REFRIGERATION PROBLEMS

1. A refrigeration system using R-22 has a capacity of 320 kW of

refrigeration. The evaporating temperature is - 10 degrees C and the
condensing temperature is 40 degrees * C Calculate the fraction of
vapor in the mixture before the evaporator.
Properties of R-22:
At 10 degrees C; hg = 401.60KJ / kg, hf = 188, 43kJ / kg
At 40 degrees C ; hf= 249.69kJ / kg
Ans: 0.287

2. A Carnot engine requires 35 KJ/s from the hot source. The engine
produces 15 kW of power and the temperature of the sinks is 26 C. What
is the temperature of the hot source in ° C?
Ans: 250.25

3. A refrigeration system operates on ideal vapor compression using R

- 12 with an evaporator temperature of 30 degrees C and a condenser
exit temperature 49.30°C and requires 74.6 kW motor to drive the
compressor. What is the capacity of the refrigerator in tons of
refrigeration? Enthalpy at condenser entrance =392 kl/kg.ext=248.15
kl/kg , at evaporator entrance 248.15 kl/kg, exit 338.14 kl/kg
Ans:43.52

4. The temperature of the vaporizing ammonia in the evaporator is 2°C

Find the percentage of liquid vaporized while flowing through the
expansion valve.
Temperature C Abs. Pressure, kPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Ans: 9.02 %

5. A Freon 12 wastewater system operating at 5 degrees C suction

temperature and a 40 degrees C condensing temperature has an
evaporator load of 5 tons. If the condenser is selected for a 7
degrees C water temperature rise, how many gpm must be circulated
through the condenser? The following enthalpies have been found::
condenser entrance =377 k/kg, exit 238.5 kJ/kg; evaporator entrance =
238.5kJ /kg exit = 353.6 kJ/kg.
Ans: 11.46
6) An ideal vapor compression cycle requires 2.5 kW to power the
compressor. have found the following data for the cycle: the enthalpy
at the condenser entrance 203 kJ/kg, exit =55 kJ/kg ; evaporator
entrance =55 k3/k . exit 178 kJ/kg. If the mass flow rate of the
refrigerant is 0.10 kg/s, then the coefficient of performance of this
refrigeration cycle is most nearly:
Ans: 4.92

7. A San Miguel Corporation processing plant that requires cooling of

120 gpm of water from 15.6 degrees C to 10 degrees C assume that the
cooler heat transfer surface area will enable a 5.5 degrees C
differential between the chilled water leaving the cooler and the R-12
evaporating temperature. Also assume that the condenser heat transfer
surface area will enable a 5.5 C differential between the condenser
water out and R-12 condensing temperature. Water be available for the
condensing medium at 29.4 degrees C inlet and 35 degrees C outlet.
Assume no liquid subcooling or suction gas superheating. Find the tons
of refrigeration.
Ans: 50.5 tons

8. An air conditioning plant with a capacity of 400 kW of

refrigeration has an evaporating and condensing temperature of 3
degrees * C and 37 degrees * C respectively. If it uses Refrigerant
12, what volumetric rate of flow under suction condition?
Ans: 0.172

9. Magnolia Dairy products plant must cool 4000 gallons of fresh milk
received from the farm per day from an initial temperature of 80°F to
a temperature of 38°F in 5 hours. If the density of milk is 8.6lb /
gal specific gravity is 1.03 and specific heat is 0.935, what must be
the capacity of the refrigerating machine in tons
Ans: 22.515 TOR

10. A creamery must cool 20,000 liters of milk received each day from
int temperature of 29°C to a final temperature of 2 degrees * C in 5
hours. If refrigeration losses amount to 10 percent of the cooling
load, what must be the capacity of the refrigerating machine? Note:
Specific heat of milk if 3.9 kJ/kg-K and SG. =1.05
Ans: 38.54 TOR
11. How many tons of refrigeration are required to produce 10 metric
tons of ice per day at -10°C from raw water at 22°C if miscellaneous
losses are 15% of the chilling and freezing load?
Ans. 16.962 TOR or 59.64kW

12. Five hundred kilograms of poultry enter a chiller at 8°C and are
frozen and chilled to a final temperature of - 18 degrees C for
storage in 15 hours. The specific heat above and below freezing are
3.18 kj / kg degrees C and 1.55 kJ/kg C respectively. The latent
heat is 246 kJ/kg, and the freezing temperature is - 5 degrees C
Compute the product load.
Ans: 2.85kW

13. Compute the heat to be removed from 110 kg of lean beef if it were
to be cooled from 20 degrees °C to 4°C, after which it is frozen and
cooled to -18°C. Specific heat of beef above freezing is given as 3.23
kJ/kg C and below freezing is 1.68 kj / kg degrees * C freezing point
is -2.2°C and latent heat of fusion is 233 kJ/kg.
Ans: 36,473.5 kJ

14. An ice plant produces 20 tons of ice per day from water at 25
degree C 11 miscellaneous losses are 12% of the freezing and chilling
load, calculate the a^ prime -15 degree C Refrigeration capacity of
the plant in tons of refrigeration.
Ans: 31.50 TOR or 110.76 kW

15. Fish weighing 11,000 kg with a temperature of |20^ C is brought to

a cold storage and which shall be cooled to - 10 degrees * C in 11
hours. Find the required plant refrigerating capacity in tons of
refrigeration if the specific heat of fish as 0.7 kCal/kg C above
freezing and 0.30 kcal/kg C below freezing point which is -3°C The
latent heat of freezing is 55.5 kcal/kg.
Ans: 24.38 TOR

