nf]suLtf

-uLtfbz{gdf cfwfl/t_
 k|sfzg ;+of]hs
e"kfndfgl;+x sfsL{ k|1fkl/ifb\
 ç

nf]suLtf

nf]sdfgl;+x sfsL{
 ;Dkfbs
;'gLtf l;+x sfsL{

;f}hGo

8f=cfWof>L sfsL{ yklnof

cfs[lt sfsL{ yfkf

cEo'bodfgl;+x sfsL{
 -e"kfndfgl;+x sfsL{ k|1fkl/ifb\af6
k|yd / låtLo -5fkf_ ;+:s/0f @)&* ;fndf k|sflzt_

k|sfzs
gO k|sfzg
kf]:6aS; M !!$$!, sf7df8fð -g]kfn_
6]lnkmf]g M $&&!$%%
Email : nai.com.np@gmail.com
website : nai.com.np
j]e ;+:s/0f M @)*! ;fn -;g\ @)@$_
© ;'/lIft, ;'gLtf l;+x sfsL{
 k|sfzsLo

g]kfnL jfª\dosf] >Lj[l4sf nflu @)%@ ;fn df3 !% ut] gO k|sfzgsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;
;+:yfn] @)%% ;fn j}zfv !& ut] ljlwjt\ ¿kdf ;/sf/L dfGotf kfPsf] lyof] . ;|i6fåo g/]G›/fh k|;fO{
/ OlGb/f k|;fO{sf] gfpFsf cufl8sf cIf/ hf]8]/ gO k|sfzggfds ;flxlTos, ;f+:s[lts / ;fdflhs
;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . of] ;+:yf g]kfnL jfª\dok|]dLx¿sf] ;f´f rf}tf/L xf] . of] ;+:yf …j;'w}j
s'6'Dasd\Úsf] cfbz{df cfa4 5 . o; ;+:yfn]] k/Dk/fut ;f+:s[lts d"No, dfGotf / wf/0ffnfO{ ;b}j
lz/f]k/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . b]zb]zfGt/sf k|ltefsf] ;Ddfg ug{' o; ;+:yfsf] csf]{ k|d'v p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL efiff;flxTo, snf, ;+:s[lt, ;dfh;]jf, 1fglj1fg, lrGtg, v]ns'bnufot cGo ljljw If]qsf
k|ltefsf] vf]hL / ltgLx¿sf] cr{gfdf gO k|sfzg cu|;/ 5 . o; ;+:yfaf6 lg/Gt/ k|fl1s dxŒjsf
ljleGg sfo{x¿sf cltl/St ljljw u|Gydfnfx¿sf] klg k|sfzg eO/x]sf] 5 .
gO k|sfzg g]kfnL d"No, dfGotf / ;+:s[ltnfO{ cª\uLsf/ ub}{ g]kfnL k|ltefsf l;h{gfTds
sf}znnfO{ ;'Gb/ Pj+ ;'?lrk"0f{ 9ª\un] k|:t't ug{;d]t cu|;/ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
gO k|sfzgsf] of]ubfgnfO{ d"Nofª\sg u/]/ g]kfn ;/sf/ x'nfs ;]jf ljefun] gO k|sfzgsf]
nf]uf] cª\lst b; ?lkofFsf] b; nfvk|lt x'nfs l6s6 / g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\sn] b; xhf/k|lt l;Ssf
k|sfzgdf NofP/ xfd|f] ;du| sfo{sf] pRr sb/ ul/lbPsf]df xfdL yk k|f]T;flxt ePsf 5fð . g]kfn /fi6«
a}ª\saf6 g]kfnL ;flxlTos ;+:yfsf gfpFdf wft' -So'k|f]lgs]n_ sf] l;Ssf 6sd/L ePsf] of] g} klxnf]
cj;/ ePsfn] xfdLnfO{ c¿ uf}/j nfu]sf] 5 .
gO k|sfzg gfkmfljxLg u}//fhg}lts ;fdflhs ;+:yf xf] . o; ;+:yfsf] k|:tfjgfdf plNnlvt
p2]Zocg'¿k ljljw sfo{qmd / of]hgfd'tflas k|:t't s[lt k|sfzgdf cfPsf] xf] .
nf]sdfgl;+x sfsL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;lrj, d'Vo ;lrj / clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf k|d'v cfo'St eP . pgL clVtof/ k|d'v ePsf a]nf e|i6frf/sf lj?4 Pp6f 7"n} hfu/0f
cfPsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] Oltxf;df To; k|sf/sf] sDkg To;cl3 slxn] klg
lyPg . pgLåf/f g} lnlvt …nf]suLtfÚ k7gLo / ;ªu|x0fLo clt pRr :t/Lo wfld{s u|Gy xf] .
nf]sdfgl;+x sfsL{nfO{ g]kfn /fi6«df h;/L Ps ;fx;L, lgeL{s / k'?iffyL{ k|zf;ssf ¿kdf
lrlgG5 To;/L g} g]kfnL ;dfhn] nf]sdfgl;+x sfsL{ eg]sf] k/f]ksf/L, wfld{s, ;+:sf/L / ;+:s[lt tyf
k/Dk/fsf cfbz{ kl/kfnssf ¿kdf lrGg] u5{ . …nf]suLtfÚ log} ljz]if0fnfO{ 7f]; ¿kdf k|dfl0ft ug]{
u|Gy ag]sf] 5 . cfh;Dd g]kfn /fi6«df …nf]suLtfÚh:tf] k'/ftg wd{;+:sf/sf] hudf :yflkt tyf
cfw'lgs ljrf/wf/fåf/f kl/eflift u|Gy s'g} klg pRr k|zf;såf/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
xfdLnfO{ 5}g . ef}lts ¿kn] zf/Ll/s cfsf/;Fu ;fb[Zo lj/f6\ u|Gysf lgdf{tf nf]sdfgl;+x sfsL{
g]kfnL ;flxTo, wd{, ;+:s[ltsf] Oltxf;df cIf'00f ¿kn] ufFl;Psf] JolStTj x''Fbf xfdLn] uf}/j u/]sf
5f}F . o:tf] uf}/jzfnL JolStåf/f n]lvPsf] …nf]suLtfÚh:tf] lj/f6\ / :t'To u|Gy k|sflzt ug{ kfpg'nfO{
gO k|sfzgn] clt uf}/jsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf] 5 .
…nf]suLtfÚ klxnf] / bf];|f] ;+:s/0f e"kfndfgl;+x sfsL{ k|1fkl/ifb\af6 k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . j]e
;+:s/0f k|sfzg ug{ gO k|sfzgnfO{ df}sf h'/]sf] 5 .
…nf]suLtfÚsf] j]e ;+:s/0f k|sflzt ug{ kfpg' gO k|sfzgsf nflu Pp6f csf]{ ljz]if uf}/jsf]
cj;/ ePsf] 5 .
• gO k|sfzg
 j+zLlje"lift s/fGgjgL/bfeft\
kLtfDa/fb?0f ljDakmnfw/f]i7ft\
k"0f]{Gb';'Gb/d'vfb/ljGbg]qft\
s[i0fft\k/+ lsdlk tŒjdx+ ghfg] ..
 u'?a|{≈df u'?lj{i0f'M u'?b]{jf] dx]Zj/M .
u'?M ;fIfft\ k/+a|≈d t:d} >L u'/j] gdM .
