Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics

(121)
Chapter 10
Method of Integration
In this chapter, we first describe how we can reverse the differentiation. Then we explain the
following:

• integrating the fundamental functions.

• integrating the trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions,
• methods of integration: substitution, integration by parts and partial fraction.

10.1 Antiderivatives

Consider
f (x) = 3x2

The natural question arises, what is the function f (x)? Namely, what is f in terms of x? We
know that differentiation decreases the power by 1, so f must contain x3.

If f (x) = x3, then f (x) = 3x2, or

If f (x) = x3 + 2, then f (x) = 3x2, or
1
If f (x) = x3 - , then f (x) = 3x2, etc.
2
It means that there are many such functions of the form

f (x) = x3 + C

where C is an arbitrary constant.

We say that
x3 is the antiderivative of 3x2.

Next consider
f (x) = x.

We think the same way as above, the original function f must contain x 2. However,
d 2
x = 2 x,
dx
1
We see the extra factor 2. If we multiply both sides by , then
2
d 1 2
 x  = x.
dx  2 
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(122)
1 2 1 2
If f (x) = x + C where C is an arbitrary constant, then f (x) = x, so x is the
2 2
antiderivative of x.

If F(x) is a function where F (x) = f (x), then the antiderivative of f (x) is F(x).

We call the antiderivative as integral and write


1 2
x dx = x + C,
2

where C is the constant of integration.

We read this as “the integral of x with respect to x.”
In general,
if F (x) = f (x) then  f (x) dx = F(x) + C
where dx means that the integration is taking place with respect to the variable x. Here f (x) is
called the integrand. The variable of integration in an integral plays no essential role. It
might be x, or t, or u, or anything else:

 f (x) dx,  f (t ) dt,  f (u) du, etc.

Example 1.
Find the antiderivative of
1
(a) x (b) 3x5 (c) e3x (d) .
x3

Solution
3 1 2 3 1
(a) Since
d 2
x =
3 2
x and
d  x2  = x2 = x,
3 
dx 2 dx  
3
2 2
the antiderivative of x is x .
3

d 6 d 1 6
x = 6x5 and  x  = 3x ,
5
(b) Since
dx dx  2 
1
the antiderivative of 3x5 is x6.
2

d 3x d  1 3x 
(c) Since e = 3e3x and 3x
 e  =e ,
dx dx  3 
1 3x
the antiderivative of e3x is e .
3
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(123)
d -2 d  1  1
(d) Since x = -2x-3 and − 2  = 3 ,
dx dx  2 x  x
1 1
the antiderivative of 3
is - 2 .
x 2x

We now describe the integration of fundamental functions. We know that

d n+1
x = (n + 1)xn.
dx

The reverse of this process is

x
1 n+1
n
dx = x + C for n  - 1.
n +1

When n = 0, it is seen that

x   dx = x + C.
0
dx = 1 dx =

 dx = x + C.
When n = -1, let us consider the differentiation of ln x.

1
x
d 1
Since ln x = , it follows that dx = ln x + C, for x > 0.
dx x
d d 1 1
For x < 0, ln | x | = ln (-x) = (-1) = , by Chain Rule.
dx dx −x x

1
x dx = ln | x | + C, x  0.

Rules of Integration

Suppose f (x) and g (x) are continuous functions and k  R.

1.  k dx = kx + C.
2.  k f (x) dx = k  f (x) dx.
3.  [ f ( x)  g ( x)] dx =  f (x) dx   g (x) dx.
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(124)
Example 2.
Evaluate each of the following integrals.

  5x
1 3
(a) (4 x 5 + 1) dx
3 x 
(b) (2 x 6 − x 3 + ) dx (c) x dx

( x − 1) 2
(d)  x
dx

Solution

 (4 x + 1) dx
5
(a)

= 4  x dx +  1 dx
5

=  x 6 + C1  + (x + C 2);
4
(C 1 and C 2 are constants of integration)
6 

=  x 6 + x  + C 1 + C 2
2
3 

=  x 6 + x  + C.
2
(C = C 1 + C 2 is another constant of integration)
3 
From now on, we shall write constant of integration only in the answer.


1 3 1
  
1 x3
(b) (2 x 6 − x 3 + ) dx = 2 x 6 dx - dx + 3 dx
3 x 3 x
2 7 1 4
= x - x + 3 ln | x | + C.
7 12

1 3
(c)  5x x dx =5  xx 2 dx =5  x2 dx

2 5
= 5  x 2  + C
5 
5
= 2 x 2 + C.

( x − 1) 2 x2 − 2x + 1
(d)  x
dx =  1
dx
x2
 2 
x 2x 1 
=   1 − 1 + 1
 2
 dx

x x2 x2 
3 1 1
−
=  x 2 dx – 2  x 2 dx +  x 2 dx
5 3 1
2 2 4 2
= x - x + 2 x 2 + C.
5 3
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(125)
Integrating Exponential Functions

a
d x x 1
a = a ln a. x
dx = ax + C, where a > 0, a  1.
dx ln a
When a = e,

e
d x x x
e =e, dx = ex + C
dx

Example 3.
Find the following integrals.
e− x + 1  1 
  (e + 2 x) dx   e log 5 +  dx 3
x x x
(a) dx (b) (c) (d) ln 3 dx.
e− x x2 

Solution
e− x + 1
  (1 + e ) dx  e
x x
(a) dx = = 1 dx + dx = x + ex + C.
e−x

 (e + 2 x) dx = e  2 x dx
x x
(b) dx + = ex + x 2 + C.

 1 
  e e x
−2 1
(c) x
log 5 +  dx = x
log 5 dx + dx = ex log 5 - + C.
x2  x

3 1 x
x
(d) ln 3 dx = 3 ln 3 + C = 3x + C.
ln 3

Integrating Trigonometric Functions

 cos x dx = sin x + C.
d
sin x = cos x,
dx

 sin x dx = - cos x + C.
d
(-cos x) = - (-sin x) = sin x,
dx

 sec
d 2
tan x = sec2 x, x dx = tan x + C.
dx

Example 4.
Evaluate.

