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Chem As Level Notes

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27 views47 pages

Chem As Level Notes

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spandhanavenkat
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Corboxyiic aciel "Wei cis dort discstiate compieat ly = ~ Soom, ugdrsgeny eons t Whey 1-0-8 tbp. plug aolobility of awatter core = Jasid way ties tip stogen bonded diners Wek pyre yopeuty iquidl or soliel Jy S2lvey it. _hen-pofar Ageuie Solvon rs o---4 —o a Ss = Pek az eee c= a=—0 Tetedion of caxmoxiiic acids xom alconols : comiplele ortidation iM Primacy aN ica\io1S ——__| = Frown aldelayctes oscihaklon of oldelyctos ——|* Even nitriles = aciol hase Mileolyeis 64 a wittile | wat werent Ren shel FP R-COOH TE NHS (PeecesS HON Yea EWES WHYC! | WH B-(N+t NAOH ~> EOS"Naty NHS thew wack soit Withede HCL aca KO 9eh Acid, —| = | Formation of sol 4& — — Me fission 4, nyaroany how at e210 fo See reauctious = “Baits casted orborpintes Sates IP te —tormdilen of Srinaxs) Ami Res _ —featkente ds abel is —_tfimayy Hareqne alleanes —_ Rie. wrod sjoyer — "Heat vneber Qressure MO | Ctahelyet) =| =: BeachOn’ CH3 CHaR y TWH 2 > cHeetanta tH Br motion 64 Mati leg = pelagic ld EEE eaenerteee Eteach lee ny | beotunater velege ata CHotN EK Rr tencornel Coblyst win Toone ifn: ween Der Dime ccmenmey [Timea El TYPO __| Foxmation of | ayASOR Weiles | noocsounte Rice ex ox Lerones < y | wen = Wood nates anes pene catalyst eco cont —— 3 mt eyiage Hac RO & UCN? CHach> __|__ ta Cie COW Rlummeaccue crte Porpcomeentay CH -— Hyadsetys _ ay Mieies _ ___| be aaxootiecamibes ass i» ra = Accel Wadkoruses satock Salt — ak agewsene El => eNnucl = Rose Wind voles ———— “a Cig ch + Nee each “On Na sa a ri emEnOnErs Re erect Soe ak S8 giyaticene eS alte a Fg ages ot is ee ALOW forces. peat a [atrangerce of cL ort = pomanon_sipole interaction. ya Sees side sieales. Mane — Bxorajer Yow Sor _ UCU | Longe chalies. uot > pep oma ten Se arcana et pel yma im i arena Loaders cota Bae at poate rade tales CS ————— HDPE = made sing 2: yon oman cose point ice'h goceal ol AK Take olwen pritouts |Tdbbrirredi tts | lua. Syecheeseneth — 0 Aehnique ued to ident tomgndod® ‘nase poh Charges AA MioroMtions of tong whon shay —alasorh \Raf | C@ckeda Preqsevaary =e Spectronmter \ecadicd ex No cumple Uitte slechromaqnotic wxawes imo inbrared yegion and ton debects to Rares My oh, woowlelend. ia —| o\ 2 Yodiot\on uwich oes. Macoug it Wa Lomele —}>-AlLoganic mrleuies aborts 12 radiation depending on StAch —}thara eS _ oh radon & absosbed ; bd Ble ator salt _[yibrote by Sx ocwing, & kantstirg {+ The molecoies ae owy vibise ot & Spe caitic Creg sc moc = Te _Fesonc ne freq nena, u Me SPA frequency ab wich He [ianueavs gait vairade Ms SH vmiabe leg ee viseotions —|* Depending ern Ha resi oy Yoo mgioeple, cada vitnrat ion oil __ absorb a Spec le wosslength of Wb racticdion uhicn are also — | Xwowm ds Yo _vecbecoeall eh Mo wavelength — | Ltsawe womier corn") oe Yea esa Ac Wagiees gia! a aiecent Wiaths ano) — fren _ Se —| Hass specroscopy in +E SHOR