‘Conversion Parallel Circuits 1.22 ‘Answers « Problems Itis compara a dese clic by is ation han by it ane, Eee sonst vrenergy and have got numerous applications, such as for lighting transportation, communication, heating, elevators, aed for drivin of various types of machine tools owing fo its inherent numerous advantages. ity is, it has been possible to develop theories about knows precisely what electricity is, it ‘As a result, it is now believed that all _ observations of its behaviour. electrical in nature. necessary to consider the structure of matter. Matter ciate the nature of electricity, itis ie ‘snd has weight such a8 copper, iron, water, air, smoke, and some particles within the nucleus have a posit ; Since opposite charges atict each ote, afore of attraction exists between the Fig. 11. Rutherford’s ppociely charged electrons and nucleus. Compared tothe mass of nucleus, elects ‘Nuclear Model of are relatively tiny particles of almost negligible mass (cach electron weighing ‘Atomic Structure 9.107 x 107" kg). 7 1 ean atom is rgly a cluster of two types of particles, called the provone sn nen. Fea eve cetal charge, equal a mage (ut ppc polity) the negee charge of an electron. A us no charge af al, Protons apd neutrons, each have mass about 1600 ines the mass of an electron, ea nem She auraber of protons in the nucleus normally is equal t the4 2 Basic Electrical Engineering | gumber of orbiting electrons. Thus, an atom is electrically neutral ff an atom loses an electron, it loses the d negative charge and becomes a positive ion. Similarly if an atom’ gaif an additional electron, it becomes a ‘ negative ion. However, neatly all atoms have some electrons which are loosely bound to their nuclei. These electrons are mas free electrons and may be dislodged by one means or another and transferred from one ‘atom to another, The body, that contains unequal number of electrons and protons is said to be electrically cchargedIf a body contains electrons more than its normal number then the body is said to be - vely charged. Similarly @ body containing electrons less than its normal number is said to be + vely charged._) ‘The atoms of some materials such as silver, copper, aluminium and zinc, known as conductors, have many free electrons. These free electrons of a metal move about haphazardly in all directions from atom to atom but when a certain electrical pressure or potential is applied to such metals atthe two ends, the electrons move only in one direction. The drift of electrons in a conductor in one direction is known as the electric | current i.e. the flow of electric current takes place by the movement of the electrons in a conductor. Since lectrons are negatively charged, the direction of their motion is opposite to the direction of conventional - current which is from higher potential to the lower potential. In non-metallic materials, such as glass, mica, slate and porcelain, the electrons are very closely bound to the nucleus and it is difficult to remove the lectrons from the atoms. Such materials are known as non-conductors or insulators. PERLE tuis SRT CBlectric current may be defined as the time rate of net motion of an electric charge across a cross-sectional . 1.2), A random motion of electrons in a metal does not constitute a current unless there is a net transfer of charge with time. Le. electric current, > 1 =Rateof transfer of electric charge Quantity of electric charge transferred “Time duration Coulomb is the practical as well as SI unit for measurement of electric charge. One coulomb is | approximately equal to 624 x 10'¢ electrons. « Since current isthe rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor and coulomb is the unit of electric charge, the current may be specified in coulombs per second. In practice the term coulomb per second is seldom used, a shorter term, ampere is used instead. [CBlectromotive force emf) is the force tat causes an electic cureat to flow in an electric circuit ile the §— PBofential diference (pd) between two points in an electric circuit is that difference in their electrical state ‘wich tends to cause flow of electric current between thega) j _ Volt is «unit of electromotive force as well as potential difference in practical as well as in SI