Mathematics

Classes Nine-Ten

i NATIONAL CURRICULUM AND TEXTBOOK BOARD, BANGLADESH

 Prescribed by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board
as a Textbook for Classes Nine-Ten from the Academic Year 2013

Mathematics
Classes Nine-Ten
Reviewed and Modified
for Making the Contents Easy and Accessible by
Dr. M. Kaykobad
Dr. Muhammad Abdul Hakim Newton
Dr. Rifat Shahriyar
Dr. Atif Hasan Rahman
Dr. Amal Halder
Dr. Muhammed Zafar lqbal

Written and Translated by

Saleh Matin
Dr. Amal Halder
Dr. Amulya Chandra Mandal
Sheikh Kutubuddin
Hamida Banu Begum
A. K. M. Shahidullah
Md. Shahjahan Siraj
Edited by
Dr. Md. Abdul Matin
Dr. Abdus Samad

Retranslated by
Avik Sharma
Mahin Mohid
Afia Afrin

National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Bangladesh

 Published B y
National Curriculum and Textbook Board
69-70 Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka

[All rights reserved by the publisher]

First Publication: September, 2012

Revised Edition: November, 2014
Revised Edition: November, 2017

Cover: Mehedi Hoque

Illustration: Dr. Muhammad Abdul Hakim Newton

Font: Md. Tanbin Islam Siyam

Book Design: Dr. Muhammad Abdul Hakim Newton, Dr. Rifat Shahriyar

Page Makeup: Dr. Atif Hasan Rahman, Ch. Md. Rakin Haider

For free distribution by the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh

Printed By:
 Preface
The aim of secondary education is to make the learners fits for entry into higher
education by flourishing their latent talents and prospects with a view to building
the nation with the spirit of the Language Movement and the Liberation War.
To make the learners skilled and competent citizens of the country based on the
economic, social, cultural and environmental settings is also an important issue
of secondary education.
The textbooks of secondary level have been written and compiled according to
the revised curriculum 2012 in accordance with the aims and objectives of
National Education Policy-2010. Contents and presentations of the textbooks
have been selected according to the moral and humanistic values of Bengali
tradition and culture and the spirit of Liberation War 1971 ensuring equal
dignity for all irrespective of caste and creed of different religions and sex.
The present government is committed to ensure the successful implementation of
Vision 2021. Honorable Prime Minister, Government of the People's Republic of
Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina expressed her firm determination to make the country
free from illiteracy and instructed the concerned authority to give free textbooks
to every student of the country. National Curriculum and Textbook Board started
to distributed textbooks free of cost since 2010 according to her instruction.
Mathematics plays an important role in developing scientific knowledge at this
time of the 21st century. Not only that, the application of Mathematics has
increased in family and social life including personal life. With all these things
under consideration Mathematics has been presented easily and nicely at the
Secondary level to make it useful and delightful to the learners, and a good number
of new topics have been included in the textbook.
Considering the challenges and commitments of 21st century and following the
revised curriculum the textbook has been written. The textbook has been revised
and reedited by a group of prominent educationist to make it learner friendly in
2017. I thank sincerely all for their intellectual labor who were involved in the
process of revision, writing, editing, art and design of the textbook.

Prof. Narayan Chandra Saha

Chairman
National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Bangladesh
Table of Contents
1 Real Numbers 1
2 Sets and Functions 22
3 Algebraic Expressions 45
4 Exponents and Logarithms 80
5 Equations in One Variable 98
6 Lines, Angles and Triangles 118
7 Practical Geometry 146
8 Circle 164
9 Trigonometric Ratio 188
10 Distance and Elevation 213
11 Algebraic Ratio and Proportion 222
12 Simple Simultaneous Equations in Two Variables 242
13 Finite Series 270
14 Ratio, Similarity and Symmetry 289
15 Area Related Theorems and Constructions 310
16 Mensuration 319
17 Statistics 353
Forma-1, Mathematics, Class 9-10
2 Mathematics Classes I X - X

► How to interpret repeated decimal numbers and convert fractions into

repeated decimal numbers.
► How to convert repeated decimal fractions into fractions.
► How to interpret infinite nonrepeating fractional numbers.
► How to interpret similar and dissimilar decimal fractions.
► How to carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
operations on repeated decimal fractions, and will be able to solve different
relevant problems.

