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Lecture# 04-ECNA-2017-MCT

The document discusses types of resistors including fixed resistors and variable resistors like potentiometers and rheostats. It describes resistor color codes and packages, applications of resistors like current limiting and voltage division, and causes of resistor failures like overheating.

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Raja Hassan Nadeem
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18 views20 pages

Lecture# 04-ECNA-2017-MCT

The document discusses types of resistors including fixed resistors and variable resistors like potentiometers and rheostats. It describes resistor color codes and packages, applications of resistors like current limiting and voltage division, and causes of resistor failures like overheating.

Uploaded by

Raja Hassan Nadeem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electric Circuits and Network Analysis

ET-115
Lecture# 04
Resistors
Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Asif
Email: m.asif@uettaxila.edu.pk

Department of Mechatronics Engineering


University of Engineering and Technology Taxila
Sub-Campus Chakwal
1 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17
Lecture outline
 Types of Resistors
 Color Codes
 Variable Resistors
 Rheostats
 Potentiometers
 Resistor failures
 Applications of resistors
2 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17
Resistors

A resistor is an electronic
component that resists the
flow of electrical current.
A resistor is typically used
to control the amount of
current that is flowing in a
circuit.
Resistance is measured in
units of ohms ().
3 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17
Resistor Color Codes

4 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17


Applying the Color Code
Gold = 5%

5% of 4700 = 235
Yellow = 4
4700 - 235 = 4465
4700 + 235 = 4935
Violet = 7
Red = 2

The actual value can range from 4465 to 4935 .


47 00 is the nominal value.
5 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17
Commonly used metric prefixes and their symbols

PREFIX+ UNIT METRIC SYMBOL MULTIPLIER LETTER

Teraohms T 1012 T
Gigohms G 109 G
Megohms M 1,000,000 M
Kilohms k 1000 K
Ohms  1 R
Milliohms m 0.001 R

1.5  is written 1.5


0.01  is written .01
10,500  (10.5k) is written 10.5K
1,800,000  (1.8M) is written 1.8M
0.005  (5m) is written .005 (for some manufacturers is written or marked as R005)

6 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17


Tolerance in Resistors

 Some resistors have a tolerance of ±2%,± 1%,


± 0.5%, ± 0.25% or ± 0.1%
 If tolerance is small, the measured value would
be more closed to the desired value.
And smaller would be the error
More would be the accuracy (exactness)
 More cost have to pay for resistors exhibiting
minimum error.
7 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17
Resistors: Package Styles
Carbon Film Variable Resistors
Resistors (potentiometer)

4 Bands

Carbon Film Surface Mount Resistors


Resistors

5 Bands

8 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17


Resistors: Package Styles
 These are available as small resistor chips
 They use Alphanumeric Labeling
 Two or three digits, and one of the letters R, M, or K are used to identify a
resistance value
 The letter is used to indicate the multiplier, and its position is used to indicate
decimal point position

9 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17


Resistors: Types

There are TWO main types of resistors;


* Fixed
These resistors have their value set during manufacture and it cannot be changed.

All of SEI’s resistors are Fixed Resistors.

* Variable
 Rheostat: Two- or three-terminal device used as a
variable resistor to control current.
 Potentiometer: Three-terminal device used for
controlling voltage.

10 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17


Resistors: Package Styles…single turn

 A variable resistance.
 Used for dimmers, fan speed
controls, etc.

11 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17


Variable Resistors…single turn

 Variable resistors are designed so that their resistance


values can be changed
 A potentiometer is a three terminal variable resistor
used to divide voltage
 A rheostat is a variable resistor used to control current

12 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17


Rheostat to Control Current Flow

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Potentiometers…multiturn

Panel mount type


Circuit board type

10 V 8V
46 V
14 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17
Resistor failures
Resistor failures are unusual except when they have been subjected to
excessive heat. Look for discoloration (sometimes the color bands
appear burned). Test with an ohmmeter by disconnecting one end from
the circuit to isolate it and verify the resistance. Correct the cause of the
heating problem (larger resistor?, wrong value?).

Try to examine the Normal Overheated


Resistor
Exceeding the power rating
causes damage to a resistor.

15 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17


Heating effect of an electric current

 When an electric current flows through an electrical


conductor the resistance of the conductor causes the
conductor to be heated.
 This effect is used in the heating elements of various
devices like those shown below:

16 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17


Zero Ohm Resistor

• No resistance
• Also termed as jumper wire
• Used for connecting together two points on a
printed-circuit board
• Body has a single black band around it
• Wattage ratings are typically 1/8 or 1/4-Watt

17 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17


 To Limit current in electric circuits.

 Lowering voltage levels in electric circuits (using


voltage divider).

 To divide a voltage for controlling RPM of Motors.

 As a sensor (e.g., photoresistor detects light condition,


thermistor detects temperature condition, strain gauge
detects load condition, etc.)

18 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17


More Applications for Resistors
CIRCUIT FUNCTION APPLICATION EXAMPLE

 To limit current in a circuit………...LED illuminated main switch


 To measure current in a circuit….…Car window motor control
 To generate heat……………………Hair dryer, air freshener
 To remove electrical energy………..High voltage capacitor discharge in TV
 To divide a voltage…………………High voltage supply in X-ray equipment
 To set the gain of an amplifier……...Car audio amplifier
 To set a time delay…………………Test equipment - pulse generator
 To set frequency of an oscillator…..Test equipment - signal generator
 To protect against surges…………..Electronic electricity meter
 To absorb unwanted signals………..High speed computer system
 To measure temperatures…………..Thermal trip in motor controller
References
 Chapter#03 “Resistance ”Introductory Circuit Analysis Robert L.
Boylestad

 http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/map.htm

20 Lec #04-ET-115 16~17-Nov-17

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