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Pi Math Project

This document discusses the history and importance of pi. It explains what pi is, how its value has been calculated throughout history with contributions from Archimedes and Newton, and provides examples of how pi is used in fields like engineering, statistics, medicine, and physics.

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756 views10 pages

Pi Math Project

This document discusses the history and importance of pi. It explains what pi is, how its value has been calculated throughout history with contributions from Archimedes and Newton, and provides examples of how pi is used in fields like engineering, statistics, medicine, and physics.

Uploaded by

nikkix2412
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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The Number

PI

Gunjyot Kaur
IX-F
Session 23-24
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my Mathematics teacher, Ms.
Suruche Kumar and the senior school principal, Ms.
Isha Verma and School Director, Mr. Sanjay
Sachdeva for giving me this opportunity to make this
project.
Topics covered in this
project

1. What is Pi?

2. Importance of Pi

3.What is the Value of Pi?

4. How Pi used to be calculated

5. Archimedes Contribution

6.Newton’s Contribution

7.The Pi Paradox

8. Examples of Pi in real life


What is Pi?
The circumference to diameter ratio of any circle is known as pi,
and it is represented by the Greek letter pi, or π. No matter how big
the circle is, this ratio will always be equal to pi. The value of pi in
decimal notation is around 3.14. However, as pi is an irrational
number, its decimal form neither stops (like 1/4 = 0.25) nor repeats
itself (like 1/6 = 0.166666...). Pi is 3.141592653589793238
(corrected up to 18 decimal digits). Therefore, having a shorthand
for this circumference to diameter ratio is useful. According to Petr
Beckmann's A History of Pi, William Jones used the Greek letter
for this function for the first time in 1706—likely as a shorthand
for periphery—and it eventually became a common symbol for
mathematics.

Pi is most frequently utilized in calculations involving circles. Pi is


not simply related to diameter and circumference. Surprisingly, the
formula also ties the diameter or radius of a circle to its area,
stating that the area is equal to pi times the radius squared. Pi also
frequently and unexpectedly appears in a variety of mathematical
contexts. For instance, the total of the infinite series

1 + 1/4 + 1/9 + 1/16 + 1/25 + ... + 1/n2 + ... is π2/6

Importance of Pi
Pi's significance has been understood for at least 4,000 years.
Every circle has the same ratio of circumference to diameter,
according to A History of Pi, which states that by 2000 B.C., "the
Babylonians and the Egyptians (at least) were aware of the
existence and significance of the constant." The value of pi was
approximated numerically by both the Babylonians and the
Egyptians, and later mathematicians in ancient Greece, particularly
Archimedes, refined these approximations. About 500 digits of pi
were known at the beginning of the 20th century. Because of
computer technology, we now know more than the first six billion
digits of pi.

Pi itself is extremely helpful because it has a connection to the


circle and appears in numerous formulas in fields like geometry
and trigonometry, which are crucial to industries like robotics and
architecture, among others. Trigonometry is a branch of
mathematics that studies the relationship between the lengths and
angles of triangles.

The use of pi goes far beyond geometry and trigonometry, though.


For instance, it can assist scientists in comprehending natural
events and things with circular forms, such as the planets' orbits or
the concentric waves produced when a stone falls into a body of
water. In fact, pi can be used to describe a wide range of
phenomena, from the 'bendiness' of rivers to the way light and
sound waves ripple, and it even appears in calculations where
circles are absent, like Euler's Identity, a probability formula that
has been called the "most beautiful" in all of mathematics.

What is the value of Pi?


'pi' has a fixed value, which means it cannot be altered. It is an
irrational number that is typically rounding to 3.14. It is
incorporated into numerous formulas to calculate the surface area
and volume of different solid shapes. The ratio of a circle's
circumference to its diameter is known mathematically as "Pi."
The longest line segment that traverses the center of a circle is
understood to be the diameter of the circle. Imagine that a portion
of the circle's circumference is covered by the diameter line after it
has been bent. Now, is defined as the total number of times the
circle's circumference is wrapped around its diameter, or roughly
3.14 times.
The answer is roughly 3.14 when we divide the diameter by the
circumference. It should be emphasized that the ratio of a circle's
circumference to its diameter will always be the same, regardless
of its size.

How Pi used to be calculated


A hexagon with a length of one side was drawn. The circle has a
diameter of 2 because a regular hexagon can be divided into 6
equilateral triangles. Since the radius of the circle must be more
than the perimeter of the hexagon, which is 6, Pi must be greater
than 6 over 2 (π > 6/2) and therefore π > 3. The circle would then
be surrounded by a square, whose perimeter would be 8, larger
than the circle's circumference, which means π < 8/2, or π < 4. It
had already been known for a very long time before Archimedes
expanded upon it around 250 BC.