 ;dk{0f

d]/f] lz/, cfsfz, dfu{bz{s, k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t tyf d]/f] h}ljs / :y"n z/L/nfO{ ef}lts hut\df
cjtl/t ug]{ d]/f k"hgLo lktf /fh;ef :yfoL ;ldltsf ;efklt ;DdfggLo hg/n e"kfndfgl;+x
sfsL{, d]/L hGdbfqL dftf b'uf{b]jL sfsL{ / sd{bfqL dftf e"df sfsL{df d]/f] >4fk"0f{ xflb{s gdg
ck{0f ug{ rfxG5' . ;fy} d]/f] lkt[s'ntk{msf a8flhh'a'af a8fsKtfg x:tjL/l;+x sfsL{, lhh'a'af
sKtfg s]z/l;+x sfsL{ / lhh'd'jf eQms'df/L sfsL{ tyf dft[s'ntk{msf lhh'a'af nK6g z]/axfb'/
l;njfn / lhh'd'jf wd{s'df/L l;njfnnfO{ >4f;'dg ck{0f ug{ rfxG5' .
d]/f lktfsf] Odfgbf/, cg'zfl;t / ;]jfd'vL hLjgn] dnfO{ pxfFsf] cg'ofoL aGg ;b}j
k|f]T;flxt ul//xg] 5 . pxfFn] cfˆgf] hLjgsf] pQ/fw{sf] sl/a @) jif{ k"0f{ s[i0fdo eP/ JotLt
ug{'eof] . cTofjZos sd{ ubf{ klg df}lvs / zflAbs ¿kn] dfq s[i0fsf] gfd pRrf/0f ug]{ xf]Og,
pxfFsf] z/L/sf /f}F–/f}Fn] klg s[i0f g} af]NbYf] . clGtd ;dodf Ps dlxgf cr]tg l:yltdf hfg'cl3
;fd'Gg] /fv]sf] s[i0fsf] tl:a/sf] bz{g u/]/ pxfFn] g]q aGb ug{'ePsf] lyof] . cr]tg cj:yfdf klg Tof]
s[i0ftŒj pxfFsf] cGtZr]tgfaf6 Wjlgsf] ¿kdf Zjf;k|Zjf;dfkm{t u'lGh/x]sf] lyof] / pxfF k"0f{
s[i0fdo g} x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] oxL >Ls[i0fk|ltsf] elQm / k|]dsf] sf/0fn] g} of] nf]suLtf n]vfpg
pg} k/dfTdfn] dnfO{ xf};nf / cfzLjf{b k|bfg u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . t;y{ s[i0felQmdf 8'a]/ s[i0fd} nLg
x'g'ePsf d]/f lktfnfO{ d of] nf]suLtf ;dk{0f ug{ rfxG5' .
nf]suLtf–II
 gf} dlxgf sf]vdf /fv]/ 7'nf] si6 ;xg u/L dnfO{ o; ;+;f/;Fu kl/lrt u/fpFb} wtL{df
cjt/0f u/fpg] d]/L hGdbfqL d cf7 jif{sf] x'Fbf of] wtL{af6 z/L/¿kL cfj/0f Tofu]/ slxNo} gkmls{g]
u/L labf x'g'eof] . cToGt} 5f]6f] hLjgsfndf klg ;a}nfO{ s?0ff / k|]d a;f{pFb} ;a}df ;defj /fVg]
ddtfdoL dftf d]/L hggLn] of] ef}lts rf]nf Tofu]/ Tof] cd[ttŒj k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'k5{, lsgeg]
kfl/jfl/s ;b:ox¿sf ;fy} pxfF;Fu Ps k6s dfq ;fIffTsf/ x'g]n] klg pxfFsf] b]jLt'No Jojxf/ tyf
u'0fsf] j0f{g / k|z+;f u/]/ yfSb}gg\ . o:tL s?0ffdoL dftfsf] :d[lt d]/f] dfg;k6ndf gx'g' / pxfFsf]
;]jf ug{af6 jl~rt x'g' d]/f] hLjgsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] b'ef{Uo ePsf] d}n] dx;'; u/]sf] 5' . of]
Unflgaf]wn] hLjge/ dnfO{ kL8fsf] cg'ej u/fO/x]sf] 5 . dnfO{ nfUb5, dnfO{ hGd lbg] k|of]hgn] g}
pxfFn] hGd lnPsf] x'g'k5{ . pxfFsf] ;flGgWo / Gofgf] sfvaf6 jl~rt d]/f] j]bgfo'Qm Åboaf6 of]
nf]suLtf pxfFnfO{ ;dlk{t ug{ rfxG5' .
d]/f] hLjgqmddf cfPsf cf/f]x tyf cj/f]xx¿df dnfO{ ;fy lbP/ dft[Tjn] cf]tk|f]t ug]{ d]/L
ddtfdoL sd{bfqL dftfnfO{ klg d of] nf]suLtf ;dlk{t ug{ rfxG5' .
xfdL rf/ 5f]/fx¿ eP klg hLjgsfnel/ / clGtd If0f;Dd klg d]/f lktf / sd{bfqL dftfsf]
Gofgf] ;flGgWodf pxfFx¿sf] cfzLjf{b¿kL ;fy kfPsf]df d cfkm"eGbf 7'nf] ;f}efUozfnL c¿ sf]xL x'g}
g;Sg] dfGb5' .

nf]suLtf–III
 ç
d]/f] eGg'
;j{k|yd d >Ls[i0f eujfg\sf] kfjg r/0fdf af/Daf/ lz/
em'sfP/ elQm¿kL k'ik clk{t ub}{ cfˆgf] cxª\sf/¿kL sNdif lj;lh{t
ug{ rfxG5' . tTkZrft\ eujfg\ cf]zf]sf] jGbgf ub}{ ;dk{0f / s[t1tfsf]
g}j]B ck{0f ug{ rfxG5' .
xfdL ;a}leq eujfg\ 5 / xfdL eujfg\s} Ps ¿k xf}“ t/ xfdL
clwsf+z ;do lg›f / a]xf];Ld} x'G5f}“ . oxL d"R5f{ cj:yfd} xfdL vfg],
lxF8\g], af]Ng] h:tf s[Tox¿ ul//x]sf x'G5f}“ h;n] ubf{ cfˆgf] eujfg\ x'g]
;Defjgfsf] af]w xfdLdf x'Fb}g . xfdL eujfg\ g} xf}“ / xfd|f] hGd cfkm"leq
/x]sf] k/dfTdf–tŒj hfGgsf nflu ePsf] xf] eGg] ;Toaf6 xfdL cgle1
5f}“ . h'g lbg x/]s s[To xf];df / hfu/0fdf eP/ JolQmn] cfˆgf] cl:tTj a'‰b5, ToxL If0f p;nfO{
cfkm" eujfg\ ePsf] 1ft x'G5, cyf{t\ p;df g} eujfg\ k|s6 x'G5 . a'4, dxfjL/, lh;;, cf]zf] o:t}
hfu/0fdf /x]sf] tŒj1fgL ePsf] x'Fbf pxfFx¿ eujfg\ g} x'g'x'G5 .
of] nf]suLtf¿kL u|Gy, of] cd"No /Tg d}n] s;/L lnlka4 u/]/ k':tssf] ¿kdf k|sflzt ug]{
hdsf]{ u/]“, Tof] d oxfFx¿;fd' k|s6 ug{ rfxG5' . ;j{k|yd t d cfkm}F cfZro{rlst 5' lsgeg] d
h:tf] ;flxTosf] sv/f dfq hfGg] / Ps} 7fpFdf nfdf] cjlw a;]/ n]Vg] w}o{ gePsf] JolQmn] lbgsf]
sl/a !% 306f k|jrg >j0f ub}{ >j0fs} e/df gbf]xf]¥ofO{ sl/a b'O{ jif{ nufP/ Psfu|tfsf ;fy
s;/L oqf] cd"No lglw lnlka4 ug{ ;dy{ eP“, of] cfkm}Fdf /x:odo 5 . d}n] snd rnfP“ eGg' d]/f]
w[i6tf dfq xf] lsgeg] k/d k/dfTdf >Ls[i0f :jod\ d]/f] snddf a;]/ gn]vfPsf] eP nf]suLtfsf] t
s'/} gu¿“ b'O{ cIf/ n]Vg klg d ;dy{ x'g] lyOg“ . oqf] s[kf ug'{sf k5fl8 dfgjLo a'l4n] cuDo
pxfFs} OR5f lglxt x'g'k5{ . hLjgdf 3l6t x'g] c;n–v/fa ;a} 36gfx¿ k/ds} s?0ff / s[kfdf
lge{/ x'G5 .
ljut !% jif{b]lv d eujfg\ cf]zf]sf k|jrgx¿sf] lgoldt >f]tf x'F . t/ rf/ jif{cl3 ha d}n]
pxfFsf] uLtf bz{g ;'g]“, To;kl5 c¿ k|jrg 5f]8]/ s]jn uLtfbz{g dfq >j0f ul//x]sf] 5' .
uLtfbz{g ;'Gg'cl3 d}n] uLtfsf] s'g} cWoog u/]sf] lyOg“ . o;} qmddf af]lw;Œj :jfdL cfgGb
c?0f;Fu d]/f] e]6sf] ;+of]u h'¥of] / d}n] pxfFaf6 bLIff klg lnPF . t/ klg cfhsf lbg;Dd d cf]zf]sf]
s'g} ;+3;+:yfdf cfa4 5}g“ / pxfF;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} lzlj/ jf ultljlwdf klg d]/f] s'g} ;+nUgtf tyf
;xeflutf 5}g . t/ klg d cf]zf]d} 5' / d]/f] g;f–g;fdf pxfF g} x'g'x'G5 . of] rf/ jif{sf] cjlwdf
d}n] w]/} k6s uLtfbz{g >j0f u/]“ / x/]s k6s >j0f ubf{ klxnf] k6s >j0f u/] h:tf] cg'ej ug'{sf
;fy} o;df gofF cy{ kfPsf] 5' .