system of 2 units. ~ . Vi is defined as that potential difference between two points of a conductor carrying a current of ne ampere when the power dissipated between these points is equal to one walt.) fistance may be defined of: . (Bes aeree property of a substance which opposes (or restricts) the flow of an electric ‘The practical as well as MKS (or SI) unit of resistance is chm (Q), which is defined as that resistance i _etween two points of conductor when a potential difference of one voll, applied between these poi 4 ia ths ——— * + produces inthis conductor a current of one ampere, the conductor not being a source of any emf. =Basic Concepts and Definitions For insulators having high ress : (10° ohm) are used. In case of very small resistances (10° ohm) are employed. through a conductor is directly proportional to the. “Inversely proportional to the conductor resistance, This ‘tisknown as Ohm's law. ’ +h bigger units kilo ohm or kO2 (10° ohm) apd megohny eat ratanes smaller unis ike mill ohm (10° ohm rm ‘As the rate of flow of water through a pipe is directly proportional tothe effective pressure (i.e. diff ional to the frictional resistance, similarly the current pressure at two ends) and inversely proportic diffeence across the enda'of the Ao is relation was discovered by Georg Simon Ohm a | If Tis the current flowing through a conductor of resistance R across which a potential difference i applied then according to Ohm's law amperes. _ ws: Where V is in volts, Ris in obms and [is _Ohin's law may be defined 1 v 1=¥ - TaVvand tag of Tag of Ine lls (Physical state ie. temperature etc, remaining the same, the current flowing through a conductor directly proportional to the potential difference applied across its.endS.) Or (The ratio’of potential difference applied across a conductor and current flowing through: it remaiy Constant provided physical state ie. temperature et. ofthe conductor remains unchanged, - te Y constant =R Where Ris known as the resistance of the conductor. Ohm's law may be alternatively expressed as VeIR ‘The resistance of a wire depends upon its length, area of x-section, ‘material of which itis made of and the operating temperature. Resistance of a wire is [ (@) directly proportional to its length, Jie, Ral ole type of miaterial, purity and hardness ¢ ® inversely proportional to its area of x-section, a he Rata Combining above two facts we have R ala ay Tength one unit, and let the flow into the cube at right angles-to one face *~ ‘od out atthe ote face. Then puting = 1 and a= in Ba (13) we have Rp : Subsinting R= 1.0, we have 12 2D ce P2100 oe m=ViO5 = 10am ® sample 125 Find th current and voltage scree 00 of hci shown a Fg 111, nna Univ, Cire! Theory May-June-2014) ta 20 Solution : ‘The circuit may be redrawn al shown in Fig, LU@, Total resistance in the circuit, evt R=3042+82400 oy ‘Net voltage actin inthe circuit, WW V=100-40=600V 2 foal 100-40 = 60 ? Fig. 1.11(@) = Curent lowing trough the series circuit shown in ig 1.118) — met 8 =15A Ans. aaa! ‘The direction of flow of curreat is shown in Fig. 1.11(b) E od ov Voltage drop across 30.0 resistor sey 1301.5 x30=45V Ans, ' ; Fig. L.11@) [2ttwo resistors of resistances R, and R be connected Parallel across a pd of V volts, According to Ohm's ; Cure fowig rogh sor 1,» .fl.20) Lot 1 AT 8 Cove oving uh it = (128) hon 7 Diviig Ea (1.27 by By. (1.28) we have oh We tlay Fg. Hence current flowing through each resist ie Mel rep ree, SA A opr is ety Sine conc0 al ov Besic Concepts and Definitions 1 —=R, gq 1 and 5 = i ‘Substituting the above values of R, and R, in Eq. (1.29) we have ALYa eG 1 Yo, G, ~Al Adding 1 on both sides of the above equation we have | G aerate 4 G o Mth Gt, kG 1+], = ath «nag oO Since +1,41 and G+=24 : 1 2 Ipalx » hel (131) and 1, = 1x : (1.32) Hence, current in any branch of @ parallel suit is directly proportional to its respective conductance and is equal tothe total current flowing through the circuit multiplied by the ratio of the conductance of te branch to that of the circuit. ‘The same relation holds good for parallel circuit consisting of more than two resistors and is very useld for its solution. ~ \ AGimple 1.26, Dettrmine the current in all the resistors ofthe ercult shown in Fig. 1.13, - Lo . (Anna Univ. Circuit Theory May-June-201) ‘Solution: Total supply current, /=50 A A = 7 a 1 Conductance of 22 resistor, G, = 2 = 05S / Qe be be : Condactace of resi, 0, « + = 108 113 Condactance of resi, 0, = 2 =028 ™ Totlcondvcance,G =G, +G,+G,=05+1+02=1.75 Carat i, = x Sh = sox = 147064 Ans. 7 G; Curent = 1x22 = DH 20.4124 Ans, Caen, i= x SE = x08 son igi . 