2 Constant-acceleration formulae

Skills check 1
10. s =vt − at 2 ⇒ 132 =12v − 144
2
1. a) 2a 2 – b = 2 × 32 – 4 = 2 × 9 – 4 = 14
⇒ 12v = 276 ⇒ v = 23 m s−1
b) a (b – c) = 3(4 – (–2)) = 3 × 6 = 18
11. u = 0, a = 0.4, t = 50
b 2 − c 2 (4 2 − (2)2 ) 16 − 4 12
c) = = = =2 1
2a (2 × 3) 6 6 a) s =ut + at 2 =0.2 × 50 2 =500 m
2
2. a) 2u + 7 = 15 ⇒ 2u = 8 ⇒ u = 4 b) v = u + at = 0.4 × 50 = 20 m s−1
2 12. u = 4, a = 2.5, v = 9
b) 9 − 3a =1 ⇒ 9 − 1 =3a ⇒ 3a =8 ⇒ a =2
3 a) v 2 = u 2 + 2as ⇒ 81 = 16 + 5s ⇒ 5s = 65
1
c) 4 t − 11 =− 5 ⇒ 4 t =6 ⇒ t =1 ⇒ s = 13 m (distance travelled in acceleration
2
phase)
3. a) t 2 – 8t + 12 = 0 ⇒ (t – 2) (t – 6) = 0 It now decelerates to 3 m s−1 with
⇒ t = 2 or 6 u = 9, a = –2 and v = 3.
3± 9 + 4 × 2 ×1
b) 2t 2 − 3t − 1 = 0 ⇒ t = v 2 = u 2 + 2as so 9 = 81 – 4s ⇒ 4s = 72 ⇒ s = 18
4 Total distance travelled = 13 + 18 = 31 m
⇒ t = 1.78 or –0.281 b) Time t1 for first phase given by
c) 3t 2 + 2t – 4 = 0 v = u + at1 ⇒ 9 = 4 + 2.5t1 ⇒ t1 = 2
−2 ± 4 + 4 ×3 × 4 Time t2 for second phase given by
⇒ t = =− 1.54 or 0.869
6 v = u + at2 ⇒ 3 = 9 – 2t2 ⇒ 2t2 = 6 ⇒ t2 = 3
∴ Total time = 2 + 3 = 5 s
Exercise 2.1
13. First phase a = 4, t = 2, u = 1
1 2 1
1. s = ut + at = × 4 × 82 = 128 m  econd phase a = –1.5, v = 0, u is f  inal velocity
S
2 2
(u + v ) (3 + 5) in first phase.
=
2. s = t 10 = 4 × 10 = 40 m 1 2
2 2 First phase s = ut + at = 2 + 2 × 4 = 10 m
2
3. v = u + at = 3 + 2 × 6 = 15 m s−1
and v = u + at = 1 + 8 = 9 m s−1
1 2 1 Second phase u = 9, v = 0, a = –1.5. Find s.
4. s =ut + at ⇒ 28 = 4u + × 1 × 16 ⇒ 20 = 4u
2 2 v 2 = u 2 + 2as ⇒ 0 = 81 – 3s ⇒ s = 27 m
⇒ u = 5 m s−1 ∴ Total distance = 10 + 27 = 37 m
1 2 1 14. 1 First phase u = 0, a = 0.6, t = t1
5. s = ut + at ⇒ 500 = 10 + × a × 100
2 2
2 Second phase u = v from f  irst phase
⇒ 490 = 50a so a = 9.8 m s–2 a = –0.8, v = 0, t = t2
6. v = u + at ⇒ 7 = 3 + 0.2t ⇒ 0.2t = 4 ⇒ t = 20s 1 v = u + at = 0.6t
1 1

1 2 1 2 v = u + at ⇒ 0 = 0.6t – 0.8t ⇒ 0.6t = 0.8t

7. s = ut + at ⇒ 12 = 5t + t 2 ⇒ t 2 + 10t – 24 = 0 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 3
⇒ t 2 =t1
⇒ (t + 12) (t – 2) = 0 4
3
Since t must be ≥ 0, t = 2 s.
 But=t1 + t 2 10 so t1= + t1 10
4
8. v 2 = u2 + 2as ⇒ 100 = 4 + 8s ⇒ 8s = 96 ⇒ s = 12 m 4 40
⇒ 1.75t1 = 10 ⇒ t1 = 10 × =
7 7
⎛u + v ⎞ ⎛u + 6⎞
9. s =⎜ ⎟t ⇒ ⎜ ⎟10 =50 ∴ t 2 = 30
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 7
⇒ 5 (u + 6) = 50 ⇒ u + 6 = 10 ⇒ u = 4 m s−1 1
∴ in 1 ,= s ut1 + at12
2

