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Sets

The document discusses sets and their properties including defining what a set is, examples of sets, the empty set, finite and infinite sets, specifying sets, subsets, unions, intersections, complements, and Venn diagrams.

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18 views34 pages

Sets

The document discusses sets and their properties including defining what a set is, examples of sets, the empty set, finite and infinite sets, specifying sets, subsets, unions, intersections, complements, and Venn diagrams.

Uploaded by

gurosirosa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1

SETS
What is a Set?

 A set is a well-defined collection of


distinct objects.
 The objects in a set are called the
elements or members of the set.
 Capital letters A,B,C,… usually
denote sets.
 Lowercase letters a,b,c,… denote
the elements of a set.
Examples
 The collection of the vowels in the word
“probability”.
 The collection of real numbers that
satisfy the equation x 2 − 9 = 0.
 The collection of two-digit positive
integers divisible by 5.
 The collection of great football players in
the National Football League.
 The collection of intelligent members of
the United States Congress.
The Empty Set

 The set with no elements.


 Also called the null set.
 Denoted by the symbol f.
Finite and Infinite Sets

 A finite set is one which can be


counted.
 Example: The set of two-digit
positive integers has 90 elements.
 An infinite set is one which cannot
be counted.
 Example: The set of integer
multiples of the number 5.
The Cardinality of a Set

 Notation: n(A)

 For finite sets A, n(A) is the number


of elements of A.

 For infinite sets A, write n(A)=∞.


Specifying a Set

 List the elements explicitly, e.g.,


C =  a , o, i 

 List the elements implicitly, e.g.,

K =  10, 15, 20, 25,...., 95 

 Use set builder notation, e.g.,


Q =  x x = p / q where p and q are integers and q  0 
The Universal Set

 A set U that includes all of the


elements under consideration in a
particular discussion.
 Depends on the context.
 Examples: The set of Latin letters,
the set of natural numbers, the set
of points on a line.
The Membership Relation

 Let A be a set and let x be some


object.
 Notation: x A
 Meaning: x is a member of A, or x
is an element of A, or x belongs to
A.
 Negated by writing x A
 Example: V =  a, e, i, o, u  . e V , b V .
Equality of Sets
 Two sets A and B are equal, denoted A=B,
if they have the same elements.
 Otherwise, A≠B.
 Example: The set A of odd positive
integers is not equal to the set B of prime
numbers.
 Example: The set of odd integers between
4 and 8 is equal to the set of prime
numbers between 4 and 8.
Subsets
 A is a subset of B if every element of A is
an element of B.
 Notation: A  B
 For each set A, A  A
 For each set B, Ø  B
 A is proper subset of B if A  B and A  B
Unions

 The union of two sets A and B is

A  B =  x x  A or x  B

 The word “or” is inclusive.


Complements
o If A is a subset of the universal set U,
then the complement of A is the set

Ac =  x  U x  A 

Note: A  Ac =  ; A  A = U
c
o
Intersections

 The intersection of A and B is

A  B =  x x  A and x  B

 Example: Let A be the set of even


positive integers and B the set of prime
positive integers. Then
A  B = {2}

 Definition: A and B are disjoint if

A B = Ø
Venn Diagrams

Set A represented as a disk inside a


rectangular region representing U.
Possible Venn Diagrams
for Two Sets

U U
A B
A B

A B
The Complement of a Set

Ac
A

The shaded region represents the


complement of the set A
The Union of Two Sets

A B
The Intersection of Two Sets

A B
Sets Formed by Two Sets
o R1 = A  B c

 R2 = A  B
U
A B

R1
R2
R3  R3 = Ac  B
R4

 R4 = Ac  B c
Two Basic Counting Rules
If A and B are finite sets,

1. n( A  B) = n( A) + n( B) − n( A  B)

2. n( A  Bc ) = n( A) − n( A  B)

See the preceding Venn diagram.

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