Archimedes Contribution
The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, which had
long been of interest to the ancient Greeks, who sought out exact
mathematical proportions in their building, music, and other art
forms, was determined by the Greek mathematician Archimedes
approximately 250 B.C. Archimedes had the notion that he could
approximate the relationship between a circle's circumference and
diameter by drawing a regular polygon encircling it. He may get a
better approximation by drawing more sides on the polygon.

He would begin with a regular hexagon, just as they did in the past,
and divide it into a dodecagon (a polygon with 12 sides and 12
vertices). By measuring the perimeter of the dodecagon and
comparing it to its diameter, he would determine that the ratio is
smaller than pi, or π > 6.212/2. Similar calculations are made for a
circumscribed dodecagon, and the result is π < 6.431/2, which is an
upper constraint on Pi. Then, in order to obtain a more accurate
estimate of the value of pi, he would apply the same technique to
polygons with more sides, such as an icositetragon (a polygon with
24 sides and 24 vertices), and many more.

Newton’s Contribution
English mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton utilised
calculus, which he and German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz developed in 1665, to compute pi to 15 digits via infinite
series. Around 1500 A.D., Indian astronomer Nilakantha Somayaji
described the first infinite series in Sanskrit verse that could be
used to calculate pi. Newton calculated Pi to sixteen decimal
places in 1666 by analysing the first 22 terms of an infinite sum.
The record continued to be broken after that, reaching 71 digits in
1699, 100 digits in 1706, and 620 digits in 1956, the best guess
made without the use of a calculator or computer.

The Pi Paradox
The paradox is that by enclosing a square with a side of 1, you can
approach a circle with a diameter of 1. It is four lengths. Deform
the square by eliminating a rectangular portion of it that is located
outside the circle to get the contradiction. By doing this, you have
increased your proximity to the circle without altering the length of
the distorted square. If you keep doing this, you can uniformly
approach the circle while maintaining a 4-length curve. Therefore,
it makes sense that Pi is equal to 4, as the circle's circumference
has a length of 4. Pi, however, does not equal 4.

The contradiction results from flawed logic.

The circle's circumference is not approximated by the method used


to approximate it, and this is the only explanation. This method
may be used to demonstrate that any convex curve that touches the
square once on each side has length 4, but a proper definition of
length would undoubtedly show that this is untrue.

The "uniform convergence theorem" states that the limit of the


areas (or integrals) is equal to the area (or integral) of the limit if a
series of functions consistently approaches another function. For
the convergence of lengths to the limit length, however, there is no
corresponding theorem. Applying convergence theorems requires
caution.

Examples of Pi in real life


Pi is used by engineers to calculate the degree of uncertainty in the
landing location of a Mars lander or rover. Winds, air density, the
beginning speed, and the position of the spacecraft as it approaches
Mars from Earth are just a few of the many unknowns associated
with landing on Mars. Even the precise location of Mars itself is
not fully understood. Most of these uncertainties can be modelled
before a Mars landing using mathematical distributions that take pi
into account. When these simulations are combined, the outcome
might be miles of position ambiguity around the intended landing
area. Engineers are cautious about where they target and take this
unpredictability into account! For instance, they can aim near to a
mountain without getting too close, as they did with the Curiosity
mars rover.

It may quantify a variety of phenomena using pi, including ocean


waves, light waves, sound waves, river bends, radioactive particle
distribution, and probability phenomena like the distribution of
pennies, the grid of nails, and mountains.

Some more examples of Pi used in daily life are:

1) Pi was utilised by electrical engineers to overcome issues with


electrical applications
2) Statisticians monitor population trends using pi.

3) Pi is useful in medicine when examining the anatomy of the eye.

4) Biochemists observe pi when attempting to comprehend the


makeup and purposes of DNA.

5) When calculating the behavior of fluid ripples, physicists notice


pi and use it as a reference.

6) Pi is used by clockmakers to create pendulums for their


timepieces.
Bibliography
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMlf1ELvRzc – Veritasium’s “The
Discovery That Transformed Pi”

https://amazingarchimedes.weebly.com/real-life-application-of-pi.html

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/learn/list/oh-the-places-we-go-18-ways-
nasa-uses-pi/

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-pi-paradox

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-pi-and-how-did-it-
originate/

https://www.learnpick.in/blog/importance-of-pi-in-mathematics

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