uLtfnfO{ k|f0fdf g} cfTd;ft\ ug{ d s]xL xb;Dd ;kmn ePsf] h:tf] nfU5 . uLtfnfO{ ;xL
cy{df a'em]/ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;lsof] eg] hLjgsf] k/d nIo k|fKt ug{ cGo s'g} dfWodsf] cfjZostf
g} 5}g . >Ls[i0fn] lbg'ePsf] of] cd"No ;"qnfO{ hLjg¿kL ;To agfpg ;s] cGo s'g} u|Gy, dfu{ /
ljlw cjnDag ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf 5}g eGg] dx;'; u/]/ d o;}df 8'Ab} uP“ / hlt 8'a],“ plt
efjgfTds ¿kdf cf]zf]sf] uLtfbz{gdf hf]l8“b} uP““ . t/ k':tssf] ¿kdf nf]suLtfsf] hGd x'G5 eGg]
;f]r]sf] klg lyOg“ . hlt d uLtfbz{g;Fu hf]l8“b} uP“, plt ddf cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt x'g ;'? eof] . d]/f]
:j;f]rfOsf] b'v–ljiffb qmdzM cfgGbdf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fb} uof] / d o;}df /dfpg yfn]“ .

nf]suLtf–IV
 x'g klg cf]zf]n] eujfg\ >Ls[i0fsf] d'vf/ljGbaf6 k|:km'l/t jf0fLsf] zAbzAbsf] JofVof dfq
xf]Og, o;sf] cfTdfnfO{ g} lgrf]/]/ k|:t't ug{'ePsf] 5 . To;f] t uLtfsf c;ª\Vo 6Lsf / JofVof
pknAw 5g\, t/ o;sf] cGo s'g};“u t'ngf g} 5}g . s;}n] s]jn ;+:s[tsf] g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f dfq
u/]sf 5g\ eg] s;}n] wfld{s b[li6sf]0fn] dfq dfGotf / cGwljZjf;sf cfwf/df uLtfsf] JofVof u/]sf
5g\ . ;xL cy{df dfgl;s, tfls{s, bfz{lgs, j}1flgs, a'l4ut, wfld{s / cGttM cfWoflTdstfdf
k'¥ofpg ;Sg] / cfˆgf] :jefjnfO{ lrgfpg ;Sg] dfu{ d}n] s]jn of] cf]zf]sf] uLtfbz{gdf dfq kfPF .
To;kl5 d]/f nflu cGo s'/f gu0o x'g yfn] . d]/f] efj cfsng u/]/ x'g'k5{, d]/L cwf{ª\lugL ;'lgtf
sfsL{ / 5f]/L 8f= cfWof>Ln] h'g uLtfbz{g >j0f u/]/ d olt cfTdljef]/ ePsf] 5', To;af6 pgLx¿
/ pgLx¿h:tf c¿nfO{ klg ;'ud x'g] / a'‰g ;Sg] u/L ;/n efiffdf lnlka4 u/L ;a}nfO{ nfeflGjt
u/fpg u/]sf] cg'/f]w g} d]/f nflu of] n]vgsfo{sf] klxnf] sf/0f x'g k'Uof] .
cf]zf]n] uLtfbz{gdf sl/a b'O{ ;o aL; z[Înfsf] k|jrg lbg'ePsf] 5 / x/]s z[Înf 8]9 b]lv
b'O{ 306fsf] 5g\, h;nfO{ ;'Gg Go"gtd klg Ps jif{ nfUg ;S5 . Jo:t ef}lts hut\df ;a}nfO{ of]
;'Gg ;Dej gx'g klg ;S5 . Ps} k6sdf o:tf] dlxdfo'Qm k|jrg ;'g]/ a'‰g sl7g dfq xf]Og,
c;Dejk|foM g} x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;/nLs/0f u/]/ ;a}n] a'‰g] g]kfnL efiffdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L k|sflzt
u/]df ;a} ju{ nfeflGjt x'g ;Sg] b]v“,] h'g of] k':ts n]Vg] csf]{ sf/0f aGg k'Uof] . cfh kms]{/ x]bf{
lbgsf] !% 306f s]jn ;'g]sf] e/df b'O{ jif{ nufP/ h'g nf]suLtfsf] hGd eof], To;sf] ;f/f >]o d
eujfg\ cf]zf]nfO{ lbg rfxG5' . nf]suLtf s]jn pxfFs} uLtfbz{gdf cfwfl/t 5 . >j0fsf] klg 7'nf]
dlxdf /x]5, To;}n] uLtfdf klg >Ls[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ h'g dg'ion] >4fo'Qm / bf]ifb[li6/lxt eP/
cxf]efjk"j{s ;Tosf] ceLK;fn] uLtfsf] >j0f dfq ug]{ 5, pm klg kfkaf6 d'Qm eP/ k'0o sd{ ug]{
JolQmx¿sf] >]i7 nf]snfO{ k|fKt ug]{ 5 eGg'ePsf] 5 . >j0f ubf{ klg >4fo'Qm / bf]ifb[li6/lxt x'g'
clgjfo{ l:ylt x'g\ .
dleq w]/} cl3b]lv g} hLjgsf af/]df hfGg] Pp6f pTs07f / lh1f;f lyof] . ;fob dleq /x]sf]
vf]hsf] ceLK;fn] d ;fw';Gtk|lt cfslif{t lyP“ . o;sf nflu d lgs} e6\lsP“ . d]/f] lh1f;fn] dnfO{
k/dx+; :jfdL of]ufgGbsf] lbzfdf cl3 a9fof] . To;af6 cfGtl/s zflGt t kfP“ t/ leqaf6 ;w}“ s]xL
ct[Kt g} dx;'; ul//x]“ . w]/} u'?sf] vf]hL ubf{ub}{ d Zofd r}tGo afafk|lt cfslif{t eP“ . pxfFsf] bz{g
ug{ d lbgx'F k'Uby]“ . Ps lbg klg s'g} sf/0fjz pxfFsf ;fd' pkl:yt x'g g;s] t'?Gt} pxfFn]
cfk"msxfF cWoog/t ljBfyL{nfO{ a'‰g k7fpg'x'GYof] . Psk6s d ;+f;fl/s b'vdf clNemPsf] lyPF /
pxfFsf] bz{g ug{ hfg ;lsgF . pxfFn] tLg lbg nufnu dnfO{ af]nfpg ljBfyL{ k7fpg'eof] . b'vdfly
xfaL x'g / ;a} kL8f lal;{gsf nflu d dlb/fsf] ;xf/f lnPsf] cj:yfdf lyPF . pxfFnfO{ dlb/f cflb
dfbs kbfy{;Fu 3[0ff lyof] / o;sf] ;]jg u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ leq k:g t s] aflx/} cfP klg ufnL u/]/
k7fpg'x'GYof] . To;}n] tLg lbg;Dd t d af]nfpFbf klg uOgF t/ rf}yf] lbg klg ljBfyL{ af]nfpg
cfPkl5 pxfFsf] bz{g ug{ uPF . pxfF l/;fpg'x'G5 eg]/ d leq kl;gF t/ pxfFn] dnfO{ leq sf]7fdf
af]nfP/ cfzLjf{b¿kL xft d]/f] lz/df /fVb} …xfyL rn] ahf/ s'Qf ef}+s] xhf/Ú eGg'eof] . Tof] pmhf{¿kL
cfzLjf{bn] dnfO{ cem alnof] eP/ cfˆgf] sd{ ug]{ k|]/0ff k|fKt eof] . s;}sf] 3/df klg ghfg]
pxfFh:tf] ;GGof;L klg xfd|f] 3/df cfP/ xfdLnfO{ s[tfy{ u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfF cfˆgf] OR5fg';f/
cfkm"n] tf]s]sf] ;dodf k|f0f TofUg ;Sg] a|Xd1fgL x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF clGtd ;dodf agf/;df sl/a b'O{
dlxgf a:g'ePsf] lyof] . d}n] klg s]xL ;do agf/;df pxfFsf] ;flGgWodf latfpg kfPsf] lyPF t/
clGtd cj:yfdf eg] bz{g ug]{ ;f}efUo kfOgF . Tof] ;dodf pxfFn] g} dnfO{ kz'kltdf l;4 r'gr'g 5
eGg'ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 d}n] r'gr'g afafsf] ;flGgWodf klg s]xL ;do latfpg] ;f}efUo kfPF .