on C 1k 9 oO coring cat lion 318 ye th 18 0 corbonion ——;>-honanlytic tission requires Lose rare Hoh jotted yee SE | Typasiek cesgemts - ——_NusleopWiitie reagent CouclenpMild)? donatox of coir of sist Mave lone gai ——— PbkoCe Caisre of acgitive Charge pasitve Loving, Keattians thatom 06 nucleoghitic hicleniltic_gubstvhonr walonenealcanss) > Ker coslica) sub n_( altanes? an =} Elimincstiots cesics Oni ose MhowiGusgrodyct Soren dy Smet wrplers'< | seueveel rem rerun Eare of di¢eerent j Za add or altel te we [leer & TYPO SSciGhy SOAS Reve Wigley ep than eranched moleccle more SAMI Icgy reclvtes ay > breaks, Meme _WOw Eoxce decrees ws __ = Berlortine -ad Oo + some yism —¢i syertor si Sead di tte cieuctyra) formuia —_ Ua — USN Se ghee. litrectwral & Stereo mal se ki _ Steor tural — miplerwios Mant wnve Hie Some morcuiiar & —RONEG oftermnt Atrasceaunt tag abn nes CShwes _| creren Senmmunior= mtlecules what Wive Sie Same tut oi Btecont Seatinl ocrongement —p, ator See tered ice merisro Kkain Possiow Senctional Gesenctsit *NGIn ISnmenom | sagomers + cox im lea gk iS z “Tiga chanical peapettin pat oQtly cittsceat paige: pwgricat " | preter Hes yn ager = Emampe—n-b e-e=c MH H#=-t-e -C—u aes i bi | [borane es, TY mang! prorans i 7 Rinpeeapa Vas. ST = |» Position \somers a\eowers diffex in potion % subshtuent akoms ot qroup ai be funetional 1§ chased ig hi! i a ——— Pexeee\?® los -Acene __H pee \ Functional tareups Exomplé f Ricohol $ atner c2Hed fal Rldebade Bicefone (H.d f 1A. 2 -most have 02. Coxoorypicacte Somer CaHe Oo Deets ete cis Jévouns) Isomers Shown only by olteanes ——} *hises due to restriction of double bond + Only Noasiole When each Carbon hos adifterent grps $ trons hare differen\ to-p eet isomers Wie ulgive dipole —}— trans Isewer_e jel alkene kas O dipole me = _ ee —— | tesulttng (ht tuo _Leomers a Bis |= Have effect on petarisect elt peed aah yy —___| "Hava & chiro corbon- A covinen tone lich rea Sivg 2 bonds er ere near gee | f L a fi : i. E ioe See E t E i t I Hydrcanoans. ——— Dropakties — Alkan es. = | Argnevaltiy vinvanch¥____ +P cc ponds Single; Alkcones = Setuxsredd Myx ceesciopaS -nowyntoe . nocenter of charge foe oS Oo wuclecnht le ov Cn electxophi- [Ve =. conn attract polos reagents tke adds, hoses ) mesols ov = foil sing. ods wbuskion of #lkan€s ——__ _2. } used oS atiel bogive tage omoonts of evra as wo mse shan tour iin Oma Hu selense alot oy enacey't. | =B\bavas ove binott colly Stabe iy Oxygen yan wactetsaxcy, amouts 6h fais Supplied _ Reackion occuxs Katty ia Yas phase — = Aa i Se A = tambustion occuxs [roenplaks combustion peat Locboy oxide +Warer =a aa [inrompiere Combustion pxOdtts = Caro moneade + cox pone ee General of uakion = aty = (a So. etm ru0 Ba Suogttution of Bits Se oj ls Seta atoms iN Usehulymoce ou Mlcones, —|Uusaturerted hyicocatous —f totale altecst one c=c fewest forinul =Car * Source of wilcans. =OeOUkiing Hicond » Delvadrosionr af cco hols | "Hore veactive thon aliens duo to presence of chev ond ; pi-electrons are fensly Sit ond oxemare Soc susceptible to abtatles tye clefidend —|-Qrps_tilee ctecteophi ies — 4 Alikenes