Example

A rope brake was used to measure the brake power of a single cylinder, four stroke cycle
petrol engine. It was found that the torque due to brake load is 175 N-m and the engine
makes 500 r. p.m. The brake power developed by the engine is most nearly

a) 9 kW

b) 15 kW

c) 5 kW

d) 20 kW
Solution

The answer is (a)

Example

In a Diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 15. Compression begins at 0.1 MPa,
40oC. The heat added is 1.675 MJ/kg. The maximum temperature in the cycle is
most nearly

a) 2600 ok

b) 2000 ok

c) 4000 ok

d) 1500 ok
Solution

The answer is (a)

Example

For the same problem. The cut-off ratio in this cycle is most nearly

a) 4.5

b) 1.2

c) 2.8

d) 3.6
Solution

The answer is (c)

Example

For the same problem. The net work done in this cycle is most nearly

a) 1200 kj/kg

b) 950 kj/kg

c) 500 kj/kg

d) 380 kj/kg
Solution

The answer is (b)

Example

For the same problem. The thermal efficiency of this cycle is most nearly

a) 57%

b) 35%

c) 43%

d) 70%
Solution

Or use this law

The answer is (a)

rc=2.8, r=15 & k=1.4

Example

For the same problem. The Mean effective pressure in this cycle is most nearly

a) 1130 kPa

b) 1710 kPa

c) 1270 kPa

d) 1590 kPa
Solution

The answer is (a)

Example

If the compression ratio of an engine is 10 and the volume of the cylinder at the
beginning of the suction stroke is 0.5 m3. If the length of stroke is 1.5 times the bore.

Respectively, the length of the stroke and bore are most nearly

a) S=3.5m and B=2.3m

b) S=2.4m and B=1.6m

c) S=4.5m and B=3m

d) S=3.9m and B=2.6m

Solution

𝐕𝐕𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐕𝐕𝐝𝐝 + 𝐕𝐕𝐜𝐜 𝐕𝐕𝐝𝐝

∵ 𝐫𝐫 = = = 𝟏𝟏 +
𝐕𝐕𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐕𝐕𝐜𝐜 𝐕𝐕𝐜𝐜

𝐕𝐕𝐝𝐝
∴ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏 + ∴ 𝐕𝐕𝐝𝐝 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓

𝐒𝐒 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐁𝐁

𝛑𝛑 𝐁𝐁𝟐𝟐 (𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓)

∵ 𝐕𝐕𝐝𝐝 = = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝟒𝟒

𝐁𝐁 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦
The answer is (b)
𝐒𝐒 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦
Example
The following readings were taken during the test of a single cylinder four stroke oil engine:

 Cylinder diameter = 250 mm

 Stroke length = 400 mm
 Gross m.e.p., (pam)gross= 7 bar
 Pumping m.e.p., (pam)pumping = 0.5 bar
 Engine speed = 250 r.p.m.
 Net load on the brake = 1080 N
 Effective diameter of the brake = 1.5 m
 Fuel used per hour = 10 kg
 Calorific value of fuel = 44300 kJ/kg

Calculate:

(1) Indicated power (2) Brake power (3) Friction power (4) Mechanical efficiency

(5) Indicated thermal efficiency (6) Brake thermal efficiency

Solution
Solution

(1) Determine indicated power:

Solution

(2) Determine brake power:

Solution

(3) Determine friction power:

∵ 𝑾𝑾̇ 𝒊𝒊 = 𝑾𝑾̇ 𝒃𝒃 + 𝑾𝑾̇ 𝒇𝒇

∴ 𝑾𝑾̇ 𝒇𝒇 = 𝑾𝑾̇ 𝒊𝒊 − 𝑾𝑾̇ 𝒃𝒃

∴ 𝑾𝑾̇ 𝒇𝒇 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

∴ 𝑾𝑾̇ 𝒇𝒇 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

Solution

(4) Determine Mechanical efficiency:

Solution

(5) Determine Indicated thermal efficiency:

Solution

(6) Determine brake thermal efficiency:

𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁 𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐.𝟐𝟐

𝛈𝛈𝐁𝐁 = ̇ = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝐐𝐐𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐦𝐦̇ 𝐟𝐟 ×𝐂𝐂.𝐕𝐕. 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ×𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

OR
𝛈𝛈𝐁𝐁 = 𝛈𝛈𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 × 𝛈𝛈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 m

𝛈𝛈𝐁𝐁 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
(2-stroke cycles only)
Example

If the compression ratio of four stroke 6 cylinder internal combustion engine is 10 and
the volume of the cylinder at the beginning of the suction stroke is 0.5 m3 and rotates
with 2000 r.p.m. If the indicated and friction power are 30kW and 5kW respectively.

Brake M.E.P. is most nearly

a) 0.06 kPa

b) 1.05 kPa

c) 2.5 kPa

d) 0.03 kPa
Solution

𝐕𝐕𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐕𝐕𝐝𝐝 + 𝐕𝐕𝐜𝐜 𝐕𝐕𝐝𝐝

∵ 𝐫𝐫 = = = 𝟏𝟏 +
𝐕𝐕𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐕𝐕𝐜𝐜 𝐕𝐕𝐜𝐜

𝐕𝐕𝐝𝐝
∴ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏 + ∴ 𝐕𝐕𝐝𝐝 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓

𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 → ∴ 𝐧𝐧𝐬𝐬 = 𝟐𝟐

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 ∗ 𝟐𝟐
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 =
∗ 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟔𝟔 ∗ 𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫/𝐬𝐬
𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔

𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤

The answer is (a)
Example

Four stroke 6 cylinder internal combustion engine has swept volume of 2m3 and rotates
with 1700 r.p.m. If the intake air velocity is 100m/s, through an area of 0.4m2 and
density of 1.2 kg/m3.

Volumetric efficiency is most nearly

a) 24%

b) 30%

c) 37%

d) 46%
Solution

𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝒎𝒎
𝟐𝟐 (𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ∗ 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟐)
𝛈𝛈𝐯𝐯 = 𝒎𝒎 𝟑𝟑 𝒔𝒔 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓
𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝟔𝟔 ∗ ( )
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

The answer is (a)

Example

If we use the same engine but 2 stroke instead of 4-stroke, the volumetric efficiency is
most nearly

a) 14%

b) 16%

c) 8%

d) 12%
Solution

If 4-stroke
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝒎𝒎
𝟐𝟐 (𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ∗ 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟐)
𝛈𝛈𝐯𝐯 = 𝒎𝒎 𝟑𝟑 𝒔𝒔 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓
𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝟔𝟔 ∗ ( )
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

If 2-stroke

𝛈𝛈𝐯𝐯 )𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝛈𝛈𝐯𝐯 )𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
𝟐𝟐
The answer is (d)
Example

If the Fuel used per hour is 15 kg with Calorific value of fuel of 42 MJ/kg, If the brake and
friction power are 30kW and 5kW. The Indicated specific fuel consumption is most nearly

a) 1/8400 kg/kJ

b) 1/3600 kg/kJ

c) 2/5300 kg/kJ

d) 3/4900 kg/kJ
Solution

𝑾𝑾̇ 𝒊𝒊 = 𝑾𝑾̇ 𝒃𝒃 + 𝑾𝑾̇ 𝒇𝒇

𝑾𝑾̇ 𝒊𝒊 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝒎𝒎̇ 𝒇𝒇 =
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒔𝒔

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐬𝐬 𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
= =
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤

The answer is (a)