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 40 40 1 2
=0 + 0.3 × × b) Find t. s = ut + at
7 7 2
480 ⇒ – 5 = 12t – 5t 2

= m ⇒ 5t 2 – 12t – 5 = 0
49
12 ± 144 + 4 × 5 × 5
In 2 , s =vt 2 −
1 2
at 2 =0 + 0.4 ×
30 30
× ⇒t =
10
2 7 7
360 = 2.76 s (other value negative)
m =
49 7. a) u = 0, s = 30, a = 10. Find t.
480 360 840 1
Total distance = + = ≈ 17.1 m = s ut + at 2
49 49 49 2
⇒ 30 = 5t 2
15. a) a = 0.5, s = 15, t = 3. Find u. ⇒ t 2 = 6
= 1 ⇒ t = 2.45 s
s ut + at 2
2 b) Find v. v = u + at = 10 × 6 = 24.5 m s–1
1
⇒ 15 = 3u + × 0.5 × 9 ⇒ 3u = 15 – 2.25 8. a) u = 8, a = –10, v = 0. Find t
2
3u = 12.75 ⇒ u = 4.25 m s−1 v = u + at ⇒ 0 = 8 – 10t ⇒ t = 0.8 s
⎛u+v ⎞
b) s = 15, a = 1.5, t = 3. Find u. b) s = ⎜ ⎟t
⎝ 2 ⎠
1 = 4 × 0.8 = 3.2 m
s = ut + at 2
2 But it started 1 m above ground, so greatest
1 height above the ground = 4.2 m.
⇒ 15 = 3u + × 1.5 × 9 ⇒ 3u = 15 − 6.75
2 c) Find v when s = –1

3u = 8.25 ⇒ u = 2.75m s−1 v 2 = u 2 + 2as = 64 – 2 × 10 × –1
Exercise 2.2 = 64 + 20 = 84
So v = 9.17 m s–1
1. u = 0, a = 10, s = 1.8. Find v
9. B 0

v 2 = u 2 + 2as = 2 × 10 × 1.8 = 36, so v = ±6, so
speed = 6 m s–1
g
2. u = 0, a = 10, s = 48. Find t
A
1 1 30
s =ut + at 2 ⇒ 48 = × 10 × t 2
2 2 For ball B, u = 0, a = 10, t = 1.8, so
48
⇒ t2 = = 9.6 ⇒ t = 3.10 s =
s ut +
1 2
at
5
2
3. u = 0, a = 10, v = 18. Find s. = 5 × 1.82 = 16.2 m
v = u + 2as ⇒ 324 = 20 s
2 2
For ball A, u = 30, a = –10, t = 1.8, so
⇒ s = 16.2 m 1 2
=
s ut + at
2
4. u = 25, a = –10, t = 2. Find v and s.
= 30 × 1.8 – 5 × 1.82 = 37.8 m
v = u + at = 25 – 10 × 2 = 5 m s−1
Hence distance AB =16.2 + 37.8 = 54 m
(u + v ) ⎛ 25 + 5 ⎞
=s = t ⎜= ⎟ 2 30 m 10. a) u = 30, a = –g = –10, s = 25. Find t
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
1
5. u = 25, a = –10, v = 0. Find s.  s =ut + at 2 ⇒ 30t − 5t 2 =25 ⇒ 6t – t u2 = 5
2
v 2 = u 2 + 2as ⇒ 0 = 625 – 20s ⇒ s = 31.25 m ⇒ t 2 – 6t + 5 = 0 ⇒ (t – 1)(t – 5) = 0
u = 25, a = –10, s = 0. Find t. ⇒ t = 1 or 5
1 2 Hence i) 1 s ii) 5 s
s = ut + at ⇒ 0 = 25t − 5t 2
2 b) Ball has s ≥ 25 for 1 ≤ t ≤ 5 s,
⇒ 5t (5 – t) = 0 ⇒ t = 5 s i.e. a total of 4 s.
6. a) u = 12, a = –10, s = –5. Find v.
v 2 = u 2 + 2as = 144 + 100 = 244
⇒ v = 15.6 m s–1