16. Mass of ice at -4°C is needed to cool 115 kg of vegetables in a

bunker for 24 hours. The initial temperature of vegetables is assumed
to be 30°C. It is also assumed that the average temperature inside the
bunker is 7°C within 24-hour period. If the heat gained per hour in
the bunker is 30% of the heat removed to cool the vegetable from 30°C
to 7°C, what would be the required mass of ice?
Note: Specific heat of ice = 1.935 kJ/kg-K
Specific heat of vegetables = 3.35 kJ/kg-K
Specific heat of water = 4.186 kJ/kg-K
Heat of fusion of ice = 335 kJ/kg
Ans: 23.82kg

17. A 10 tons ice plant using ammonia refrigerant operates between

evaporator and condenser temperature of - 20 degrees * C and 35
degrees * C respectively. The ice plant is to produce ice at 12
degrees * C from water at 30 degrees * C in 24 hrs. Assuming losses to
be 18% of the heat absorbed from the water, determine the power
required by the compressor.
Note: Properties of Ammonia: h1 = 1437kJ / kg, h2 = 1736kJ / kg,
h3 =h4 =366 kJ/kg.
Ans: 17.94 kW

18. Calculate the tons of refrigeration required to freeze in 4 hrs. 3

mm of 10°C water on a skating rink 61 m * 30m if the ground
temperature is 10°C and the air temperature above the rink is 16°C.
The heat transfer coefficient from the air to 0°C ice is 6.8 W/m² °C,
and the heat transfer coefficient from the ground to – 6 °C ice is
0.3402 W/m² C.
Ans: 101.69 TOR

19. A 95 tons refrigeration system has a compressor power of 90 Hp.

Find the coefficient of performance, COP
Ans: 4.97 COP

20. A refrigeration system operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The

minimum maximum temperatures are - 25 degrees C and 72 degrees C
respectively. If the heat rejected at the condenser is 6000 kJ/min,
find the power input required.
Ans: 1.686.83 kJ/min
21. In a CO2 refrigerating plant, the specific enthalpy of the
refrigerant as it leaves the condenser is 135 kJ/kg and as it leaves
the evaporator it is 320 kJ/kg. If the mass flow of the refrigerant is
5 kg/min, calculate the refrigerating effect.
Ans: 55 500 kj/hr

22. A refrigerator high 1.2 m wide and 1 m deep. The over-all heat
transfer coefficient is 0.532 W/m^ 2 C. How many kilograms of 0°C ice
will melt per hour if the inside temperature is maintained at 10
degrees °C while the surrounding temperature is at 35 °C?
Ans: 1.60 kg/hr

23. The power requirement of a Carnot refrigerator in maintaining a

low temperature region at 300 K is 1.5 kW per ton. Find the heat
rejected
Ans: 5.02 kW

24. A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system operates

at an evaporating temperature of
-5°C and a condensing temperature of 40°C Determine the volume
flowrate for a refrigerant capacity of 1kW
Ans: 0.0005866 m^3/s

25. A vapor compression refrigeration system is designed to have a

capacity of 150 tons of refrigeration. It produces chilled water from
22°C to 2°C. Its actual coefficient of performance is 5.86 and 35% of
the power supplied to the compressor is lost in the form of friction
and cylinder cooling losses Determine the condenser cooling water
required for a temperature rise of 10°C
Ans: 14.75 kg/s

26. An air conditioning system of a high rise building has a capacity

of 350 kW of refrigeration, uses R-12. The evaporating and condensing
temperatures are 0°C and 35°C respectively. Determine the mass of
refrigerant 12 circulated per second.
Properties of R-12:
At 0°C At 35°C
Vg = 0.5529 m^3/kg hf = 233.5 kJ/kg
Hf = 200kj/kg & hg = 352.48 kj/kg
Ans: 37.59 kg/s

27. 2Cold salt brine at an initial temperature of 0°C is used in a

packing plant to chill beef from 40 degrees C to 5°C in 18 hours.
Determine the mass flow rate in kg per s required to cool 1000 beeves
kg each, temperature of brine is 3°CSpecific heat of brine is 3.76kJ /
k * g degrees C and S.G.=1.05 Specific heat of beer is 3.14kJ / k * g
degrees C.
Ans: 37.59 kg/s

28. A simple vapor compression cycle develops 13 tons of

refrigeration. Using ammonia as refrigerant and operating at a
condensing temperature of 24 degrees * C and evaporating temperature
of - 18 degrees * C and assuming that the compressions are isentropic
and that the gas leaving the condenser is saturated. Find the power
requirement.
Ans: 8.79 kW

29. A belt driven compressor is used in refrigeration system that will

cool 10 liter per second of water from 13 degrees C to 1 C The belt
efficiency is 98% motor efficiency is 85% and the input of the
compressor is 0.7 kW per ton of refrigeration. Find the actual
coefficient of performance if over-all efficiency is 65%
Ans: 6.44

30. Four thousand liters per hour of distillates are to be cooled from
21 degrees C to 12 degrees C and 12% of wax by weight is separated out
at 15 degrees C The specific heat of oil is 2kJ / kg degrees C and
S.G. is 0.87. The specific heat of the wax is 2.5 and the latent heat
of fusion is 290 kJ/kg. Allow 10% for the losses, find the capacity of
the refrigerating machine.
Ans: 31.08 TOR

31.A 50 ton vapor compression system using Ammonia as refrigerant

operates between 20 degrees C condenser and - 16 degrees C evaporator
temperature. If simple saturation cycle with isentropic compression is
assumed, determine the piston displacement of the reciprocating
compressor to be used in the system operating at 600 rpm. Properties
of Ammonia:
At - 16 degrees C At 20 degrees C
hg= 1424.4kj/kg Hf = 274.9k /kg
vg= 0.5296kj/kg & S2 = S1 = 1640k /kg