pxfFsf] jl/kl/ e':ofxf s's'/x¿ -h;nfO{ pxfF e}/j eg]/ ;Daf]wg ug{'x'GYof]_, ;fª\nf, d';f, sL/f, ;k{,
laR5L / km6\ofª\u|fx¿ 3'ld/xGy] . ;a}nfO{ pxfF s]xL g s]xL ef]hg /flvlbg'x'GYof] / tL ;a}df
k/dfTdfsf] ¿k b]Vg'x'GYof] . o:tf] ;j{q k/dfTdf b]Vg] k'?if :jod\ k/dfTdf g} x'G5 eg]/ >Ls[i0f
nf]suLtf–V
eGg'x'G5 . pxfF jf:tjdf k/dfTdf g} x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF kz'kIfLnfO{ dfq xf]Og, lbgx“' cfkm}Fn] /f]6L agfP/
dnfO{ klg k7fpg'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] dk|lt ljz]if cg'u|x lyof] .
Ps lbg d g]kfnaflx/ hfFb} 5' eg]/ pxfFnfO{ laGtL u/]“ . pxfFn] dnfO{ ghfg eGg'eof] . d}n]
hfg}kg]{ sf/0f atfPkl5 pxfFn] dnfO{ Pp6f ;fgf] l;Gsf lbP/ Tof] ;Xdfn]/ /fv kms]{kl5 dnfO{ lkmtf{
u/ eGg'eof] . af6fdf xfdL r9]sf] xjfO{hxfh lau|]/ xfdL uGtJo;Dd k'Ug ;s]gf}“ . hxfhn] cfsl:ds
cjt/0f ug'{k¥of] . kl5 yfxf eof] hxfhsf rf/j6} OlGhg lalu|Psf /x]5g\ / xfdL afnafn aRof}F .
To; a]nf d}n] aNn pxfFn] d]/f] ;'/Iffy{ Tof] l;Gsf lbg'ePsf] a'em“] . pxfF slxNo} s;}sf] 3/ hfg'x'GgYof]
t/ crDd pxfF xfdLsxfF w]/} k6s cfpg'eof] . clGtd k6s xfdLsxfF cfpFbf ltdLnfO{ s] rflxG5 dfu
eGg'eof] . d}n] s]xL eGg ;lsg“ . csf]{ k6s klg ;f]Wg'eof] t/ d]/f] d"v{tf d}n] o:tf] cd"No df}sf
u'dfP“ . pxfF clGtd ;dodf SofG;/ /f]uaf6 kLl8t x'g'x'GYof] / af]Ng ;Sg'x'GgYof] t/ n]v]/ I'm not
sick my body is sick eGg'x'GYof] . To:tf] If/–cIf/sf] k[ystf tŒj1fgLn] dfq hfGg ;S5 t/
;f+;fl/s / ef}lts pknlAwsf] cfsfª\Iffn] ubf{ To; ;do d}n] pxfFx¿h:tf] a|Xd1fgLnfO{ lrGg ;lsg“
. ;fob oxL ;f+;fl/s / ef}lts pknlAwsf] cfsfª\Iff g} d]/f] dfu{df afws ag]/ plePsf] lyof] .
cfh cfP/ dnfO{ nfUb5, d}n] pxfFx¿sf] oqf] ;flGgWonfO{ d'lQmsf] pknlAw agfpg ;lsgF t/
;fob pxfFx¿sf] ;flGgWo / cfzLjf{bsf] sf/0fn] g} dnfO{ h:tf];'s} kl/l:yltdf klg cl8u eO{ sd{
ug{ tyf uLtf n]Vg] k|]/0ff ldn]sf] x'gk5{ . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5 ha sf]xL /fd|f] sfdsf nflu plåUg x'G5,
ta jl/kl/ /fd|f cfTdfx¿n] To; sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ . o;/L g} vKt8 afaf;“u klg pxfFsf]
k|foM clGtd cj:yfeGbf cl3 b'O{k6s bz{g ug]{ ;f}efUo kfPF . pxfFn] d;“u æd t hfFb} 5' lg ÛÆ eGg]
jfSo clGtd jftf{df eGg'ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] s]xL lbgkl5 l/8Ldf pxfFn] dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKt
ug'{ePsf] s'/f Zofd r}tGo afafn] dnfO{ atfpg'eof] .
o;/L g} d kfOn6 afaf;“u klg hf]l8PF . pxfF klg cnf}lss ;Gt x'g'x'G5 . pxfFaf6 d}n] k'qjt\
dfof / ;xf/f kfP“ t/ klg leq cw'/f] g} dx;'; ul//x]“ . To:t} d :jfdL sdngogfrfo{;Fu klg
hf]l8PF . d :jfdL cfgGb c?0f;Fu klg cf]zf]sf] sf/0fn] g} hf]l8PF / pxfFsf] :g]x / cfzLjf{b k|fKt
ul/x]sf] 5' . t/ ha cf]zf]sf] dw'/ jf0fLdf uLtfbz{g, ci6fjqm dxfuLtf, wDdkb, lzj;"q,
dxfjL/jf0fL, slj/sf] cy{k"0f{ jrgx¿, gfgssf] Ps çsf/ ;tgfd, dL/fsf] elQmufyf, gf/bsf] elQm
;"q tyf pklgifb\nufotsf k|jrgx¿ ;'Gg yfn]“ clg d /f]lsP“ / nfUof] oxL d]/f] uGtJo xf] .
…nf]suLtfÚ uLtfbz{g >j0f u/]/ >j0fs} e/df lnlka4 u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] u|Gy xf] . d}n] cf]zf]sf
k|jrgx¿ >j0f ug]{afx]s pxfFsf] s'g} k':ts cWoog u/]sf] 5}g . uLtfbz{gsf ;q efu k':ts
lxGbLdf k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f :jfdL cfgGb c?0faf6 xfn} dfq yfxf kfPF cGoyf dnfO{
o;;DaGwL s'g} hfgsf/L lyPg .
;gftg lxGb" wdf{jnDaLn] uLtfnfO{ 9f]u]/ k"hf3/df /fVb5g\ . o;nfO{ ;+:sf/af6 clek|]l/t
eO{ 9f]Ug' / k"hf3/df /fVg'eGbf o;df >Ls[i0fn] lbg'ePsf] lbJo pkb]znfO{ cËLsf/ u/L o;nfO{
cjnDag / cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;s]df uLtfsf] pkof]lutf jf:tljs ¿kdf k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] 7xg]{ 5 .
>Ls[i0fn] uLtfdf xfdLh:tf ;Dk"0f{ ch{'gx¿sf] p4f/sf nflu d'lQmsf ;a} dfu{x¿ k|z:t
ul/lbg'ePsf] 5 . uLtfleq k|j]z ug{ ;s] >Ls[i0f;Fu ;fIffTsf/ x'g] 5 eg] aflx/ /x] ch{'g;Fu dfq
ldng x'g] 5 . t;y{ d ;a}nfO{ o;sf] ;xL pkof]u ug{ ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{5' .
cfˆgf] @$–@% jif{sf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf tg, dg / jrgn] b'vL, kLl8t, lgDg:t/ / pTkLl8t
ju{sf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ b]zk|lt k"0f{ akmfbf/ / ;dlk{t eO{ /fi6« / hgtfnfO{ ;w}“ lz/df /fv]/
sd{ ug{] k|of; u/]F . k/dfTdfn] dnfO{ sd{ ug]{ h'g cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 of] p;n] ddfkm{t
bLgb'vLsf] enfO u/fpgsf nflu lbPsf] df}sf xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfUof] . cfˆgf sfd–st{Jox¿nfO{ d}n]
slxNo} Jofkf/Ls/0f / Joj;foLs/0f ug]{ k|of; ul/g“ . ;fob To;}n] d}n] u/]sf sltko sfo{x¿sf]
pknlAwsf] h; lng]x¿ klg w]/} eP . o;} l;nl;nfdf Pp6f 7'nf] ju{ ;b}j Ps} 7fpFdf cfa4 eP/
nf]suLtf–VI
dnfO{ abgfd ug{ / ljjfbdf tfGg ;lqmo eO/xØf] . t/ d}n] cfˆgf] sfdafx]s o;sf af/]df w]/}
lrGtf klg ul/gF .
