CONVENTION ON

GLOBAL
ATMOSPHERE AND
CLIMATE CHANGE

Group 2:
Abasula, Borines,Catapte, Coronacion,
Coronado, Sapalaran, Solleza
A written or formal agreement between States that
outlines rights and obligations under international
law.
Without these agreements, civilized communication
between states is impossible.
It is the cornerstone of international cooperation,
providing a framework for nations to address shared
challenges and pursue common goals.
Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty
Earliest treaty
known as the Eternal Treaty or
Treaty of Kadesh.
One of the earliest known treaties,
an agreement between the Hittite
Empire and Ancient Egypt around
1258 BCE.
This treaty, carved onto a clay
tablet, is considered the earliest
surviving peace treaty in recorded
history.
 Convention on Global
Atmosphere and Climate Change

Montreal Protocol
Kyoto Protocol
United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC)
2015 UN Climate Change
Conference
Relevance of understanding these
treaties
As a future forester it gives us an
understanding of the larger environmental
frameworks that forestry operates within.
Foresters equipped with knowledge of these
treaties can integrate climate-smart
forestry techniques.
Empowering us to advocate for sustainable
practices and engage in collaborative
efforts toward global environmental
stewardship.
 MONTREAL PROTOCOL
Background information and historical context of Montreal Protocol

Objectives/goals of Montreal protocol

Provisions and measures implemented

Challenges and achievements of Montreal Protocol

Effects of Montreal Protocol on Mitigating Climate Change and

Protecting Ozone Layer
 WHAT IS THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL?

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that

Deplete the Ozone Layer, is an international
agreement made in 1987, which has achieved
universal ratification. It was designed to stop the
production and import of ozone depleting
substances and reduce their concentration in the
atmosphere to protect the earth's ozone layer.
HOW IS OZONE LAYER DEPLETED?

Aerosols such as chlorofluorocarbons

(CFCs) released from various human-made
sources make their way into the stratosphere by
destroying the troposphere and the ozone layer.

Harmful Effects
Damage to human health
Affecting growth plants
Skin and eye cancer in animals
Threat to marine life
Causing chemical degradation
 BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND
HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF MONTREAL
PROTOCOL
1970- Scientists warned of ozone layer damage from chemicals
1985- Existence of ‘’hole’’ in the ozone layer over Antartica
1985- Government adopted Vienna Convention
1987- The Montreal Protocol adopted
1990- Establishment of Multilateral Fund
1990- London Amendment
1991- Phase out of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) begins
1992- The Copenhagen amendment
1995- Vienna Amendment(Vienna Accord)
1996- Phase out of HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) begins
1997- Montreal Amendment
1999- Beijing Amendment
2016- Kigali Amendment
OBJECTIVES OF MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Reduce and regulate the concentration of ozone-depleting

substances in the atmosphere
Gradually eliminate the production and use of CFCs, HCFCs, and
halons
Mitigate the impact of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Preserve, restore, and safeguard the Earth’s ozone layer
Protect life on Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation
PROVISIONS AND MEASURES IMPLEMENTED
 6 amendments that have shaped the evolution of the Montreal Protocol:

1. The London Amendments (1990):

The London Amendments established precise targets and
deadlines for the gradual elimination of ozone-depleting
substances, notably chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). These
amendments set clear guidelines to steer global efforts
toward phasing out such harmful substances.

2. The Copenhagen Amendments (1992):

Focused on accelerating the phase-out of ozone-depleting
substances, particularly CFCs, the Copenhagen
amendments introduced provisions for financial aid to
assist developing countries in meeting their Protocol
obligations. They emphasized international cooperation as
essential for compliance.
3. The Vienna Amendment (1995)
Aimed at strengthening international collaboration, the
Vienna Amendment sought to enhance coordination
among nations in implementing the Montreal Protocol. It
underscored the importance of global cooperation to
protect the ozone layer effectively.

4. The Montreal Amendments (1997)

Representing a significant milestone, these amendments
introduced a comprehensive plan to eliminate ozone-
depleting substances like CFCs and halons. Additionally,
measures were outlined to minimize the impact of
transitional substances like hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs) on the ozone layer.
5. The Beijing Amendment (1999)
With a focus on enhancing control over ozone-depleting
substances, the Beijing Amendment expanded the list of
regulated substances and introduced measures to phase
out bromochloromethane and freeze the consumption of
HCFCs. It also mandated data reporting on methyl bromide
use.
6. The Kigali Amendment (2016)
Addressing the challenge of climate change, the Kigali
Amendment targets the reduction of hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), potent greenhouse gases. It aims to phase down
HFC production and consumption to mitigate their impact
on global warming.
The Multilateral Fund:
Established to support developing countries in
complying with Protocol obligations, the
Multilateral Fund provides financial and technical
assistance. Operating under the principle of
"common but differentiated responsibilities," it
facilitates the transition to ozone-friendly
alternatives through technology transfer and
capacity-building.
CHALLENGES OF MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Introduction of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as

substitutes for ozone-depleting substances, which
have a detrimental impact on the climate
Illicit trade and diversion of ozone-depleting
substances for illegal purposes
Difficulty in securing funding for the remaining phase-
out efforts, with reliance on funding from the
Multilateral Fund
CHALLENGES OF MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Control of newly discovered chemicals that pose a

threat to the ozone layer
Ongoing monitoring of the ozone layer to ensure
healing and understanding the interconnection
between ozone depletion and climate change.
ACHIEVEMENT OF MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Universal ratification, showcasing global commitment

to ozone protection and environmental preservation.
Healing of the ozone layer, with a decline in
atmospheric levels of ozone-depleting substances.
Successful attainment of major reduction goals,
phasing out 98% of historical levels of ozone-depleting
substances.
ACHIEVEMENT OF MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Assistance to developing countries, resulting in the

successful phase-out of over 260,000 tonnes of ozone-
depleting substances.
High compliance rate among parties, exceeding 98%.
Health benefits, including the prevention of millions of
skin cancer cases and significant healthcare cost
savings.
Substantial climate benefits, with avoidance of
greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to over 135 billion
tonnes of carbon dioxide.
EFFECTS OF MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON MITIGATING
CLIMATE CHANGE AND PROTECTING OZONE LAYER

