MODULE 5: A History of Global Politics: Creating an International Order

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OVERVIEW: This module provides concepts and information relative to the economic globalization.
Students will have an first-hand knowledge historical processes, human innovations and
technological progress and how these factors affect the economy of the world. Intertwined
concepts on how economic and political scheme runs through many countries and how less
developed countries are being victimized by such condition.

Learning Objectives:
At the end of this module students be able to:

1.Examine the genesis of the nation-state

2. Trace the history of internationalism and global governance; and
3. Relate the concept of global politics in globalization.

III- STUDENT’S ACTIVITIES

Activity #1
A. Engage
Challenge: CAN YOU NAME THESE EVENTS SHOWED IN EACH PICTURES?

Colored men having protest of the discrimination in the state.

 Japanese troops with their tanks enter Manila City’s premises.

For the first time ever, the Philippine flag was raised.

B.
Explore
Let’s check your knowledge on the basic facts. With the hint given, complete the puzzle below.

1. Known to be the first country to declare independence in Asia.

P L S
s
2. The feeling of love and devotion towards your own country.
N T N M

3. The attempt to transcend the interstate system. Desire for increased interstate relation
I N L

4. The way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they
accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and
imitation from one generation to the next.
U L E

5; The network of connections that transcends distances of different countries in the worlds.

L B L S
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

The state is traditionally the subject of interest to the scholars in global politics because it
is viewed as an institution that creates the welfare and sets economic policies for a country.

State - is a political unit that has authority over its own affairs. Its borders are recognized by other
countries. It is assumed that whoever is uncharged of those borders has the right to determine
exactly what is going to happen in their country. Today, the globalization of politics created an
atmosphere where the ideas of nation-state, state sovereignty, governmental control and state
policies are challenged from all sides. Some scholars suggest a decrease in the power of the
state and other actors are actually becoming more powerful. These actors include multinational
corporations, global civil society like Red Cross, that cross national boundaries

Attributes of World Politics

1. Independent and Sovereign States

2. Diplomatic interaction of states
3. International interactions facilitated by International Organizations like UN
4. International Organization function on their own beyond facilitating meetings between
states

The Concept of State and Nation

A nation is . . . a large-scale solidarity, constituted by the feeling of sacrifices that one has made in
the past and of those that one is prepared to make in the future.

STATE in layman’s terms, refers to a country and its government and it has four attributes

NATION according to Benedict Anderson, is an imagined community.

Nation
Imagined Community

Limited
Some nations strive to become States

4 Attributes of the State

1. Population
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty
Important Concept about State and Nation

NOT ALL STATES ARE NATIONS AND NOT ALL NATIONS ARE STATES

e.g. Nation of Scotland not a State, it belongs to the United Kingdom

2. STATES WITH MULTIPLE NATIONS

e.g. Philippines
3. NATIONS WITH MULTIPLE STATES

e.g. North Korea and South Korea (Korean Nation)

China and Taiwan

Nationalism

The nation:

1. Imagined community

2. Limited

3. Seeks to govern itself

Effect:

th
As nationalism became entrenched in the 19 century, this solidified the Westphalian order

- In Asia, earliest case of this was the Philippines

 TREATY OF WESTPHALIA – an agreement signed in 1648 to end the thirty years war
between major continental powers of Europe
 WESTPHALIAN SYSTEM – provided stability for the nations of Europe until it faced its
major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte

GLOBAL POLITICS SINCE WESTPHALIA: Responding to notions of sovereignty

 NAPOLEONIC CODE BY NAPOLEON BONAPARTE – a practice implemented by French

in every country they conquered that forbade birth privileges, encourage freedom of
religion and promoted meritocracy in government service

 CONCERT OF EUROPE – An alliance of “Great Powers”- UK, Austria, Russia, Prussia-

sought to restore the world of monarchial, hereditary, religious privileges before the
French revolution and the Napoleonic Wars
Internationalism- the attempt to transcend the interstate system. Desire for increased interstate
relation

TWO PRINCIPLES

1.LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM

• The idea of common international principles – from Kant

• Cooperation and respect among nation-states – Mazzini and Wilson
• Promotion of global democracy – Wilson
• These ideas became the foundation of the League of Nations and United Nations in the
present
2.SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM
Proposed by Karl Marx
• “Workers of the world unite”
• “The proletariat has no nation”
 • Marxist anti-nationalism: affinity to the nation retards the worker’s struggle
• Organization of labor and socialist parties, mainly in Europe
• Achievements: 8-hour working day, International Women’s Day, May 1
Collapsed in 1916 as its member parties supported the war efforts of their respective states

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

There is a series of specific factors behind the emergence of global governance. These are as
follows:
1. The declining power of nation-states. If the states themselves are highly contingent and
influx”( Cerny,2007) it would open the possibility of the emergence of some form of global
governance to fill the void.
2. The vast flows of all sorts of things that run into often right through borders of nation-
state. This could involve the flow of digital information of all sorts through internet. It is
difficult, if not possible for nation-state to stop such flow and in any case , it is likely that
such action would be politically unpopular and bring much negative reaction to the
nation state involved in such effort.
3. Mass migration of people and their entry, often illegally into various nation-states. If states
are unable to control this flow, then there is a need for some sort of global governance to
help deal with the problem. The flow of criminal elements as well as the products ( drugs,
laundered money, those brought and sold in sex trafficking) is a strong factor in the call
for global governance ( Leavy and Szneider, 2006).
4. Horrendous events within the nation-states - the states themselves either foment or carry
out who are unable to control ( Nordstrum ,2004)
5. Global problems that single nation-state cannot tackle on their own. One of these is the
global financial crisis, COVID-19 which are very alarming nowadays especially in less
developed countries.

