
Learning Objectives

At the end of this module, the learner should be able to

➢ define indefinite integral as antiderivatives and give examples,

➢ use power formula in evaluating indefinite integral ,
➢ evaluate integrals leading to logarithmic and exponential
functions,
➢ evaluate integrals leading to trigonometric, inverse trigonometric
functions and hyperbolic functions.
 Activate

Write in the blank the corresponding formula.

d( x n ) d(tan u)
1. = __________ 7. = __________
dx dx
d(uv) d(log u)
2. = __________ 8. = __________
dx dx
d u d( a u )
3. = __________
dx  v  9.
dx
= __________
d(un ) d(csc hu)
4. = __________ 10. = __________
dx dx
d
5.
dx
( u + v − w + ...) = __________
11.
d(ln u)
= __________
dx
d(sin u) d(cot −1 u)
6. = __________ 12. = __________
dx dx
 Acquire

Chapter 1. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

1.1 Antiderivative and Properties of Indefinite Integrals
➢ In Differential Calculus, given a function, you learned how to
find its derivative or differential. Many of the most important
applications of calculus lead to the inverse problem , that is,
given the derivative or differential , we find the function.
Definition 1.1.1 Integration
Integration or antidifferentiation is the process of finding a function
from a given derivative or specifically a differential.
Definition 1.1.2 Antiderivative of a Function
A function F is called an antiderivative or integral of another function f on an
interval I if F ( x ) = f ( x ) for every x in I.
Example 1.1.1. Given F ( x ) = x + 2x − 3 , then F ( x ) = 3x + 4 x . If f is the
3 2 2

function defined by F ( x ) = 3x 2 + 4 x , then f is the derivative of F and F is an

antiderivative or integral of f. If G( x ) = x 3 + 2x 2 − 20 , then G is also an
antiderivative of f because G ( x ) = 3x + 4 x . If H ( x ) = x 3 + 2x 2 − 32 , then H is
2

another antiderivative of f because H ( x ) = 3x 2 + 4 x .

In general, any function whose function value is given by x 3 + 2x 2 + C ,
where C is any constant, is the antiderivative or integral of f. It is therefore a
must to be well-versed in differentiation before integration can be performed.
Definition 1.1.3 Indefinite Integral
If F(x) is a particular antiderivative or integral of f(x), then all the
antiderivatives of f(x) is called the indefinite integral which is given by
, F ( x ) + C where C is any arbitrary constant.
Hence, we write

 f ( x )dx = F ( x ) + C
 f ( x )dx = F ( x ) + C
which is read as the “indefinite integral of f of x with respect to x is equal to
F(x) + C”
and
 - integral sign
(x) - integrand (given function)
F(x) - particular integral or antiderivative
x - variable of integration
C - constant of integration
F(x) + C - general antiderivative or indefinite integral

Example 1.1.2. The following are examples of indefinite integrals.

a.  4 xdx = 2x 2 + C c.  3e3 ydy = e3 y + C
b.  sin xdx = − cos x + C d.  2csc 2h 2wdw = − coth 2w + C
 Properties of Indefinite Integral
1.  dF ( x ) = F ( x ) + C

2.  kdF ( x ) = k  dF ( x ) = kF ( x ) + C , where k is any constant.

3.   f1 ( x )  f2 ( x )  f3 ( x )      fn ( x )  dx =  f1 ( x )dx   f2 ( x )dx   f3 ( x )dx     fn ( x )dx

Example 1.1.3. The following illustrate the properties of indefinite integrals.

a.  dt = t + C e.  3dt = 3 dt = 3t + C

b.  d =  + C 
f. 1
3
d = 1
3  d = 
3
+C

c.  d( x 3 ) = x 3 + C g.  −12dm = −12 dm = −12m + C

d. 4dy = 4  dy = 4 y + C  (x )
+ 2x 3 − x 2 + 1 dx =  x 4dx +  2x 3dx −  x 2dx +  dx
4
h.
1.2 Fundamental Integration Formulas
This section aims to:
1. Enumerate and illustrate the fundamental integration formulas.
2. Evaluate indefinite integrals using the fundamental integration formulas.
Simple Power Formula
If n is a real number and n -1,
n +1
 x ndx = x +C

 n +1
 x n+1  (n + 1)x n+1−1dx
Proof. d  +C = = x ndx
 n +1  n +1
Example 1.2.1. Find the indefinite integral of each of the following.
 2v − v4 g.  (1 + 3x )(2 − 5x )dx
a.  x dx
5
c.  t dt
4 3
e.  dv
 v
 dy  (1 − 3  )2
b.  3
y
(−6 −5
)
d.  x − 4 x dx f. 

