SAFETY PRINCIPLES

1. Proper Warm-Up
- Before playing volleyball, it's important for players to engage in a thorough
warm-up, including activities like light jogging, dynamic stretches, and specific
volleyball movements, to prepare their muscles and joints for the game.
2. Correct Technique
- Learn and use proper techniques for serving, passing, setting, attacking, and
blocking.
- Work with a coach or experienced player to ensure your form is correct.
3. Footwear
- Wear appropriate athletic shoes with good traction to prevent slips and falls on the
court.
- Ensure that your shoes provide support for lateral movements.
4. Court Awareness
- Be aware of your surroundings, including the positions of teammates and
opponents.
- Communicate effectively with your teammates to avoid collisions.
5. Communication
- Maintain clear and effective communication with teammates to coordinate plays
and avoid collisions.
- Use verbal cues and hand signals to convey information quickly.
6. Hydration
- Stay hydrated by drinking water before, during, and after the game.
- Dehydration can lead to fatigue and increased risk of injuries.
7. Conditioning and Fitness
- Maintain overall fitness and conditioning to enhance endurance, strength, and
agility.
- Regularly engage in strength and flexibility exercises to prevent injuries.
8. Rest and Recovery
- Allow adequate time for rest and recovery between games and practices.
- Listen to your body and address any signs of fatigue or pain promptly.
9. Proper Equipment
- Ensure that the volleyball and other equipment, such as the net and poles, are in
good condition.
- Check for any defects or damage before playing.
10. First Aid Knowledge
- Have a basic understanding of first aid principles, including how to treat common
volleyball-related injuries like sprains and strains.
11. Safe Playing Environment
- Ensure that the playing area is free from obstacles and hazards.
 - Check the court surface for any irregularities that could cause trips or falls.
12. Respect Rules and Regulations
- Adhere to the rules and regulations of the game to maintain a fair and safe playing
environment.
- Respect the decisions of referees and officials.

BASIC SKILLS

1. Ready Position - One of the key components of a successful volleyball team is the use of
the ready position. The ready position is a fundamental skill that all players must master
in order to be successful on the court. The ready position is used to prepare players for
any type of play, whether it’s an attack, serve, or defense. It also serves as the basis of all
offensive and defensive strategies.

2. Serving - The first contact in a volleyball game is when the player hits the ball while
standing behind the end line which is also known as the “service zone” and gets it to the
other side of the net with the goal of either scoring a point, disrupting the opposing
team’s moment, or creating momentum for your team
a. Underhand
b. Overhand

3. Passing - also known as “bump”, is used to receive the ball from the opposing team's
serve or hit. Ideally, the ball should be passed high toward your setter so that they can facilitate
offensive plays for your team. This is the first step in the basic pass-set-spike sequence that
makes up the foundation of volleyball offense and is arguably the most important skill to have in
volleyball.

4. Setting - Setting or overhead passing is the most important step in an offensive play as it
determines which player gets to spike or attack. This is normally done by the team’s setter and is
the second step in the pass-set-spike sequence.

5. Attacking - Attacking, also known as hitting, is the final step in the pass-set-spike sequence
and is used to score points. There are a variety of different ways to attack a ball, but the most
common and consistently effective way to do so is by spiking.

6. Blocking- Blocking is a defensive skill used to stop the opposing team's attack and can also
be used to potentially score points. Blockers must focus on stopping the opposing team’s
offensive attacks, while also paying attention to the opposing setter so that they can better predict
the opposing team’s attack strategy.
 7. Digging - Digging is a defensive skill used to save the ball from hitting the ground. It is
often done when the ball does not come directly at the player, and a standard underhand pass
would be impossible or extremely difficult to get. To get into a digging position, the player must
sink their hips low to the floor with their heels slightly raised in order to be light on their feet.
They must then stretch out their arms into the underhand pass position. In order to dig for the
ball, the player must push off their toes and use their lower body to move their upper body.

ADVANCE SKILLS
a. Jump serve
i. Topspin - the most common competitive serve as it is delivered with a
good pace and spin. Like in the name, the topspin of the ball will cause it
to dive down towards the ground quickly once it clears the net. This serve
can be very effective aimed at the back.
ii. Floater - is a type of serve wherein the ball does not spin. This makes it
unpredictable, and thus, more difficult to pass. It can go left, right or even
drop abruptly.
b. Tipping The ball
This skill is primarily used for last minute solutions by the hitter or setter. When
the ball comes close to the net, you simply use your finger pads to “shoot” the ball
back onto the other side of the court. This is most effective when a power hitter
has had several strong hits; the other team is ready for it, so they back up, which
leaves huge holes in the defense perfect for tipped balls.
c. Rolling and Diving
This is a defensive skill used to help players get up quickly from passing a low
ball. Extend one arm out and sprawl for the ball then roll over the shoulder of
your extended arm and get back in ready position to play.
d. Pancake - is a one-handed dive dig that’s a last-ditch effort to keep the ball in
play. Typically paired with a dive in practical use
e. Dump Shot- it refers to a move made by the setter. Instead of setting the ball for
another player to attack, the setter cleverly and quickly pushes or "dumps" the ball
over the net into the opponent's court.
f. Backrow Attacks(Backrow Hitting)- Back-row attacks involve back-row
players jumping from behind the attack line to execute powerful spikes.
g. Slide attacks- involves a hitter starting their approach behind the setter and then
sliding along the net to attack from a different angle.
HAND SIGNALS
1. Authorization to Serve
2. Team to Serve
3. Change of Courts
4. Time - Out
5. Substitution
6. Misconduct Penalty
7. Expulsion
8. Disqualification
9. End of Set or Match
10. Ball in and out
● In - pointing to the area of the court where the ball landed.
● Out - ball is out of bounds, outside antenna or player illegally in adjacent court.