Microscopes - describe and explain the parts and their functions

– Eyepiece Lens (Ocular Lens), Body tube, Rotating Nosepiece, Objective Lens, Arm, Stage,
Stage Clips, Diaphragm, Coarse Adjustment Knob, Fine Adjustment Knob, Light Source, Base.
Types of microscopes - What they do, advantages and disadvantages
– Compare and contrast electron, compound, stereo

The electron microscope was invented in 1933 by Ernst Ruska, a German scientist. Instead
Using light to illuminate the object, the electron microscope uses tiny particles called
electrons to magnify objects up to a million times. This magnification is nearly 700 times greater
than even the most powerful light microscope (which can magnify up to 1500 times) and
therefore enables biologists to examine cells in much greater detail.
The electron microscope has two disadvantages:
• the electron beam only works in a vacuum, so specimens must be dead before they can be
examined
• it can only produce black and white images

A compound microscope is a microscope that uses multiple lenses to enlarge the

image of a sample. Compound microscopes usually include exchangeable objective
lenses with different magnifications (e.g 4x, 10x, 40x and 60x), mounted on a turret, to
adjust the magnification.
Compound light microscope has 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages:
Advantages:
can look at live samples
uses electromagnets rather than lenses so the researcher has much more control in the
degree of magnification.
Disadvantages:
can't magnify more than 2000 times
Viruses, molecules and atoms cannot be viewed (viewed only with an electron
microscope.)

A stereo microscope is typically used to inspect larger, opaque, and 3D objects.

stereo microscopes have dedicated objective lenses and eyepieces for each eye. The
separate optical paths create two axes offset from one another, providing depth
perception for a three-dimensional view.

There is 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage:

Advantage:
Stereo microscopes are used for examining opaque specimens in three dimensions.
Due to their large working distance, subjects that are visible to the naked eye such as
insects, plant life, gems, jewelry, and electronic parts are best viewed with a stereo
microscope.

Disadvantage:
Several discrete magnifications, a single fixed magnification or a zoom magnification
system. This may be difficult to manipulate but with experience it becomes easier.

Magnification power and the calculations

– Calculate Total magnification = eyepiece lens x objective lens
-Life Processes / characteristics of life (MRS GREN)

 Movement: living things are able to move about

 Respiration: Living things need energy to carry out the functions that keep them alive.
Respiration is the process that turns food into energy.
 Sensitivity: Living things notice and react to changes in their surroundings. They can
respond to light, heat, sound, taste, sight or touch.
 Growth: living things grow, they increase in size and complexity
 Reproduction: Living things produce offspring. Reproduction continues the survival of
each species. It is the process of producing new organisms of the same type
Sexual reproduction: Two different parent organisms contribute genetic information. It
involves the combination of male and female sex cells Asexual reproduction: a single
parent organism reproducing by itself
 Excretion: living things have to get rid of unwanted waste products
 Nutrition: Living things need to take in food so that respiration can occur. Nutrients in
food help to build, maintain and repair the organism.

-Organelles in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells - identify in a picture, describe their function,
and explain how they work together in a system
– Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Golgi body , Endoplasmic
Reticulum, Ribosomes, Lysosome, Vacuole, Chloroplasts, DNA, Capsule, Flagellum.

Cell membrane: This holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out of the cell.

Temporary vacuole: This is like a little sac in which some substances are stored for a while.

Cytoplasm: This fluid fills the cell. In this fluid, energy is transferred, substances are made,
and food is stored.

Endoplasmic reticulum: This assists in the production of proteins, fats, and oils.

Mitochondrion: This supplies the cell with energy.

Nucleolus: This makes the organelles that produce proteins.

Cell nucleus: This controls what the cell does.

Cell wall: This is the tough outside layer of the cell.

Chloroplast: This is where photosynthesis occurs.

Large permanent vacuole: This is a very large cavity filled with a watery fluid called cell sap
Golgi body: A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes inside the cell's
cytoplasm (gel-like fluid). The Golgi body prepares proteins and lipid (fat)
molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell. The Golgi body is a
cell organelle. Also called Golgi apparatus and Golgi complex. A Golgi body, also
known as a Golgi apparatus, is a cell organelle that helps process and package
proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined. Golgi apparatus,
organelle of eukaryotic cells that is responsible for transporting, modifying, and
packaging proteins and lipids.

Organelle: Organelles are specialized structures that perform various jobs inside
cells. The term literally means “little organs.” In the same way organs, such as
the heart, liver, stomach, and kidneys, serve specific functions to keep an
organism alive, organelles serve specific functions to keep a cell alive.