1 ? Example 1.27. Four wire of same materia, the same croes-sectiona same length when placed t rama tite total reitance of 025 If the same four wires are connected assis chat vibe ibe eff Solution: Since the length, are of ros-sction and materia ‘ wie wi be same, letitbe R ohms of cach wire are the same, therefore, resistance ofeach| ’ Basic Electrical Engineering se exch ofrestance Rohmer connected in paral he equivalent mdscaneettte ot _s Ro PReyReyR+yR 4 hetamresitance ofthe circuit consisting of four similar wires given a 0.25 ‘Since! R = =025 °% or Ra4x025=10 | when hese wire are connected in eis, their equivalent resistance will become equal OR+R+R+Rie.4Ror 41240 Ans. 128, The resistance of| parallel. Determine the individual Solution: Let the resistances of the coils be R, ind Ry ohms uivalentresstnce of coils when conectd in series, R, +R, =25 Byuivalent resistance of coil when connéctedin parle, 1 - Bh a6 T,1 "RR toro coils s 25 2, when these are connected in series and 6 0, when connected in resistance of the two colls. (M.D, Univ, Electrical Technology, December-2006} ‘Multiplying Eqs. (7) and (if) we have RR, = 150 Ci and R,-R,= YR +Rz)* -4RyRy = ¥25*-4x150 =25Q A”) R,=150c100 and R,=100r 150 Ans. ‘Example 1.28. A 100 V, 60 W bulb connected in series with a 100 V, 100 W bulb and the combination is connected ‘cress the 20¢V mains Find the value of resistance that should be connected across the first bulb, so that each bulb may get proper current atthe proper voltage, a = [Gufarat Technology Univ. Elements of Electrical Engineering January-2011} ee Wattage of lamp, W,_ 60 Solution : - Current rating of 60 W bulb, 1, = ——S-— "FL = — =06A . 1°" Rated volage, Yj 100 Resistance of 60 W bulb, R = % oS ~ = 166670 1 OL Solving Ep.) and (i) we have e Creat ning of 100 W batt = U2 -2 =L0A - h : a 2 Resistance of 100 W bulb, Ry = = 7 x =1000 Letthe resistance of RO be connected acoes the first bulb so that each bulb ‘ay get proper current at the proper voltage when connected in series across, Fig. 1.14 _ 200 main, as shown in Fig. 1.14. e Since 60W bab shunted by resistor Ris connected in series with 100 W bulb, the current flowing through combination ‘of 60 W bulb and resistor will be the same, as the current flowing through 100 W bulb, i. 1.0.A and voltage across this ‘combination would be 200— 100= 100 V, ie., the voltage rating of 60 W bulb (Curreat flowing through resistor, R = I~ rated current of 60 W bulb = 1.0-0.6=04 A Soreisance fresno, = 179 62500. Ana ve i j aSi & Basic Concepts and Definitions 21 Equivalent resistance of 0 W bulb (Le, 166.67 0) connected across 250.9 resistor ssh Te] 1000 Le, the same as of 100 W, 100 V bulb Se 1667 * 250 For sharing of 200 V equally, sth ue? pel conbonon of OW bub andesite sane en that of 100 Vv, 100 W bulb which is there, So far, only simple series and considered, Practical electric circuits very Consist of combinations . circuits may be solved by the Proper application of Ohm's law and itcuits to the various parts of the complex Cicult. There is no defiite procedure tobe f. ircuil the solution depends on the known facts concerning the citcuit and the quantities whi i (One simple rule may usually be followed, however—reduce the ¢ parallel | to an equivalent seri and For example, considera seres-paralel circuit shown in Fig. 1.15 for solution, First of all equivalent resistances of all parallel branches are determined separately e.. of branches AB and CD by the law of, parallel circuits discussed in Art. 1.19, Equivalent resistance of parallel branch AB, ‘ R, Ry 2 AE SaiaT ae, mR and equivalent resistance of parallel branch CD, ee = RRR *' TT” eee Ry Rs Ry Now Cv shownin Fig. 15 getsredued toa simple erie ct shown in Fig .16 coming of Tesistances, ¢ Rar BEL, nyt, = RARsRe wR iat hy RR ‘Total resistance of circuit, Ry =Ryg + Rac +R Now circuit current may be determined from the relation 1, - from the relations , across