Ans: 8103 cm^3

32. A simple vapor compression cycle develops 15 tons of refrigeration

using Ammonia as refrigerant and operating at condensing temperature
of 24°C and evaporating temperature of -18°C and assuming compression
are isentropic and that the gas leaving the condenser is saturated,
find the power per ton. Properties of Ammonia:
At 24°C At -18°C
hf= 312.87 kJ/kg hg= 1439.94 kj/kg
h2= 1665 kJ/kg
Ans: 0.702 kW/ton

34. Freon-12 leaves the condenser of a refrigerating plant as a

saturated liquid at 5.673 bar. The evaporator pressure is 1.509 bar
and the refrigerant leaves the evaporator at this pressure and at a
temperature of -5 celcius. Calculate the refrigerating effect per kg.
(Ans. 132.88 kJ/Kg)

35. An ammonia compressor operate at an evaporator pressure of 316 kPa

and a condenser pressure of 1514.2 kPa. The refrigerant is subcooled 5
celsius and is superheated 8 celcius. A twin cylindrical compressor
with bore to stroke ratio of 0.85 is to be used at 1200 rpm. The
mechanical efficiency is 76%. For a load of 87.5 kW, determined the
size of the driving motor.
(Ans. 25.26 kw)

36. A refrigeration system having a 30 kW capacity required 10 Hp

compressor. Find the COP of the system.
(ans. 4.02)
37. A refrigerating machine uses ammonia as the working fluid. It
leaves the compressor as dry saturated vapor at 8.57 bar passes the
condenser at this pressure and leaves as saturated liquid. The
pressure in the evaporator is 1.902 bar and the ammonia leaves the
evaporator 0.96 dry. If the rate of flow of the refrigerant through
the circuit is 2 kg/min, calculate the volume taken into the
compressor in m^3/min and the refrigerating effect in kJ/min/.
(ans. 1.198m^3/min, 2,183 kJ/min)

38. The water enters the condenser at 30 degrees C and leaves at 50 C.

If the heat rejected in the condenser is 500 kW, determine the volume
of water needed to cool the refrigerant.
(ans. 5.97 li/s)

39. A 500 KW refrigeration system is used to produce cooled water from

24 C to 3 degrees C Calculate the mass flow rate of water in kg/s.
(ans 5.69 kg/s)

40. A vapor compression refrigeration system is designed to have a

capacity of 100 TOR. It produces chilled water from 22°C to 2°C. Its
actual coefficient of performance is 5.86 and 35% of the power
supplied to the compressor is lost in the form of friction and
cylinder cooling looses. Determine the size of the electric motor
required to drive the compressor in kW and the volume flow rate of
chilled water is L/s.
(ans 92.31 kw,4.199 L/s)

41. A four cylinder, single-acting, V-type compressor with 8 cm and 10

cm stroke operates at 600 rpm. It is used in a Freon-12 vapor
compression system with condenser and evaporator pressure of 725.5 kPa
and 189.5 kPa respectively. If the compression is dry and isentropic,
the clearance is 2 percent and there is no subcooling or superheating
(before compression) of the refrigerant, determine the refrigerating
capacity of the compressor in tons.
( ans. 7.31TOR)

42. The dryness fractions of the CO₂ entering and leaving the
evaporator of a refrigerating plant are 0.28 and 0.92 respectively. If
the specific enthalpy of evaporation (hfg) of CO₂ at the evaporator
pressure is 290.7 kJ/kg, calculate the mass of ice at -5°C that would
theoretically be made per day from water at 14°C when the mass flow of
CO₂ through the machine is 0.5 kg/s.
Note:
Specific heat of water = 4.2 kJ/kg-K
Specific heat of fusion of ice = 2.04 kJ/kg-K
Enthalpy of fusion = 335 kJ/kg-K.
(ans. 19.89 tons/day)

43. A vapor compression refrigeration system has a 30 kW motor driving

the compressor. The compressor inlet pressure and temperature are
64.17 kPa and - 20 degrees * C respectively and discharge pressure of
960 kPa. Saturated liquid enters the expansion valve. Using Freon-12
as refrigerant, determine the capacity of the unit in tons of
refrigeration.
(ans. 17.145 TOR)

44. A refrigerating system operates on the reversed Carnot Cycle. The

higher temperature of the refrigerant in the system is 120 degrees * F
and the lower is 10 degrees * F . The capacity is 20 tons. Neglect
losses. Determine the network in Btu/min.
(ANS. 963.21 Btu/min)

45. What is the coefficient of performance of a vapor compression

refrigeration system with the following properties: Enthalpy at
suction is 190.5 kJ/kg; enthalpy after compression is 210 kJ/kg. The
enthalpy after condensation is 60 kJ/kg.
(ans. 6.5)

46. A refrigerating machine is driven by a motor of output power 2.25

kW and 2.5 tons of ice at - 7 degrees * C made per day from water at
18 degrees * C. Calculate the coefficient of performance of the
machine and express its capacity in terms of tons of ice per values:
24 hours from and at 0 degrees * C , taking the following values:
Specific heat of water = 4.2 kJ/kg-K
Specific heat of ice = 2.04 kJ/kg-K
Enthalpy of fusion of ice = 335 kJ/kg-K
(ans. 5.476, 3.17)
47. Determine the heat extracted from 2000 kg of water from 25°C to
ice at - 10°C.
(ans. 921,150 kJ)

48. A single acting, twin cylinder, Ammonia compressor with bore equal
to stroke is driven by an engine at 250 rpm. The machine is installed
in a chilling plant to produce 700 kW of refrigeration at -18°C
evaporating temperature. At this temperature the cooling effect per kg
mass is 1160 kJ. The specific volume of vapor entering the compressor
is 0.592 m³ per kilogram. Assume 85% volumetric efficiency, determine
the bore in mm.
( ans. 400mm)

