3 Unit Protection Priciples
3 Unit Protection Priciples
By
Prof. Dr. Mousa A. Abd-Allah
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𝒌𝒅 t
𝒕=
𝑰𝟐 −𝑰𝟐𝒐
𝟎. 𝟏𝟒
Standard Inverse (SI) 𝒕 = 𝑻𝑴𝑺𝒙
𝑰𝟎.𝟎𝟐
𝒓 −𝟏
𝟏𝟑. 𝟓
Very Inverse (VI) 𝒕 = 𝑻𝑴𝑺𝒙
𝑰𝒓 − 𝟏
𝟖𝟎
Extremely Inverse (EI) 𝒕 = 𝑻𝑴𝑺𝒙
𝑰𝟐𝒓 − 𝟏
𝟏𝟐𝟎
Long time standard earth fault 𝒕 = 𝑻𝑴𝑺𝒙
𝑰𝒓 − 𝟏
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Differential Principal
(a) Balanced Current
i1 i2 i1 i2
io=i1-i2=0 io=i1-i20
e1 e2 e1 e2
et=e1-e2=0 io=0 et=e1-e20 io0
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Directional Relays
Directional Overcurrent
Directional Power Relay
Relay
Directional power relay is not suitable to use as a protective relay under short circuit
conditions; because under SC conditions the voltage fails drastically and may not be
sufficient to operate the relay.
Directional overcurrent relay operates almost independent to system voltage and power
factor.
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Depending on the angle by which applied voltage is shifted to produce max. relay sensitivity
(Relay Ch/s angle, or RCA) two types are available.
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Relay sensitivity at unity power factor is 50% of relay max. sensitivity and 86.6% at zero
power factor lagging.
Relay sensitivity at unity power factor is 70.7% of max. torque and the same at zero power
factor lagging.
For a digital or numerical relay, it is common to allow user-selection of the RCA angle
within a wide range.
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Phase fault overcurrent relays are often provided on only two phases since
these will detect any interphase fault; (Fig.c).
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Distance Relay
Z (V/I) is used as a measure of distance along TL
𝑍 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐾1
𝐾2
−
𝐾3
𝐾2 𝐼 2
𝑍=
𝑉
𝐼
=
𝐾1
𝐾2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
1
𝑍 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠
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