 (3 cos x − 5 sin x) dx  (e + 2 sin x) dx

x
(a) (b)

ex − x
  (1 + tan
2
(c) dx (d) x) dx
2
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(126)
Solution
(a)  (3 cos x − 5 sin x) dx  
= 3 cos x dx – 5 sin x dx = 3 sin x + 5 cos x + C.

 (e + 2 sin x) dx e  = ex – 2 cos x + C.
x x
(b) = dx + 2 sin x dx

1 3
ex − x
 
1 1 1 1

x
(c) dx = e dx - x2 dx = ex - x 2 + C.
2 2 2 2 3

 (1 + tan  sec
2 2
(d) x) dx = x dx = tan x + C.

Integrating f (ax + b)

We have learned the reverse process of differentiation as an integration. Now we consider

the integral of function which used the chain rule for differentiation. Consider the integral

 (4 x + 1)
5
dx.
By the chain rule,
d d
(4 x + 1)6 = 6 (4 x + 1)5 (4 x + 1) = 24 (4 x + 1)5.
dx dx

1
Multiplying by on both sides, we get
24

1 d
(4 x + 1)6 = (4 x + 1)5,
24 dx
d  1 6
 (4 x + 1)  = (4 x + 1)5.
dx  24 

Therefore

 (4 x + 1)
5 1
dx = (4 x + 1)6 + C.
24

For n  -1,
d  1 
 (ax + b) n +1  = (a x + b)n.
dx  a(n + 1) 

1 (ax + b) n+1
 (ax + b) + C, n  -1.
n
dx =
a (n + 1)
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(127)
When n = -1,
d 1  1  a  1
 ln( ax + b)  =   = , a  0.
dx  a  a  ax + b  ax + b

1
 ax + b
1
dx = ln |ax + b| + C.
a

In general, if f is a differentiable function of x, then

d d
f (ax + b) = f (ax + b) (ax + b) = a f (ax + b)
dx dx
and reversing this we get

 f ' (ax + b) dx =
1
f (ax + b) + C.
a

For the trigonometric functions of the form f (ax + b),

 cos(ax + b) dx
1
= sin (ax + b) + C,
a

 sin(ax + b) dx
1
= - cos (ax + b) + C,
a

 sec (ax + b) dx
2 1
= tan (ax + b) + C.
a

For the exponential functions of the form f (px + q),

1 1
a a px+ q + C where a > 0, a  1.
px + q
dx =
p ln a
When a = e,
1 px+ q
e
px + q
dx = e + C.
p

Example 5.
Evaluate the following integrals.
1
   e dx
2x +1
(a) dx (b) 8x − 7 dx (c)
3 − 4x
(d) 2
3 x +1
dx (e)  cos
2
x dx (f)  sin 4 x cos 3x dx
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(128)
Solution
1

1
(a) dx =- ln |3 - 4x| + C.
3 − 4x 4

2 3
 3


1 1
(b) 8x − 7 dx =  (8 x − 7) 2  + C = (8 x − 7) 2 + C.
8  3  12

e
2x +1 1 2x+1
(c) dx = e + C.
2

2
3 x +1 1 1 3x+1
(d) dx = 2 + C.
3 ln 2

1
(e) We use cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x), then
2

 cos 
1 1 1
2
x dx = (1 + cos 2 x) dx = (x + sin 2x) + C
2 2 2
1 1
= x+ sin 2x + C.
2 4

1
(f) We use sin 4x cos 3x = (sin 7x + sin x), then
2

 sin 4 x cos 3x dx 
1 1 1
= (sin 7 x + sin x) dx = (- cos 7x – cos x) + C
2 2 7
1 1
=- cos 7x – cos x + C.
14 2

cos 2 α = 1 – 2 sin2 α and cos 2 α = 2 cos2 α − 1

2 sin2 α = 1 – cos 2 α and 1 + cos 2 α = 2 cos2 α
1 1
sin2 α = (1 – cos 2 α ) and cos2 α = (1 + cos 2 α )
2 2

2 sin α cos β = sin ( α + β ) + sin ( α – β ).

1
sin α cos β = [sin ( α + β ) + sin ( α – β )].
2

2 cos α sin β = sin ( α + β ) – sin ( α – β ).

1
cos α sin β = [sin ( α + β ) – sin ( α – β )].
2
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(129)

2 cos α cos β = cos ( α + β ) + cos ( α – β ).

1
cos α cos β = [cos ( α + β ) + cos ( α – β )].
2

2 sin α sin β = cos ( α – β ) – cos ( α + β ).

1
sin α sin β = [cos ( α – β ) – cos ( α + β )]
2
1
= - [cos ( α + β ) – cos ( α – β )].
2

Exercise 10.1

1. Evaluate the following integrals:

3
 4x 2x 23
 (5 + 2) dx
8 x
(a) dx (b) x dx (c)

x+3  1 

(d) sin 2 x dx (e)  x
dx 
(f)  + 5  dx
 2x 
 2  1  3 
  e +  dx 
(h)  5 + 4e x  dx 
(i)  + e x + 10  dx
x
(g)
x x  x 

 sin  sin 5x sin 2x dx 

2
(j) 3x dx (k) (l) cos 7 x cos 4x dx

Solution;
x9 4 9
(a)  4x8 dx =4  x8 dx =4 
9
+C =
9
x +C

1 7 10 10
3 23 3 3 3 3 3 9 3
  
2 3
(b) x x dx = x x dx = x3 dx = x +C = x +C
2 2 2 2  10 20

1
 (5 + 2) dx 5  2 dx  5x + 2x + C
x x
(c) = dx + =
ln 5

1 1 1
 sin x dx  2 (1 – cos 2x) dx  (1 – cos 2x) dx
2 1
(d) = = = (x - sin 2x) + C
2 2 2
1 1
= x - sin 2x + C
2 4
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(130)
1 1
x+3
3 1
− 2 2
(e)  x
dx =  ( x 2 + 3x 2 ) dx =
3
x + 6 x2 + C