49. Saturated vapor Freon 12 refrigerant at 219.12 kPa leaves the

evaporator and enters the compressor at -5°C. The refrigerant leaves
the condenser as saturated liquid at 25°C and enters the expansion
valve at 22°C. Heat rejected from the condenser amount to 74 kW. The
work to the compressor is 55.5 kJ/kg while the heat lost from the
compressor is 4.2 kJ/kg. If 1.15 kJ/kg of heat are lost in the piping
between the compressor and condenser, calculate the refrigeration
capacity in tons.
( ans. 15.06 TOR)

50. The mass flow of water entering the condenser is 20 kg/s. If the
temperature difference between the entrance and exit temperatures is
20°C, determine the rejected heat in the condenser.
(ANS. 1674.80kW)
51. The cooling load of a small walk-in freezer has been calculated to
be 1.10 tons of refrigeration at -30°C. A compressor and motor must
selected to handle this load. The following conditions are given:
Refrigerant R-12
Compressor, rpm 600
Motor, rpm 1800
Compressor discharge pressure 800 kPa
Liquid receiver temperature 20C
Assume dry and isentropic compression, compressor volumetric
efficiency of 80%, mechanical efficiency of 85%, and power
transmission efficiency of 90%. Calculate the displacement of the
compressor in cm³.
(ans. 641.40 cm3/rev)

52. The refrigerant leaves the compressor and enters the condenser of
a Freon-12 refrigerating plant at 5.673 bar and 50°C and leaves the
condenser as saturated liquid at the same pressure. At compressor
suction the pressure is 1.826 bar and temperature 0°C. Calculate the
coefficient of performance.
(ans. 5.09)

53. An industrial plant requires 10 kg/s to cool water from 30°C to

1°C. Find the tons of refrigeration required.
(ans. 345.34 TOR)

54. Air flowing at a rate of 2.5 kg/s is heated in a heat exchanger

from -10°C to 30 °C. What is the rate of heat transfer?
(ANS. 100 kW)

55. A vapor compression refrigeration system is designed to have a

capacity of 100 tons of refrigeration. It produces chilled water from
23 degrees * C to 2 degrees * C Its actual coefficient of performance
is 5.86 and 35% of the power supplied to the compressor is lost in the
form of friction and cylinder cooling losses. Determine the condenser
cooling water required in kg/s for temperature rise of 10 degrees C
(ans. 9.33 kg/s)

56. In an ammonia refrigeration plant the discharge from the

compressor is 14.7 bar 63 degrees * C the refrigerant leaves the
condenser at this pressure as liquid with no undercooling. The suction
pressure at the compressor is 2.077 bar and compression is isentropic.
For a mass flow of refrigerant of 0.15 kg/s, calculate the work
transfer in the compressor.
(ans. 36.70 kw)
57. The enthalpies at the entrance and exit of the condenser are 2000
kJ/kg and 500 kJ/kg respectively. If the compressor has an enthalpy at
the exit of 1800kJ/kg. Determine the C.O.P.
( ans. 6.5)

58. A four cylinder, single acting ammonia 30 cm x 35 cm operates at

400 rpm. Condenser and evaporator pressure are 1204 kPa and 227 kPa
respectively. The vapor from the evaporator to the suction of the
compressor is dry saturated and there is no subcooling in the
condenser. Clearance factor of the compressor is 5 percent.
Compression process is polytropic with n = 1.2. Determine the mass
flow rate of the refrigerant in kg/min.
(ans. 63.56 kg/min)

59. A refrigeration plant using Freon-12 operates between 4.914 bar

and 1.004 bar. The refrigerant is dry saturated on entry to the
compressor and no undercooling takes place in the condenser. If the
compression is isentropic and losses are neglected, determine the COP.
(ans. 4.531)

60. A 352 KW refrigeration system has a compressor power input of 1 kW

per ton refrigeration. If the coefficient of performance is 4.5, what
is the compressor efficiency?
(ans. 78.13%)

61. In a certain refrigeration system for low temperature application,

a two stage operation is desirable which employs ammonia system that
serves a 30 ton evaporator at - 30 degrees * C The system uses a
direct contact cascade condenser and the condenser temperature is 40
degrees * C . Find the mass flow rate in low and high pressure loops
in kg/s.
(ans. 0.086kg/s, 0.112kg/s)
62. A heat pump using ammonia operates between saturation temperature
limits of - 16 degrees * C and 40 degrees * C The ammonia leaves the
compressor after isentropic compression as dry saturated vapor and is
then used to heat air from ambient 13 degrees * C to 20 degrees * C
which if circulated in an insulated room of internal volume 300m ^ 3
If the room requires 4 changes of air per hour determine the COP of
the heat pump. Take for the air, Cp = 1005J / kg - K 1.013 bar. R =
287 J / k g - K and pressure 1.013 bar
(ans. 4.91)

63. In a Freon-12 vapor compression system, liquid refrigerant leaves

the condenser at 40°C and is then admitted into an internal heat
exchanger at 30°C. The evaporator temperature is -20°C. Determine the
cooling effect per unit mass of refrigerant.
(nas. 115 kJ/kg)

64. A Carnot refrigeration cycle receives heat at - 12°C and rejects

it 43°C. Determine the COP of the cycle.
(ans. 4.75)

65. Refrigerant 12 is used in a refrigerating system having a

refrigerant capacity of 40 tons. The evaporator and condenser
pressures are 206.9 kPa and 931 kPa respectively when using the
standard vapor compression cycle
(ans 34.36 kw)