d h.  ( y2 + b2 )3 y5dy

Solution.

a.  x 5 dx = c. 
4
t 3 dt =

 dy
b.  3 =
y
Solution.
 (1 − 3  )2
 (x ) f.  d =
−6
d. − 4 x −5 dx =
 

4
2v − v
e. 
 dv =
 v
Solution.

g.  (1 + 3x )(2 − 5x )dx =

h.  ( y2 + b2 )3 y5dy =
Solution.
x 5+1 x6 x −5 x −4 1 1
a.  x dx =  (x )
−6 −5
5
+C = +C d. − 4x dx = −4 +C = − 5 + 4 +C
5 +1 6 −5 −4 5x x

4 4
 dy y −2 1 2v − v v
b.  3 =  y dy =
−3
+C = − 2 +C e. 
 dv =  (2 − v 3
)dv = 2v − +C
y −2 2y  v 4

 (1 − 3  )2  (1 − 6  + 9 )d
7
t 4

 t dt =  t 4 dt = d = 
4 3 3 7
c. +C = t 4 +C
4
7
f. 
7
4    
−1 1
=  ( 2 − 6 + 9 2 )d
1 3
 2
9 2
= 1
− 6 + 3
+C
2 2

= 2  − 6 + 6  + C

(
= 2  1 − 3  + 3 + C )
Solution.

g.  (1 + 3x )(2 − 5x )dx =  (2 + x − 15x 2 )dx

x2
= 2x + − 5x 3 + C
2

h.  ( y2 + b2 )3 y5dy =  ( y6 + 3b2 y4 + 3b4 y2 + b6 ) y5dy

=  ( y11 + 3b2 y9 + 3b4 y7 + b6 y5 )dy

=  y11dy + 3b2  y9dy + 3b4  y7dy + b6  y5dy

y12 3b2 y10 3b4 y8 b6 y6

= + + + +C
12 10 8 6
Chain Rule for Antidifferentiation

Consider a more complicated integrand,  f ( g ( x )) g ( x )dx

Let u = g ( x ) , and du = g ( x )dx , hence  f ( g( x )) g ( x )dx =  f (u)du = F (u) + C

 f ( g( x )) g ( x )dx =  f ( g ( x ) )dx = F ( g( x ) + C
1.3 General Power Formula (GPF)
If u is a differentiable function of x and n is a real number, then
n +1
 undu = u + C , n  −1

 n +1
Example 1.3.1 Evaluate the given integral.

a.  ( x + 1)3 dx c. ( x 2 + 1)5 xdx

b.  ( x 2 + 1)3 dx d.  x 4 ( x 5 + 12)5 dx
Solution.
a.  ( x + 1)3 dx b.  ( x 2 + 1)3 dx

Solution 1. Solution.
a.  ( x + 1)3 dx = b.  ( x 2 + 1)3 dx =

Solution 2.
a.  ( x + 1)3 dx =
Solution.
c. ( x 2 + 1)5 xdx
Solution.
c.  ( x 2 + 1)3 xdx =

d.  x 4 ( x 5 + 12)5 dx

d.  ( x 5 + 12)5 x 4 dx =
Solution.
a.  ( x + 1)3 dx b.  ( x 2 + 1)3 dx

Solution 1. Solution 2.
a.  ( x + 1)3 dx =  ( x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1)dx b.  ( x 2 + 1)3 dx =  ( x 6 + 3x 4 + 3x 2 + 1)dx
x4 3 3x 2 x 7 3x 5
= +x + + x +C = + + x3 + x + C
4 2 7 5
Solution 2.
u4
a.  ( x + 1) dx =  u du =
3 3
+C
4
let u = x + 1 , n = 3 ( x + 1)4
= +C
du = dx 4
Solution.
c. ( x 2 + 1)5 xdx
Solution.
 3 du
c.  ( x + 1) xdx =  u
2 3
= 1
2  du =
u 3 1 u4
2 4
+C
 2
let u = x 2 + 1 , n = 3 ( x + 1)4
= +C
du = 2xdx , du
2
= xdx 8