Connie Hininigh oly iA rartoncliowicle % worter ao ee adalitiawn _nteckauaisin | Beeps [selccrrophile Jorms by hatralylic Hetion | Eleckrophile atau dou le bond Waly Gh t Aram daible Loot niigrorre v4 alertrorphile 3. band breaks Hovbontotion formed Which attocks + nuctenphile i Siac Ts ee Hep <6 _écwchon conier) a Mn? \, |_fertiorly __ Sr cpa primey twcet fag = [Mar blaas pctnciole= om olectvoplile ad8 to ce unsy nmetrical clbetete 190 Unc Hue mick stable eA\ecatioh i Jormed a8 on miermeddiase as LWydodi@nlaiuds F6. Cos bun tira anioce Wyhrogeng ___ Ale qrp_—ldvatlve effect __ ——————— zal ai At tte om Addition seaiqns He HychiogenoHoh C nikene - Ha > Allene’ DN Ce ia Soci sige qe A\kone — 009 ae 2 Hang enasior & = Alkeme + X es Wpuslncentg. 0 a ee on. | Altene + elas = FRO ane’e $1Natin |i. Hyskaxinw a i | hMene + Hao SS'Atcono! | Oxidation a | Liemnoy turns Crom pimt ts cetoclegs Aleene + Hao COT =raai > diol Prem tsivoy. emnoy S He CHa = CHO PAROS EON —— = oer a \ \ Qk oo. - |. Whew Mlens ceack wit hot cone bunny tre doulle ond compleatly breaks a = 7 a we where = Hey Coy eHgO 0 = cys olde Mavaieke Cain Ac dtase jolises tn farm Ra\\morisation “Mepectar) acd oh. 1000'S 5 albino. nialecules .CusiahtaisS) 40 Cael eHsar ; Arcyatuy th_Ma troulerule | Rolyethene Lore Cling WOH __WORES waker vines juice insulation > Poly chioesermane Cees j Waker pipes & isuladian ef wires | Grenerol conditions High Prebrs igh temprebire B catalyst {+ Dshely atta ges | snon-Wiodeqverctale = paliotes > _lewbuwion Produces harmful oases Which coutrioutes to tobe jweceniing ens S02) (Ory SHEL trom PUC'S | Dian essehndpemTBeS SNeycle ecivtiag plastic Sesto polymers Sol ocerida[e by aicleliag Shorea unit) Halogen compourdls, a =Halogenoalkanes iN Primary 4° csu2>. =Seondory 9° (sy 2) SE &= Holegen TE Ee i AA ad = bes Hay 38 Cont) gd Wal o_o. cire elie = wp mepkreinepenmeeeRRRESEBSEB Ese Nuclenptullic_sumebiturian saochaniem (SN) = to tyes Stik SNa oTu_<=X bend _is'c: pnlar_botnd jlids puitial dnsqie clve bo high, alerdvanagedivi Ky 8 hreala > TW s* car batati is easily Sesceptible tn oFFock by At nuclengdile cats ee aa aed a - = oe Se ane t = Pe Rees (Sea __=7 lerHiary hlequoaleaues Si bi R Primary b Seu padary habesanel kore BR oa ! Jeleopsilit cobstitutien verclinle == = = 2 Higdlsetysis. = = = | _R=x + © Ez Nadlicag) 8x§ EOH cag) = Roagant* Sto alkali’ See Hw? heat | re lose i Ss | sen ——<—— — ) Tyrol gars: ems eaGior _m__ From qrimaxy Wo kerfior y ~Kevtiany \alogemal tangs cam be wud rolysed OUR cit \oosb | CAS CL BRC one prenent in she NaOH sol tho inlay rill iukertene Wi} | phe venck OD ee sas Je Nitrile (Coyainiched ee po | lariat P-X FON= > pe EX |_sPeagent: r¥eN py Noch in ethene | tainalitlee — colveid ela + Kool vnaliar ee YW [eteation Qorm a ¢-C bord, bance woe gh SU jyerens pmasin Manse, Tay yen > ware “C’ TYPO Denes Prima Ami nos R=X tNHa —» RN + HY * Reagent ammonia (tas SCoOMGI BES QMMOWO in gleaiol vuder pressure in a Secited Sonkolnar o Neko ik ences Forming N Hays Reflox = | eonc. Gmmbuia useel AK reacks with ib = Many DEANE reAC' ons. Proceed ou ees e: Heaking, Hons vvilee reflux to prevent valab\ Lo BrGomic Solves —— bs ey abOicthe | | Csimuiioc to Sauipe dietitiat on) | EXimiwotion Reaction R=X © OWT —> Nicene +x Fb Hao nil Mechanism. 