66. A refrigeration system using refrigerant 22 is to have a

refrigerating capacity of 80 kW. The evaporating temperature is -10°C
and the condensing temperature is 42°C, determine the volume flow rate
of refrigerant at inlet to the compressor.
(ans. 35 li/s)
67. A refrigeration system using ammonia a the refrigerant has a
condensing temperature of 27°C and an evaporating temperature of -
18°C. If it uses wet compression, calculate its coefficient of
performance.
(ans. 5.01)
68. It is a normal practice to use a pressure reducing device in a
vapor compression cycle to reduce the pressure of a liquid
refrigerant. If an expansion engine could be used to expand
isentropically saturated liquid refrigerant 12 from 35°C to the
evaporator temperature of 0°C instead of the pressure reducing device,
what would be the percent saving in network of the cycle per kilogram
of the refrigerant?
(Ans. 11.88%)

69. An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates between evaporator and

condenser temperatures of -20°C and 35°C respectively. The system is
to be used in producing 10,000 kg of ice at -15°C from water at 25°C
in 25 hours. Assuming losses to be 30 percent of the heat to be
absorbed from the water determine the mass flow rate. The specific
heat of ice is 2.094 kJ/kg-K and the heat of fusion is 335 kJ/kg.
(Ans. 0.07 kg/s)

70. A cylindrical flash tank mounted with its axis horizontal is used
to separate liquid ammonia from ammonia vapor. The ammonia vapor
bubbles through the liquid with 70 m/ min leaving the disengaging
surface. The disengaging rate is limited to 60 m/min and the liquid
level is to operate with the liquid level one-third of the diameter
from the top. Determine the diameter if the tank is 1.5 m long.
(Ans. 830 mm)

71. In an industrial plant a compressor supplies refrigerant 12 to an

air conditioning evaporator and low temperature evaporator for process
refrigeration. The air conditioning evaporator has a capacity of 80
tons and operates at a temperature of 4.45°C controlled by a pressure
reducing valve at the outlet of the evaporator while the low
temperature evaporator has a capacity of 30 tons and operates at -
12°C. The compressor suction pressure is the same as the pressure in
the low temperature evaporator and the condenser temperature is 32°C.
Determine the total mass flow rate in kg/min.
(Ans. 3.125 kg/s)

72. A 150 Hp motor is used to drive a compressor. If the heat loss

from the compressor is 25 kW and the mass flow rate of the refrigerant
entering the compressor is 0.50 kg/s, determine the difference of the
enthalpies between the inlet and outlet of the compressor.
( Ans. 173.80 KJ/kg )
73. To cool farm products, 300 kg of ice at - 4.4°C are placed in
bunker. Twenty-four hours later the ice have melted into water at
7.2°C. What is the average rate of cooling provided by the ice in
kJ/hr ?
(Ans. 4679.28 kJ/hr)

74. The combined loads of an ice and cold storage are 25 tons of ice
per day and 137,000 kJ/hr respectively. Refrigeration required per ton
of ice is 1.925. Ammonia compressor carrying these combined loads
operates between -14°C and 42°C liquefaction. Determine the number of
units of 7 pass multiple tube condenser each unit made up of 200 mm
pipe shell where there are 7 pieces extra strong 50 mm tubes inside
each pipe shell. Length is 6 m condensing water enters at 29°C and
leaves at 38°C. U = 539 W/m?-K, LMTD = 39.22°0 and cross flow factor =
0.75.
(Ans. 3 units)

75. Calculate the power required by a system of one compressor serving

two evaporators. One evaporator carries a load of 35 kW at 10°C and
the other a load of 70 kW at -5°C. A back pressure valve reduces the
pressure in the 10°C evaporator to that of the -5°C evaporator. The
condensing temperature is 37°C. If the refrigerant is ammonia, then
what is the COP?
(Ans. 5.33)

76. Twenty pounds of water at an initial temperature of 80°F are

heated until the temperature is increased to 190°F. Compute the
quality of heat energy supplied.
(Ans. 2200 BTU)

77. Suppose that 30 gpm of water are removed from 60°F to 40°F.
Calculate the heat energy removed in Btu per hour. (Ans. -299.880
Btu/hr)78. Suppose that 30 gpm of water are removed from 60°F to 40°F.
Calculate the heat energy removed in Btu per hour.
(Ans. 1440 Btu )

79. Compute the cooling rate (energy flow rate in Btu/hr) produces by
ice melting at the rate of 150 Ib/hr.
(Ans. 21,600 Btu/hr)
80. Twenty kilograms of water at initial temperature of 25°C are
heated until the temperature is increased to 80°C. Compute the
quantity of heat energy supplied.
(Ans. 4,605 kJ)

81. One-tenth m3 of water is cooled from 39°C to 2°C. Determine the

quantity of heat energy rejected by the water.
(Ans. 15,491.90 kJ)

82. Suppose that 30 kg/s of water are cooled from 35°C to 10°C.
Compute the required energy flow rate in kJ/s.
(Ans. 3140.25 kW)

83. Compute the cooling rate produced by ice melting at the rate of
150 kg/min.
(Ans. 837.5 W)

84. Seventy-five hundred pounds of fresh beef enter a chilling cooler

at 102°F and are chilled to 45°F each day. Compute the product load in
Btu per 24 hours. The specific heat of beef above freezing is 0.75
Btu/lb-°F.
(Ans. 320,600 btu per 24 hrs)

85. Calculate the piston displacement of a two cylinder compressor

rotating at 1450 rpm if the diameter of the cylinder is 2.5 in. and
the length of stroke is 2 inches.
(Ans. 16.48 ft3/min)

86. Calculate the compression ratio of an R-12 compressor when the

suction temperature is 20°F and the condensing temperature is 100°F.
(Ans. 3.68)

87. Determine the shaft power required by the compressor if the

theoretical power is 2.66 Hp and the overall efficiency of the
compressor is 80%.
(Ans.3.33)
88. A refrigeration compressor having a 10 in. flywheel is driven by a
four-pole, alternating current motor. If the diameter of the motor
pulley is 4 in., determine the speed of the compressor.
(Ans. 700 rpm)