d.  x 4 ( x 5 + 12)5 dx
5 du
d.  ( x 5 + 12)5 x 4 dx = 
u = 1
5  du =
u 5 1 u6
5 6
+C
 5
6
5
let u = x + 12 , n = 5 = ( x + 1)
+C
4
du = 5x dx , du 4
= x dx 30
5
Example 1.3.2 Evaluate the given integral.

tan −1 3tdt  sin 6mdm

 sin x cos xdx 
3
a. f.  k.  2 5
 1 + 9t
2
 (2 − 3 cos 3m)
 csc 2 2t cot 2tdt
b.   5e ln sin 2 y dy
 (t
7
 csc 2 2t + 9 g.  l. − 2t )5 dt
7
 (cos 2 y − 5)
 ( e − 5) 3 e d
3 1 3
c.
h. e
−2 
tan e −2  sec 2 ( e −2  )d  m. y y + 2 dy

 sinh 3xdx
z
4z
d.  i. (1 + ln z )dz
 4
2 − cosh 3x
 ln 2 ln  d
j. 
 (1 − ln tan 2v)
5
e. csc 4vdv
  ln 
Example 1.3.2 Evaluate the given integral.

a.  sin x cos xdx c.  ( e 3

− 5) 3 e3 d
3 1

 csc2 2t cot 2tdt

b. 
 csc2 2t + 9
Example 1.3.2 Evaluate the given integral.
 sinh 3xdx tan −1 3tdt
d.  
f. 
 4
2 − cosh 3x  1 + 9t
2

e.  (1 − ln tan 2v)5 csc 4vdv

 Example 1.3.2 Evaluate the given integral.
 5e ln sin 2 y dy
 (1 + ln z )dz
4z
g.  7
i. z
 (cos 2 y − 5)

h.  e −2  tan e −2  sec2 ( e −2  )d 
Example 1.3.2 Evaluate the given integral.
 ln 2 ln  d  sin 6mdm
j.  k.  2 5
  ln   (2 − 3 cos 3m)
Example 1.3.2 Evaluate the given integral.


7 5
l. (t − 2t ) dt

m. y y + 2 dy
 Solution.
u4 sin 4 x
a.  sin x cos xdx =  u du = c.  ( e3 − 5) 3 e3 d =  ( e3 − 5) 3 e3 d
1 1
3 3
+C = +C
4 4

3 3
d
1
1 =3 ( e − 5) 3e
1
let u = sin x , n = 3 let u = ( e 3
− 5) , n = 3
3

du = cos xdx du = 3e3 d

4
= 13  43 ( e3 − 5) 3 +C
4
3
= (e
1
4
− 5) +C 3

 csc 2 2t cot 2tdt  sinh 3xdx − 14

b. 
− 12
=  (csc 2t + 9) csc 2t cot 2tdt
2 2 d. 4 =  (2 − cosh 3x ) sinh 3xdx
 2 − cosh 3x
 csc 2 2t + 9 − 14
1
=- 14  (csc 2 2t + 9) 2  −4 csc 2 2t cot 2tdt
− =- 3  (2 − cosh 3x )  −3sinh 3xdx
1

let u = 2 − cosh 3 x , n = − 1 1 4 3
2
let u = csc 2t + 9 , n = − 2 1 1 =-
4 3  3 (2 − cosh 3x ) +C
4

