CSEN 503

Introduction to Communication
Networks

Amr El Mougy
Ahmad Helmy
Salma El-Jaki

**Slides are attributed to J. F. Kurose

People and Resources

 Instructor: Amr El Mougy

 Email: amr.elmougy@guc.edu.eg
 Office: C7.209

 TA: Ahmad Helmy

 Email: ahmad.helmy@guc.edu.eg

 TA: Salma El-Jaki

 Email: salma.abdelmonem@guc.edu.eg
 Course Outline
1-3

 Topics:
 Protocol Layering
 Application Layer: Http, DNS
 Transport Layer: UDP, TCP
 Network Layer: Routing, IP addressing, Autonomous Systems, BGP
 Data Link Layer

 Textbook:
 Computer Networking, A Top-Down Approach Featuring the
Internet, James F. Kurose & Keith W. Ross, ISBN 0-321-26976-4
 Slide contents are copyrighted to: 1996-2010, J.F Kurose and
K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

Introduction
 Assessment
1-4

Project
20%
Final
40%

Quizzes
20%

Midterm
20%

Introduction
 Important Note
1-5

 These slides are not meant to be comprehensive

lecture notes! They are only remarks and pointers. The
material presented here is not sufficient for studying
for the course

 Your main sources for studying are:

• the text book and
• your own lecture notes

Introduction
 Introduction: Roadmap
1-6

1.1 What is the Internet?

1.2 Network edge
❑ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
❑ circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models

Introduction
 What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
1-7

 billions of connected Mobile network PC

computing devices:
Global ISP server
 hosts = end systems
 running network apps wireless
laptop
cellular
Home network handheld
 communication links
Regional ISP
 fiber, copper, radio,
satellite access
points
 transmission rate =
Institutional network wired
bandwidth links

 routers:
 forward packets (chunks of
router
data)
Introduction
 “Cool” internet appliances
1-8

Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster

IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/

World’s smallest web server

http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/~shri/iPic.html Internet phones

Introduction
 What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
1-9

 protocols control sending, Mobile network

receiving of msgs Global ISP

 e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, Ethernet
 Internet: “network of networks”
Home network
 loosely hierarchical
Regional ISP
 public Internet versus private
intranet
 Internet standards Institutional network
 RFC: Request for comments
 IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force

Introduction
 What’s a protocol?
1-10

human protocols: network protocols:

 “what’s the time?”  machines rather than
 “I have a question” humans
 introductions  all communication activity
in Internet governed by
protocols
… specific msgs sent
protocols define format,
… specific actions taken
order of msgs sent and
when msgs received, or
received among network
other events
entities, and actions
taken on msg
transmission, receipt
Introduction
 What’s a protocol?
1-11

a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Introduction
 What’s the Internet: a service view
1-12

 APIs specify how software asks the

Internet infrastructure to deliver data

 Communication infrastructure enables

distributed applications:
 Web, VoIP, email, games, e-
commerce, file sharing

 Communication services provided to

apps:
 reliable data delivery from
source to destination
 “best effort” (unreliable) data
delivery
Introduction
Network Edge
- End systems,
- access networks,
- links

Introduction
 A closer look at network structure:
1-14

 Network edge:
 applications and hosts

 Access networks, physical

media:
 wired, wireless
communication links

❑ Network core:
❖ interconnected routers
❖ network of networks
Introduction
 The network edge:
1-15

 end systems (hosts):

 run application programs
 e.g. Web, email
 at “edge of network” peer-peer

❑ client/server model:
❖ client host requests, receives
service from always-on server client/server
❖ e.g. Web browser/server; email
client/server

❑ peer-peer model:
❖ minimal (or no) use of dedicated
servers
❖ e.g. Skype, BitTorrent Introduction
 Access networks and physical media
1-16

Q: How to connect end systems

to edge router?
 residential access nets

 institutional access networks

(school, company)
 mobile access networks

Keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
 shared or dedicated?

Introduction
 Dial-up Modem
1-16

central
office
telephone
network Internet

home ISP
home
dial-up modem
PC
modem (e.g., AOL)

❖ Uses existing telephony infrastructure

❖ Home is connected to central office
❖ up to 56Kbps direct access to router (often less)
❖ Can’t surf and phone at same time: not “always on”
 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
1-17
Existing phone line:
home 0-4KHz phone; 4-50KHz
upstream data; 50KHz-1MHz Internet
phone
downstream data

DSLAM

telephone
splitter network

DSL
modem central
office
home
PC

❖ Also uses existing telephone infrastructure

❖ Rates can reach several tens of Mbps in the
downstream and upstream
❖ dedicated physical line to telephone central office
 Residential access: cable modems
1-19

 Does not use telephone infrastructure

 Instead uses cable TV infrastructure
 HFC: hybrid fiber coax
 asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps
upstream
 network of cable and fiber attaches homes to ISP router
 homes share access to router
 unlike DSL, which has dedicated access