 1  1 1
  2 x + 5  dx x 
1
(f) = dx + 5 dx = ln |x| + 5x + C
2 2

 2 1
  e +  dx = e x dx  x
x
(g) +2 dx = ex + 2 ln |x| + C
x

 1  1 -4 1
(h)   x 5
 
+ 4e x  dx= x −5 dx + 4 e x dx  =-
4
x + 4ex + C = -
4x 4
+ 4ex + C

3  1
  x + e + 10  dx = 3 
dx + e x dx + 10 dx  
x
(i) = 3 ln |x| + ex + 10x + C
 x

1 1
 sin  2 (1 − cos 6 x) dx
(1 − cos 6 x) dx 
2
(j) 3x dx = =
2
1 1 1 1
= (x - sin 6x) + C = x - sin 6x + C
2 6 2 12

1

1 (cos 7 x − cos 3x)
(k)  sin 5x sin 2x dx 
= [− (cos 7 x − cos 3x)] dx
2 2
dx =-

1 1 1 1 1
= - ( sin 7x - sin 3x) + C = - sin 7x + sin 3x + C
2 7 3 14 6

1 1
(l)  cos 7 x cos 4x dx =  2 (cos 11x + cos 3x) dx2
(cos 11x + cos 3x) dx = 
1 1 1 1 1
= ( sin 11x + sin 3x) + C= sin 11x + sin 3x + C
2 11 3 22 6

2. Evaluate the following integrals:

(a)  (1 − 2 x)
3
dx 
(b) sin (2  x + 7) dx (c)  cos(3x − 7) dx
1
3  7x − 6
5 x−2 sin 2 x
(d) dx (e) dx (f)
 sin x dx
 sec e (i)  (1 + tan 2x) dx
2 7 x −3 2
(g) (2x + 3) dx (h) dx

Solution;
1 (1 − 2 x) 4 1
(a)  (1 − 2 x)3 dx =-
2 4
+ C = - (1 – 2x)4 + C
8
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(131)
1
(b)  sin(2x + 7) dx =-
2
cos (2x + 7) + C

1
(c)  cos(3x − 7) dx= 3
sin (3x – 7) + C

1 1 5x – 2
3
5 x −2
(d) dx = 3 +C
5 ln 3

1 1
(e)
 7x − 6 dx =
7
ln |7x – 6| + C

sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x

(f)  sin x dx =  sin x
dx 
= 2 cos x dx = 2 sin x + C

1
 sec
2
(g) (2x + 3) dx = tan (2x + 3) + C
2

1 7x – 3
e
7 x −3
(h) dx = e +C
7

1
 (1 + tan 2x) dx =  sec
2 2
(i) 2x dx = tan 2x + C
2

10.2 Substitution Method

We use the substitution method when the given integral can be transformed to the simpler
integral by a change of variable. We describe how to get the integrals  f ( g ( x)) g(x) dx and
g ' ( x)
 g ( x) dx when g is differentiable and f is continuous. Then, we apply this method to the
integral containing the trigonometric functions.

Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function. The differential dx is an independent variable, the

differential dy is given by

dy = f (x) dx

Here, dy is a dependent variable that depends on x and dx.

Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(132)
1.  f ( g (x)) g(x) dx

Suppose the function g is differentiable and f is continuous.

Let u = g (x). Then du = g(x) dx.
Substitute these into  f ( g ( x)) g(x) dx, then

 f ( g ( x)) g(x) dx =  f (u) du

To compute the integral by substitution methods, the basic steps are as follows:
Step 1 Select a substitution u = g (x).
Step 2 Differentiate the substitution and arrange to write dx in term of du.
Step 3 Substitute the expression from step 2, and transform the entire integral from
x - variable to u - variable form.
Step 4 Integrate with respect to u.
Step 5 Rewrite the answer in terms of x.

Example 6.
Evaluate each of the following integrals.
3
2 x3 
 xe   x  + 1 dx
x2 4
(a) dx (b) sin x cos x dx (c)
 3 

 1 − 5 x dx  3x x 2 + 5 dx  cos
3
(d) (e) (f) x dx

Solution

 xe
x2
(a) dx
1
Let u = x2, Then du = 2x dx, du = x dx.
2

 xe  
e x x dx = eu 1 du
x2 2
1 u 1 x2
dx = = e + C = e + C.
2 2 2

 sin
4
(b) x cos x dx.
Let u = sin x, Then du = cos x dx.
u5 sin 5 x
 sin 4 x cos x dx =  u 4 du =
5
+C =
5
+ C.
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(133)
3
2 x3 
(c)  x  + 1 dx
 3 
x3
Let u = + 1, Then du = x 2 dx.
3
3 4
 x3  u4  x3 

1
 x 2  + 1 dx
 3 
= u 3 du =
4
+C =
4
 + 1 + C.
 3




(d)  1 − 5 x dx

1
Let u = 1 – 5 x, Then du = - 5 dx, - du = dx.
5
1 1

 1 − 5 x dx =  (1 − 5 x) 2 dx =  u 2 (- 1 ) du
5
3
1 2 2
=- . u +C
5 3
3
2 2
=- u +C
15
3
2
=- (1 − 5 x ) 2 + C.
15

(e)  3x x 2 + 5 dx
1
Let u = x2 + 5, Then du = x dx
2
1 1

 3x  
x + 5 dx = 3 (x
2 2
+ 5) 2 u2 1
x dx = 3 du
2
3
3 2
= . u2 + C
2 3
3
= u2 + C
3
= ( x 2 + 5) 2 + C.

 cos
3
(f) x dx
We use cos2 x = 1 – sin2 x, Then

 cos  (1 − sin
3 2
x dx = x) cos x dx
Let u = sin x, then du = cos x dx
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
(134)
u3
 
cos 3 x dx = (1 − u 2 ) du = u - 1
+ C = sin x - sin3 x + C.
3 3

g ' ( x)
2.  g ( x) dx
Let u = g (x). Then du = g(x) dx.
Thus
g ' ( x) 1
g ( x) 
dx =
u 
du = ln | u | + C.

g ' ( x)
 g ( x) dx = ln |g (x)| + C.

 tan x dx
sin x
=
 cos x dx = - ln |cos x| + C

 cot x dx
cos x
=
 sin x dx = ln |sin x| + C.

