TURBOMACHINERIES

Chapter 1
Introduction
School of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY
By birlie fekadu
 Chapter 1
Introduction
Definition;
 A turbo machine is a class of fluid machinery in which energy transfer occurs between
a continuous stream of flowing fluid and rotating element about a fixed axis due to
dynamic action, and results in a change in pressure and momentum of the fluid.
 Mechanical energy transfer occurs inside or outside of the turbo machine, usually in a
steady- flow process.
 The turbo machine extracts energy from or imparts energy to a continuously moving
stream of fluid. However in a positive displacement machine, it is intermittent.
 Turbo machines include all those machines that produce power, such as turbines, as
well as those types that produce a head or pressure, such as centrifugal pump s and
compressors.
 Turbo machines; gas turbines, steam turbines, centrifugal pumps, centrifugal and axial
flow compressors, wind mills, water wheels, and hydraulic turbines
 Cont.…
What is “Fluid Machinery?”
 All machines that work on Fluid
Work- Transfer of fluid energy (Kinetic or Thermal) in to
mechanical or the vice versa
-Compress
-Pump
-Expand
 Fluid
-Liquid Fluids (water, oil, waste, pellets…)
- Gaseous (All gases, air, steam, …)
Each of turbo machines has certain essential elements, the most
important of which are
 Rotating element carrying guide ways.
 Stator.
 Input/output shaft.
 Housing or Casing.
 turbomachine always involves an energy transfer between a
flowing fluid and a rotor.
 If the transfer of energy is from rotor to fluid, the machine is a
pump, fan, or compressor;
 If the flow of energy is from the fluid to the rotor, the machine is
a turbine.
 The effect on the fluid of such devices is that its temperature and
pressure are increased by a pumping-type turbomachine, and the
same properties are reduced in passage through a work-
producing turbomachine.
Classification of Fluid Machines
Classification of Fluid Machines
 Geometries

A typical turbomachine rotor, a centrifugal pump impeller, is shown

schematically in Figure
 Liquid enters the eye E of the impeller moving in an axial direction, and then
turns to a radial direction to finally emerge at the discharge D having both a
radial and a tangential component of velocity.
 The vanes V impart a curvilinear motion to the fluid particles, thus setting up
a radial centrifugal force which is responsible for the outward flow of fluid
against the resistance of wall friction and pressure forces. The vanes of the
rotor impart energy to the fluid by virtue of pressure forces on their surfaces,
which are undergoing a displacement as rotation takes place.
 Energy from an electric motor is thus supplied at a constant rate through the
shaft S which is assumed to be turning at a constant angular speed. If the
direction of fluid flow in Figure is reversed, the rotor becomes part of a
turbine, and power is delivered through the shaft S to an electric generator or
other load.
 Typically, hydraulic turbines have such a configuration and are used to
generate large amounts of electric power by admitting high-pressure water
stored in dams to the periphery of such a rotor. A pressure drop occurs
between the inlet and the outlet of the turbine; the water exits axially and is
conducted away and discharged at atmospheric pressure.
There are different type s of turbomachines. They can be classified as:

1. Turbo machines in which (i) work is done by the fluid and (ii) work is done on the
fluid.
2. Turbo machines in which fluid moves through the rotating member in axial direction
with no radial movement of the streamlines. Such machines are called axial flow
machines whereas if the flow is essentially radial, it is called a radial flow or centrifugal
flow machine.
Turbo machines can further be classified as follows:
Turbines: Machines that produce power by expansion of a continuously flowing fluid
to a lower pressure or head.
Pumps: Machines that increase the pressure or head of flowing fluid.
Fans: Machines that impart only a small pressure-rise to a continuously flowing gas;
usually the gas may be considered to be incompressible.
Compressors: Machines that impart kinetic energy to a gas by compressing it and then
allowing it to rapidly expand.
Types and shapes of turbomachines.
Types and shapes of turbomachines.
 Applications of turbo machinery
• Power Generation
More than 90% of the World Energy is generated by
Turbomachines.
A typical large single-cycle gas turbine may produce 100 to
300 megawatts of power and have (35–40)% of thermal
efficiency.
• Source of Energy for Transportation
• Aero engines: -Turbofan
- Turboprop
- Civil Airplane Engines
-Military Airplane Engines
• Ship Engines
• In some Cases it is used in Trains
• Fluid transfer
• Electricity generation (Hydro Turbines, Steam and Gas Turbines,
Wind Turbines)
• Jet engine (Multi-stage Turbines and Multi-stage Compressors
coupled)
• Industrial and miscellaneous service (Air Compressors in
Pneumatic systems, pumps in hydraulic and cooling systems and
also in steam generating cycle)
• HVAC (Pumps, blowers, fans)
• Refrigerators (centrifugal compressor)
• Agriculture (pumps)
• Automobiles (Radiator i.e. air fan, Turbocharger i.e. energy
recovery unit)
• Propellers in ships
Review of Basic Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics
Basic physical laws of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics what
are applied in turbo machinery analysis are:
1. The continuity equation.
2. The First Law of Thermodynamics.
3. Newton’s Second Law of Motion.
4. The Second Law of Thermodynamics.

introduction
In its general form it states that the sum of the moments of external forces on the
fluid in a control volume equals the rate of increase of angular momentum in the
control volume plus the net outflow of angular momentum from the control
volume. Allen and Ditsworth (1972) give this in equation form as

where c.v. and c.s. refer to integration over the control volume or control surface.
Applying the above equation to a general turbo machine, the control volume is the
volume of fluid in the casing surrounding the rotor. Forces are applied to this fluid
along the surface of the rotor, and the sum of their moments about some point on
the rotor shaft is denoted by the term on the left side of the above equation.
Assuming steady flow through the control volume, the first term on the right side of
equation is eliminated. Noting that the quantity ρV·dS is the mass flow rate through
an elemental area dS of the control surface, and that it has a positive sign at the
outlet, a negative sign at the inlet, and is zero elsewhere, we have
where A1 and A2 refer to the flow areas at the inlet and outlet, respectively.
Aligning the z axis with the rotor axis and taking the moment center at 0, as
indicated in Figure below, we evaluate the angular momentum per unit mass in
equation below by the determinant

The magnitude of the z-component of the angular momentum per unit mass is

and the resulting scalar expression of moment about the z-axis is

 Compressible flow
 Inturbomachines handling compressible fluids, large changes in flow
velocity occur across the stages as a result of pressure changes
caused by the expansion or compression processes. For any point in
the flow it is convenient to combine the energy terms together. The
enthalpy, h, and the kinetic energy, are combined and the result is
called the stagnation enthalpy,

The stagnation enthalpy is constant in a flow process that does not

involve a work transfer or a heat transfer even though irreversible
processes may be present. In Figure , point 1 represents the actual or
static state of a fluid in an enthalpy entropy diagram with enthalpy, h1
at pressure p1 and entropy s1 .
The fluid velocity is c1.The stagnation state is represented by the point 01 brought
about by an irreversible deceleration. For a reversible deceleration the stagnation
point would be at point 01s and the state change would be called isentropic.