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RT Intro Lecture

The document discusses essential concepts of radiologic science including matter, energy, systems of units, mechanics, heat transfer, and temperature. It covers topics like mass, kinetic energy, radiation sources, Newton's laws of motion, and heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation.

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10 views4 pages

RT Intro Lecture

The document discusses essential concepts of radiologic science including matter, energy, systems of units, mechanics, heat transfer, and temperature. It covers topics like mass, kinetic energy, radiation sources, Newton's laws of motion, and heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation.

Uploaded by

Ivennaif Invoker
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Essential concepts of Radiologic Science

Nature of Surroundings…

Matter- is anything that occupies space and has mass. All matter is composed of fundamental
building blocks called Atoms.

Mass- is actually described by its energy equivalence, weight is the force exerted on a body
under the influence of gravity. Mass is the quantity of matter as described by its energy
equivalence.

MATTER AND ENERGY


Matter is anything that occupies space. It is the material substances with mass of which physical
objects are composed.
Energy- is the ability to do work.
Type of energy
>Potential Energy- is the ability to do work by virtue of position.
>Kinetic Energy- is the energy of motion. It possessed by all matter in motion.
>Chemical Energy- is the energy released by a chemical reaction.
>Electrical Energy- represent the work that can be done when an electron moves through
electric potential difference (voltage).
>Thermal Energy(heat)-is the energy of motion at the molecular level.
>Nuclear Energy-is the energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom.
>Electromagnetic Energy-it is type of energy that is used in x-ray imaging.

Source of Ionizing Radiation


-Many types of radiation are harmless, but ionizing radiation can injure human. These sources
can be divided in to two categories: natural environmental radiation and man-made radiation.

Natural Environmental radiation – consist of four components: cosmic rays, terrestrial


radiation, internally deposited radionuclides, and radon. Cosmic ray are particulate and
electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun and stars. On earth, the intensity of cosmic
radiation increases with altitude and latitude.

Terrestrial Radiation – results from deposits of uranium, thorium, and the other radionuclides
in the earth.

The largest source of natural environmental radiation is radon. Radon is a radioactive gas that is
produced by the natural radioactive decay of uranium, which is present in trace quantities in
the earth.
System of Units
International System of meters, System of British
system kilogram and centimeters, grams,
seconds and seconds
Length Meter (m) Meter (m) Centimeter (cm) Foot (ft)
Mass Kilogram (kg Kilogram (kg) Gram (g) Pound (lb)
Time Seconds (s) Seconds (s) Seconds (s) Seconds (s)

Length
In 1960, the need for a more accurate standard of length led to redefinition of the matter in
terms of the wavelength orange light from an isotope of krypton.

Mass
The kilogram was originally defined to be the mass of 1000 cm of water at 4 Celsius .The
kilogram is a unit of mass and the newton and the pound, a British unit, are units of weight.

Time
The standard unit of time is the seconds (s). originally the seconds was defined in terms of the
rotation of the earth on its axis the mean solar day. In 1956, it was redefined as a certain
fraction of the tropical year 1900.

Units
Every measurement has two parts: a magnitude and a unit.

Special Quantities of Radiographic Science and their Units.


Radiographic Quantities Special Units International system (SI)Units
Exposure C/Kg Air Kerma (Gy)
Dose J/Kg Gray (Gy)
Effective Dose J/kg Sievert (Sv)
Radioactivity s Becquerel (Bq)

Mechanics
Mechanics is a segment of physics that deals with objects at rest (statics) and objects in motion
(dynamics).

Velocity
The motion of an objects can be described with the use of two terms: velocity and acceleration.
Velocity, sometimes called speed. v=d
t
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity with time is acceleration. It is how quickly or slowly the velocity is
changing. a=Vt-Vo
t

Newton’s Law of Motion


In 1686, the English scientist Isaac Newton presented three principles that even today are
recognized as fundamental laws of motion.

Newton’s first law: Inertia- a body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant
velocity in straight line unless acted on by an external force.

Newton’s second law: Force- the force(f) that acts on a object is equal to the mass (m) of the
object multiplied by the acceleration (a) produced. F=ma

Newton’s third law: Action/Reaction- for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Weight
Weight (Wt) is a force on a body caused by pull of gravity on it. Experiment have shown that
objects that fall to earth accelerate at a constant rate. This rate termed the acceleration due to
gravity and presented by the symbol g, is 9.8m/s on earth and 1.6m/s on the moon. Wt=mg

Momentum
The products of the mass of an object and its velocity is called momentum, represented by p.
the greater the velocity of an objects the more momentum the object possesses. p=mv
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.

Work
The work done on an object is the force applied times the distance which it is applied. In
mathematical terms, the unit of work is the joule(J). W=Fd

Power
Power is the rate of doing work. The same amount of work is required to lift a cassette to a
given height, whether it take 1 second or 1 minute to do so. P=Work/t=Fd/t.

The SI unit of power is the joule/second (j/s), which is a watt (w). The British unit of power is
the horse power (hp).
Kinetic Energy
KE=1mv2
2
Potential Energy
PE=mgh

Heat
Heat is a form of energy that is very important to radiologic technologist. Heat is the kinetic
energy of the random motion of molecules.

Heat Transfer
CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION

Conduction – is the transfer of heat through a material or by touching. Molecular motion from a
high temperature object that touches a lower temperature object equalizes the temperature of
both.

Convection – is the mechanical transfer of hot molecules in a gas or liquid from one place to
another.

Thermal Radiation – is the transfer of heat by the emission of infrared radiation.

Temperature normally is measured with a thermometer. A thermometer is usually calibrated at


two reference points the freezing and boiling points of water. The three scales that have been
developed to measure temperature are Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and the Kelvin (K).

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