Example 7.
Evaluate the following integrals.
2x − 1 x2 + 2x − 1
 
1
(a)
x − x−6
2
dx (b)
x2 −1
dx (c)
 1+ e x
dx

Solution
2x − 1
(a) x − x−62
dx

Let u = x2 – x – 6, Then du = (2x – 1) dx

2x − 1

1
x − x−6
2
dx =
u 
du = ln | u | + C = ln |x2 – x – 6| + C.

x2 + 2x − 1
(b) 
x2 − 1
dx

We can rewrite as
x2 + 2x − 1 2x  
 x2 − 1
dx =  dx
−1  1 + x 2

Let u = x2 – 1, Then du = 2x dx.

Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics

(135)
x + 2x − 1
2
 2x 
 x2 −1
dx =  1 + x 2  dx
−1

 dx +  u
1
= du

= x + ln | u | + C
= x + ln | x 2 – 1| + C

1
(c)
 1+ e x
dx

We can rewrite by multiplying and dividing by e-x.

1 e
−x
e− x

1
 1+ ex
dx =

1 + e x e− x
dx =
e− x + 1
dx

Let u = e-x + 1. Then du = -e-x dx.

1 e− x 1
 1+ ex
dx =  e− x + 1
dx =- u du

= - ln | u | + C
= - ln |e-x + 1| + C.

We now explain some integrals involving the trigonometric functions using method of
substitution.

(a)  sec x dx = ln |sec x + tan x| + C

Proof
We have
sec x + tan x sec2 x + sec x tan x
 
sec x dx = sec x
sec x + tan x
dx =
sec x + tan x 
dx

Let u = sec x + tan x. Then du = (sec x tan x + sec2 x) dx

So,


1
sec x dx =
u 
du = ln | u | + C = ln |sec x + tan x| + C

(b)  csc x dx = - ln |csc x + cot x| + C

Proof
We have
csc x + cot x csc2 x + cot x csc x
 csc x dx =  csc x
csc x + cot x
dx =
csc x + cot x 
dx

Let u = csc x + cot x. Then du = - (cot x csc x + csc2 x) dx.

So,
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics

 csc x dx = - 
1
du = - ln | u | + C = - ln |csc x + cot x| + C
u
(136)
Exercise 10.2

1. Integrate the following functions using the given substitutions.

(a) 4x3 x 4 − 1 ; u = x4 – 1 (b) cos3 x sin x; u = cos x
1
(c) ; u = ln |x| (d) sin5 x cos x; u = sin x
x ln | x |
ln x 4
(e) , x > 0; u = ln x (f) x3 e x ; u = x4
x

Solution;
(a) 4x3 x 4 − 1 ; u = x4 – 1

 4x x 4 − 1 dx
3

du
Let u = x4 – 1, Then = 4x3, du = 4x3 dx
dx

 4x x 4 − 1 dx
3

3 3
2 2 2 4
=  u du =
3
u +C =
3
( x − 1) 2 + C

(b) cos3 x sin x; u = cos x

 cos
3
x sin x dx
du
Let u = cos x, Then = - sin x, - du = sin x dx
dx

 cos
3
x sin x dx

u4 1
. 
= - u 3 du =-
4
+ C = - cos4 x + C
4

1
(c) ; u = ln |x|
x ln | x |
1
 x ln | x | dx
du 1 1
Let u = ln |x|, Then = , du = dx
dx x x
1
 x ln | x | dx
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
1
=
u
du 
= ln |u| + C = ln |ln |x|| + C

(137)
5
(d) sin x cos x; u = sin x

 sin
5
x cos x dx

du
Let u = sin x, Then = cos x, du = cos x dx
dx

 sin
5
x cos x dx

u6 1 6
=  u 5 du =
6
+C =
6
sin x + C

ln x
(e) , x > 0; u = ln x
x
ln x
x dx

du 1 1
Let u = ln x , Then = , du = dx
dx x x
ln x
 x
dx

u2 1
=  u du =
2
+ C = (ln x)2 + C
2

x4
(f) x3 e ; u = x4


4
x 3e x dx
du 1
Let u = x4, Then = 4x3, du = x3 dx
dx 4

x e
3 x4
dx
1 1 u 1 4
=
4  eu du =
4
e + C = ex + C
4

2. Use the substitution method to evaluate the following integrals.

x 1 − x dx  (2 x + 1)(x + x)7 dx  sin

2 3
(a) (b) (c) x dx

sec2 x x
(d)  x 2 x3 − 2 dx (e)  tan x
dx (f)  x +1
dx

Solution;
(a) x 1 − x dx =  (1 − 1 + x) 1 − x dx =  (1 − (1 − x)) 1 − x dx
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
du
Let u = 1- x , Then = - 1, - du = dx
dx

(138)

x 1 − x dx =  (1 − (1 − x)) 1 − x dx
1 3 3 1


= - (1 − u) u du = 
- (u 2 − u 2 ) du  
= u 2 du - u 2 du
5 3 5 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
= u - u + C = (1 − x ) 2 - (1 − x ) 2 + C
5 3 5 3

 (2 x + 1)(x + x)7 dx
2
(b)
du
Let u = x2 + x, Then = 2x + 1, du = (2x + 1) dx
dx

 (2 x + 1)(x + x)7 dx
2

u8 1
=  u 7 du =
8
+ C = (x2 + x)8 + C
8

 sin  sin x  sin x dx =  (1 − cos

3 2 2
(c) x dx = x) sin x dx
du
Let u = cos x, Then = - sin x, - du = sin x dx
dx

 sin  (1 − cos x) sin x dx

3 2
x dx =

=  − (1 − u ) du 2
=  (u 2
− 1) du = u
2
du -  du

u3 1
= -u+C = cos3 x - cos x + C
3 3

x x 3 − 2 dx
2
(d)
du 1
Let u = x3 – 2, Then = 3x2, du = x2dx
dx 3

x x 3 − 2 dx
2

3 3 3
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3
=
3  u du =  u +C
3 3
=
9
u +C =
9
( x − 2) 2 + C

sec2 x
(e)  tan x
dx

du
Let u = tan x, Then = sec2 x , du = sec2 x dx
dx
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
2
sec x 1
 tan x dx =  u du = ln |u| + C = ln |tan x| + C

