Introduction

Slides are enhanced / modified

from the authors slide sets [K&R] Computer
Networking:A Top
Down Approach
6th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Addison-Wesley
March 2012

Introduction 1-1
 Introduction
Our goal: Overview:
 What’s the Internet?
 Get “feel” and
terminology  What’s a protocol?

 More depth, detail  Network edge; hosts, access

networks
later in course
 Network core: packet/circuit
 Approach: switching
• use Internet as
example  Delay, loss and throughput

 Layering and Encapsulation

Introduction 1-2
Internet as a black box

Internet as
a black box
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
PC
 millions of connected mobile network
server computing devices:
wireless  hosts = endsystems global ISP
laptop
smartphone  running network apps
home
 communication links network
regional ISP
wireless
• fiber, copper,radio,
links satellite
wired
links • transmission rate:
bandwidth

 Packet switching: forward

router packets (chunks of data) institutional
network
 routers and switches
Introduction 1-4
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

Internet: “network of
mobile network

networks”
global ISP
• Interconnected ISPs

 Protocols control sending, home

receiving of msgs
network
regional ISP
• TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11

 Internet standards
• RFC: Request for comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force institutional
network

Introduction 1-5
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Introduction 1-6
What’s a protocol?
Human protocols: Network protocols:
 “What’s the time?”  Machines rather than
 “Ihave a question” humans
 Introductions  All communication activity
in Internet governed by
protocols
… specific msgs sent
… specific actions taken
when msgs received, or Protocols define format,
other events
order of msgs sent and
received among network
entities, and actions taken
on msg transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-7
A closer look at network structure:
 Network edge: mobile network

• hosts: clients and servers

global ISP
• servers often in data
centers
home
 Access networks: network
regional ISP
• wired, wireless
communication links

 Network core:
• interconnected
routers
• network of networks institutional
network

Introduction 1-8
Access networks

Q: How to connect end

systems to edge
router?
 Residential access nets
 Institutional access networks
(school, company)
 Mobile/Cellular access
networks
keep in mind:
 Bandwidth (bits per second) of
access network?
 Shared or dedicated?

Introduction 1-9
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

 Use existing telephone line (POTS) to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net

Introduction 1-10
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)

DSL splitter
modem

ADSL over POTS

voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over
dedicated line to central office

 Different data rates for upload and download (ADSL)

• < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
• < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10
Mbps)

Introduction 1-11
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)

Introduction 1-12
Access net: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted

in different frequency bands
Introduction 1-13
Access net: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system

data, TV transmitted at different

frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

 HFC: hybrid fiber coax

• asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2
Mbps upstream transmission rate
 Network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
• unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office
Introduction 1-14
 Access net: home network
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (100 Mbps)

Introduction 1-15
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)

institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,

switch web servers

 Typically used in companies, universities, etc

 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
 Today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

Introduction 1-16
Wireless access networks
 Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
• via base station aka “access point”

Wireless LANs: Wide-area wireless access

• within building (100 ft) • provided by telco (cellular)
• 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11,54,300 operator, 10’skm
Mbps transmission rate • 2G, 3G, 4G

to Internet to Internet

Introduction 1-17