Classification of Real Numbers

Natural Number: 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . etc are natural numbers. 2, 3, 5, 7, . . . are primes

and 4, 6, 8, 9, . . . etc are composite numbers. If GCD(Greatest Common Divisor)
of two integers is 1 then they are called mutually primes. For example 6 and 35
are mutually primes since they do not have a common division other than 1.
Integer: All positive and negative fractionless numbers are said to be integers.
For example, . . . , - 3 , - 2 , - 1 , 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . etc are integers.
Fractional Number: Numbers expressible as !__ are said to be factional numbers
q
1 3 -5 4
where q =J. 0 and q =J. l For example,
2, 2, 3 , 6 etc are simple fractional
numbers. In case of a simple fraction !__ if p < q then the fraction is called proper
q
1 1 2 1
and if p > q then the fraction is termed improper. For example
2, 3, 3, 4, ...
3455 .
etc are proper fract1ons.
.
2, 3, 3, 4,... are improper fract1ons.
.

Rational Number: Numbers of the form !__ are called rational when p and q
q
3 11 5
are integers and q =J. 0. For example,
1 = 3,
2 = 5.5,
3 = 1.666, . . . etc are
rational numbers. Any rational number can be expressed as ratio of two mutually
prime numbers. All integers and fractions are rational numbers.
Irrational Number: If a number cannot be expressed in the form !__ where p
q
and q are integers and q =J. 0, then it is called an irrational number. Root of a co
....
C
natural number not equal to perfect square or its fraction is an irrational number. <""
I
 Chapter 1. Real Numbers 3

For example, J 2 = 1.414213 . . . , -/3 = 1.732 . . . , = 1.118 . . . , are irrational

numbers. No irrational number can be expressed as ratio of two integers.

Decimal Fractional Number: Rational and irrational numbers when

expressed using decimal sign is called decimal fractional number. For example,
13°
3 = 3.0, = 2.5, = 3.3333 . . . , -/3 = 1.732 . . . , etc are decimal fractional
numbers. If there are finite number of digits after decimal sign then this is called
finite decimal fraction and if there are infinitely many digits then it is called
infinite decimal fractions. For example, 0.52, 3.4152 etc are finite decimal
fractions, whereas
3 = 1.333 . . . , v'5 = 2.123512367 . . . etc are infinite decimal
fractions. Again, in case of infinite decimal numbers if some <legits after decimal
point are repeated they are called infinite repeated decimal fractions. If digits
are not repeated they are called infinite decimal numbers without repeatation.
122 ..
For example, = 1.2323 . . . , 5.1654 etc are infinite repeated decimal fractions
99
and 0.523050056 . . . , 2.12340314 . . . etc are infinite decimal numbers without
repeatation.

Real Number: All rational and irrational numbers are called real numbers.
For example, the following numbers are real numbers.
1 3 4
0 ,±1, ±2, ±3, · · · ± - ± - ± - ...
2' 2' 3'
1.23, 0.415, 1.3333 . . . , 0.62, 4.120345061 . . .

Positive Number: Numbers bigger than O are called positive numbers. For
··
1 3 vin2, 0.415, 0.62,
example, 2, 4.120345061 . . . , etc are positive numbers.
2, 2,
Negative Number: Numbers smaller than O are called negative numbers. For
1, 3 ··
example, - 2 , - - v in2, -0.415, -0.62, -4.120345061 . . . , etc are negative
2 -2,
numbers.

Non-negative Number: Positive numbers including Oare called nonnegative

1
numbers. For example, 0, 3,
2, 0.612, 1.3, 2.120345 . . . , etc are nonnegative
numbers.

"l In the following chart we can see classification of real numbers.

4 Mathematics Classes I X - X

rational irrational

fraction

infinite
infinite decimal
prime
- L------'=1---...__ _ _ _____, - - repeated without
repeatatio

Work: Show the position of the following numbers in the classification of

I 3 0, 1, 9 12, 2 4 , 1.1234, 0.323
real numbers 3 5, - 7 , y ' 13,
4, 7, 5 ..