4. Cx Se ee nZ | Reagents enone \ic Naot o¢ KOM | borditienss tno b0%) rechoxy SS - j OH acts as O penton acceptor A} accepts de Ht Agss from i_holoyncaltanes ducing _eliminatio. + Glrulncot becnwtus agi ce from pinay 40 Kaeo | Clhs.sbon. kom od eeank ro Loreen It Walled nue + Waicnatlocrsb ove [plea abtceked te iF) Ness. holeygncolkanas. MORES oye \nerd 8 eau loo Ngithied ead is reemath of ¢-x owl | {S.Nawy Wigh » Wonce do nbs gernmpates en (ly) no ose aot Rowmmahly 7 . = = | + WBOSS. | “Pa psepellants {nw oerscol cams 2 As SORTS iy Bey hoo dive | + hs XeCrh gecarat Sos eee B Msi es = ~Fise ex bnquimnars) lasecticiges R pesticides CECs 20 tect em — Ono nve leper | | > ontroys he ere ino \oier as | PCRs eetap 2 Wis abwuampinace dnd heccuSe es Masi x \noca ess» | yemeiin withnot tucker: rock OO unmet May Teach she S bratovpeTe — | & more |. ele | in Ye Soaeane gga BALE YS Wy en anes._ BRN seen Oko (1) Splik CRC molecule focniing Cin Whi Ch veacks voit 20" PF Ws fs a catalyile tyelt waxe one Lv CaM _yeack with many. | [0a tus Cosisins) shestructih of tow layer | Cl" F b> eqD Soel ron | Oe\yay tt) SC COs Seyiowot se rentdemn cuits os | oleae s Nokes tus alternative 15 Ust wine, WACECS (replace cath C\ usin ev sonre | FE koma) os Masa, ose dash moke acisity oie ds not weeds € | jae Jel less sy active ey ih npg Rese Sil Hydroxt compu» ila i ___ |e Prinsaey 12 _H3.¢-= os . sama — tia — mn = # bee Heya? “ak ooree eh ales + ie C =ch3 _Lludvoe a % Cy al koves a swans = fabio reaayanicet Llaeeem Eve [uses [Lucrmeneene E] mmr TYPO = 1 > Riegortios a | —)-Physicod goperties, | =toleriess igual abetep : a 1 = bsp & Sensi ty Jmcrenses wlth ivereosieo cotom$ and ods o increns = ——|_ottgsps: ——_| *hip Weecegeen, Came tes so — ll —s8 tpratacluing i mereses 5 VWs decreases y be p detren ih —2 bef oh olcanal > elKews os Hey wave Anica —_$S\tobillly of Aleanals ua wader: ——|>Srailex alcanels Si COM MeOtN Wit untor swace Strong Wgehsogers bons neti _bekiseed ateatnet cnet un cuber ees AS hydrocarbon hag Lncrense Cnigre c-0 bonds), te non gn ae = 1 |Mincecton ouNOdaiIS ta obit} the bet lon ro focm hujlvog ai bomdlss”. gnwwtei sibs, hers eases, ———- [Scat axeonats Cosh ethccnal ave aod soWwents th. < both polar —___|8 noapolar compounds an Asay Moye petax £ v | bonds PNIO CoMOaverch< | ReceHow site socio | pou than) —SeoTNake Va Ha ee Type of reactiomiadd-base *Meagent US eds Liquid soetivm mete iu | +Beachl xii, Sh aMohels deente | MyS Rear bon aT Ha Terenas ap tain tay ss theattioh Less engerous Bias Hino} 1A Ranker wilen Stoo baker $a stvoter acid Head aleael beret Caco i ge tcshalCrognent +HI0 Tae bak onal ec call Y ones Sy = “Tapa aire ie eae Son SCRE RE uae Rewesteerei [iliwenees [Je | R= €8O-R +Hao = Roo + P70N heat onder ayia — a —: — es oly "eee DekysleotioW oj Kic ohn — —* Alcovio| —> Allene +20 | condiGov? ston. Hasdy or H3POyat Is0% ¢ 8y Bln Q cb 20% Type s{ seacHoh: EXinlnating Mecho wisuat: 