Introduction
 Cable Network Architecture: Overview
1-20

Typically 500 to 5,000 homes

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network (simplified)

Introduction
 Cable Network Architecture: Overview
1-21

server(s)

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network
Introduction
 Cable Network Architecture: Overview
1-22

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network (simplified)
Introduction
 Cable Network Architecture: Overview
1-23
FDM (more shortly):
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network
Introduction
 Ethernet Internet access,
e.g. Institutional

100 Mbps Institutional

router
Ethernet To Institution’s
switch ISP

100 Mbps

1 Gbps
100 Mbps

server
 Typically used in companies, universities, etc.
❑ 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet
❑ Today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch
 Wireless access networks
1-25

 shared wireless access network

connects end system to router
 via base station aka “access point” router
wireless LANs:
base


 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11/54/100 Mbps

station
 wider-area wireless access
 provided by telecommunication operator
 ~10Mbps over cellular system, e.g.
HSPA,
 next up (?): WiMAX and LTE (10’s Mbps)
mobile
over wide area hosts

Introduction
 Home networks
1-26

Typical home network components:

 DSL or cable modem

 router/firewall/NAT

 Ethernet

 wireless access point

wireless
to/from laptops
Cable/ router/
cable
DSL firewall
headend
modem wireless
access
Ethernet point
Introduction
 Chapter 1: roadmap
1-27

1.1 What is the Internet?

1.2 Network edge
❑ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
❑ circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models

Introduction
 The Network Core
1-28

 mesh of interconnected routers

 How is data transferred
through net?
 circuitswitching:
dedicated circuit per call:
telephone net
 packet-switching: data
sent thru net in discrete
“chunks”

Introduction
 Network Core: Circuit Switching
1-29

End-end resources
reserved for “call”
 link bandwidth, switch
capacity
 dedicated resources: no
sharing
 circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 call setup required

Introduction
 Network Core: Circuit Switching
1-30

network resources (e.g.,

bandwidth) divided into
“pieces”
 pieces allocated to calls ❑ Piece:
 resource piece idle if not ❖ frequency division
used by owning call (no ❖ time division
sharing)

Introduction
 Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM
1-31

FDM Example: 4 users

frequency

time
TDM

frequency

time Introduction
 Network Core: Packet Switching
1-32

each end-end data stream resource contention:

divided into packets ❑ aggregate resource
 user A, B packets share network demand can exceed
resources amount available
 each packet uses full link ❑ congestion: packets
bandwidth queue, wait for link use
 resources used as needed ❑ store and forward:
packets move one hop
at a time
Bandwidth division into “pieces” ❖ Node receives complete
Dedicated allocation packet before forwarding
Resource reservation

Introduction
 Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
1-33

100 Mb/s
A Ethernet statistical multiplexing C

1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets
waiting for output
link

D E

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth

shared on demand statistical multiplexing
Introduction
 Packet-switching: store-and-forward
1-34

L
R R R

 takes L/R seconds to Example:

transmit (push out) packet  L = 7.5 Mbits
of L bits on to link at R bps
 R = 1.5 Mbps
 store and forward: entire
 transmission delay = 15 sec
packet must arrive at
router before it can be
transmitted on next link
 delay = 3L/R (assuming
zero propagation delay) more on delay shortly …

Introduction
 Packet switching versus circuit switching
1-35

Packet switching allows more users to use the Internet!

 1 Mb/s link
 each user:
 100 kb/s when “active”
 active 10% of time
N users
 circuit-switching: 1 Mbps link
 10 users
 packet switching:
 with 35 users, probability >
10 active at same time is less
than .0004
Introduction
 Packet switching versus circuit switching
1-36

packet switching
 great for bursty data

 resource sharing
 simpler, no call setup
 excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
 protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion
control
 Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
 bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
 still an unsolved problem (Free Reading: chapter 7)

Introduction
 Internet structure: network of networks
1-37

 roughly hierarchical
 at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T, Cable and
Wireless), national/international coverage
 treat each other as equals

Tier-1
providers
Tier 1 ISP
interconnect
(peer)
privately
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

Introduction
 Tier 1 Networks
1-38

Introduction I
 Internet structure: network of networks
1-39

 “Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs

 Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs

Tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISP pays Tier-2 ISP also peer
Tier-2 ISP privately with
tier-1 ISP for
connectivity to Tier 1 ISP each other
rest of Internet
❑ tier-2 ISP is
customer of
tier-1 provider Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Introduction
 Internet structure: network of networks
1-40

 “Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs

 last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)

local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Local and tier- Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
3 ISPs are
customers of Tier 1 ISP
higher tier
ISPs
connecting
them to rest
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
of Internet
local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP
Introduction
 Internet structure: network of networks
1-41

 a packet passes through many networks!

local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP
Introduction