(139)
x x +1 −1 x +1 1
(f)  x +1
dx =  x +1
dx = ( x +1
-
x +1
) dx

1
=  ( x +1 -
x +1
) dx

du
Let u = x + 1, Then = 1, du = dx
dx
x 1
 x +1
dx = ( x +1 -
x +1
) dx

1 1 1 1
− −
=  (u 2 − u 2 ) du 
= u 2 du - u  2 du
3 1
2 2
= u - 2 u2 + C
3
3
2
= ( x + 1) 2 - 2 x + 1 + C
3

x
3. Evaluate the integral  (x 2
+ 1) ln( x 2 + 1)
dx

Solution;
x
 (x 2
+ 1) ln( x 2 + 1)
dx

du 1 1 x
Let u = ln (x2 + 1), Then = 2  2x, du = 2 dx
dx x +1 2 x +1
x
 (x 2
+ 1) ln( x 2 + 1)
dx

1 1 1 1
=
2 u du =
2
ln | u | + C =
2
ln | ln (x2 + 1)| + C

10.3 Integration by Parts

We use the method of integration by parts to integrate the product of two functions. In
Section 10.1, we explain that the integral of the sum of functions is the sum of respective
integrals. But the integral of the product function is not the product of respective integrals.
Therefore, we use another technique and it is called the integration by parts.

It is based on product rule of differentiation.

Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics

(uv) = u v + u v

(140)
where u an v are functions of x. Then integrating both sides, we get

 (uv)' dx =  u ' v dx +  u v dx.

Applying the antiderivative in left hand side, we get

uv =  u ' v dx +  u v dx
or

 u v dx = uv -  u ' v dx
Since u dx = du and v dx = dv, we get

 u dv = uv -  v du

To compute the integral of product of two functions using integration by parts, the basic steps
are as follows:

Step 1 Choose u and dv.

Step 2 Differentiate u and integrate dv.

Step 3 Substitute the expression from step 2 in

 u dv = uv -  v du
Step 4 Simplify.

Example 8.
Evaluate the following integrals.

 xe dx  ln x dx  x cos x dx
x
(a) (b) (c)

(d)  x sin x dx (e)  e sin x dx

x
(f)  x ln x dx
2

Solution

 xe
x
(a) dx
Let u = x, dv = ex dx,
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
e
x x
Then du = dx, v = dx = e .

 xe e
x x
dx = xex - dx = x ex – ex + C

(141)
(b)  ln x dx
Let u = ln x, dv = dx.

 dx = x.
1
Then du = dx, v =
x

 ln x dx x
1
= x ln x - dx + C = x ln x – x + C
x

(c)  x cos x dx
Let u = x, dv = cos x dx.
Then du = dx, v  cos x dx = sin x
=

 x cos x dx = x sin x -  sin x dx = x sin x + cos x + C

(d)  x sin x dx
Let u = x, dv = sin x dx
Then du = dx, v sin x dx = - cos x
=

 x sin x dx = -x cos x -  (− cos x) dx = -x cos x + sin x + C

e
x
(e) sin x dx
Let u = ex , dv = sin x dx.

 sin x dx = - cos x.
x
Then du = e dx, v =

e = - e cos x -  (− cos x) e dx
x x x
sin x dx

= - e cos x +  e cos x dx
x x

e
x
Let I = sin x dx. Then we have

e
x
I = - ex cos x + cos x dx ... (1)
Let u = e x, dv = cos x dx.

 cos x dx = sin x.
x
Then du = e dx, v =
Thus
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics

e 
x x x
cos x dx = e sin x - e sin x dx ... (2)
Substituting (2) into (1), we get

e
x
I = - ex cos x + ex sin x - sin x dx
= ex (sin x - cos x) – I
(142)
1 x
I = e (sin x - cos x) + C
2
Therefore
1 x
e
x
sin x dx = e (sin x - cos x) + C
2

x
2
(f) ln x dx
Let u = ln x, dv = x2 dx
x3

1
Then du = dx, v = x 2 dx = .
x 3
x3 x3 1
 x 2 ln x dx =
3
ln x -  3 x
dx

x3 1 x3
= ln x - +C
3 3 3
x3 ln x x 3
= - + C.
3 9

Exercise 10.3

1. Use the integration by parts to evaluate the following integrals.

 se  ln (x + 1) dx  t sin 2t dt
−2 s
(a) ds (b) (c)

(d)  x2 x
dx (e)  x cos 5 x dx (f)  e cos x dx
x

Solution;

 se
−2 s
(a) ds
Let u = s, dv = e-2s ds
du
Then
ds
= 1,  dv =  e-2s ds

1 -2s
du = ds, v =- e
2

 u dv = uv -  v du
1 -2s 1
 se − 2
−2 s
ds = s (- e )- e-2s ds
2
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
1 -2s 1 1 -2s
= - se + (- ) e + C
2 2 2
1 1
= - s e-2s - e-2s + C
2 4

(143)
(b)  ln (x + 1) dx
Let u = ln (x + 1), dv = dx
du 1
Then
dx
=
x +1
,  dv =  dx

1
du = dx, v =x
x +1

 u dv = uv -  v du
1
 ln (x + 1) dx = ln (x + 1) x -  x  x + 1 dx
x
= x ln (x + 1) -  x +1 dx
x +1 −1
= x ln (x + 1) - 
x +1
dx