44H Ls ae = \ 7 2a eee ac ee ey sa eS i \ dt £ ao yy est cee epee aaa Meir yay Ae a Neo Halogenabon Lsstyoeia/ enfin Wveloplltis bait Os Aes jessy SO LHX for FOr wlthe Hasou or Ha-Pou) 14 H He ae Re i) ot ty Hoy eeaica ot H ess = 2. pclat+ hoot Ht M ot | AA Ae ee oy aft =c = eo) bPClg es S53 [- wet x) | ok if Sano |z. pel 2 “ FH : ie ect ae odor Pes oH eed} GPa + POCg tek E ho Ye _ Soule yn a SN ee) cl TSO. ea va nue atr04 roy orouy Sy sev) eh, | TeVonl) thiobiake Conk eidis e | veg Melis kmnoy = pile bo tolow less SAI OTT Pave te J ae Na neta bb leat th. gas | Kextrany /H* byeen | x wives | x Cav bony! compounds. ths b-p. of fultouslng conpovndls uicrense | Alkanes —s Alolebyel es = batones = Aleatols Werk vpW Pex manent clipete-chiaoie 11 oitchiny Solo ili M4 y "Smaltax cos: rowing Comadunds + commateat(y Golwrohe AS thay. form lugelregen bonds With wader molewsles j ave good Sal vent ' S nonpolar solvbes +Jacgix tat bony! compounds: polac retore decreases ,+ non potac_natore lacrenses, —alsility to fork lindragen bencts dhecrcoses —} Praduckion og, Hldlely ces Oxidation of primacy, alconols __| “Rrockouts -aciditied Kaice 0+ / bh Oa | disk iNalion $9 Seperate aldehyde From oar comp ounds | Aldenyde con ensity ne couichiaed into coxinnayirc acich so need disti) as spot aa \- Coxms s CHa eHzon + Cod — > cugch + W26_ | Procluithion of tetaneS =: - | Oxidation oy seemmdany Ole Ohols _| srotctombs + aetelified Vester 01 Hemnou __|_tdiatiliaHon to seperate Ketone from oer compounds _* Fetonas cannot be Curtin oxicliged . __|« cha clones F EOL > et, cots + 4 __| Nusleoplitic adelitlon vith Hen [condition = HeAl in presenceist cia oS:tecnsi “Aldalydes Ove move svacepHble to hnucleaghitic otbalks tho eetones, MOLe Minor _coxsbony| comonunds axe ware eencki ve Prohuck nas o cwirel covpon .. escluol Fs Opricod Keomoricwa _ UechaniS P HCN ic O poor MUcopiile With fey CN tons, the vouttion Is Mow “Ruimerease CN= rom Cetra son moilee HCN \eock ln tia presenre of skkoli oe addliktow ey Ken d Ai lute iS 4 Can psoviecle [ten 9 aoe cw fog |Dediichion of Caxtonnry| composes —__ al | > type of Muclzoaini ic aoldits 4 ¢ i= lows) [Reducing ag ERS! KUBY LAI y Hp | PROW NN |_ Aldehydes —> Potecowo\ | p-cwO PBEM Ronson > kekova: leo y-co-@ + otal > 2- =e COMD= | | resting, Caxton | compeunct Ay Uni tropramy)hebrarineg (a, tu DNPH) | nucleo PWitic addition & teden sation / eli inode fornas :vadl Joravye ppt. aaa * Hus wip ot Nhs Opt cob used to. Intent fy laiiVical aldehy den & Neto | aldety de best ai] { Af HAD Tahees place wy_a\ Uti Aldehyde + foll@ns agent Nemonium bs lone poivet es SLnmibregen ond co coordinate bond With tne Ht lion | : Formation: WAS cg) bY > Nyt “Boneh argie® 144.5° | @enam onium sot Any base HEF. pnonio gas tsa ~ | Uses. cy cuimoni a |B. procduct! on eg niece aciet Lk thy trsyen j= vSedin tas QeoclUction e\ Macunte Cexirirers used ha Has ocectucsion, et Nyon | PuSext ta bie Pamsictigy | exelocived | Onides oe Nitsegen. | Ne tO. —> 9Win+ Na t'lk Oo noo | or _ 2NU F Yad; NOs Maku relies: mante {) Mets —Mowtade: in tar enaine SAYS Wigan Ba prowidtect fax 