clVtof/df ;a} /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;j{;Ddltn] lgo'lQm kfP klg lj/f]wLx¿sf] ;nanfx6df
sdL cfPg . dnfO{ clVtof/af6 alxu{dg u/fpgsf nflu /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf s]xL pRrtd
JolQmTjx¿n] ;'lglZrt if8\oGqcGtu{t unt / em'6f] cleof]u nufO{ dWo/ftdf dxfcleof]u k|:tfj
btf{ u/] . pQm /fhg}lts JolQmx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ub}{ tTsfn Gofo;]jfdf cf;Lg pRr JolQmTjåf/f d]/f]
km5Øf]{6 eO;s]sf] d'2fnfO{ k|rlnt sfg'g / glh/sf] ckJofVof ub}{ pN6fpg] sfo{ eof] . To:t} em'6f
/ cgu{n k|rf/ u/]/ d]/f lj?4df k':ts n]Vg;d]t if8\oGqsf/Lx¿n] 5f]8]gg\ . To;kl5 Gofo;]jfsf
cGo s]xL dxfg'efjx¿n] sfg'gljk/Lt clVtof/sf] k|d'v cfo'Qm x'g] of]Uotf gePsf] 7x¥ofpFb} dnfO{
alxu{dg u/fpg] /fhg}lts ;f]r / rfxgfnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbP .
o;/L dnfO{ clVtof/af6 alxu{dg u/fpg e"ldsf v]Ng] Gofo;]jfdf kbf;Lg s]xL pRrtd
dxfg'efjx¿, cfˆgf] å}t rl/q n'sfpg dxfleof]u k|:tfj Nofpg] /fhgLlts g]t[Tj tyf ltgsf
cg'ofoLx¿, kqklqsf ;~rfng ug]{ pRr 3/fgfsf s]xL dxfg'efjx¿, :j3f]lift gful/s cleoGtfx¿,
Jofkf/ Joj;fonfO{ g}lts–cg}lts ¿kdf cfˆgf] vNtLdf /fVg] lghL If]qsf s]xL JolQmx¿,
sd{rf/LtGqsf s]xL k'hf{x¿ tyf o;df k|ToIf–ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg cGo s]xL dxfg'efjx¿nfO{ d
;fw'jfb JoQm gul//xg ;lQmg“ . c¿sf af/]df lrof]rrf{] ug{'eGbf cfˆgf] cGtof{qfdf k|j]z ug{'
>]o:s/ x'G5 eGg] ;'emfj d ;a}nfO{ lbg rfxG5' .
k/dfTdfn] slxNo} s;}sf] clxt ub}{g lsgeg] pm zfZjt, lgZkIf / ;jf{]Rr lgoGtf xf] . xfdL
h] /f]K5f}“, ToxL kfpF5f}F / of] Ps hGdsf] v]n klg xf]Og . /fd|f] cyjf g/fd|f] b'j} sd{ k/dfTdfs} xftdf
5 . /fd|f] x'Fbf cfˆgf] Ifdtf / of]Uotf clg g/fd|f] x'Fbf k/dfTdfnfO{ bf]ifL 7x¥ofpg] xfd|f] 5'› k|j[lQ
x'G5 t/ /fd|f] g/fd|f] b'j} pg} k/dfTdfsf] s[kf xf] . ;fob d clVtof/df k"/f cjlw a;]sf] eP ToxL
5'›tfleq} /d]/ a;]sf] x'g] lyP“ . cfh hfg cGhfgd} pxfFx¿n] ddfly 7'nf] s[kf ug{'ePsf] 5 lsgeg]
d}n] of] uLtf n]Vg] cj;/ pxfFx¿s} sf/0f k|fKt u/]sf] x'F . ch{'gsf] h:t} ljiffbsf] kl/l:yltaf6} d}n]
klg uLtfdf g} cfˆgf] ljiffbsf] sf/0f vf]Hg yfn]F . d}n] uLtfaf6 s] l;s]“ eg] åGånfO{ zL3|tfk"j{s xn
ug{ vf]Hg' kz'tflt/ nfUg' xf], åGå;“u n8\b} u'lh|g' d"9tf xf] / w}o{n] o;nfO{ em]Ng' tk:of xf] . åGådf
t6:y eP/ o;nfO{ lgolt dfg]/ af“r]df ;a} s'/f k/dfTdfaf6 ePsf] af]w eP/ >4fsf] hGd x'G5, h'g
cd[t kfpg] dfu{sf] Ps cfwf/ xf] .
of] n]vg sfo{df >4fo'Qm efjsf sndn] slxn] cfXnflbt Åbo t slxn] efjsf] eSsfgf]n]
cf]tk|f]t Åbo;lxt /ut¿kL d;Ln] o;nfO{ ;hfpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5' . of] d]/f] o:tf] lglw xf], h;nfO{
d}n] cfˆgf] ;lqmo hLjgsf sl/a tLg bzsdf u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿;Fu t/fh'df /fVg] xf] eg] o;sf]
uxgtf / ;fy{stfsf] s'g} t'ngf g} x'g ;Qm}g .
uLtf ;f/f dg'iosf] lh1f;f, vf]h / pknlAwsf] ;f/ ;~ro xf] . >Ls[i0fsf] cfTdf ag]/ h;/L
cf]zf]n] uLtfbz{gdf o;sf] j0f{g ug{'ePsf] 5, Tof] >j0f ubf{ub}{ slxn]sfxL“ dnfO{ pxfF :jod\ >Ls[i0f
ag]/ d ch{'gnfO{ dfu{ bz{g ub}{ x'g'x'G5 h:tf] nfUb5 . ltAatdf Pp6f egfO 5, lzion] u'? vf]Hg
;Qm}g, u'?n] g} lzionfO{ vf]Hb5 lsgeg] d]3 ha hnn] el/G5, ta pm jlif{g vf]H5 . u'? hnn]
el/Psf] d]3 xf], h;n] pQKt Åbosf] vf]h u5{ . lzion] u'? vf]Hg} ;Qm}g . pm;“u u'? vf]Hg] of]Uotf
/ dfkb08 g} x'Fb}g . p;nfO{ of] c1ft dfu{sf] k|tLlt klg x'Fb}g . To;}n] u'?n] g} lzio vf]Hb5 . o;
cy{df oqf] uLtf 1fg¿kL u+uf k|jflxt ug{ r'lgg' d]/f] cxf]efUo xf] . oxL g} nf]suLtf o;/L lnlka4
x'g' / k|sfzgdf cfpg'sf] ;a}eGbf k|d'v / dxŒjk"0f{ sf/0f xf] .
d}n] eujfg\ cf]zf]nfO{ >j0f u/]kl5 d]/f] dg u'? / cleefjs kfPsf]df t[Kt ePsf] 5 . d]/f]
of] cg'e"lt ;'g]/ pxfFk|lt gsf/fTds efjgf /fVg]x¿sf] dgsf] efj cfFvfdf plqPsf] klg d}n] b]v]“ .
pxfFnfO{ leqL ¿kdf glrgL aflx/L ¿kdf pxfFsf] lj/f]w ug]{ w]/} JolQmx¿ 5g\ . cf]zf]sf] leqL
nf]suLtf–VII
a|XdtŒjsf] ;fgf] emns dfq kfpg ;s]df pgLx¿ cfˆgf] d"v{tfk|lt cfk}Fm k5'tfpg] 5g\ . h'g
prfOaf6 pxfFn] a|Xd, ;To / k/dfTdfsf af/]df atfpg'ePsf] 5 To;sf] Ps 3'8\sL /;f:jfbg ug{
;s] pxfFk|ltsf] gsf/fTds efj :jtM lt/f]lxt x'g] 5 eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 . ha JolQm Tof] k/d
prfOdf k|fKt x'G5, ta z/L/sf] tndf x'g] ;Dk"0f{ s'/f ;fdfGo / uf}0f dfq x'g k'U5g\ .