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11. a) u = ?, a = –10, s = 0, t = 4 For Q, v = u + at = 6 – 10 × 0.7 = 6 – 7 = –1 m s–1
1 2 So P is travelling upwards at 1 m s–1 and Q is
s=
 ut + at ⇒ 0 = 4u − 5 × 16 ⇒ 4u = 80
2 travelling downwards at 1 m s–1.
⇒ u = 20 m s–1
b) u = 20, v = 0, a = –10. Find s Summary exercise 2
400
2 2
=
v = u + 2as ⇒ 0 = 400 – 20s ⇒ s = 20 1. a) s = 20, u = 0, a = 10. Find t
20
∴ Greatest height = 20 m 
1
s ut + at 2 ⇒ 20 = 5t 2 ⇒ t 2 = 4 so
=
2
c) s = 10, u = 20, a = –10. Find t t = 2s
1
 s = ut + at 2 ⇒ 10 = 20t − 5t 2 b) Ball hits ground at v = u + at
2
⇒ 5t 2 – 20t + 10 = 0 ⇒ t 2 – 4t + 2 = 0 = 10 × 2 = 20 m s–1
4 ± 16 − 8 ∴ it rebounds at 10 m s–1
⇒t =
2 ∴ s = 0, a = –10, u = 10, t = ? to reach the ground

4± 8 a second time
=
2 1 2
=
s ut +
 at ⇒ 0 = 10t – 5t2 ⇒ t 2 – 2t = 0
=2± 2 2
Therefore particle is above 10 m for a time of ⇒ t (t – 2) = 0 ⇒ t = 0 or 2


(2 + 2 ) − (2 − 2 ) = 2 2 = 2.83 s ∴it takes 2 s after the bounce for the ball to reach
the ground again.
12. a) u = 9, a = –10, s = 2.4. Find v
2. a) u = 80, t = 8, a = 30. Find v
v 2 = u 2 + 2as
v = u + at
⇒ v 2 = 81 – 20 × 2.4 = 33
= 80 + 30 × 8 = 80 + 240
⇒ v ≈ 5.74 m s–1
= 320 m s–1
b) u = 9, a = –10, v = 0. Find s
b) u = 80, v = 320, t = 8. Find s
v 2 = u 2 + 2as ⇒ 0 = 81 – 20 s
s = ⎜⎛ u + v ⎞⎟ t
⇒ s = 4.05 m ⎝ 2 ⎠
c) u = 9, a = –10, v = –4.6. Find t 400
= × 8= 1600 m
v = u + at ⇒ –4.6 = 9 – 10t 2

⇒ 10t = 13.6 3. a) u = 0, a = 5.5, t = 2. Find s

1
⇒ t = 1.36 s = s ut + at 2
2
13. a) u = 8, a = –10, v = 0. Find s 1
64 = × 5 .5 × 4 = 11 m
v 2 = u 2 + 2as ⇒ 0 = 64 – 20s ⇒ s = = 3.2 m 2
20
b) He then runs 100 – 11 = 89 m at a constant speed
b) u = ?, a = –10, s = 3.2 – 1.4 = 1.8, v = 0
of v = u + at
v 2 = u 2 + 2as ⇒ 0 = u2 – 20 × 1.8 89
= 5.5 × 2 = 11 m s–1, taking ≈ 8.09 s .
⇒ u2 = 36 11
⇒ u = 6 m s–1 ∴ time for 100 m = 8.09 + 2 = 10.1 s
c) Let them be at same height at time t. 4. u = 25, a = −10, s = –80. Find t and v.
1 2 1
For P, s p = ut + at = 8t − 5t 2
 s ut + at 2 ⇒ –80 = 25t − 5t 2
=
2 2
1 2 ⇒ t – 5t –16 = 0
2
For Q, sQ = ut + at = 6t − 5t , but its height is
2
2
sp + 1.4 = 6t – 5t 2 + 1.4 5 ± 25 + 4 × 1× 16 5 ± 89
= ⇒t =
2 2
Hence 8t – 5t 2 = 6t – 5t 2 + 1.4
5 + 89
⇒ 2t = 1.4 Since t > 0, t = ≈ 7.22s
2
⇒ t = 0.7 v = u + at = 25 – 10 × 7.21699… ≈ −47.2 m s–1
∴ at same height at 0.7 seconds.
So speed is 47.2 m s–1.
For P, v = u + at = 8 – 10 × 0.7 = 8 – 7 = 1 m s–1