Parts of a cell:

Organelles:

- Very small (microscopic)

- Perform various functions for a cell
- Found in the cytoplasm
- May or may-not be membrane-bound

Cell membrane:

- Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins

- Surrounds outside of ALL cells
- Living layer
- Control what enters or leaves the cell
- The cell membrane is fluid – molecules in the cell membrane are constantly moving

Cell membrane in plant cells:

- Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells

- Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain the cell shape

Phospholipids:

- Heads contain glycerol and phosphate and are hydrophilic (attract water)
- Tails are made of fatty acids and hydrophobic (repel water)
- Make up a bilayer where tails point inward toward each other
- Can move laterally to allow small molecules (O2, CO2, and H2O to enter)

Cell wall:

- Found outside the cell membrane

 - Non-living layer
- Supports and protects the cell
- Found in plants, fungi, and bacteria

Cytoplasm:

- Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane

- Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
- Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs

Nucleus:

- Controls the normal activities of the cell

- Contains the DNA in chromosomes
- Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
- Usually, the largest organelle

-Define the term cell and discuss how they function as a system.
A system is a group of interdependent components that work together to achieve a function. A
cell is a system, and each part or component in the cell has a specific task. The different parts
combine to allow the cell to meet its requirements for survival and to achieve its function.
Although cells vary greatly in size, shape and function, there are some common aspects about
their form or structure. We will focus on typical plant and animal cells.

-Compare and contrast the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

EUKARYOTIC CELLS
 The Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
 The eukaryotic as seen from the diagram above has a more complex structure
 Eukaryotic can either be unicellular or multicellular
 They have membrane bound organelles.
 Their dna is double stranded and is always found inside the nucleus
 Three types: plant cell and animal cell and yeast cell
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
 They have a simple cell structure not like the eukaryotic cell structure
 They do not have membrane bound organelles
 Their dna is a single strand
 They do not have a nucleus
 They are always unicellular and can't be multicellular

-Compare and contrast the difference between animal and plant cells
Two main types of Eukaryotic cells: plant cell and animal cell:
 Plant cell Both Animal cell

-Has a cell wall -Contain nucleus (and -Doesn’t have a cell wall
-Contains chloroplast nucleuses) -No chloroplast
-Has a large central vacuole -Contain mitochondria -Have many small vacuoles
-Has a definite shape -Have cell membrane -Nucleus is in the center of
-Nucleus is pushed to one side of -Contain cytoplasm the cell
the cell -Ribosomes
-Glogi complex
-Lysosomes

Cell Specialization - describe the features of FOUR different cell types. Explain how the form
(features) of the cell relate to its function
– Sperm Cell, Egg Cell (Ovum), Palisade Cell, Ciliated Cell, Root Hair Cell, Muscle Cell, Nerve
Cell, Red Blood Cell, Xylem Cell.

Sperm cell:
- A sperm is small and has a long tail that provides movement so it can swim and find an
egg cell
- Head contains the nucleus and enzymes
- It is designed to fertilize eggs
- Found in the Testes
- The head contains enzymes which allow it to digest into an egg cell and join with it

Egg (ovum) cell:

Designed to be fertilized

Found in the ovaries

An egg cell is large and bulky

Contains yolk which provides a large food store

for the new cell being formed
Palisade cell:

Designed for photosynthesis

Found in the top of a leaf

Tall and has a large surface area to absorb minerals and water

Packed with chloroplasts to help make plant food

Ciliated cell:

Designed to stop lung damage

They line all the hair passages in the lungs

They have tiny hairs called cilia

Hairs sweep mucus with trapped dust and bacteria back up

the throat

Root hair cell:

Designed for absorbing

Thin cell wall makes it easy for mineral to pass

through

Found in a plant root

Has a large surface which helps it to absorb minerals and water

Muscle cell:

Found in animals

Long making it able to change shape. This is called

contraction

Nerve cell:

They are long

They have connections at each end

Can carry electric signals

Their job is to carry nerve impulses to different

parts of the body

Red blood cell:

Designed to carry oxygen

Found in blood

Large surface area, for oxygen to pass through

Contains hemoglobin, which joins with oxygen

Has no nucleus

Xylem cell:
 Found in a plant (the stem)

Join to form xylem tubes that carry water from roots to

leaves of plants

Explain the process of transport of gases and nutrients in and out of cells. Draw diagrams to
explain the process

Osmosis, Diffusion
Diffusion, osmosis, and concentration gradient
 Diffusion – the movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low
concentration
 Osmosis – the movement of WATER from a high concentration to a low concentration.
 Concentration Gradient – the difference in concentration between a region of high
concentration and a region of lower concentration

One similarity and one difference between osmosis and diffusion:

Passive and active transport:
 Passive Transport - does not require cell energy

 Examples: Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion and Osmosis

 Active Transport Requires cell energy (ATP)
Examples: Carrier mediated active transport, Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Explain the process of Cellular respiration (using oxygen and glucose to create energy and
carbon dioxide)
Discuss the role of yeast as a helpful or harmful microorganism
fermentation

Biotechnology is the use of these reactions by humans to manufacture useful

products.

Yeast is a tiny living organism, called a microbe.

As you can see it is made of single cells.
It is a type of plant called a fungus, (no chlorophyll).
It is used in baking and brewing.

Yeast cells contain enzymes that converts sugars (such as glucose and sucrose) into
alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide.
This reaction is called fermentation

Fermentation usually takes place at 20-30°C. It must take place in anaerobic conditions
(without oxygen) otherwise the ethanol would react with oxygen and turn into vinegar.

Uses of fermentation

Fermentation has been used for thousands of years in brewing and baking.

 Alcoholic drinks such as beer and wine are made by adding yeast to sugary
solutions.

 Bread rises due to the production of bubbles of carbon dioxide in the fermenting
dough.

Fermentation and wine-making

Fermentation and beer-making
Fermentation and bread-making
Making yoghurt