Example 1. Find an irrational number between J3 and 4.

Solution: Here, J3 = 1. 7320508 . . .
J3+4 J3+4+4
Suppose, a = 2.866 and b = 3.244
2 3
Obviously a and bare both real numbers and both are bigger than J3 and smaller
than 4 because a is average of two uneqal numbers J3 and 4, and b is average of
numbers J3, 4 and 4.
That is, J3 < 2.866 < 4 and J3 < 3.244 < 4
Again, a and b cannot be expressed as fractions .
.·. a and bare the desired numbers.
In fact we can construct countless such irrational numbers.
Basic characteristics of addition and multiplication processes of real
numbers:
1. If a and b are real numbers (i) a + b is a real number and (ii) ab a real
number.
2. If a and bare real numbers (i) a + b = b + a and (ii) a b = ba
3. If a, b, care real numbers (i) (a+ b) + c = a + (b+ c) and (ii) (ab)c = a(bc)
4. If a is real number, there are only two real numbers O and 1 such that
(i) 0 =/-1, (ii) a + 0 = 0 + a = a and(iii) a · 1 = 1 · a = a
Chapter 1. Real Numbers 5

1
5. If a is real number, (i) a + (-a) = 0 (ii)
If a =JO then a· - = l
a
6. If a, b, e are real numbers, a(b + e) = a b + ae
7. If a, b are real numbers a < b or a = b or a > b
8. If a, b, e are real numbers and a < b then a + e < b + e
9. If a, b, e are real numbers and a < b then (i) ae < be whenever e > 0
(ii) ae > be whenever e < 0
Proposition: v'2 is an irrational number.
Proof: Suppose v'2 is an irrational number.
Then there are two mutually prime numbers p, q > l so that v'2 = '!!_
q
2 2
Or, 2 = p2 [squaring] That is 2q = '!!_ [Multiplying both sides by q]
q q
2
Obviously 2q is an integer but '!!_ is not an integer, because p and q are natural
q
numbers and they are mutually prime and q > l .
p2 p2
. ·. 2q and - cannot be equal. That is 2q =J - .
q q
.·. v'2 cannot be expressed in the form '!!_. That is v'2 =J '!!_
q q
: . v'2 is an irrational number. []

Work: Prove that v'3 is an irrational number.

Example 2. Prove that when one is added to the product of 4 consecutive
natural numbers this is a perfect square.

Solution: Let the consecutive integers be x, x + l , x + 2, x +3

If we add 1 to the product of these 4 integers we get:
x(x + l)(x + 2)(x + 3) +1
= x(x + 3)(x + l)(x + 2) + 1
= (x 2 + 3x) (x 2 + 3x + 2) + 1
= a(a + 2) + 1 [Assume x 2 + 3x = a ]
= a 2 + 2a + 1 = (a+ 1) 2 = (x 2 + 3x + 1)2
 Chapter 1. Real Numbers 7

The decimal fraction for which the same digit or a set of digits in order appear
after decimal point is called repeating decimal fraction. The part of the
repeating decimal fraction that appears over and over again is called repeating.
The remaining part is nonrepating.
In a repeating decimal fraction if a single digit repeats then a point is marked
above that digit. Otherwise point is marked on the first and the last repeating
digits. For example, 2.555... is written as 2.5 and 3.124124124... as 3.i24.

In a decimal number if every digit after decimal point is repeating then it is called
a pure repeating fraction. Otherwise the fraction is called mixed. For example,
1.3 is a pure repeating fraction and 4.2 3 51i2 is a mixed repeating fraction.

If in the denominator there are digits other than 2, 5 as a factor then no

numerator will be divisible by that denominator. Since there cannot be any digit
other than 1, 2, ..., 9 at some stage as residue the same numbers will appear.
Number of digits in the repeating part is always less than the number in the
denominator.

Example 3. Express ii3 and 95 .