Montreal Protocol's impact on climate mitigation

efforts, avoiding approximately 0.5°C of global warming
Introduction of the Kigali Amendment to further reduce
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and contribute to climate
change mitigation
Successful phase-out of ozone-depleting substances,
protecting the ozone layer
EFFECTS OF MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON
MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE AND
PROTECTING OZONE LAYER

Healing of the ozone layer, with declining atmospheric

levels of ozone-depleting substances
Preservation of the ozone layer's crucial function in
screening harmful ultraviolet radiation, protecting
human health and ecosystems
 KYOTO PROTOCOL
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty
adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997
and entered into force in February 2005,
which aimed to reduce the emission of
greenhouse gases that contribute to global
warming.
 OBJECTIVES
Curbing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Differentiated Responsibilities

Defined Timeframe
STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM
First, it sets legally binding emission reduction targets
for participating Annex I countries

Second, it introduced emissions trading, allowing

countries to buy and sell emission allowances to meet
their targets more efficiently

Third, it established the Clean Development

Mechanism (CDM)
ACHIEVEMENTS
The Kyoto Protocol has been marked by notable
achievements in its pursuit of mitigating
climate change, yet it has also faced significant
challenges.
CHALLENGES
the lack of participation from major emitters such
as the United States, which withdrew from the
agreement in 2001
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK
CONVENTION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE (UNFCCC)
 WHAT IS UNFCCC
An international agreement
known as the United Nations
Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) was
created in 1992 to address the
issue of climate change.
THE UNFCCC OBJECTIVE AND PRINCIPLES
UNFCCC is the parent treaty of the 2015 Paris Agreement.
The main aim of the Paris Agreement is to keep the global average
temperature rise this century as close as possible to 1.5 degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels. The UNFCCC is also the parent treaty of the
1997 Kyoto Protocol.
1.Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations
2. Adaptation to climate change
3. Promotion of sustainable development
4. Provision of financial and technological support
5. Promotion of international cooperation
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE UNFCCC
IN ADDRESSING CLIMATE
CHANGE
Impacts of Climate Change
Vulnerability of Indigenous People
Global Agreement and Action
Mitigation and Adaptation
Institutional Framework
Broader Cooperation and Political Awareness
 KEY AGREEMENTS AND PROTOCOLS UNDER
UNFCCC (RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNFCCC AND
KYOTO PROTOCOLS AND PARIS AGREEMENT
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
is the UN process for negotiating an agreement to limit dangerous
climate change.

·The Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted in 1997 and ran from 2005
to 2020. It was the first implementation of measures under the
UNFCCC and committed industrialized countries and countries in
transition to a market economy to achieve quantified emissions
reduction targets for a basket of six greenhouse gases
The Doha Amendment, which established the second
commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol from 2013 to
2020

·The Paris Agreement, which was adopted in 2015 and

aims to limit the rise in global temperature to well
below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above levels before the industrial
revolution

·The Paris Agreement superseded the UNFCCC's Kyoto

Protocol and is currently the focus of the UNFCCC's
work
2015 UN CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE
(PARIS DECLARATION )
The 2015 United Nations Climate Change
Conference, also known as the Paris Agreement,
marked a significant milestone in global efforts
to combat climate change. It builds upon the
principles of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and
represents a collective commitment to address
the urgent threat of climate change.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT IN
CLIMATE CHANGE EFFORTS
All nations have committed to reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and preparing for
the effects of climate change through the
Paris Agreement, making it a significant
global commitment to combating climate
change.
OBJECTIVES OF PARIS AGREEMENT

The primary goal of the Paris Agreement is

to fortify the international community's
response to climate change by maintaining
global temperature increases well below 2
degrees Celsius and actively pursuing efforts
to keep increases to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
 NATIONALLY DETERMINED
CONTRIBUTIONS (NDCS) AND MITIGATION
TARGETS

The foundation of the Paris Agreement is

the Nationally Determined Contributions
(NDC), whereby each nation sets its own
emissions reduction targets and adaptation
plans according to its unique national
circumstances.
IMPACT OF THIS CONVENTION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE

Global efforts to tackle climate change

have been greatly impacted by the Paris
Agreement, leading nations to reduce their
greenhouse gas emissions and move toward
low-carbon economies.
DIFFERENCES AND COMPARISON OF EACH
TREATY
These treaties and agreements aim to address environmental issues,
but they differ in their focus, scope, mechanisms, and level of
enforcement. The Montreal Protocol primarily targets ozone-depleting
substances, the Kyoto Protocol focuses on greenhouse gas emissions
from developed countries, the UNFCCC provides a framework for
international cooperation on climate change, and the Paris Agreement
involves all countries in setting voluntary emissions reduction targets.
 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this paper highlights the significance of treaties
in international relations, particularly regarding global atmosphere
and climate change. Treaties serve as foundational agreements
between states, enabling cooperation to address environmental
challenges. Key treaties like the Montreal Protocol, Kyoto Protocol,
UNFCCC, and the Paris Declaration aim to mitigate greenhouse gas
emissions, protect the ozone layer, and promote sustainable
development. Understanding these treaties is crucial for forestry
education and practice, as they provide insights into environmental
frameworks and empower foresters to integrate climate-smart
techniques, contributing to global climate goals and environmental
stewardship.
THANK YOU!!!