=- 14  2(csc 2 2t + 9) 2 +C
du = 2csc 2t( −2csc 2t cot 2t )dt 1 du = −3sinh 3xdx 4
=- 9 (2 − cosh 3x ) 3 +C
4
2
=- 2 csc 2t + 9 +C
du
= csc 2 2t cot 2tdt
−4
Solution.
e.  (1 − ln tan 2v)5 csc 4vdv = - 14  (1 − ln tan 2v)5  −4 csc 2 2t cot 2tdt

let u = 1 − ln tan 2v , n = 5 1 (1 − ln tan 2v)6

=-  +C
4 6
2sec 2 2vdv 2dv
du = − =− (1 − ln tan 2v)6
tan 2v sin 2v cos2v =- +C
4dv du 24
du = − = −4 csc 4vdv = = csc 4vdv
sin 4v −4

f. 
tan −1 3tdt
=  tan −1 3t  dt  tan −1 3t  3dt
 2
= 1

 1 + 9t
2
 1 + 9t 3
 1 + 9t 2
let u = tan −1 3t , n = 1 1 (tan −1 3t )2
=  +C
3dt 3 2
du =
1 + 9t 2 (tan −1 3t )2
= +C
6
Solution.

 5e ln sin 2 ydy
 2 
−7 −7
g.  7
= 5 (cos2 y − 5) sin 2 ydy = 5  − 1
(cos2 y − 5)  −2sin 2 ydy
 (cos2 y − 5)
−6
let u = cos2 y − 5, n = −7 5 (cos2 y − 5)
=-  +C
2 −6
du = −2sin 2 ydy
5
= 6
+C
12(cos2 y − 5)

h.  e −2  tan e −2  sec2 ( e −2  )d  =  tan e −2  e −2  sec2 ( e −2  )d 

let u = tan e −2  , n = 1 = − 12  tan e −2   −2e −2  sec 2 ( e −2  )d 

du = −2e −2  sec 2 e −2  d  1 tan 2 e −2 
=−  +C
2 2
tan 2 e −2 
=− +C
4
Solution.
z 4 4z
i.  z (1 + ln z )dz
4z
=  ( z ) z (1 + ln z )dz =
z 3 z ( z ) z
+C = +C
4 4
let u = z z , n = 3
du = z z (1 + ln z )dz

 ln 2 ln  d  d (ln ln  )3
ln 3
ln 
j.  =  (ln ln  ) 
2
= +C = +C
  ln    ln  3 3
let u = ln ln  , n = 2
d
du =
 ln 
 sin 6mdm
k.  2 5
=  (2 − 3cos2 3m)−5 sin 6mdm = 19  (2 − 3cos2 3m)−5  9sin 6mdm
 (2 − 3cos 3m)
1 (2 − 3cos2 3m)−4
let u = 2 − 3cos2 3m , n = −5 =  +C
9 −4
du = 18sin 3m cos3mdm 1
=- 2 4
+C
du = 9sin 6mdm 36(2 − 3cos 3m)
Solution.
5
l.  (t7 − 2t )5 dt =  t(t 6 − 2)  dt =  (t 6 − 2)5 t 5dt
let u = t 6 − 2, n = 5
= 16  (t 6 − 2)5  6t 5 dt
du = 6t 5 dt
1 (t 6 − 2)6
=  +C
6 6 66
(t − 2)
= +C
36
m.  y y + 2 dy = ( y + 2) 2 ( y + 2 − 2)dy = ( y + 2) 12 ( y + 2) − 2  dy
1

   
3 1
=  ( y + 2) 2 dy −  ( y + 2) 2 dy
let u = y + 2, n = 3 2 5 2 3

2 = ( y + 2) + ( y + 2) 2 + C
2

5 3
du = dy
let u = y + 2, n = 3
2

du = dy
1.4 Logarithmic Formula (LF)

 du = ln u + C , u  0

 u
Example 1.4 Evaluate the given integral.
dx
a. 
 f.  tan 2xdx
 x +5
 2 tdt g.  sec ydy
b. 
1−t t
 sec2 ydy  sin 4  d
c.  h. 
 5 − sin 2
2
 3 + tan y
 x + e2x  dt
d.  2 dx i. 
 x +e
2x  cot 3t(1 + ln cos3t )
 (3 + 2 )2 d  (2 y + 3)dy
e.  j.  2
   ( y + 1)
Solution.

dx  sec2 ydy
a. 
 c. 
 x +5  3 + tan y

 2 tdt  x + e2x
b.  d.  2 dx
1−t t  x +e
2x
Solution.