89. Determine the estimated condenser load for an open-type compressor

having a cooling capacity of 16,500 Btu/hr and a heat rejection factor
of 1.32.
(Ans. 21,780 Btu/hr)

90. If the load on water-cooled condenser in 150,000 Btu/hr and the

temperature rise of the water in the condenser is 10 F, what is the
quantity of water circulated in gpm?
(Ans. 30 gpm)

91. The load on a water-cooled condenser is 90,000 Btu/hr. If the

quantity of water circulated through the condenser is 15 gpm,
determine the temperature rise of the water in the condenser
(Ans. 12F )

92. Thirty-six gallons of water per minute are circulated through a

water-cooled condenser. If the temperature rise of the water in the
condenser is 12-F. Compute the load on the condenser in Btu/hr.
(Ans. 215,913.6 BTU/hr)

93. The load on an air-cooled condenser is 121,500 Btw/hr. If the

desired temperature of the air in the condenser is 25°F, determine the
air quantity in cm that must be circulated over the condenser.
(Ans. 4500 cfm)

94. Three thousand cubic feet per minute of air are circulated over an
air-cooled condenser. If the load on the condenser is 64,800 Btu/hr,
compute the temperature rise of the air passing over the condenser.
(Ans.20 F)
95. The weight of ammonia circulated in a machine is found to be 21.8
b/hr. If the vapor enters the compressor with a specific volume of 9.6
f°'/b, calculate the piston displacement, assuming 80% percent volume
efficiency.
(Ans.261.6 ft3/hr )

96. A single-stage ammonia compressor is producing 10 tons of

refrigeration and the power consumed is 15 Hp. Suction pressure is 25
psi, condensing pressure is 180 psi. Brine temperature is 20°F off
brine cooler. Determine the actual coefficient of performance.
(Ans. 3.14)

97. In an ammonia condensing machine (compressor plus condenser) the

water used for condensing is 55°F and the evaporator is at 15°F.
Calculate the ideal COP.
(Ans. 11.875)

98. The large insulated flash chamber of a vacuum refrigeration plant

is kept at low pressure by a steam jet which pumps vapor to a
condenser. The condensate pump removes the condensate formed and an
air ejector discharges air from the condenser to an air vent. Warm
return water enters the flash chamber at 13°C; chilled water leaves
the flash chamber at 4°C. The vapor leaving the flash chamber has a
dryness factor of 97 percent, and the condenser inside temperature is
32°C. For 100 tons of refrigeration, determine the quantity in cubic
meter per minute of chilled water at 4°C that the system can provide.
(Ans. 0.56 m3/min )

99. How much refrigeration capacity is required to cool 2000 cm of air

from 85-F to 70°F?
(Ans. 2.7 TOR)

100. Determine the coil face area required to maintain a face velocity
of 400 ft/min if the air flow rate over the coil is 2100 ft°/min.
(Ans. 5.25 ft3)
 AIR-CONDITIONING PROBLEMS

1. Calculate the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture in cubic

meters pre kilogram of dry air when the following conditions prevail :
t = 30°C, w = 0.015kg/kg, and Pt = 90 kPa.
(ANS. 0.99 M3/kg)

2. Compute the Humidity Ratio of air at 62 percent relative humidity

and 34°C when the barometric pressure is 101.325 kPa.
(ans. 0.021 kg vapor /kg air)

3. A sample of air has dry-bulb temperature of 30°C and a wet-bulb

temperature of 25°C. The barometric pressure is 101.325 kPa. Calculate
the enthalpy of the air if it is adiabatically saturated.
(ans. 75.94 kJ/kg)

4. An air-vapor mixture has a dry bulb temperature of 30°C and a

humidity ratio of 0.015. Calculate the enthalpy at 85 kPa barometric
pressure
.(ans. 68.34 kJ/kg)

5. In an air conditioning unit, 3.5 m³/s of air at 27°C dry-bulb

temperature 50 percent relative humidity and standard atmospheric
pressure enters the unit. The leaving condition of the air is 13°C
dry-bulb temperature and 90% relative humidity. Using the properties
from the psychrometric chart, calculate the refrigerating capacity in
kW.
(ans. 87.57 kW)

6. A stream of outdoor air is mixed with a stream of return air in an

air conditioning system that operates at 101 kPa pressure. The flow
rate of outdoor system air is 2 kg/s and its condition is 35°C dry-
bulb temperature and 25°C wet-bulb temperature. The flow rate of
return air is 3 kg/s and its condition is 24°C and 50% relative
humidity. Determine the enthalpy of the mixture
(ans. 59.16 kJ/kg)
7. What is the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture at 30°C and a
relative humidity of 45% at 101.325 kPa.
(ans. 0.875 m3/kg)

8. A mixture of dry air and water vapor is at a temperature of 21°C

under a pressure of 101 kPa. The dew point temperature is 15C
Calculate the relative humidity.
(ans. 68.56%)

9. The density of air at 35°C and 101 kPa is 1.05 kg/m³. The humidity
ratio is :
(ans. 0.036 kgvapr/kg dry air)

10. If the sensible heat ratio is 0.80 and the cooling load is 100 kW,
what is the amount of sensible heating?
(ans. 80 kW)

11. A 4 mx 4 mx 4 m room has a relative humidity ratio of 80%. The

pressure in the room is 120 kPa and temperature is 35°C (Psat =
5.628). What is the mass of vapor in the room. Use Rvapor = 0.4615 kN-
m/kg-K.
(ans. 2.027 kg)