37
. .
mto decimal fractions.
3
Solution: and :� have been converted into decimal fractions as below.
11
Actually 3 has been divided.
37) 95( 2. 56756
But since 3 is smaller than
11, 0 has been placed in the 74
dividend and a O has been 210
placed to the right of 3 185
11) 30(0. 2727 250
22 222
80 280
77 259
30 210
22 185
80 250
77 222
3 28
3 .. 95 . .
. = 0.2727... = 0.27 . ·. = 2.56756 ... = 2.567
: 1l 37

� Desired decimal fractions are 0.27 and 2.567

8 Mathematics Classes I X - X

Converting repeating decimal fractions into common fractions

Example 4. Convert the following repeating decimal fractions 0.3, 0.24, and
42 .3478 into common fractions.
Solution: In the following repeating fractions 0.3, 0.24 and 42 .3478 have been
converted into common fractions.
First = 0.3333 .. .
0.3
0.3 X 10 = 0.333 . . . X 10 = 3.333 .. .
0.3 X 1 = 0.333 . . . X 1 = 0.333 .. .

subtracting, 0.3 x 10 - 0.3 x 1 = 3

0.3 X (10 - 1) = 3
0.3 X 9 = 3
3
. 1
:. 0.3 = 9 =3

Now = 0. 2 42 42 42 4 .. .
0.24
0.24 X 100 = 0. 2 42 42 4 . . . X 100 = 2 4.2 42 42 424 .. .
0.24 X 1 = 0. 2 42 42 4 . . . X 1 = 0. 2 42 42 42 4 .. .

subtracting, 0.24 x 99 = 2 4
.. 24 8
:. 0· 2 4 = = 33
99

Finally 42 .3478 = 42 .347 8 7 8 7 8 .. .

42 .3478 X 10000 = 42 .34 7 8 7 8 7 8 . . . X 10000 = 42 347 8 .7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 .. .
42 .3478 X 100 = 42 34.7 8 7 8 . . . X 100 = 42 .347 8 7 8 7 8 ...

subtracting, 42 .3478 x 9900 = 42 347 8 - 42 34 = 419 2 44

419 2 44
... 42 .3478 =
9900
= 3493
25
= 42
2 7 8 7

8 2 8 5
1 .. 8 ..
.·. desired common fractions are repsectively 0.3 = 3' 0. 2 4 =
33'
42 .347 8

28 7
42
825
Explanation: From the three examples above it can be seen that
• Repeating fraction is multiplied with a number equalling 1 followed by as
many Os as there are digits after decimal point of a repeating fraction.
Chapter 1. Real Numbers 9

• The repeating decimal fraction has been multiplied with a number equalling
1 followed by as many Os as many nonrepeating digits are there in the
repeating decimal fraction.
• Subtracting the second number from the first results in a whole number. It
may be noted that nonrepeating part has been subtracted from the repeating
decimal fraction by deleting decimal point and repeating point.
• The result of subtraction has been divided by a number equalling as many
9s as many repeating digits were there in the original repeating decimal
fraction, followed by as many 0 as there were nonrepeating digits after
decimal point.
• In converting repeating decimal fraction into common fraction we have
denominator having as many 9s as many repeating digits followed by as
many Os as many nonrepeating digits after decimal point. Numerator
equals a whole number we get after removing decimal and repeating points
in the fraction less the number obtained by deleting the decimal point and
all digits in the repeating part.
Remarks: Repeating decimal fractions can always be converted to common
fractions. All repeating decimal fractions are rational numbers.
Example 5. Convert 5.23457 into a common fraction.

Solution: 5.23457= 5.2345 7 457457 ...

5.23457 X 100000 = 52345 7 .457 457 . . .
5.23457 X 1 00 = 523.45 7 457 . . .

subtracting, 5.23457 x 99900 = 522934

= 522934 = 26146 7 = 5 1 1 7 1 7
. .. 5.23457
99900 49950 49950
. . 11 7 17
.·. The sought fraction 1s 5 .
49950
Explanation: Since there are 5 digits in the decimal part, the repeating decimal
fraction has been multiplied by 100000 (5 Os after 1). Since there are two decimal
digits before the repeating part 100 (1 followed by 2 Os) repeating decimal fraction
has been multiplied by 1 00. The second product has been deducted from the first.
On one side of subtraction is a whole number, and in the other the repeating
decimal number multiplied by ( 1 00000 - 1000) = 99900. Both sides are divided
Forma-2, Mathematics, Class 9-10