Activity #3 Elaborate
1. Define nation. How does it differ from a state?
_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
2. Nationalism is a feeling of devotion towards own country. Describe the kind of nationalism
that happens in the Philippines in the late 19th century.

3. Between the two principles of internationalism, what do you think is best for the Philippines?
Why?

4. Examine the interaction between the nation-state and international organizations. Which has
the greatest impact on the government?
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO THE GOVERNMENT

One of the key aspects of the state sovereignty is the is the government.
Government is the group of people who have the ultimate authority to act in behalf of the state.
Each state has its own right to self-determination and that other country should not intervene in
the affairs of that state unless there are extraordinary reason to do so. Other countries must
recognize sovereignty or the right to govern one’s own territorial borders. Each state is
autonomous and to itself and responsible with in its own system of government to those who are
governed. The decisions, the conflict and resolutions of that conflict are done through the
institution of government establish and codified in that particular state, whether or not through
elections. Especially in democratic society, provide the leadership of the state. In addition, the policy
is developed and implemented in the interest of the people of a state by a specific government.
A civil society within a state can also act as a counterweight or as a supplement to government.
Civil society includes the private economy, educational institutions, churches, hospitals, fraternal
organizations and other non-profit organizations.

GLOBAL ECONOMICS
GLOBAL ECONOMY – demands state to conform to the rules of free-market capitalism.
Government austerity comes from development of organizations that cooperate across countries
such as WTO ( World Trade Organizations) and regional agreements such as NAFTA, EU,and
ASEAN.
Neoliberal economics started in the 1980’s. it focused on free trade and dismantling trade
barriers. It made sure that governments did not impose restrictive regulations on corporate
presence as well as on the free flow of capital and jobs. Free trade was seen as the ideal or the
normative belief that is the best economy is one where there is free trade everywhere. Laws and
standards that would interfere with the flow of capital in a particular country, including
environmental regulations where deemed to discourage economic growth. Neoliberal economics
requires a state to cooperate in the global market through the free flow of capital, the
privatization of services and fiscal austerity or constraint. In turn, the government’s role is
diminished as it relates to the market. Neoliberal economics is seen as a threat, in general because
a state market cannot protect its own economic interest as a sovereign state.

Specific example to expand global economic influence is the use of IMF and the World Bank in
forcing government reforms in poorer country. Businesses fro developed countries put their
factories and build people to build factories and produce goods in developing countries worldwide.
These corporations will sell the product in developing countries which results the rising inequality in
the world.

GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

Social movements - are movements of people that are spontaneous or that emerge through
enormous grassroots organizations. These social movements are transnational movements which
means they occur across countries and across borders. Therefore, states have less control over
them.
Example: The death of George Floyd and the fight of Hongkong for further democratic rights.

Environmental movement is another example of global social movements related to public

policy. It is also an increased role in international organiations like UN ( United Nations), global
media, international criminal court,role of non-governmental NGO’s.
GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBALISM

GLOBALIZATION – would be better describe as the increase or decline in the degree of globalism
(Nye,2002).

GLOBALISM- refers to the network of connections that transcends distances of different countries
in the worlds.

INFORMATIONALISM- Refers to technological paradigm associated with computer science and

modern telecommunication that replaces industrialism. (Castells, 2004).

Activity #4 COLLECTING POST, CONNECTING THE WORLD

We live in a world where we are surrounded by the vast amount of information. We can get
information from books, television, newspaper and online websites. The world Wide web has made
us familiar with digital technology and allowed us to communicate with other people around the
world.

Moreover, our collective learning could also be aided by modern technology. Social Media is one
of the ways by which information is exchanged today. In this activity, we will realized how
connected we are in terms of post we can see in the web.

1. Using your social media account,( e.g. Facebook or Twitter )browse your home page and
observe the post of your friends.
2. Choose and list down at least 30 randomly selected post. The names of your friend can be
excluded.
3. Group the post according to theme. Some of the themes are about products, an educational
post, a movie, an opinion, a verse or a status about one’s [personal life. Construct your own
title for the post that you are going to group together.
4. Answer the following questions:
a. Which theme has the most number of post?
b. Which post has the most number of shares?
c. What are the common themes that you have identified?
d. Have you posted anything in your social media account that is similar to the post that
you have listed down?

Activity #5

Evaluate
Let us check whether you have learned something.

Answer the following questions:

1. Compare and contrast globalism and informationalism?

2. What are the barriers to our collective learning in the Age of Informationalism?
3. Will geopolitical boundaries and physical barriers still be relevant in the future given the
nature of information and Information Revolution? Defend your answer.

*** End of the Module****