12. A coil has an inlet temperature of 60°F and outlet of 90°F. If the
mean temperature of the coil is 110F find the bypass factor of the
coil
(ans. 0.40)

13. If the latent and sensible heat loads are 20 kW and 80 kW

respectively, what is the sensible heat ratio?
(ans. 0.80)
14. A room being air conditioned is being held at 25°C dry bulb and
50% relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m3/s of supply air at 15°C dry
bulb and 80% RH is being delivered to the room to maintain that steady
condition at 100 kPa. What is the sensible heat absorbed from the room
air in kW?
(ans. 60.8 kW)

15. Compute the pressure drop of 30°C air flowing with a mean velocity
of 8 m/s in a circular sheet-metal duct 300 mm in diameter and 15 m
long. Use a friction factor, f = 0.02, and Pair = 1.1644 kg/m³.
( ans. 37.26 Pa)

16. A pressure difference of 350 Pa is available to force 20°C air

through a circular sheet-metal duct 450 mm in diameter and 25 m long.
At 20°C, p= 1.204 kg/m³ and take friction factor, f=0.016 . Determine
the velocity.
(ans. 25.27 m/s)

17. A duct 0.40 m high and 0.80 m wide suspended from the ceiling in a
corridor, makes a right angle turn in the horizontal plane. The inner
radius is 0.2 m and the outer radius is 1.0 m measured from the same
center. The velocity of air in the duct is 10 m/s. Compute the
pressure drop in this elbow. Assuming; f = 0.3, p=1.204 kg/m³ and L =
10 m.
(Ans. 341 Pa)

18. A rectangular duct has a dimensions of 0.25 m by 1 m. Determine

the equivalent diameter of the duct.
(ans. 0.40m)

19. A 0.30 x 0.40 m branch duct leaves a 0.30 x 0.60 main duct at an
angle of 60°. The air temperature is 20°C. The dimensions of the main
duct remain constant following branch. The flow rate upstream is 2.7
m³/s. What is the pressure downstream in the main duct. Note: at 20°C,
p = 1.2041 kg/m³.
(ans. 346 Pa)
20. A sudden enlargement in a circular duct measures 0.20 m diameter
upstream and 0.40 m downstream. The upstream pressure is 150 Pa,
downstream pressure is 200 Pa. What is the flow rate of 20C air
through the fitting? Use p = 1.2041 kg/m³.
(ans. 0.38 m3/s)

21. Water at 55°C is cooled in a cooling tower which has an efficiency

of 65%. The temperature of the surrounding air is 32°C dry bulb and
70% relative humidity. The heat dissipated from the condenser is
2,300,000 kJ/hr. Find the capacity in liters per second of the pump
used in the cooling tower.
(ans. 8.57L/s)

22. An atmospheric cooling tower is to provide cooling for the jacket

water of a four stroke, 800 kW Diesel generator. The cooling tower
efficiency is 60% at a temperature approach of 10°C. If the ambient
air has a relative humidity of 70% and dry bulb temperature of 32°C,
determine the volume of cooling water supplied to the diesel engine in
liters per hour if it enters the tower at 52.4°C. Generator efficiency
is 97% useful work = 30% and cooling loss = 25 %.
(ans. 39803.83 Li/s)

23. Fifty gallons per minute of water enters a cooling tower at 46°C.
Atmospheric air at 16°C db and 55% RH enters the tower at 2.85 m³/s
and leaves at 32°C saturated. Determine the volume of water that
leaves the tower.
( ans. 3.10 li/s)

24. A 250,000 kg/hr of water at 35°C enters a cooling tower where it

is to be cooled to 17.5°C. The energy is to be exchanged with
atmospheric air entering the units at 15°C and leaving the unit at
30°C. The air enters at 30% RH and leaves at 85% RH. If all process
are assumed to occur at atmospheric pressure. determine the percentage
of total water flow that is make up water.
(ans. 2.22%)

25. How much refrigeration capacity is required to cool 56.67 m³ of

air per minute from 29°C to 21°C. Assume that the cooled air is
saturated.
(ans. 2.76 TOR)
26. Find the refrigeration capacity required to cool 29 cubic meter
per minute from 29°C to 18°C if air from the outside has an RH of 90%.
(ans. 5.9 TOR)

27. The temperature of the air in a dryer is maintained constant by

the use of steam coils within the dryer. The product enters the dryer
at the rate of one metric ton per hour. The initial moisture content
is 3 kg moisture per kg of dry solid and will be dried to moisture
content of 0.10 kg moisture per kg of dry solid. Air enters the dryer
with a humidity ratio of 0.016 kg moisture per kg of dry air and
leaves with a relative humidity of 100% while the temperature remains
constant at 60°C. If the total pressure of the air is 101.3 kPa,
determine the capacity of the forced draft fan to handle this air in
m³/min.
(ans. 85.75 m3/min)

28. Wet material containing 215% moisture (dry basis) is to be dried

at the rate of 1.5 kg/s in a continuous dryer to give a product
containing 5 % moisture (wet basis). The drying medium consist of air
heated to 373 K and containing water vapor equivalent to a partial
pressure of 1.40 kPa. The air leaves the dryer at 310K and 70%
saturated. Calculate how much air will be required to remove the
moisture.
(ans. 49.48 kg/s)

29. One hundred fifty cubic meters of air per minute at 35°C dry bulb
and 25°C wet bulb temperature are to be cooled to 21°C. Determine the
refrigeration capacity.
(ans. 11.16 TOR)

30. In an auditorium maintained at a temperature not to exceed 24°C

and relative humidity not to exceed 60%, a sensible heat load of 132
kW and 78 kg of moisture per hour to be removed. Air is supplied to
the auditorium at 18°C. How many kilograms of air must be supplied per
hour?
(ans. 79200 kg/hr)
31. Eleven thousand three hundred kilograms per hour of water enters a
cooling tower at 45°C. Atmospheric air at 16°C and 55 percent relative
humidity enters the tower at the rate of 10,200 m³/hr and leaves at
32°C and saturated. Determine the mass of water evaporated per hour
during the cooling process?
(ans. 2912.53 kg/hr)

