Lecture 8

71
Recap of Lecture 7

• Classification of turbomachines

• Power producing and power absorbing

• Fans, Blowers and Compressors

• Classification based on flow directions: Axial, radial/centrifugal, mixed flow machines

• Meridional and Tangential components of velocity

• Nozzle angles (absolute velocity direction)

• Blade angles (relative velocity direction)

72
Classification of Turbomachines: Location of pressure change

• According to whether pressure changes are absent or present respectively in

the flow through the rotor.
 Impulse machines
 Reaction machines

Stages

Moving blades

Fixed blades

73
 Impulse machine
There is no pressure change of the fluid or gas
in the turbine blades (the moving blades) e.g.
Pelton turbine.

Do not require a pressure casement around

the rotor since the fluid jet is created by the
nozzle prior to reaching the rotor blade

All the pressure drop takes place in the

stationary blades (the nozzles)

Before reaching the rotor blade, the fluid's

pressure head is changed to velocity head by
accelerating the fluid with a nozzle.

Newton's second law describes the transfer of

energy

Image taken from Wikipedia 74

 Reaction machine
Reaction turbines develop torque by reaction of
the gas or fluid's pressure or mass.

The pressure of the gas or fluid changes as it

passes through the turbine rotor blades. A
pressure casement is needed to contain the
working fluid e.g. Francis turbines and most
steam turbines

For compressible working fluids, multiple turbine

stages are usually used to harness the expanding
gas efficiently.

Newton's third law also describes the transfer of

energy for reaction turbines.

75
 Why so many types of turbomachines?

• Almost infinite range of service requirements.

• For a given set of operating requirements one type of pump or turbine is best
suited to provide optimum conditions of operation.

76
 The Momentum Conservation Equation:

Moment of Momentum:

Sum of the moments of the external forces acting on fluid

temporarily occupying the control volume is equal to the net
time rate of efflux of angular momentum from the control
volume

Cθ1 and Cθ2 are components of velocity perpendicular to both radial direction and axis of rotation.
77
 The Euler Work Equation:
The algebraic sum of torques is equal to the rate of change
of the moment of momentum

78
6.9: SM Yahya Turbines Compressors and Fans
Lecture 9

79
Recap of Lecture 8

• Impulse and Reaction mechanisms

• Classification of turbomachines: based on the location of pressure change

• Impulse turbines

• Reaction turbines

80
 The Euler Work Equation:
For any adiabatic turbomachine (turbine or compressor)

• This equation is valid for adiabatic flow for any streamline through the blade rows of a turbomachine.
• It is applicable to both viscous and inviscid flow, since the torque provided by the fluid on the blades
can be exerted by pressure forces or frictional forces.
• It is strictly valid only for steady flow but it can also be applied to time-averaged unsteady flow
provided the averaging is done over a long enough time period.
• In all cases, all of the torque from the fluid must be transferred to the blades. Friction on the hub and
casing of a turbomachine can cause local changes in angular momentum that are not accounted for in
the Euler work equation.

Cθ1 and Cθ2 are components of velocity perpendicular to both radial direction and axis of rotation.
U1 and U2 are liner blade velocity.
81
Rothalpy :

• In a compressor or pump the specific work done on the fluid equals the rise in stagnation
enthalpy. Thus, combining equations,

and

We, have

• This relationship is true for steady, adiabatic and irreversible flow in compressors or in pump
impellers.

• Rearranging and using h0 = h + 1/2c2

82
 Rothalpy :

• According to the above reasoning a new function I has been defined having the same value at exit from the
impeller as at entry.

• The function I is widely used as rothalpy, a contraction of rotational stagnation enthalpy, and is a fluid
mechanical property of some importance in the study of relative flows in rotating systems.

• As the value of rothalpy is apparently unchanged between entry and exit of the impeller it is deduced that it
must be constant along the flow lines between these two stations.

• Thus, the rothalpy can be written as:

83
 Bernoulli’s Equation :
Steady flow energy equation, for adiabatic flow, with no work transfer

First law w/o motion, gravity :

For isentropic flow:

• For an incompressible fluid,  is constant,

where stagnation pressure is p0 = p+1/2c2 Control volume in a streaming fluid.

• If the fluid is a gas or vapour, the change in gravitational

potential is generally negligible and therefore,

• i.e. the stagnation pressure is constant (this is also true for a compressible isentropic process). 86
87
Solution:

)
= 386 W

88
Lecture 10

93
Recap of Lecture 9

Momentum Conservation
Euler Work Equation
Rothalpy
Numerical example on Bernoulli Equation

Second law of thermodynamics

Enthalpy –Entropy diagram (continue..)

94
Enthalpy–Entropy Diagrams for the Flow Through an Adiabatic Turbine and an Adiabatic Compressor

95
Turbomachinary Efficiencies

Overall Efficiency of Turbines:

96
Definition of Efficiencies

Ideal work (wi) for power generating (pg)/ power absorbing (pa) machines is
calculated by assuming isentropic processes.
(ws) is shaft work input/ output for pa/ pg

In turbomachines losses occur due to :

(a) Bearing friction, windage etc. (termed as mechanical losses)
(b) Unsteady flow, friction between blade and fluid etc. (termed as Fluid Rotor Losses)
(wr)= Fluid-Rotor Power, (ws)= Shaft Power, (wi)= Ideal Power (isentropic power)

Mechanical
Isentropic efficiency
efficiency

97
 Ideal work Output in turbine efficiency
Expansion: Turbine Compression: Compressor
•For defining isentropic efficiency, the definition
of ideal work is not unambiguous.

•Ideal process is always isentropic but the exit

state depends on the practical consideration of
the turbine in question.

Static to Total: Kinetic energy of the fluid can be used for the production of
mechanical energy somewhere else and the kinetic energy at the inlet is negligible

Exit kinetic energy is wasted, the appropriate

measure will be static-to-static (Rankine Cycles)
98
 Mechanical Efficiency of Turbomachines

Mechanical Efficiency = Overall efficiency/ Isentropic efficiency

 Mechanical energy losses occur between the turbine rotor and the output shaft coupling as a result of the

work done against friction at the bearings, glands, etc.

 The magnitude of this loss varies with the size and individual design of turbomachine. For small machines

(several kilowatts) it may amount to 5% or more, but for medium and large machines this loss ratio may

become as little as 1%.

99