>Ldb\ eujb\uLtf eujfg\sf] lbJo uLt xf], h;nfO{ ch{'gsf] axfgfdf >Ls[i0fn] :ju{af6
k[YjLdf ptfg{'ePsf] 5 / cf]zf]n] xfdLh:tf s]xL ghfGg] t/ hfGg] cfsfª\Iff ePsf Kof;LnfO{ lgd{n
agfP/ lknfpg] k|of; ug{'ePsf] 5 . s;/L lkpg] jf glkpg] of] xfd|f] kfqtfdf lge{/ u5{ . ;gftg
lxGb" wd{ / lxGb" u|Gysf] dxfgtfsf] avfgsf ;fy} ;6Ls ts{ lbP/ o;nfO{ hLjGt agfpg] k|of; cflb
z+s/frfo{kl5 s;}n] u/]sf] 5 eg] Tof] cf]zf]n] g} ug{'ePsf] 5 .
ch{'gn] c1fgdf vlr{Psf ljgd| k|Zgx¿ / >Ls[i0fn] ch{'gsf] cfGtl/s ¿kfGt/0f ug{ lbPsf]
lbJo pkb]z¿kL jrgn] g} uLtfsf] k|fb'ef{j ePsf] xf] . uLtf dgf]lj1fg / dg;\ zf:q xf], h;n]
cWofTdtkm{ O;f/f u/]sf] 5 . cWofTd xfd|f] :jefj / df}gtf xf] . cfˆgf] :jefjeGbf ljk/Lt hfg' xfd|f]
sd{ xf] . uLtfdf dgaf6 kf/ nufpg] ;fwg pknAw ePsf] x'Fbf of] k/d zf:q xf] . uLtf o:tf] u|Gy
xf] h;df 1fg, lj1fg, dg;\, bz{g, wd{ / cfWofTd nufot ;Dk"0f{ s'/f ;dflxt 5g\ .
uLtf df}gtfdf 36]sf] cGt/;+jfb xf] . uLtf Tof] ax'd"No /Tg xf] h;df >Ls[i0fn] Tof] cd[t
tŒj k|fKt ug]{ cg]s dfu{ b]vfpg'ePsf] 5, h'g cGo s'g} zf:qaf6 kfpg ;lsGg . uLtfdf >Ls[i0fn]
ch{'gs} w/ftnaf6 pQ/ lbg'ePsf] 5 . ch{'gsf Ps Ps sbd ha dfly p7\5g\ clg uLtf klg To;}
u/L dfly p7\5 . >Ls[i0fn] uLtfsf] ;'?jft dg;\af6 u/]/ cflv/L ;"qnfO{ ToxfF 5f]8\g'ePsf] 5,
hxfFaf6 dg;\ ;dfKt eP/ cWofTd ;'? x'G5 . uLtfdf ;+;f/df /x]sf b'O{ lgi7fx¿ ;fª\Volgi7f /
of]ulgi7fsf af/]df lj:t[t ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;fª\Vosf] lgi7fdf s]xL ug{' h?/L x'Fb}g, o;df
hfGg' g} kof{Kt x'G5 . ;fª\Vosf] dfu{ k/d 1fgsf] dfu{ x'Fbf ch{'g tyf xfdLh:tfsf nflu a'‰g sl7g
x'G5 . t;y{ uLtfdf k|]d / elQmsf] dfu{, 1fgsf] dfu{ tyf sd{sf] dfu{sf] klg lj:t[t ¿kdf JofVof
ul/Psf] 5 . uLtfsf] s'g} cWofo csf]{ cWofo;Fu jf Ps lgi7f csf]{ lgi7f;Fu t'ngLo 5}g . JolQmsf]
:jefjcg'¿k h'g lgi7fn] lrQ ;Gt'i6 u5{, Tof] JolQmsf nflu ToxL dfu{ >]i7s/ x'G5 . cGtd'{vL
JolQmn] z"Godf clGtd ¿k k|fKt u5{ eg] alxd{'vL JolQmn] k"0f{tfdf clGtd ¿k k|fKt u5{ . cGttM
k"0f{ / z"Go b'j}n] Ps} cy{ /fVb5g\ . uLtf ;d:t dfu{x¿sf] ;|f]t xf] .
>Ls[i0fn] uLtfdf ;+;f/df ePsf ;Dk"0f{ lgi7fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]/ ltgsf] j0f{g ug{'ePsf] 5≤
t;y{ uLtf ;j{:jLsfo{ efjsf] cb\e't u|Gy xf] . o;df pxfFn] k|To]s cWofodf Tof] cd[t tŒj hf]
chGdf, cljgfzL, ;gftg / zfZjt 5 To;nfO{ hfGg] / k|fKt ug]{ dfu{ atfpg'ePsf] 5 .
o'4e"lddf cfkmGtnfO{ b]v]/ ch{'gdf knfPsf] ddTj efjn] uLtfsf] klxnf] cWofosf] k|f/De
eof] . ddTj klg ;"Id cxª\sf/ g} xf] . k/dfTdf / xfd|f] ldngsf] lardf cxª\sf/ Ps dfq afwf xf] .
oxL ddTj¿kL cxª\sf/n] ch'{g ljiffbdf k|fKt eP . oxL ljiffbaf6 p7fP/ k/d k|e' s?0ffdoL
>Ls[i0f ch'{gleqsf] Tof] z'4 r}tGosf] bz{g u/fpg rfxg'x'G5, hf] ;a} s'/faf6 cfsfzh:tf] c:klz{t
5 . o; ljiffbaf6 p7\g >Ls[i0fn] bf];|f] cWofodf ;fª\Volgi7fsf] j0f{g ug{'ePsf] 5, hxfF ;To s]jn
cfTd1fgn] dfq hfGg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu sd{ tyf k|of;sf] s'g} cfjZostf g} 5}g .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– cfTdf cJoQm, clrGTo, cljsf/L / ckl/jt{gLo 5 . hf] g t d5{ g dfg{
;lsG5 . o'4df hf] dfl/G5, Tof] t z/L/ dfq xf] . d[To'kl5 klg cfTdfsf] cl:tTj / cleJolQm b'j}
x'G5 . ch{'gn] ;fª\Vosf] lgi7f a'‰g g;Sbf dfq t];|f] cWofo atfpg'k/]sf] xf] cGoyf uLtf bf];|f ]
cWofod} ;dfKt x'g] lyof] .
hf] hfGg of]Uo 5, Tof] hflgPs} 5 / hLjg 1fgd} lge{/ 5 eg] dnfO{ of] eoÍ/ sd{df lsg
ws]Nb} x'g'x'G5 eGg] ch{'gsf] lh1f;faf6 t];|f] sd{of]usf] cWofosf] ;'?jft ePsf] xf] . k/d k|e'
>Ls[i0fn] o; cWofodf sd{of]uåf/f Tof] cd[t tŒj hfGg] dfu{ atfpg'ePsf] 5 . o;df Iflqosf nflu

nf]suLtf–VIII
wd{o'4eGbf >]o:s/ / sNof0fsf/L st{Jo c¿ gx'g] x'Fbf :jwd{sf af/]df atfpg'ePsf] 5 . hGd x'Fbf
;a} z"› eP/ hlGdG5g\ / pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] :jsd{ / :jwd{sf] r'gfj cfk}Fmn] ug'{k5{ . cfˆgf] j0f{df
/xL k|To]s j0f{sf JolQmn] Tof] ;To k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5— k/wd{df afFRg'eGbf
:jwd{df dg{' pQd x'G5 . 1fg ha sd{ aG5 ta ;GGof; kmlnt x'G5 . oxL 1fg–sd{–;GGof; of]usf
af/]df atfpFb} rf}yf] cWofosf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . ;dTj a'l4sf ;fy ;a} sd{ k|e'df ;dk{0f ug'{ g}
sd{;GGof; xf] . sd{sf] kl/TofueGbf lgisfd sd{ >]i7 x'G5 . sd{k|ltsf] xf];k"0f{ hfu/0f g}
sd{;GGof; xf] . o;cl3 3/ TofUg], ;+;f/af6 ljd'v x'g], hLjgsf] lgif]w ug]{, sd{Tofu ug]{, lgliqmo /
knfog x'g] JolQm ;GGof;L xf] eGg] wf/0ff lyof] . t/ eujfg\ >Ls[i0fn] kmnsf] cfsfª\Iff Tofu]/ sd{
ug{' g} ;GGof; xf], knfog x'g h?/L 5}g egL ;GGof;sf] gofF wf/0ff lbg'eof] . gofF ;GGof;sf]
Joj:yfcg';f/ sd{ ubf{ub}{ sd{af6, ef]u ubf{ub}{ ef]Qmfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;lsG5 . ;+;f/ 5f]8]/ efUg]
ljsNknfO{ gsfb}{ ;+;f/df g} a;]/ ;+;f/nfO{ ef]u ub}{ /fhf hgsh:tf] ;+;f/df g} k/dfTdf vf]Hg
;lsG5 eGg] gf}nf] / cgf}7f] ;GGof;sf] Joj:yf >Ls[i0fn] uLtfdf lbg'ePsf] 5 . uLtf efUg]
JolQmx¿nfO{ hfu?s u/fpg] k|of; xf] .
rf}yf] 1fg–sd{–;GGof; of]u / kfFrf}“ sd{;GGof; of]udf ch{'gnfO{ sd{ ub}{ ;d:t sd{sf]
hfndf 8'a]/ klg d'Qm x'g] af6f] atfpg'ePsf] 5 . uLtfsf Ps Ps cWofo cfkm}Fdf k"0f{ 5g\ t/
ch{'gnfO{ kfFrf}“ cWofon] klg sfd ug{ ;s]g . To;}n] pgsf nflu uLtf rln g} /xG5 . 5}6f“} cWofo
cfTd;+od of]u xf] .
o; cWofodf >Ls[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ ;d:t k|f0fLdf Ps -s[i0ftŒj_ / Psdf ;d:t k|f0fLsf]
cg'ej ug{ ;Sg] JolQm k/dfTdf g} x'G5 / k/dfTdf o:tf] JolQmdf :jtM k|s6 x'G5 eGg'ePsf] 5 .