 1 
 
= x ln (x + 1) - 1 −
x +1
 dx

= x ln (x + 1) – x + ln |x + 1| + C

(c)  t sin 2t dt
Let u = t, dv = sin 2t dt
du
Then
dt
= 1,  dv =  sin 2t dt

1
du = dt, v =- cos 2t
2

 u dv = uv -  v du
1 1
 t sin 2t dt = t (-
2 2 
cos 2t) - − cos 2t dt

1 1 1
= - t cos 2t +  sin 2t + C
2 2 2
1 1
= - t cos 2t + sin 2t + C
2 4

x 2
x
(d) dx
Let u = x, dv = 2x dx
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
du
Then
dx
= 1,  dv =  2x dx

1
du = dx, v =  2x
ln 2

(144)

 u dv = uv -  v du
1 1
x 2 =x   2x -   2x dx
x
dx
ln 2 ln 2
1 1 1
= x  2x  -   2x + C
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
x  2x 2x
= - +C
ln 2 (ln 2) 2

(e)  x cos 5x dx
Let u = x, dv = cos 5x dx
du
Then
dx
= 1,  dv =  cos 5x dx

1
du = dx, v = sin 5x
5

 u dv = uv -  v du
1 1
 x cos 5x dx =x 
5
sin 5x -
5 
sin 5x dx

x 1 1
= sin 5x - (- cos 5x ) + C
5 5 5
x 1
= sin 5x + cos 5x + C
5 25

e
x
(f) cos x dx
Let u = ex , dv = cos x dx
du
Then
dx
= ex ,  dv =  cos x dx
du = ex dx, v = sin x

 u dv = uv -  v du
 e cos x dx = e sin x -  sin x e dx
x x x

= e sin x -  e sin x dx
x x

Let I =  e cos x dx x
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
I = e sin x -  e sin x dx
x x
... (1)
Let u = ex , dv = sin x dx
du
Then
dx
= ex ,  dv =  sin x dx

du = ex dx, v = - cos x
(145)

 u dv = uv -  v du
 e sin x dx = e (-cos x) -  (− cos x) e
x x x
dx

= - e cos x +  cos x e dx
x x
... (2)
Substituting (2) in (1),
I = ex sin x + ex cos x -  e x cos x dx
I = ex sin x + ex cos x - I
2I = ex sin x + ex cos x
1
I = ex (sin x + cos x) + C
2
1
  e x cos x dx = ex (sin x + cos x) + C
2

10.4 Partial Fraction Method

We use the partial fraction method to integrate the rational functions.

Example 9.
1
Evaluate the integral x 2
+ 2x − 3
dx.

Solution
1
x + 2x − 3
2
dx.

We rewrite the rational fraction as

1 1
= .
x + 2x − 3
2
( x + 3)( x − 1)
However, we want this fraction as the sum of linear fractions as below.
1 A B
= +
x2 + 2x − 3 x+3 x −1
where A and B are constants that will be determined later. Then, it can be rewritten as
1 A( x − 1) + B( x + 3)
=
x + 2x − 3
2
( x + 3)( x − 1)
Therefore,
1 = A (x – 1) + B (x + 3)
1 = (A + B) x + (-A + 3B).
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
Equating the coefficients of corresponding powers of x, we get
A+B =0
-A + 3B = 1
1 1
which give A = - and B =
4 4
(146)
Therefore,
1 1
−
1 4 + 4
=
x + 2x − 3
2
x+3 x −1
Thus
1
x
1 1 1 1
2
+ 2x − 3
dx =-
4 x+3 
dx +
4 x −1
dx

1 1
=- ln |x + 3| + ln |x – 1| + C
4 4
1 x −1
= ln +C
4 x+3

Example 10.
1
Evaluate the integral  2x 2
+ 3x + 1
dx

Solution
1
 2x + 3x + 1
2
dx

First we write
1 1 A B
= = +
2 x + 3x + 1 (2 x + 1)( x + 1) 2 x + 1
2
x +1
and so
= A( x + 1) + B(2 x + 1)
1
2 x 2 + 3x + 1 (2 x + 1)( x + 1)
Therefore,
1 = A (x + 1) + B (2x + 1).
When x = -1, 1 = B (-1), so B = -1
1 1
When x = - , 1 = A ( ), so A = 2.
2 2
1 −1

2
2 x + 3x + 1
2
dx =
2 x +1 
dx +
x +1
dx

= ln |2x + 1| - ln |x + 1| + C
2x + 1
= ln +C
x +1
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
Example 11.
x3 + x 2 − 4 x
Evaluate the integral  x2 − 4
dx

(147)
Solution
x3 + x 2 − 4 x
 x2 − 4
dx

We can rewrite as
x3 + x 2 − 4 x  4 
 x2 − 4
dx =   x + 1 + x 2  dx
−4
First we write
4 4 A B
= = +
x −42
( x + 2)( x − 2) x+2 x−2
and so
= A( x − 2) + B( x + 2) .
4
x −42
( x + 2)( x − 2)
Therefore,
4 = A (x – 2) + B (x + 2)
When x = 2, 4 = B (4), so B = 1
When x = -2, 4 = A (-4), so A = -1
x3 + x 2 − 4 x −1
  (x + 1) dx +  x + 2 dx +  x − 2 dx
1
dx =
x2 − 4
x2
= + x – ln |x + 2| + ln |x – 2| + C
2
x2 x−2
= + x + ln +C
2 x+2

Example 12.
2x + 1
Evaluate the integral  ( x − 1) 2
dx.

Solution
2x + 1
( x − 1) 2
dx

We can rewrite as
2x + 1 A B
= +
( x − 1) 2
x − 1 ( x − 1)
2

and so
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
2x + 1 A( x − 1) + B
=
( x − 1) 2 ( x − 1) 2
Therefore,
2x + 1 = A(x – 1) + B
= Ax + (-A + B).