2 bo Peat + Nije NEES Yo — Cokolytic vouverters -ex%x haus Aes psssed Mou h col, ic _| Comverters co: Ming A catalyst CoratinomlPastaciumn fui ecet) = —| Wilt tn rectce oxides kee wt Sresan teberlyHe role Moxie ay Of SUChve eli asc —<—} —- NOE, => 2g = NE fsox+ NO —S. 80a tNO - Petlati on | WA xci S64 M20 Sou at ——— NO Ha HINOS I HNOZ OC UNO EIKO +O. >HaNos —Damosys trees 8 ants, Ns tren 8 otk ives tite, * fouiLating.ysteieS Rha eG | | SSMBVSTON gollohents “Nitragen natishe CHO focoind tay Kan choyc\ Na A Os in the | WAGs) forms aciel Kain P ceseienry peswLancs *Ailncos Qlacie._are des of, witragen CNo 5 Noa) C00 reack wait tbasned Wiskrocas bons hs toxin pexoraceby | Mibeoke CP ei) a caiporanh ) cunts caemical Soroc "Coven men ereihe 665). gaukte eh iucamolete cammuston ot, lujcteo carbon Hol, toxic eck om Macmen\oyin, : | Food! presex vation | Soa is used lay {Sel@ os aS 6 Gulphie ko preseKie tocd S02 + 40 =? W>SO8 cogs +82 A sulphikes wiht great Ol oackesiony encks etc. & } Oe vacluetng coords So cedure Mucor tube Sh Orda oo 9 food | arrrectbe | Mnapter ta organic Chowmishyy. Pewee 18 Yelxavaten’ | > esesiein da. Sta Sheer) Anvvale B Axi pre woade DEO WomoloQous Sorted? d SOSiem oh compounds G4. SimmiLar Seuck Tog WOM | @cowttihn tak Seater Coecioneal aces Bait shaue Mh Same enarcel bormdile, | Ana tarmille ioh omplogue cls tess rom miscgnoous by 6a BH Simms Chawicad Brogaties LS le Qratwod Orange Axo graysitod Proper eS as Wri ncceates in Pyne Qyp = Gh akSWl OF

moreculox Covimilas Cuemeone> ui = ya : __ = | Greeti cesresSesAt Yestehe | = wownory sic srste¥4 : a. * Two ak orns Shai a Z pais A cimillax ehectro vaqicst Nihy Ke Whe Wend nedoke, eam atom tales diy from paix of elecirons CHEMISTRY Ryoko CP heutyon cw) |Chapker 1 = Atomit chruclure = |etestomic Particle [Relative charge | Ye\abive. mass ey \ | || eleckyons C2) \ Me4o ‘toms are newtera\ “ Atomic mass. DD. oh. + ¥: “itomicno-= ho 9) Prokons, : |" '8etoees ove atoms with tte same no. ey pestons lout a ditLerent Ino 2k _ NU OnS. jistopes have dii@econk masses ond thecafxe hove chitavent pin\y sical wie OcKiOnS) asix chamicad Mberackons BOY Har some as te Ans nw. —jof @ us tne Sawne. | | e_ 18 have Nae Seok noes Go chosiocs the enon | a Hee fileclions. ace ation eS m anergy Levals kreo.os shaits AGA Siall 18 AezeSoe) “oy a principle quan ty no. i sas the EAE Gaianbwn NO. WEES The energy Mereases_ Ri amegnsiiadlasn en 4,8 J BUBSWIG Were @ are most Weelu to lee Pound ava) can held Qe wavering in oppretre Givetions —_|*When @_axe toed in_a Sek sh. orbitals ba. Pac, Oy Ra) Alar oceuieyy | Hua_siragty ond, +helen pairing sakes place ___|= © yo plated ‘moppnsike divectione = as tke, lack ova aay Caos ect land i Mhelv placeck im Me Some divection Avany'cl_ roped taence Ane AQ OX 0 Spin to Neue ropa! __ | -tonigtiotiy Aived ond hale Ciel Ors Wide Cintole than none aa afore — MarhontA os Hiere is redkucedh Yemalsign. = \gion, _ Redeye [ome [Daonnenrees [E]ermsnmeane Chinen ——— Subsine\ls ih escoxsdting Ao Nasine nas Quy —\VAAS ie fue WaN's proncip\e &h dg : né : ‘HHergy Sorel Gregrosn oe = 1 A Atordhing, 40 Avis model. Sa Us seat wilt 1 ‘before sino Bell otal. seMiald ev } \ furs yn \ is eters & i The -ensxay Aikteccmee ble Ys % Sd is Nery smash uy —— @ Zrom_4s_can move to Bch to Sem a Wore=-Svied _ for Pitiad Bdorbital ko make tee chon wdce stolo\e Loxtosto.