 (3 + 2 )2 d
e.  g.  sec ydy
 

 sin 4  d
f.  tan 2xdx h. 
 5 − sin 2
2
Solution.
 dt
j. 
 cot 3t(1 + ln cos3t )

 (2 y + 3)dy
j.  2
 ( y + 1)
1.5 Exponential Formula (LF)

a.  e du = e + C
u u  u au
b.  a du = +C ,a  0 ,a 1
 ln a
Example 1.5 Evaluate the given integral.
dt
a.  e5t dt f. 

 1 + e −3t
 (1 − 2e3 x )2 dx
b.  2 −3 x
dx g. 
 e3 x
sinh 32 y
c.  e 2 cos5w
sin 5wdw h.  a cosh 32 ydy

 5cos 3 y dy
−1

d.  ( e3 + e −3 )2 d i. 
2
 1 − 9y
 sec 35 y tan 35 ydy 4
e.  j.  t e
3 et +t 4
dt
5 sec 35 y
 e
Solution.
a.  e5t dt c.  e2 cos5w sin 5wdw

b.  2−3 x dx d.  ( e3 + e −3 )2 d

Solution.

 sec 35 y tan 35 ydy  (1 − 2e3 x )2 dx

e.  g. 
 5 sec 35 y
e  e3 x

dt
f. 
 h.  a
sinh 32 y
cosh 32 ydy
 1 + e −3t
Solution.
 5cos 3 y dy
−1

j. 
2
 1 − 9y

j.  t e
3 et +t 4
dt
1.6 Trigonometric Formula (TF)

a.  sin udu = − cos u + C d. csc 2 udu = − cot u + C

b.  cos udu = sin u + C e.  sec u tan udu = sec u + C

c.  sec2 udu = tan u + C f.  csc u cot udu = − csc u + C

The following are not included in Trigonometric Formula

a.  tan udu = − ln cos u + C

c.  sec udu = ln sec u + tan u + C
= ln sec u + C
b.  cot udu = ln sin u + C d.  csc udu = ln csc u − cot u + C
= − ln csc u + cot u + C
Example 1.6 Evaluate the given integral.

a.  sin 12 xdx f.  5sec e ln(1−2 x ) tan e ln(1−2 x )dx

 t 2 sec2 t 3 + 1 dt
b.  e −2t csc2 e −2t dt g. 
 t3 + 1
 cos2
c.  csc(2x − 3) cot(2x − 3)dx h.  d
 cos 
d i.  (1 − sec2 v)2 dv
d. 

  csc 2 ln 3
dx
 a 3 y cos(cot −1 a3 y )dy j. 

e.   csc 4 x − cot 4 x
 1 + a6 y
Solution.

a.  sin 12 xdx c.  csc(2x − 3) cot(2x − 3)dx

d
b.  e −2t csc 2 e −2t dt d. 

  csc 2 ln 3
Solution.

 a 3 y cos(cot −1 a3 y )dy  t 2 sec2 t 3 + 1 dt

e.  g. 
 1 + a6 y  t3 + 1

 cos2
f.  5sec e ln(1−2 x ) tan e ln(1−2 x )dx h.  d
 cos 
Solution.

i.  (1 − sec2 v)2 dv

dx
j. 

 csc 4 x − cot 4 x
1.7 Inverse Trigonometric Formula (ITF)
 du u  du 1 u  du 1 u
a.  = sin −1 + C b.  = tan −1 + C c.  = sec −1 + C
 a 2 − u2 a  a 2 + u2 a a  u2 − a 2 a a

Example 1.7 Evaluate the given integral.

 dy sin 6tdt
a.  f. 

 25 − y2  9 + 5sin 4 3t
dt  d
b. 
 g. 
 64 + 16t 2   9 2 − 9
 3dx
c.   d
 5x 25x 2 − 9 h. 
 20 + 8x − x 2
 m2dm
d.  6  (3 y + 2)dy
 m +3 i.  2
 y + 4 y + 13
  e3vdv  tdt
e.  j. 
 121 − e6v  27 + 6t − t 2
Solution.
 dy  3dx
a.  c. 
 25 − y2  5x 25x 2 − 9

dt 2
m dm
b. 
 d. 
 6
 64 + 16t 2  m +3
Solution.
  e3vdv  d
e.  g. 
 121 − e6v   9 2 − 9

sin 6tdt
f. 
 
h. 
d
 9 + 5sin 4 3t  20 + 8x − x 2
Solution.