(148)
Equating the coefficients of corresponding powers of x, we get
A = 2 and –A + B = 1
which give B = 3.
Therefore
2x + 1 2 3
= +
( x − 1) 2
x − 1 ( x − 1)
2

Thus
2x + 1 3
 ( x − 1)  x −1 dx +  ( x − 1)
2
2
dx = 2
dx

3
= 2 ln |x – 1| - +C
x −1

Example 13.
Find the function f (x) satisfying the equation
x −1
f ( x) = with f (1) = 0
x

Solution
x −1
f ( x) =
x
By integrating we get
x −1  1 − 
1
f (x) =
 x
dx =   x 2 − x 2  dx




3 1
2 2
= x - 2 x 2 + C.
3
Since f (1) = 0, it follows that
3 1
2
f (1) =
(1) 2 - 2 (1) 2 + C
3
2
0 = -2+C
3
4
C = .
3
Therefore
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
3 1
2 4
f (x) = x2 -2 x2 +
3 3

Example 14.
Find the function f (x) satisfying the equation
−x
f (x) = e − e , with f (0) = 1 and f (0) = 1.
x

2
(149)
Solution
−x
f (x) = e − e ,
x

2
By integrating we get
e x − e − x dx = 1 (ex + e-x) + C
f ( x) =
2 2
Since f (0) = 1, it follows that
1
f (0) = (e0 + e0) + C
2
1 =1+C
C =0

1 x
Therefore, f (x) = (e + e-x).
2
Again, by integrating we get
e x − e− x 1
f (x) =
2  dx = (ex - e-x) + C
2
Since f (0) = 1, it follows that
1
f (0) = (e0 - e0) + C
2
1 =0+C
C =1
1
Therefore, f (x) = (ex - e-x) + 1
2

Exercise 10.4

1. Use the partial fractions method to evaluate the following integrals.

1 2x −1
(a) 
2 x + 5x + 3
2
dx (b)
( x − 3) 2
dx 
x +1 2x2 − 1
(c)
 (2 x + 5)( x + 4)
dx (d)  x2 −1
dx

Solution;
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
1
(a) 
2 x + 5x + 3
2
dx

1 1 A B
= = +
2 x + 5x + 3
2
(2 x + 3)( x + 1) 2x + 3 x +1
1 A( x + 1) + B(2 x + 3)
=
2 x + 5x + 3
2
(2 x + 3)( x + 1)

(150)
1 = A (x + 1) + B (2x + 3)
When x = -1, 1 = B (-2 + 3), B=1
3 3 1
When x = - , 1 = A (- + 1), 1 = - A, A = -2
2 2 2
1 −2 1
2 x + 5x + 3
2
dx =
2x + 3 
dx +
x +1
dx 
1
= - 2 ( ln |2x + 3|) + ln |x + 1| + C
2
= - ln |2x + 3| + ln |x + 1| + C
x +1
= ln +C
2x + 3

2x −1
(b)  ( x − 3) 2
dx

2x −1 A B
= +
( x − 3) 2
x −3 ( x − 3) 2
2x −1 A( x − 3) + B
=
( x − 3) 2
( x − 3) 2
2x – 1 = A (x – 3) + B
2x – 1 = Ax + (B – 3A)
A = 2, B – 3A = -1
B – 3 (2) = -1
B =5
2x −1 2 5
 ( x − 3) 2
=
x −3dx + 
( x − 3) 2
dx

1
= 2 ln |x – 3| + 5 (-1) +C
x −3
5
= 2 ln |x - 3| - +C
x −3

x +1
(c)  (2 x + 5)(x + 4) dx
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
x +1 A B
= +
(2 x + 5)( x + 4) 2x + 5 x+4
x +1 A( x + 4) + B(2 x + 5)
=
(2 x + 5)( x + 4) (2 x + 5)( x + 4)
x + 1 = A (x + 4) + B (2x + 5)
When x = -4, - 4 + 1 = B (-8 + 5), -3 = - 3B, B=1
5 5 5 3 3
When x = - , - + 1 = A (- + 4), - = A ( ), A = -1
2 2 2 2 2

(151)
x +1 −1 1
 (2 x + 5)(x + 4) dx =  2 x + 5 dx +  x + 4 dx

1
= -1( ) ln |2 x + 5| + ln | x + 4| + C
2
1
= - ln |2 x + 5| + ln | x + 4| + C
2

2x2 − 1 2( x 2 − 1) + 1
(d)  x2 −1
dx =  x2 −1
dx

1
=  (2 + 2 ) dx
x −1
1 A B
= +
x −1
2
x −1 x +1
1 A( x + 1) + B( x − 1)
=
x −1
2
x2 −1
1 = A (x + 1) + B (x – 1)
1
When x = -1, 1 = B (-1 – 1), B=-
2
1
When x = 1, 1 = A (1 + 1), A=
2
1 1
2x2 − 1 −
 x2 −1
dx =  2 dx +  2 dx +
x −1  2 dx
x +1
1 1
=2x+ ln | x – 1| - ln | x + 1| + C
2 2
1 x −1
= 2 x + ln +C
2 x +1

2. Find the function f (x) the satisfying the equation


f ( x) = sin 4 x cos 2 x with f ( ) = 0.
2
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
Solution;
f ( x) = sin 4x cos 2 x
f (x) =  sin 4 x cos 2 x dx =  2 sin 2 x cos 2 x cos 2 x dx =  2 sin 2 x cos 2
2 x dx
Let u = cos 2x.
du
= - sin 2 x  2
dx
- du = 2 sin 2 x dx

(152)
f (x) =  2 sin 2 x cos 2
2 x dx

= -  u du2

u3
=- +C
3
cos3 2 x
f (x) =- +C
3

f( ) = 0 (given)
2

cos3 2( )
- 2 +C =0
3
1
- cos3  + C =0
3
1
- (-1)3 + C =0
3
1
C =-
3
cos3 2 x 1 1
 f (x) =- - =- (cos3 2 x + 1)
3 3 3

Check
1
f (x) =- (cos3 2 x + 1)
3
1 d
f ( x) =- (cos3 2 x + 1)
3 dx
1 d
=- (3 cos2 2 x cos 2x)
3 dx
1 d
=- (3 cos2 2 x (-sin 2x) 2x)
3 dx
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
1
= - (3 cos2 2 x (-sin 2x) 2)
3
= 2 cos2 2 x sin 2x
= 2 sin 2x cos 2 x cos 2x
= sin 2(2x) cos 2x
= sin 4 x cos 2 x

