FREEWORK

Student: Taleh Mirzaliyev

Group: 232K ING

Subject: Physics

Topic: Fluid movement. Description of fluid flow. Law of

continuity of flow. Bernoulli's equation

Speciality: Computer engineering

Teacher: Nabieva Seyyare

Faculty: High Technologies and Innovative Engineering

BAKI 2024
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 CONTENTS

1) Fluid Flow Definition ………..…….………………………………3

2) Fluid Flow Rate Formulas……….………...………………………5

3) Viscous Fluid Flow..…………….………………………………….7

4) Characteristics of Fluid Flow……….……………………………..9

5) Bernoulli's Equation…………………………………………….....10

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Fluid Flow Definition
Fluid and flow, are two terms each with their own definitions. Fluids, i.e. liquids and
gases, are substances with no distinct shape and change easily relative to the presence
of external pressure. Flow, on the other hand, refers to movement. When combined,
the term fluid flow refers to the movement of liquids and gases.

Definition - Fluid Flow describes the movement of fluids produced by a pressure

gradient, where pressure gradients are differences in pressure across a surface.

Fluid flow falls under the study of fluid dynamics, the study of fluid motion, which is
a subcategory of fluid mechanics. Fluid mechanics is the study of forces that arise due
to the behavior of fluids.

Fluid Flow Rate Formula

To calculate a fluid's rate of flow, the corresponding equation depends on the
parameters of a given situation.

Flow rate refers to the volume of a fluid passing through a given cross-sectional area
during a specific time interval.

In accordance with this definition, the corresponding mathematical equation is

V
Q=
t

Where V is volume and t is time.

Let's try a quick example.

Calculate the volume of a fluid during a 60 min time interval, assuming the flow rate
3
m
is 500 .
s

Solution

Before solving this problem, we must first convert minutes to seconds:

60 s
60 min( )=3600 s .
1 min

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Now ,rearranging our flow rate equation in terms of volume, our calculations are as
follows:
V
Q ¿ ,
t
V ¿ Qt ,

V (
¿ 500
m3
s )
( 3600 s ) ,
6 3
V ¿1.8 × 10 m .

Flow rate is also calculated in terms of velocity and area

Q=vA

Where v is velocity and A is the cross-sectional area. Flow rate has corresponding SI
3
m
units of ; however, other units are used depending on different scenarios. For
s
instance, when referring to blood flowing through our bodies, the flow rate is
(L)
measured in units of liters per minute min
Other common units include cubic meters per second, gallons per minute, and cubic
feet per second.

Viscous Fluid Flow

The word viscous refers to viscosity.

Viscosity is the internal resistance to motion due to internal friction.

In the case of viscous liquids, viscosity is the result of electrical forces between
adjacent molecules that arise due to the attraction of electrons and protons between
these adjacent molecules. Viscosity in gases, however, is slightly different as it comes
from the collision between molecules. This behavior of fluids can be quantified using
the viscosity coefficient.

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Viscosity Coefficient

The viscosity of a fluid is denoted by the Greek symbol η.

This coefficient has a corresponding formula of

Fl
η=
Av

where F is force, is the cross-sectional area, is velocity, and l is distance. Higher

viscosity coefficients indicate a fluid has a higher viscosity due to the presence of
more internal friction. However, to fully understand this term and its corresponding
formula, let us look at the following example.

Consider two solid plates with a liquid in between. One plate remains stationary while
the other moves.

Fig. 1 - A diagram of two solid plates to aid in the understanding of the viscosity
coefficient.

The liquid in direct contact with the moving plate is held together by adhesive forces
between molecules within both the liquid and solid. Consequently, the liquid closest to
the moving plate moves with a velocity equal to that of the moving plate. Similarly,
the liquid closest to the stationary plate is also stationary, meaning its velocity is zero.
This means that the velocity of the liquid between the two plates falls between v=0and
v
v . The ratio of v is defined by the distance between the two plates which yields , the
l
velocity gradient.

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To move the moving plate along the surface of the liquid, a force is required. The
corresponding equation to this force is
v
F=ηA
l

which we can rearrange to yield the equation of the viscosity coefficient mentioned
earlier:
Fl
η=
Av

The larger the viscosity, the greater the force needed to move the plate. The larger the
distance between the plates, the lower the force.

Characteristics of Fluid Flow

When looking at the behavior of fluids, we consider characteristics such as density,
temperature, pressure, viscosity, specific volume, and specific gravity. However, the
behavior of fluid flow is largely determined by pressure, density, and viscosity.

 Pressure is the force exerted on a fluid.

 Density is the amount of mass present in a substance per unit volume. Its
corresponding formula is ρ=mV where m is mass and V is volume.
 Viscosity is resistance to motion or the amount of internal friction present in a
fluid.

Fluid Flow Types

Due to fluid behavior, the flow of fluids is divided into four categories.

Flow Type Description

Steady or Steady flows indicate that conditions such as velocity and
Unsteady pressure vary but do not change with respect to time. In
contrast, unsteady suggests that at some point these conditions
change with respect to time.
Uniform or Non- Uniform flow indicates that the velocity of a fluid has the same
uniform magnitude and direction at all points within the fluid. Non-

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 uniform flow indicates that velocity does not have the same
magnitude or direction at all points within the fluid.
Compressible or Compressible flows indicate fluids whose volume and density
Incompressible change due to pressure. Incompressible flows indicate fluids
whose volume and density do not change due to pressure.
Laminar or Laminar flows indicate fluids that flow in a streamlined path,
Turbulent meaning particles follow a straight path and are in parallel with
one another. Turbulent flows indicate random and chaotic
behavior.

Bernoulli's Equation

An important equation related to fluids is Bernoulli's equation, which describes the

conservation of energy in fluid flow. Mathematically, it can be expressed as
1 2 1 2
P1 + ρg h1 + ρ v 1=P2 + ρg h2 + ρ v 2
2 2

kg
Here, is the static pressure measured in pascals ( Pa), p is the fluid density ( )
3 , g is
m
m
the acceleration due to gravity ( 2 ), y is the elevation of the fluid measured in meters
s
m
(m), and v is the velocity of the fluid ( s ).

Continuity Equation

Another important relation to consider in addition to the Bernoulli equation, and fluid
mechanics in general, is the continuity equation, derived using the principle of
conservation of mass. Mathematically, it can be expressed as
A1 v 1= A 2 v 2

where A1and A2 are the cross-sectional areas of the pipe in two different locations,
corresponding to the velocity v of the fluid at each point. In other words, for an
incompressible fluid in streamline flow, the mass of the fluid passing through the
different cross-sections every second remains equal. Thus, this equation basically says
that fluids don't spontaneously appear or disappear in the pipe.

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 Sources
https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/physics/fluids/fluid-flow/
https://www.princeton.edu/~asmits/Bicycle_web/Bernoulli.html