 (3 y + 2)dy
i.  2
 y + 4 y + 13

 tdt
j. 
 27 + 6t − t 2
1.8 Hyperbolic Formula (HF)

a.  sinh udu = cosh u + C d. csch 2 udu = − coth u + C

b.  cosh udu = sinh u + C e.  sech u tanh udu = − sech u + C

c.  sech 2 udu = tanh u + C f.  csch u coth udu = − csch u + C

Note: Recall the definition of hyperbolic functions and their identities

The following are not included in Hyperbolic Formula

a.  tanh udu = ln(cosh u) + C c.  sech udu = 2tan −1 eu + C

b.  coth udu = ln sinh u + C = tan −1 (sinh u) + C
d.  csch udu = ln coth u − csch u + C
= ln tanh 12 u + C
Example 1.6 Evaluate the given integral.

a.  sinh 12 xdx f.  5sech e ln(1−2 x ) tanh e ln(1−2 x )dx

 t 2 sech 2 t 3 + 1 dt
b.  e −2t csch 2 e −2t dt g. 
 t3 + 1
c.  csch(2x − 3) coth(2x − 3)dx h.  sinh ln ln x ( x ln x )−1dx

d i.  (1 − sech 2 v)2 dv
d. 

  csch 2 ln 3
 3csch(cot −1 2 ydy
 a 3 y cosh(cot −1 a 3 y )dy j. 
e.   1 + 4 y2
 1 + a6 y
Solution.
a.  sinh 12 xdx c.  csch(2x − 3) coth(2x − 3)dx

d
b.  e −2t csch 2 e −2t dt d. 

  csch 2 ln 3
Solution.
3y
a cosh(cot a )dy −1 3y  t 2 sech 2 t 3 + 1 dt
e. 

g. 
 1 + a6 y  t3 + 1

f.  5sech e ln(1−2 x ) tanh e ln(1−2 x )dx h.  sinh ln ln x ( x ln x )−1dx

Solution.
i.  (1 − sech 2 v)2 dv

 3csch(cot −1 2 ydy
j. 
 1 + 4 y2
 Activity
Test your understanding. Write TRUE on the space provided if the statement is correct and FALSE if incorrect.
__________ 1. One of the invertors of Calculus is Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.
__________ 2. (3x − 2)2
+ C1 = 3x 2 − 4 x + C
3
 ln 2 sin tdt ln 2 sin t
__________ 3. In the expression  , the integrand is
 tan t tan t
__________ 4. A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if F ( x ) = f ( x ) for all x  I.
__________ 5. The general antiderivative of a function is also called the indefinite integral.
__________ 6. Logarithmic formula is also known as power formula with negative one exponent.
__________ 7. If x < 0 , then 
dx
 = ln( − x ) + C
 x
__________ 8.  cot ydy = ln sin y + C
   dy
k+ y k y
__________ 9. e dy = e e
 2e3 ln  d =  + C
4
__________ 10. 
 2

  dx
2
x 2x 2x
__________ 11. 5 5 dx = 5

 1 1
__________ 12. If  f ( )d = sin 2 + C, then f ( ) = cos2
 2 2

__________ 13.  sin(ln x )dx

 = cos(ln x ) + C
 x

__________ 14.  1 + cos t dt = tan 2 tdt


 1 − cos t 
 du 1 −1 u
__________ 15.  = csc +C
u u −a2 2 a a
  2dx −1 x − 1
__________ 16.  = 2sin +C
 3 + 2x − x 2 2

__________ 17.
 e d can be evaluated using inverse trigonometric formula.

 4e −2 + 1
__________ 18.  tanh ydy = ln sinh y + C

 
x −x
__________ 19. cosh xdx = ( e + e )dx


__________ 20. (cosh 2 y − sinh 2 y )dy = y + C