;fy} pxf“n] sNof0fsf/L cyf{t\ z'esd{ ug]{ JolQm slxNo} b'u{ltdf gkg]{ / o:tf] JolQmsf] g t o;
nf]sdf g t k/nf]sdf g}+ gfz x'G5 eGg] u'Åo /xZo atfpg'ePsf] 5 . o;df zfb[iotfsf] klg cToGt}
ld7f] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . o;df >Ls[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ ef]uL / TofuL xf]Og, ;+sNk, jf;gf / sd{kmnsf]
Tofu ug]{ of]uL aGgsf nflu eGg'ePsf] 5, lsgeg] ef]uL / TofuLsf x/]s s'/f z/L/sf] tn\df
cxª\sf/;lxt x'G5 t/ of]uL ef]hg ubf{ klg ef]hgsf] xf]Og, /;sf] Tofu u5{ . To;}n] of]uLn] ;To
k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . of] 5}6f}+ cWofodf pxfFn] of]uLsf nflu cTofjZos ;"q cEof; / j}/fUosf af/]df
eGg'ePsf] 5 . ;fy} o;df xfdLh:tf] dg'iosf nflu cfˆgf] cGt:s/0fdf k|j]z ug{ s]xL ljlwx¿sf]
;ª\s]t klg ug{'ePsf] 5 .
;ftf}“ cWofo 1fg–lj1fg of]u xf] . uLtfdf 1fg dfq xf]Og, lj1fg klg hf]l8Psf] 5 . uLtf
Pp6f k':ts dfq geO{ cg]sf}“ 1fgx¿sf] ;ª\u|x xf] . o; cWofodf ci6fË k|s[lt z/L/, kbfy{, dg,
ljrf/ zlQm, a'l4 / clUgsf] ;"Idtd ¿k / cxª\sf/ :jlgld{t wf/0ff x'Fbf logLx¿ ck/f zlQm x'g\ /
k|f0fLx¿df hLj¿kn] /xg] r]tg zlQm k/f xf] eg]/ >Ls[i0fn] eGg'ePsf] 5 . xfdL k|f0fL cf7 ck/f -
h8_ tyf k/f -r]tg_ k|s[ltåf/f pTkGg ePsf xf}F / of] ;f/f hut\sf] pTklQ / k|nosf] sf/0f pxfF
k/dfTdf >Ls[i0f g} /x]sf] pNn]v ug{'ePsf] 5, hf] cfkm}Fdf cb\e't / cfZro{hgs 5 . h;n] cd[t /
laif b'a}nfO{ Psf;fy :jLsf/ u5{ p;nfO{ d[To' / ljgfzn] slxNo} b'Mv lbb}g lsgsL d g}+ ;h{s /
k|no x'“ eGg] cb\e"t ;Tosf] pb3f]if >Ls[i0fn] ug'{ePsf] 5 . cGTodf cg's"ndf xf];\ of k|lts"ndf
;j{q k/dfTdfnfO{ b]v]/ z/0fdf hfg ;Sg' g} xfd|f] k/LIff / r'gf}tL xf] .
ch{'gsf lj/fd/lxt k|Zgsf] z[Înfsf sf/0f uLtf cf7f}“ cWofodf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . of] cIf/a|Xd
of]u xf] . o;df clwe"t, clwb}j / clwo1sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . w"jfF/lxt cv08 k"0f{ Hof]lt g}
clwo1, cIf/, k/dfTdf, ;To / cd[t ePsf] atfOPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} slxNo} ljgfz gx'g] cJoQm
;gftgsf] af/]df klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;df a|Xd, cWofTd / sd{sf af/]df klg atfOPsf] 5 .
;fy} çsf/¿kL a|Xdsf] pRrf/0f ub}{ k/dfTdfsf] lrGtg u/]/ pQ/fo0fsf] dfu{af6 b]x TofUg] JolQm
k/dkbdf k|fKt x'G5 elgPsf] 5 . o;df pQ/fo0f tyf blIf0ffog dfu{sf] cToGt} j}1flgs /
oyfy{k/s JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
nf]suLtf–IX
 gLltx¿af6 kf/ x'g' k/d gLlt / ;d:t wd{af6 p7\g' k/d wd{ xf] . k/d cfwf/lt/ rNg' g}+
clt g}lts x'g' xf] . oL ;a}nfO{ pNnª\3g u/]/ hf] Tof] ;gftg kbdf pknAw x'G5, pm a|Xd h:tf]
x'G5 t/ of] a'‰g ch{'gnfO{ sl7g eO/x]sf] 5, o;df pgsf] dg g} afws ePsf] 5 . To;}n] uLtf ca
gjf}“ cWofo /fhljBf–/fhu'Xo of]udf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . of] lj1fg;lxtsf] 1fg, ljBfx¿sf] /fhf, k/d
uf]kgLo clt kljq, k|ToIf kmnjfnf Pjd\ wd{o'Qm pQd 1fg xf] . o;df >Ls[i0fn] j]b, ç, lktfdx,
dGq, cfx'lt ;a} pxfF g} ePsf] atfpg'ePsf] 5 . o; hut\df ePsf ;a} Wjlg cfxt gfb x'g\ eg]
çsf/ dfq cl:tTjsf] Wjlg cyf{t\ cgfxt gfb xf] . ch{'gn] ce}m >Ls[i0fsf] egfO a'‰g g;Sbf uLtf
bzf}“ cWofodf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . of] lje"ltof]u xf] . xh'/ :jod\nfO{ hfGg'x'G5 d xh'/nfO{ s;/L hfGg
;S5' eGg] ch{g'sf] lh1f;f zfGt kfg{ >Ls[i0fn] o;df >]i7td / P]Zjo{o'Qm x/]s s'/f hxfF cflehfTo
k|s6 x'G5 o:tf] P]Zjo{o'Qm x/]s s'/fdf cfkm" -k/dfTdf_ ePsf] oyfy{ ePsf] atfpg' ePsf] 5 / ;fy}
;a} k|f0fLx¿sf] ;gftg sf/0f klg cfkm" g}+ /x]sf] atfpg' ePsf] 5 t/ klg ch{'gsf] lh1f;f zfGt x'g
g;Sbf uLtf P3f/f}F cWofodf k|j]z u5{ .
