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Numbers

The document provides an overview of various types of numbers, including natural numbers, integers, prime numbers, rational and irrational numbers, and real numbers, along with their properties. It also discusses arithmetic, set theory, and logic laws that govern mathematical operations. Additionally, it highlights the concept of the number line as a visual representation of real numbers.

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13 views3 pages

Numbers

The document provides an overview of various types of numbers, including natural numbers, integers, prime numbers, rational and irrational numbers, and real numbers, along with their properties. It also discusses arithmetic, set theory, and logic laws that govern mathematical operations. Additionally, it highlights the concept of the number line as a visual representation of real numbers.

Uploaded by

georgebrian713
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Numbers

A number is a quantity that is used in counting and measuring. In mathematics, a 'number


system' is a set of numbers together with one or more operations, such as addition or
multiplication.
Examples of number systems include: natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, algebraic
numbers, real numbers, complex numbers, surreal numbers and hyperreal numbers.
Natural Numbers
Natural numbers can be used for counting objects (one orange, two orange, three orange ...).
All Natural numbers together with zero form the set of whole numbers. Thus, 0 is the only
whole number which is not a natural number but every natural number is a whole number.
Integers
The natural numbers and their negatives together with the number 0 are called Integers.
They are numbers that can be written without a fractional or decimal component, and fall
within the set {... −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, ...}. For example, 65, 7, and −756 are integers; 1.6 and
1½ are not integers. In other words, integers are the numbers one can count with items such
as apples or fingers, and their negatives, as well as 0.
The integers are the only integral domain whose positive elements are well-ordered, and in
which order is preserved by addition. Like the natural numbers, the integers form a countable
infinite set. Integers can be thought of as points on an infinitely long number line.
Prime Numbers
A number greater than 1 is called a prime number, if it has exactly two factors, namely 1 and
the number itself. e.g., 1, 3, etc. 2 is the only number which is a prime as well as an even
number
Rational Numbers
A rational number is a number that can be expressed as the quotient a/b, where a and b are
two integers, and the denominator b not equal to zero. Since b may be equal to 1, every
integer corresponds to a rational number.
The decimal expansion of a rational number always either terminates after finite number of
digits or begins to repeat the same sequence of digits over and over. Thus, any repeating or
terminating decimal represents a rational number
Irrational Numbers
An Irrational Number is a number that cannot be written as a simple fraction - the decimal
goes on forever without repeating such as, pi and the square root of two. The value of Pi is
3.1415926535897932384626433832795 (continues). Similarly the value of square root of 2
is 1.41421356237309504880 (continues without repeating any pattern)
Real Numbers
The real numbers may be described informally in several different ways. The real numbers
include both rational numbers, such as 42 and −23/129, and irrational numbers, such as pi
and the square root of two; or, a real number can be given by an infinite decimal
representation, such as 2.4871773339..., where the digits continue in some way; or, the real
numbers may be thought of as points on an infinitely long number line
Even and Odd Numbers
A number divisible by 2 is called an even number. Examples of even numbers are: 2, 4, 6, 8,
10, etc. A number not divisible by 2 is called an odd number. Examples: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 etc
Denseness of numbers
Denseness of numbers refers to the idea that there are always more numbers between any two
numbers. This property applies to rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real number
Arithmetic Laws, Set Theory Laws, and Logic Laws
Arithmetic Laws, Set Theory Laws, and Logic Laws are fundamental principles in mathematics
and logic. Here's a comparison of these three sets of laws:
Arithmetic Laws:
1. Commutative Law:
 Addition: a + b = b + a
 Multiplication: a * b = b * a
2. Associative Law:
 Addition: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
 Multiplication: (a * b) * c = a * (b * c)
3. Distributive Law:
 a * (b + c) = a * b + a * c
4. Identity Element:
 Addition: a + 0 = a
 Multiplication: a * 1 = a
5. Inverse Element:
 Addition: a + (-a) = 0
 Multiplication: a * (1/a) = 1
Set Theory Laws:

 Union: A ∪ B = B ∪ A
1. Commutative Law:

 Intersection: A ∩ B = B ∩ A

 Union: (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C)
2. Associative Law:

 Intersection: (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)

 A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
3. Distributive Law:

 Union: A ∪ ∅ = A
4. Identity Element:

 Intersection: A ∩ U = A

 A ∪ A' = U
5. Complement Laws:

 A ∩ A' = ∅
Logic Laws:

 Logical OR: p ∨ q = q ∨ p
1. Commutative Law:

 Logical AND: p ∧ q = q ∧ p

 Logical OR: (p ∨ q) ∨ r = p ∨ (q ∨ r)
2. Associative Law:

 Logical AND: (p ∧ q) ∧ r = p ∧ (q ∧ r)

 p ∧ (q ∨ r) = (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)
3. Distributive Law:

 Logical OR: p ∨ F = p
4. Identity Element:
 Logical AND: p ∧ T = p

 p ∨ ¬p = T
5. Complement Laws:

 p ∧ ¬p = F
NOTE:
The set of integers is closed under addition, multiplication and subtraction but not under division.

In summary, these laws provide a framework for manipulating and reasoning about numbers,
sets, and propositions, ensuring consistency and coherence in mathematical and logical
operations.

The Number Line and Notation

A real number line, or simply number line, allows us to visually display real numbers and
solution sets to inequalities.

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