32. Water at 55°C is cooled in a cooling tower which has an efficiency

of 65%. The temperature of the surrounding air is 32°C dry bulb and
relative humidity of 70%. The heat dissipated from the condenser is
2,300,000 kJ/hr. Find the capacity in liters per second of the pump
used in the tower.
(ans. 8.66 L/s)

33. A dryer is to deliver 1000 kg/hour of palay with a final moisture

content of 10% The initial moisture content in the feed is 15% at
atmospheric condition with 32°C dry bulb and 21°C wet bulb. The dryer
is maintained at 45°C while the relative humidity of the hot humid air
from the dryer is 80%. If the steam pressure supplied to the heater is
2 Mpa, determine the air supplied to the dryerin m³/hr
(ans. 1332.25 m3/hr)

34. Copra enters a dryer containing 60% water and 40% of solids and
leaves with 5% water and 95% solids. Find the weight of water removed
based on each pound of original product
(ans. 0.58 lb)

35. In an air conditioning system, if the re-circulated air is three

times the outside air and the mass of supply air is 20 kg/s, what is
the mass of the outside air?
(ans. 5kg/s)

36. An auditorium is to be maintained at a temperature of 26°C dry

bulb and 50% RH. Air is to be supplied at a temperature not lower than
15°C dry bulb. The sensible heat gain is 110 kW and the latent gain is
37.5 kW. Take ventilating air as 25% by weight of the air from the
room, and is at 35°C dry bulb and 60% RH. Determine the refrigerating
capacity in tons.
( ans. 63.28 TOR)
37. An assembly hall was to have an air conditioning unit installed
which would be maintained at 26°C dry bulb and at 50% RH. The unit
delivers air at 15°C dry bulb temperature and the calculated sensible
heat load is 150 kW and latent heat is 51.3 kW. Twenty percent by
weight of extracted air is made up of outside air at 34°C dry bulb and
60% RH. While 80% is extracted by the air at 34°C dry bulb and 60% RH,
while 80% is extracted by the air conditioner from the assembly hall.
Determine the air conditioners refrigeration capacity in tons of
refrigeration and its ventilation load in kW.
(ans. 83.22 TOR, 37.47 TOR)

38. An air conditioned theater is to be maintained at 80°F dry bulb

temperature and 50% RH. The calculated total sensible heat load in the
theater is 620,000 BTU/hr, and the latent heat load is 210,000 Btu/hr.
The air mixture at 84°F drybulb temperature and 72°F wet bulb
temperature is cooled to 63°F and 59°F wet bulb temperature by chilled
water cooling coils and delivered as supply air to the theater.
Calculate the tons of refrigeration required.
(ans. 124.67 TOR)

39. Determine the quantity of heat required to raise 20 m³/min of air

at 20°C and 80 percent relative humidity to 35°C.
(ans. 6.10kJ/s)

40. Determine the partial pressure of water vapor if the barometric

pressure is 101.325 kPa and the humidity ratio is 0.05.
(ans. 7.54 kPa)

41. The evaporative condenser of an ammonia refrigeration plant has a

water flow rate of 226 kg/s and enters a natural draft cooling tower
at 40°C. The water is cooled to 29°C by air entering at 38°C db and
24°C wb. The air leaves the tower as saturated at 40°C db. Calculate
the make-up water required in kg/hr.
(ans. 7999.08kg/hr)
42. Determine the absolute humidity (vapor density) of an air sample
that has a dew point temperature of 45°F if the value of the gas
constant R for low pressure water vapor is 85.66 ft-lb/lbm°R. The
vapor pressure corresponding to a saturation temperature of 45°F is
0.1475 psia.
(ans. 0.000491 lb/ft3)

43. A certain sample of air has a temperature of 70°F (partial

pressure of 0.36 psia) and a dew point temperature of Rightarrow o09 .
The partial pressure of the water is vapor corresponding to a 50°F dew
point temperature is 0.178 psia. Determine the relative humidity RH.
(ans. 49.44%)

44. Air at normal atmospheric pressure has a temperature of 70°F and a

dew point temperature of 50°F. Determine the saturation ratio of the
air. The humidity ratios corresponding to dew point temperatures of
50°F and 70°F respectively are 0.00763 lb/lb and 0.01576 lb/lb
respectively.
( ans. 48.41%)

45. Determine the sensible heat of 5 lb of air having a dry bulb

temperature of 70°F and a humidity ratio of 0.0092 lb/lb, the latter
corresponding to a dew point temperature of approximately 55°F.
( ans. 84 BTU)

46. If the total heat removed per pound of dry air is 0.10 Btu and the
sensible heat removed per pound of dry air is 6 BTU. Compute the
sensible heat factor(SHR)
(ans. 0.60)

47. Determine the approximate load on a cooling tower if the entering

and leaving temperatures are 96°F and 88°F, respectively and the flow
rate of the water over the tower is 30gpm
.(ans. 2000 btu/min)
48. Determine the equipment standard air volume for 150 m3/s of air
having a dry bulb temperature of 15°C.
(ans. 153 m3/s)

49. Determine the quantity of water lost by bleed off if the water
flow rate over the tower is 30 gpm and the range is 10°F. Percent
bleed-off required is 33%.
( ans. 0.099 gpm)

50. The mass of an outside air at 50°C in an air conditioning unit is

60 kg. Ifnd the temperature after mixing if the outside air mixed with
40 kg with recirculated air at 35°C
(ans. 44C)