branches AB, BC and CD are determined After knowing I, potential differences: " PD across branch AB, Vjg =I. R yy = _ PDs beck BC Vyc™ Lge * 3 BaeBasic Electrical Engineering 22 ‘After determination of potential difference across each parallel branch, the currents in the various istances are determined from the relations ss ee Xa Current in resistance R, = 1, = R comatnnsine, == Yat Current in resistance Ry = Iy = 1 X ‘Current in resistance R, = 1, = x CeretinesnnceR 1,» 3 Curent inesince R= i= Yad . ‘ Thus equivalent resistance of the whole circuit, voltage drop across each branch and currents in the ‘Varjous resistors may be determined, 130. A circuit consists of two parallel resistors having resistances of 200 and 30 Q respectively connected in series with a 15 Q resistor. If the current through 30 Q resistor is 1.2 A, find (i) currents in 20 Q and 15 resistors (W) the voltage across the whole cireult ii) voltage across 150 resistor ‘and 20 2 resistor (iv) total power consumed in the circuit. (TU. Karnataka, Basic Electrical Engineering, First Semester 2014-15] Solution: Voltage dop across branch AB, Vag =1,R, = 1.2 30=36V (© Current in 20.0 resistor, I, = “a a6 1 3p 718A Ans, : Current in 15 0 resistor = Line curreat, 1=1, +1,= 1.8 +1.2=3.0A Ans. (COVolage across the whole circuit, V = Vg + Vac = Vag + IRy= 36-43. 15 = 81 Ans, (Uh Voltage across 15 Qresistor = Vac =3 x 15 =45 V Ans. ‘Voltage across 20 Q resistor = Vg = 36V Ans, Gv) Total power consumed, P = V x I= 81x 3=243 W Ans, . rire nearing sa catepng pated in ‘ach resistor andthe reading of voltmeter counectedacros the § reste as [Ouarathand Techaical Univ. Basic Electrical Engineering, 2012) Solution: 1 2tTet flowing though rexisorof5 02, 10.0.and20os eeBasic Concepts and Definitions Q.10, Ans. Qn ‘Ans. Qi, ‘Ans. Qa otf force, work, power and energy . ‘Ans. “ST units of force, . : ower and en wn, newton a, RUPE 0 dew Conlon Ans. 1 kWh =3.6 MI = 860 keals, Qs. ‘What do you mean by heat : in by heating effect of electric ‘Ans. According tothe law. aa a ‘conversion of electrical energy into heat. . 16, ‘Ans. According to Joules law of electric heating, the energy ‘expended or heat generated in joules is given as ‘Work done or heat generated = PRr Q1. ¥ Cravire = Wr joules, ‘Ans, ‘Whatis series circuit? ‘ihen the resistor are connected endo en, so hat they form only one path forthe ow of cure, then es ‘are said to be connected in series and such ciruits are known as series cireits, — 18. Whats parallel circuit? ‘When a number of resistors are connected in such a way that one end of each of them is ‘and the other ends being. joined to another common point, as shown in Fig. Connected in parallel and such circuits are known as parallel circuits, In these. many paths asthe numberof resistances. joined wo common point 19, then resistors are said to be circuits curentis divided into as Q-19. Give reasons why are all equipments connected in parallel tothe supply, (PU, BALE Mayan, ‘Ans. All equipments ar connected in parallel so that ech one have same voltage actos itand canbe operated independently. (Q.20. State the voltage division principle for two resistor in series and the current division principle fortwo resistors inparael, {Axa Uaty Ciel Thsry May Jone 3) ‘Ans. Voltage drop across any individual resistor in a series circuit is directly proportional .o its resistance (curent ‘being the same in each resistor) and is equal to voltage applied tothe circuit multiplied by the ratio of the resistance of the resistor to that ofthe circuit. Current in any branch of a parallel circuits directly proportional to its conductance and is equal to the total current flowing shrough the circuit multiplied by the ratio ofthe conductance ofthe branch to thtof the crt. A Problems |. Calculate the length of copper wire, 15 mm in diameter, tohave a resistance of 0.3 ohm, given that resistivity of copper s 0.017 micro ohm-m. (ane. 31.185 ml] 2 nt ter Sacto eat pga whi et deal vero in npn reser ntl resistivities are 1.72 -em and 2.8 y-cm respectively. (ane 1: iver wis i of one-third length and '3. Apicce of silver wire has resistance of 1 2. What wil be the redistance ofthe manganin wire one-third the diameter of verve ifthe wpecicestace of mangnin 3G of ver? {ane 90 0}