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Lec#6 - Dams and Dam Sites

This document discusses different types of dams and factors related to dam design and construction. It describes gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, earth dams, rockfill dams, and their advantages and disadvantages. Key engineering geological considerations for dam sites include permeability, earthquakes, landslides, water table, floods, reservoir silting, and environmental and social impacts. The geology of the dam site, including the suitability of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks is also discussed.

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29 views28 pages

Lec#6 - Dams and Dam Sites

This document discusses different types of dams and factors related to dam design and construction. It describes gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, earth dams, rockfill dams, and their advantages and disadvantages. Key engineering geological considerations for dam sites include permeability, earthquakes, landslides, water table, floods, reservoir silting, and environmental and social impacts. The geology of the dam site, including the suitability of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks is also discussed.

Uploaded by

hussainshahzad4126
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture #6 Dams and Dams sites

Session-2018

Mirza Muhammad Zaid


Lecturer, Mining Engineering
Department.
University of Engineering &
Technology.
What is a Dam?
 Dam
Factors affecting the Dam design
 Amount of water available
 The topography
 Geology of site
 Construction material
Engineering geological Considerations
 Permeability of the surrounding rock or soil
 Earthquake faults
 Landslides and slope stability
 Water table
 Peak flood flows
 Reservoir silting
 Environmental impacts on river fisheries, forests and wildlife
 Impacts on human habitations
 Compensation for land being flooded as well as population
resettlement
 Removal of toxic materials and buildings from the proposed
reservoir area
Types of Dams
1. CONCRETE DAMS
 Gravity Dams
 Arch Dams
 Buttress Dam
2. EARTH DAMS
 Earth dams
 Rock fill Dams
3. COMPOSITE DAMS
Abutment
Gravity dams
Components of Gravity Dam
 Axis of a dam

 Length/Span of a dam

 Structural height of a dam

 Toe and Heel

 Hydraulic height of a dam

 Maximum base width of a dam


Components
Dam concrete static properties
 Strength
 Elastic properties
 Thermal Properties
 Thermal expansion
 Thermal conductivity
 Specific Heat
 Diffusivity
Deflection
Static Loads
1. Hydrostatic Pressure

2. Uplift Pressure

3. Earthquake forces

4. Sand/silt pressure

5. Wave Pressure

6. Ice Pressure
Advantages
 Gravity dams are quite strong, stable and durable.
 Are quite suitable across moderately wide valleys and gorges
having steep slopes where earth dams, if constructed, might slip.
 Can be constructed to very great heights, provided good rock
foundations are available.
 Are especially suited to such areas where there is very heavy
downpour. The slopes of the earth dams might be washed away in
such an area.
 Does not fail suddenly. There is enough warning of the imminent
failure and the valuable property and human life can be saved to
some extent
Disadvantages
 Gravity dams of great height can be constructed only on sound
rock foundations. These cannot be constructed on weak or
permeable foundations on which earth dams can be constructed.

 Initial cost of a gravity dam is usually more than that of an earth


dam. At the sites where good earth is available for construction
and funds are limited, earth dams are better.

 Usually take a longer time in construction than earth dams,


especially when mechanized plants for batching, mixing and
transporting concrete are not available.
Arch Dam
Arch Dam
Hoover dam, Colorado
Advantages
 An arch dam requires less concrete as compared to a gravity dam
as the section is thinner.

 Arch dams are more suited to narrow, V-shaped valley, having


very steep slopes.

 Uplift pressure is not an important factor in the design of an arch


dam because the arch dam has less width and the reduction in
weight due to uplift does not affect the stability.

 an arch dam can be constructed on a relatively less strong


foundation because a small part of load is transferred to base,
whereas in a gravity dam full load is transferred to base.
Disadvantages
 An arch dam requires good rock in the flanks (abutments) to resist
the thrust. If the abutments yield, extra stresses develop which
may cause failure.

 The arch dam requires sophisticated formwork, more skilled


labor and richer concrete.

 The arch dam cannot be constructed in very cold climates because


spalling of concrete occurs due to alternate freezing and thawing.

 The speed of construction is relatively slow.


Buttress dams
Advantages
 Buttress dams require less concrete than gravity dams.
Uplift/ice pressure is generally not a major factor
 Can be designed to accommodate moderate movements of
foundations without serious damages.
 Can be easily raised subsequently by extending buttresses
and deck slabs.
Disadvantages
 Buttress dams require costlier formwork, reinforcement and
more skilled labour. Consequently, the overall cost of
construction may be more than that of a gravity dam.
 Buttress dams are more susceptible to damage .
 Buttress dams cannot be constructed in very cold climates
because of spalling of concrete.
Earth Dam
Advantages
 Are usually cheaper than gravity dams if suitable earth for
construction is available near the site.
 Can be constructed on almost all types of foundations, provided
suitable measures of foundation treatment and seepage control are
taken.
 Can be constructed in a relatively short period.
 Are more earthquake-resistant than gravity dams.
Disadvantages
 Are not suitable for narrow gorges with steep slopes.
 Cannot be constructed in regions with heavy downpour, as the
slopes might be washed away.
 Maintenance cost of an earth dam is quite high. It requires
constant supervision.
 Fails suddenly without any sign of imminent failure. A sudden
failure causes havoc and untold miseries.
Rock fill dam
Geology and Dam Sites
 Suitability of Igneous rocks
 Suitability of Sedimentary rocks
 Suitability of Metamorphic rocks
Geology and Dam Sites
 Effect of Joints
 Joints and shear zones are responsible for the unsound rock
encountered at dam sites on plutonic and metamorphic rocks.
Unless they are sealed, they may permit leakage through
foundations and abutments. Slight opening of joints on excavation
leads to undetectable rotations and sliding of rock blocks, large
enough to appreciably reduce the strength and stiffness of the
rock mass.

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