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Surveying (Geomatics)

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29 views5 pages

Surveying (Geomatics)

Uploaded by

PINLAC, KATHERINE A.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Surveying (Geomatics)

 the science, art, and technology of determining the relative positions of points above, on or beneath the
earth’s surface, or establishing such points.
 A discipline which encompasses all methods for measuring and collecting information about the physical
earth and our environment, processing that information, and disseminating a variety of resulting products
to a wide range of clients
 the importance of measuring and monitoring our environment is becoming increasingly critical as our
population expands, land values appreciate, our natural resources dwindle, and human activities
continue to stress the quality of our land, water, and air.
Surveyor

 a professional person with the academic qualifications and technical expertise to conduct one, or more,
of the following activities:
to determine, measure and represent the land, three-dimensional objects, point-fields, and trajectories;
to assemble and interpret land and geographically related information;
to use that information for the planning and efficient administration of the land, the sea and any
structures thereon; and
to conduct research into the above practices and to develop them.
Two general classifications of survey:

 GEODETIC SURVEYING – the curved surface of the earth is considered by performing the
computations on an ellipsoid *(curved surface approximating the size and shape of the earth)
 PLANE SURVEYING – except for leveling, the reference base for fieldwork and computations is
assumed to be a flat horizontal surface
Uses of Surveying

 Map the earth above and below sea level


 Prepare navigational charts for use in the air, on land and at sea
 Establish property boundaries of private and public lands
 Develop databanks on land-use and natural resource information which aid in managing our
environment
 Determine facts on the size, shape, gravity and magnetic fields on the earth
 Prepare charts for our moon and planets
The basic unit employed for length measurements in the English system is the foot, whereas the
meter is used in the metric system. Some length units used in surveying includes the following:
 1 foot = 12 inches
 1 yard = 3 feet
 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
 1 meter = 39.37 inches
 1 rod = 1 pole = 1 perch = 16.5 feet
 1 yard ≈ approximately 33 inches
 1 Gunter’s chain = 66 feet = 100 links = 4 rods
 1 mile = 5280 feet = 80 Gunter’s chains
 1 nautical mile = 6076.10 feet
 1 fathom = 6 feet
In the metric or SI system, subdivisions of the meter (m) are:
 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.001 m
 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 m
 1 decimeter (dm) = 0.1 m
 1 kilometer (km)= 1000m ≈ approximately 5/8 mile
In the English system, areas are given in square feet or square yards. The most common unit for
large
area is the acre.
 1 acre = 10 square chains (Gunter’s) = 43,560 𝑓𝑡2
 1 arpent ≈ approximately 0.85 acre
Areas in the metric system are specified using the square meter (m2). Large areas, are given in
hectares (ha),
 1 hectare = 10,000 𝑚2 = 2.471 acres
Volumes in the English system can be given in cubic feet or cubic yards.
The unit of angle used in surveying is the degree:
 1 degree (1°) = 1/360 of a circle
 1 degree (1°) = 60 minutes (‘) = 3600 seconds (“)
 1 minute = 60 seconds
 360 ° = 400 grads or gons
 1 grad = 100 centesimal minutes = 10000 centisimal seconds
 1 centisimal minute =100 centesimal seconds
 360 ° = 6400 mils
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Chief Technician Aidman
Asst Chief Head Tapeman Flagman
Recorder Pacer Rodman
Computer Rear Tapeman Utilityman
Instrumentman Axeman/Lineman

 Chief- directional supervisor, operational control of the survey


 Assistant Chief- assists the chief of the party
 Recorder- keeps records of all sketches, drawings, etc.
 Computer- person whose duty is to perform all computations/calculations
 Instrumentman- a person whose duty is to set-up and operate surveying instruments
such as the transit, engineer level, plane table, etc.
 Technician- responsible for the use and operation of electronic equipments
 Head Tapeman- person responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear
measurement
 Pacer- checks all linear measurements made by the tapeman
 Rear Tapeman- assists the head tapeman
 Axeman/Lineman- clears the line of sight of trees, bushes, etc
 Aidman- renders first aid treatment
 Flagman- holds flag pole
 Rodman- holds stadia or leveling rod
 Utilityman- renders other forms of assistance aided by the survey party

Field notes are the records of work done in the field. They typically contain (a) sketches; (b)
tabulations; (c) explanatory notes; (d) computations; and (e) combinations of the above.
Information in the field notebook include:

a) Title of the fieldwork/ Project Name and Location


b) Date and Time of Day (starting and finishing time);
c) Field Survey Party Members and their designations

THEORY of PROBABILITY - Probability is defined as the number of times something will probably
occur over the range of possible occurrences. The theory of probability is useful in indicating the
precision of results only in so far as they are affected by accidental errors. It does not, however, in any
way determine the magnitude of systematic errors which may also be present.

A. MOST PROBABLE VALUE (mpv)


- The most probable value (mpv) of a group of repeated measurements made under similar conditions
is the arithmetic mean or the average. It refers to a quantity which, based on available data, has more
chances of being correct than has any other.

B. RESIDUAL (v)

- Sometimes referred to as the deviation, is defined as the difference between any measured value of
a quantity and its most probable value or

v is the residual in any measurement, X is a measurement made of a particular quantity, and x̄ is the
most probable value of the quantity measured.
C. PROBABLE ERROR (PE)
- The probable error is a quantity which, when added to and subtracted from the most probable value, defines a
range within which there is a 50 percent chance that the true value of the measured quantity lies inside (or
outside) the limits thus sets.

𝑷𝑬𝒔 = probable error of any single measurement of series


𝑷𝑬𝒎= probable error of the mean
n = number of observations
D. RELATIVE (ERROR) PRECISION (RP)
- Relative error, sometimes called relative precision, is expressed by a fraction having the magnitude of the error
in the numerator and the magnitude of the measured quantity in the denominator. The relative precision (RP)
would be expressed as 0.10/235.50 or 1/2355, also written as 1:2355.
E. WEIGHTED OBSERVATIONS
- It is usually based upon the judgment of the surveyor, the number of measurements taken for a particular
quantity, and by assuming that the weights are inversely proportional to the square of the probable errors
F. INTERRELATIONSHIP OF ERRORS
- In some instances, it is required to determine how the final results is affected when computation involves
quantities that are subject to accidental error. Two commonly applied principles of the theory of errors involve

the summation of errors and the product of errors.

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