\s = |S oxrtols ore sehericol is — 2 *P ervitol axe dumbed Shaced pe Beuaaauny B free cadvcah 1S 0 species witty one Ox moxe unpaired cecrrons | lonigotion. soexayy [dest lomisation energy the energy needed to xemove Lmol of fs #om \molJot a gasenis arom to Pom Lutsl of UMA RBSLALVE. |. OAS. + each Svecesiva iomisosion ergy is Migher Mao Ane previous lone pennuse tenon Ana @'S Ove: te Mhorge WN NUCLUS due +o erO'kons _|__* greates nuckeas car qe means Qxcaker ionisation SVeTay Moi Wing -e6Serk es i | -s \nnoe She\'s 0F. 2% seyol oukecmmnel 2's thus shading. them [vom hs. positive -Mucla\s The more @ Shes Ane grees Sng | Gwenn eRe eA a __=highex Sheilding <@Pect Lover _\-E_as Hasse iS —ci— | gowex attvactive Corre bli) ovremost osc _oncleys- Bo Aromic radivs ee SiS =» Axomic KahwS = Sisiance ‘bl wi_Me cankex_vP_ Ye _nos exes’ = Te neat Hue xosd is Ae Sows VoL Eas ae distance ol ~__ | Ho wuehess andl ovtecmost 22m how Hho Tb weqpicecd — 1S Dora. eee einymeet Cee Oe [uses menor LC) enone ef Lonisation Enorquy. SeewS “Down a_grp tw lorizotion AWECHL) AECKECLES AS mew ~~ | SWANS axe ached hawie Ghiilding efect & uo 2 — 1 GHomic radivs incxeases, Wis IS More Paderhy\ Wan Ae ——_ltwrtoage in nucieus! Cor go. Wanee Me TE decreases — +} Atrcsss 0 period the loMisadion SNEIAY ANCKROSRS AS 1he. proton no. inteases ond tne ho: iG) Slat Shay Wu some — rence Hae efective woenear. Coarge iMereases caving Mao Oko mic. | radius tn detcoase Py BN iain Pots IE of WN is less Mon MO? © vemoved from Mois in fue Wig hor ewig) Bp oxtitas which is furtiios Gom Hue Wuclens thon the 148 2 _ decknn Daina Ye vemoved frorn Ng. Nuclear etscaction ——BXeas fer 8i than 8s wene\E oh RLis less than |< Te TE Of S ig fersex thaw Pi é! Nbitig Asis Hae grep ane ionic Tactivs incveases 2) Chapter A= Poms; Molecules § stoichiometny a3 HI |Relodive moss = z | Upromie mass -unigited avg Moss of om a trig cAs) — |“ tnotecsiay mass = mass of a Mmaleesle Cyd — | / formsin moss = mass Of oe SoxHUIr VOI Of Q commpooNC z L\Sm HOBIE WIOSS — Mass OF A HUNAN (SOARS Of AM alomtias compared __|¥o Re ioere ome oor of KE has amass OF OACHY \oKits 1 —_Moje- Su omnuat of Suostonce Mncd hos tnt Some number [by OE poeritles 6 Apgre ane atoms in D2xaCHY ag OC sae fw —} Sorpon= a \googe oe —}-RusgadtOs Lanstonk —nomber_s\_qbedicles Ww 6 moles b.08 x8 Lae MaAsS= Qives_Simplest xotio of di! __| Eepivical foot __| & worectte — = = : Molecilaw formula ton He taleulatel by Sig tix and sha cai erica _ | Roemiota. Moleuitar Com gha=Cemprsicaili formated NS woleculaw wass | mass lemperisG —fo_tompnsitiod = pigoiC Wisc v wn a mnlec y inn RGexent OkOms present in | Movs = Hass Ni ist SK AM : = ee Oppes asses mb cake — 3 __|_ contend rodson= AE Unie Vowme= dn? intr = tae “Sarackuye - Giiawt lonic Nats} ce o -wiah WP % SP

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