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3 Unit Protection Priciples

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21 views9 pages

3 Unit Protection Priciples

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© © All Rights Reserved
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You are on page 1/ 9

5/16/2022

Unit Protection Principal

By
Prof. Dr. Mousa A. Abd-Allah

Principle of operation of electromechanical IDMT relay


Operating torque T1=k1I2
Opposite spring torque T2=k1Io2
Breaking torque T3=k2(d/t)
Total torque T = k1I2 - k1Io2 - k2(d/t)
at T=0 k1(I2-Io2) = k2(d/t)
𝑘𝑑
∴ 𝑡 = 𝐼2 −𝐼2
𝑜

 t  (1/I2)at d and Io are constants

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𝒌𝒅 t
𝒕=
𝑰𝟐 −𝑰𝟐𝒐

 At d & Io constants, the above relation represent a very inverse


relationship

1) The current pick-up plug setting: This adjust the setting


current by means of a plug bridge, which the effective
turns on the upper electromagnet.
2) The time multiplier setting: This adjusts the operating
time at a given multiple of setting current, by altering by
means of the torsion head, the distance that the disk to
travel before contact is made.

Nondirectional overcurrent relay

𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙


The P.S.M. can be obtained as; 𝑃. 𝑆. 𝑀. = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑇 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

Fault current in relay coil = Line fault current x C.T. ratio;


𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃.𝑆.𝑀.

Relay Characteristics to IEC 60255


Relay Characteristics Equation (IEC60255)

𝟎. 𝟏𝟒
Standard Inverse (SI) 𝒕 = 𝑻𝑴𝑺𝒙
𝑰𝟎.𝟎𝟐
𝒓 −𝟏
𝟏𝟑. 𝟓
Very Inverse (VI) 𝒕 = 𝑻𝑴𝑺𝒙
𝑰𝒓 − 𝟏
𝟖𝟎
Extremely Inverse (EI) 𝒕 = 𝑻𝑴𝑺𝒙
𝑰𝟐𝒓 − 𝟏
𝟏𝟐𝟎
Long time standard earth fault 𝒕 = 𝑻𝑴𝑺𝒙
𝑰𝒓 − 𝟏

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North American IDMT Relay Characteristics

Differential Principal
(a) Balanced Current

i1 i2 i1 i2

io=i1-i2=0 io=i1-i20

Normal operation & external fault Internal fault

(b) Balanced Voltage

e1 e2 e1 e2
et=e1-e2=0 io=0 et=e1-e20 io0

Normal operation & external fault Internal fault

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Percentage Differential Principle


 O=operating coil carries a differential current (I1-I2)
 R = restraining coil carries current proportional to [(I1+I2)/2]
as O connected to mid point of R.
 This can be explained as; If, N= No. of turns of restraining coil
 Effective ampere turns = (I1N/2)+(I2N/2) = N [(I1+I2)/2]
 So it can be assumed that [(I1+I2)/2] flow through Coil R

Directional Relays

Directional Overcurrent
Directional Power Relay
Relay

 Directional power relay is not suitable to use as a protective relay under short circuit
conditions; because under SC conditions the voltage fails drastically and may not be
sufficient to operate the relay.

 Directional overcurrent relay operates almost independent to system voltage and power
factor.

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5/16/2022

Directional Overcurrent Relay


 Generally system current I Lag system voltage V, but
with suitable connection relay current is made to lead
the voltage by an angle θ.
 Due to this, relay correct operation at all fault types
under all system conditions is ensured.

 T  vi sin (θ + ),  T = KVI sin (θ + ) v  V and I  I


 T → Tmax at (θ + )=90o and T =0 at (θ + ) = 0 or 180o
 Max. Torque angle (τ): It is angle by which current supplied to relay leads supplied voltage
to obtain max. torque.
  = 90 - τ , T = KVI sin (θ + 90 - τ) T = KVI cos (θ - τ)
 Typical values of max. torque are 0o, 30o, 45o etc.

Directional Relay Connections


 There are many suitable connection of inputs of V & I.
 Connections are dependent on phase angle, at unity system power factor, by which relay I and
V are displaced.
 In digital or numerical relays, phase angle are realised by the use of software.
 In electromechanical and static relays, required phase angle obtained by suitable connection of
relay input quantities.

90° Relay Quadrature Connection

 This is standard connection for static, digital or numerical relays.

 Depending on the angle by which applied voltage is shifted to produce max. relay sensitivity
(Relay Ch/s angle, or RCA) two types are available.

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90°-30° characteristic (30° RCA)


 A phase relay element is supplied with Ia & Vbc displaced by 30°.

 Relay max. sensitivity is produced when current lags phase voltage


by 60°.

 This connection gives a correct directional tripping zone over


current range of 30° leading to 150° lagging.

 Relay sensitivity at unity power factor is 50% of relay max. sensitivity and 86.6% at zero
power factor lagging.

90°- 45° characteristic (45° RCA)


 A phase relay element is supplied with Ia & Vbc displaced by 45°.

 Relay max. sensitivity is produced when current lags phase


voltage by 45°.

 Correct directional tripping zone over current range of 45°


leading to 135° lag.

 Relay sensitivity at unity power factor is 70.7% of max. torque and the same at zero power
factor lagging.
 For a digital or numerical relay, it is common to allow user-selection of the RCA angle
within a wide range.

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Directional Power Relay


 T  12 sin , 1  V and 2  I
 = 90 - 
  T  VI sin (90 - )
  T  VI cos   circuit power

 For normal operation, torque acts in restraining torque direction


and the relay is inoperative
 When current reversed, hence power is reversed then the driving
torque operate the relay.

EARTH FAULT PROTECTION


 More sensitive protection against earth faults can be obtained by using a
relay that responds only to residual current.

 Residual component is extracted by connecting line CTs in parallel. Simple


one is in Fig.a.

 It can be extended by connecting overcurrent elements in individual phase


leads (Fig.b), and earth-fault relay in neutral connection of CTs.

 Phase fault overcurrent relays are often provided on only two phases since
these will detect any interphase fault; (Fig.c).

 Typical settings for earth-fault relays are 30%-40% of full-load current or


minimum earth-fault current on part of system being protected.

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5/16/2022

Distance Relay
 Z (V/I) is used as a measure of distance along TL

T=K1I2 – K2V2 – K3 At balance 0=K1I2 – K2V2 – K3

𝑍 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐾1
𝐾2

𝐾3
𝐾2 𝐼 2
𝑍=
𝑉
𝐼
=
𝐾1
𝐾2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

1
𝑍 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠

Disadvantages of plain impedance relays


1. Non-directional (i.e. fails to discriminate between internal and external faults), It needs a
directional element.
2. Effects of arc resistance of line fault on relay performance.
3. As a large area is covered by the circle on each side on R-X plan, the power swings also
can affect this relay performance.

Mho Relay or admittance relay


 It is made inherently directional by adding a voltage winding
called polarizing winding.
 This relay works on the measurement of admittance Yθ.
 T = K1.V.I.cos(θ-) – K2V2 – K3 at balance T=0
 ∴ 𝑍 = 𝐾𝐾1 cos(𝜃 − 𝜏)
2

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Distance Relay Types


 Distance relays may be classified according to the shape of their zones of operation.
 Traditionally, all zone shapes have been circular, because an electromechanical relay, with
the torque Equation.
 More complex zone shapes can be achieved with modern solid-state and computer relays.
 Four general types recognized according to operating zone shapes: (a) impedance relays,
(b) admittance or mho relays, (c) reactance relays, and (d) quadrilateral relays.
 The last characteristic is only available in solid-state or computer relays.

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