(153)
Alternative Solution;
f ( x) = sin 4x cos 2 x
1
 sin 4 x cos 2 x dx 2 
f (x) = = (sin 6 x + sin 2 x) dx

1 1 1
= (- cos 6 x - cos 2x) + C
2 6 2
1 1
= - cos 6 x - cos 2x + C
12 4

f( ) = 0 (given)
2
1  1 
- cos (6 ( )) - cos (2 ( )) + C =0
12 2 4 2
1 1
- cos 3 - cos  + C =0
12 4
1 1
+ +C =0
12 4
1
C =-
3
1 1 1
 f (x) = - cos 6 x - cos 2x -
12 4 3

Check
1 1 1
f (x) = - cos 6 x - cos 2x -
12 4 3
d 1 1 1
f (x) = (- cos 6 x - cos 2x - )
dx 12 4 3
1 d 1 d
= - (-sin 6 x) 6x - (-sin 2x) 2x
12 dx 4 dx
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
1 1
= sin 6 x (6) + sin 2x (2)
12 4
1 1
= sin 6 x + sin 2x
2 2
1
= (sin 6 x + sin 2x)
2
1 6x + 2x 6x − 2x
= (2 sin cos )
2 2 2
= sin 4 x cos 2 x

(154)
3. Find the function g (x) that satisfying the equation
3
2
g ( x) = x 2 e x with g (0) = - .
3

Solution;
x3
g( x) = x2 e

x
3
g (x) = 2
e x dx
Let u = x3.
du
= 3 x2
dx
du = 3 x2 dx
1
du = x2 dx
3


x3
g (x) = x2 e dx

1 u 1 u
3
= e du = e +C
3
1 x3
g (x) = e +C
3
2
g (0) = - (given)
3
1 0 2
e +C =-
3 3
1 2
(1) + C = -
3 3
2 1
C =- - = -1
3 3
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
1 3
 g (x) = e x - 1
3

Check
1 x3
g (x) = e -1
3
d 1 x3
g( x) = ( e - 1)
dx 3
1 3 d 3
= ex x
3 dx
1 3
= e x 3x2
3
3
= x2 e x
(155)
4. Find the function h (x) that satisfying the equation
x 1
h ( x) = 2 with h (2) = .
x −1 2

Solution;
x
h (x) =
x −1
2

x
h (x) = x 2
−1
dx

Let u = x2 – 1
du
=2x
dx
1
du = x dx
2
x
h (x) = x 2
−1
dx

1 1 1
=
2  u
du= ln | u| + C
2
1
h (x) = ln | x2 – 1| + C
2
1
h (2) = (given)
2
1 1
ln |22 - 1| + C =
2 2
1 1
ln |3| + C =
2 2
1 1
C = - ln |3|
2 2
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
1 1 1
 h (x) = ln | x2 – 1| + - ln |3|
2 2 2
1 x2 −1 1
= ln +
2 3 2

(156)
Check
1 x2 −1 1
h (x) = ln +
2 3 2
d 1 x2 −1 1
h ( x) = ( ln + )
dx 2 3 2

1 1 d x2 −1
=  
2 x −1
2
dx 3
3
1 3 1 x
=    2x =
2 x −1
2
3 x −1
2

5. Find the function f (x) that satisfying the equation

f ( x) = 2 x - 1 with f (0) = -1 and f (1) = 2.

Solution;
f ( x) = 2 x - 1
f ( x) =  (2 x − 1) dx
x2
f ( x) =2  -x+C = x2 – x + C
2
f (1) = 2 (given)
12 – 1 + C = 2
C =2
 f ( x) = x2 - x + 2

 (x − x + 2) dx
2
f (x) =

x3 x 2
f (x) = - +2x+C
3 2
 Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
f (0) = -1 (given)
0 – 0 + 0 + C = -1
C = -1
x3 x 2
 f (x) = - +2x-1
3 2

Check
x3 x 2
f (x) = - +2x-1
3 2
d x3 x 2
f ( x) = ( - + 2 x - 1)
dx 3 2
1 1
=  3x2 -  2x + 2 = x2 - x + 2
3 2
(157)
d 2
f ( x) = (x - x + 2)
dx
=2x-1

6. Find the function g (x) that satisfying the equation

g ( x) = x sin x with g (
 ) = 0 and g (0) = 0.
2

Solution;
g(x) = x sin x
g(x) =  x sin x dx
Let u = x, dv = sin x dx
du
dx
= 1,  dv =  sin x dx
du = dx, v = - cos x
g( x) =  x sin x dx
= x (-cos x) -  (− cos x) dx
g  (x) = - x cos x + sin x + C
g  (0) = 0 (given)
- 0 cos 0 + sin 0 + C = 0
0+0+C =0
C =0
g(x) = - x cos x + sin x
g (x) =  (− x cos x + sin x) dx
g (x) =  − x cos x dx +  sin x dx
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics
 x cos x dx
Let u = x, dv = cos x dx
du
dx
= 1,  dv =  cos x dx
du = dx, v = sin x
g (x) = -  x cos x dx +  sin x dx
g (x) = - [x sin x -  sin x dx] + (- cos x) + C
g (x) = - [x sin x – (- cos x)] + (- cos x) + C
g (x) = - x sin x - cos x - cos x + C
g (x) = - x sin x - 2 cos x + C

(158)

g( ) =0 (given)
2
  
- sin - 2 cos +C =0
2 2 2

- (1) - 2 (0) + C = 0
2

C =
2

 g (x) = - x sin x – 2 cos x +
2

Check

g (x) = - x sin x - 2 cos x +
2
d 
g(x) = (- x sin x - 2 cos x + )
dx 2
d d
= - (x sin x + sin x x ) - 2 (- sin x )
dx dx
= - (x cos x + sin x  1) + 2 sin x
= - x cos x + sin x
d
g(x) = (- x cos x + sin x)
dx
d d
= - (x cos x + cos x x ) + cos x
dx dx
= - (x (- sin x) + cos x  1) + cos x
= x sin x
Life Long Learning GRADE – 12 Mathematics

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&