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5. u = 45, a = −10, s = 25. Find t Hence 1.05T 2 = 1600 so T = 39.036 s
1 For deceleration phase v = u + at ⇒
 0 = 1.2T − 1.6t
s = ut + at 2 ⇒ 25 = 45t − 5t 2
2 1.2T 3
⇒ t 2 − 9t + 5 =0 So t = = T
1 .6 4
9 ± 81 − 20 3
⇒t = ∴ Total time for journey = T + T = 1.75T
2 4
9 ± 61 = 68.3 s
=
2 Greatest speed is v at end of acceleration period
Therefore s ≥ 25 for a time of = u + aT
⎛ 9 + 61 ⎞ ⎛ 9 − 61 ⎞ = 1.2T
⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= 46.8 m s–1 (3 s.f.)
= 61
8. a) A → B
= 7.81 s
s = 20
6. Lorry Car
u=?
a = 0.6 a = 1.6
v = u + 0.8
u=0 u=0
a = 0.4
t=T t = T − 10 (starts 10 secs
after lorry) t=?
1 2 1 2 v 2 = u2 + 2as
s = ut + at s = ut + at
2 2 (u + 0.8)2 = u2 + 2 × 0.4 × 20
= 0.3 T 2 = 0.8(T − 10)2 u 2 + 1.6u + 0.64 = u 2 + 16
As car overtakes lorry, 0.3T 2 = 0.8(T − 10)2 1.6u = 16 − 0.64
⇒ 3T = 8 (T − 10)
2 2
16 − 0.64
u =
⇒ 3T 2 = 8T 2 − 160T + 800
 1.6
⇒ 0 = 5T 2 − 160T + 800 u = 9.6 m s−1 = speed at A
⇒ T − 32T + 160 = 0
2

b) s = ?
32 ± 1024 − 640
⇒T = u = 9.6
2
32 ± 384 v = 15
=
2 a = 0.4
⎧6.20 s (impossible since car has not moved off ) t=?
Q
≈⎨
⎩or 25.8s v =u + at
Therefore, lorry has been in motion for 25.8 s. 15 = 9.6 + 0.4 × t
Distance travelled by lorry is 15 − 9.6
=t
s = 0.3T = 199.66… ≈ 200 m (3 s.f.)
2 0.4
7. Acceleration phase: 13.5 s = t when speed is 15 m s−1
Assume it accelerates for T s.
9. a)
Then u = 0, a = 1.2, t = T
1 0.92 m
so s = ut + at 2 = 0.6T 2
2 O
and v = u + at = 1.2T
s = 0.92
Deceleration phase:
u = 5.6
v = 0, a = −1.6
v=?
u = v for acceleration phase = 1.2T
v 2 = u2 + 2as a = −10
⇒ 0 = 1.44 T 2 − 3.2 s T=? −5
1 1 1
1.44T 2 s = ut + at 2 ⇒ 0.92 = 5.6T + × × −10 × T 2
⇒
= s = 0.45T 2 2 2 2
3 .2 = 5T − 5.6T + 0.92 = 0
2
⇒ Total distance travelled = 0.6T 2 + 0.45T 2
= 1.05T 2

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 Using the quadratic formula c) s = ?

−b ± b 2 − 4 ac
u = 5.6
T=
2a v = 2.8
a = −10
+5.6 ± 5.62 − 4.5 × 0.92
= t=?
10
v 2 = u2 + 2as
= 0.92 s or 0.2 s.
2.82 = 5.62 + 2 × −10.s
b) It takes 0.2 s to reach 0.92 m.
2 .8 2 − 5 .6 2
After 0.92 s the particle reaches 0.92 m level on = s = 1.176 m
−20
the way down.
Time above 0.92 m = 0.92 − 0.2 = 0.72 s

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