>Ls[i0fsf] cg'u|xn] ch{'gsf] c1fg t gi6 ePsf] 5 t/ cfTd1fgsf] pbo ePsf] 5}g t;y{
pgL k/dfTdfsf] ljZj¿k x]g{ nfnflot eP/ >Ls[i0f;Fu ljZj¿ksf] bz{g lbg cg'go ub{5g\ . Tof]
lj/f6¿ksf] bz{gsf] ch{'gsf] cfsfª\IffnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ / ch{'gsf] ;+zo d]6fpg >Ls[i0fn] d]/f]
;os8f}+ k|sf/sf ljleGg cfs[lt ePsf] cnf}lss ¿k x]/ eg]/ k/dfTdf >Ls[i0fn] 1fg, P]Zjo{, zlQm,
an, jLo{, t]h / eofgs d[To'sf] ¿k klg cfk"m g}+ ePsf] k|ToIf b]vfpg'eof] . ;gftg lxGb" wd{df dfq
k/dfTdfnfO{ O{Zj/ / bfgj b'j} ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] /fd / /fj0f b'j} ¿knfO{
k/dfTdfsf] g} ¿k dflgPsf] 5 . hGd–d[To' s;}sf] jzdf 5}g . d[To' s]jn z/L/sf] x'G5, cfTdf t
ch/–cd/ x'G5 . oxL ;To a'emfpg >Ls[i0fn] cfˆgf] pxL dgdf]xs d':sfg;lxt ch'{gnfO{ pgsf]
;dk{0fsf] sf/0fn] lj/f6\sf] bz{g ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf;Dd k'¥ofpg'ePsf] 5 . lqnf]sgfy >Ls[i0fn] Toqf]
lj/f6\ ¿ksf] bz{g u/fp“g' ePkl5 klg ch{'gsf k|Zg¿kL ;du| af0fx¿ k"0f{ ¿kdf 5'l6;s]sf 5}gg\ .
uLtfsf] afx|f}“ cWofo elQmof]u xf] . o;df >Ls[i0fn] k|]d / elQmåf/f Ps 5nfªdf Tof] ;Todf
pknAw x'g] dfu{ atfpg'ePsf] 5 . ;TonfO{ a'l4n] xf]Og, Åbon] kfpg' / >4fk"0f{ ;dk{0f ug'{ g} elQm
xf] . ha k|]defj ulx/f] eP/ Tof] k|]dsf] wf/f k/dfTdfsxfF k'U5 ta elQm kmlnt x'G5 .
t]x|f}“ cWofo If]q–If]q1–ljefu of]u xf] . Pp6f cfTdf cyf{t\ If]q1n] ;Dk"0f{ If]qnfO{ k|sfzjfg\
agfpg ;S5 . If]q–If]q1sf] cGt/ hfGg] JolQmn] hLjgsf] k/d ;"q cyf{t\ cd[t tŒjnfO{ hfGb5 .
o;df >Ls[i0fn] w[lt / j:t's]lGb|t r]tgf klg If]q xf] / z'4 r]tgf dfq If]q1 xf] eGg] a8f] cgf}7f]
;"q eGg'ePsf] 5 . uLtfsf] rf}wf}“ cWofo u'0fqo–ljefu of]u xf] . o;df k|s[ltsf tLg u'0f /h, td /
;Œjsf af/]df / oL tLg u'0faf6 klg kf/ eP/ u'0fftLt x'g ;lsG5 eGg] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{
u'0f k|s[ltaf6 pTkGg eP klg k|s[lt lgikIf x'G5 / ;Dk"0f{ ef]u k'?ifn] ub{5 . ha k'?if k|s[ltsf
u'0faf6 c:klz{t /xG5 ta To:tf] z'4 k'?if u'0fftLt x'G5 elgPsf] 5 .
kGw|f}F cWofo k'?iff]Qd of]u xf] . JolQmsf] klxnf] kq kl/lwaf6 x6]kl5 lgikfktfsf] wf/f ;'?
x'G5 / t];|f] kq k'?iff]Qddf k'u]kl5 ;a} lgikfk x'G5 . k'?iff]Qd klg ToxL cd[t xf] . ;gftg
dfGotfdf d"n pb\udnfO{ >]i7 dflgG5, hf] cToGt} plrt s'/f xf] . o;} ;Gbe{df >Ls[i0fn] o;df
pN6f] j[Ifsf af/]df atfpg'ePsf] 5 . ;f]x|f}“ cWofo b]jf;'/;Dkb\–ljefu of]u xf] . o;df >Ls[i0fn]
cf;'/L ;Dkbf / b}jL ;Dkbfsf JolQmx¿df x'g] nIf0f / To;af6 s;/L kf/ eO{ Tof] cljgfzL tŒjnfO{
hfGg ;lsG5, To;af/] lj:t[t ¿kdf j0f{g ug'{ePsf] 5 .
o;kl5 uLtfn] ;qf}“ cWofodf k|j]z kfPsf] 5, hf] >4fqo–ljefu of]u xf] . cxª\sf/n] ul/g]
s[To cwd{ / c;t\ xf] . lg/xª\sf/ efjn] ul/g] ;a} s[To, hxfF k/dfTdf g} stf{ x'G5, Tof] ;t\
xf] . zf:qLo ;+:sf/af6 /lxt, s]jn :j–efjaf6 pTkGg ePsf] >4f /fh;L, tfd;L / ;flŒjsL tLg}
k|sf/sf] x'G5 . Wofg:y, ;dflw:y / a|Xdsf] bz{g eO;s]sf] ;b\u'?df >4fefj /fv]/ pxfFnfO{ gdg
nf]suLtf–X
ub}{ cfkm"leqsf] vf]h ;'? u/]df s'g} ;do cgfof; åf/ v'n]/ Tof] lbJo Hof]ltnfO{ hfGg ;Sg] 5f}“
cyf{t\ cfkm}“ s[i0f ePsf] hfGg] 5f}“ . o;df ç tt\ ;t\ / ;lRrbfgGb3g a|Xdsf] a8f] ld7f] JofVof
ul/Psf] 5 .
;q cWofo;Dd ch'{gsf] lh1f;f kl/k"lt{ x'g g;Sbf uLtf c7f/f}F cWofo df]If–;GGof; of]udf
k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . lxGb" ;+:s[lt cy{, sfd, wd{ / df]If rf/ k'?iffy{ :jLsfb{5 / wd{af6 klg kf/ x'g'nfO{
df]If dfGb5 . :jtGq / hfu|t\ r}tGo hxfF s0f klg z]if g/xL ;j{q k/dfTdf dfq x'G5, oxL df]Ifsf]
bzf xf] . df]If g} xfd|f] k/d nIo xf] / ;GGof; Tof] k/d nIo kfpg] dfu{ xf] . c7f/f}“ cWofo oxL
df]If–;GGof; of]u xf] .
uLtf cToGt} cnf}lss u|Gy 5, o;df ;t\sf] vf]h ug{'k5{ / ToxL ;t\ cGToxLg r}tGosf] gfd
>Ls[i0f xf] . uLtfsf x/]s cWofo cfkm}“df k"0f{ 5g\ . Ps cWofosf] cWoog u/]kl5 csf]{ cWofosf]
cfjZostf g} 5}g . t/ ch{'g hf] xfdL ;a}sf k|tLs x'g\, pgsf] ;+zou|:t lrQn] Tof] ;To a'‰g
g;Sbf xfdLn] uLtf h:tf] cgdf]n u|Gy k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf xf}F .
ch{'gsf] ljiffbaf6 cf/De ePsf] uLtf df]If–;GGof; of]udf uP/ cGTo ePsf] 5 . x/]ssf]
clGtd uGtJo df]If g} xf] . uLtfsf ;a} cWofosf] JofVof Tof] cfTdtŒj hfGgnfO{ xf] hf] chGdf,
cljgfzL, zfZjt / cgflb 5 . >Ls[i0fn] o;df ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds b'j} kIfnfO{ cª\uLsf/
ug{'ePsf] 5 . b'O{ ljk/Ltx¿ /fd|f]–g/fd|f], ;kmntf–c;kmntf, b'v–;'v ;a} hf]8Ld} ;fy;fy} cfpF5g\ .
Pssf] dfq r'gfj ug{ vf]Hg' d"v{tf xf] . ha JolQm oL b'O{ ljk/Ltsf lardf /f]lsg ;S5, ta /fu–
lj/fu, ;kmntf–c;kmntf s;}n] klg p;nfO{ 5'g ;Qm}g / pm jLt/fuL x'G5 . ;Œju'0f /hf]u'0f /
tdf]u'0fsf] ;Gt'ng xf] t/ ha JolQm o; ;Œju'0faf6 klg dfly p7]/ kf/ x'G5, ta pm u'0fftLt x'G5,
ta p;n] Tof] k/d r}tGo cd[t tŒj k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . uLtfdf k'?ifsf af/]df klg elgPsf] 5 . k'/
cyf{t\ gu/sf] s]G›df a:g] g} k'?if xf] . h'g lbg gu/sf] ultljlw;“u k'?if tŒjnfO{ s'g} ;/f]sf/ x'Fb}g,
To;} ;do pm z'4 k'?if eP/ cd[t tŒj k|fKt ub{5 . ;t\–c;t\, JoQm–cJoQm, cfs[lt–cgfs[lt,
;fsf/–lg/fsf/sf af/]df klg uLtfdf lj:t[t ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
uLtfdf çsf/sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . ;+;f/sf ;a} Wjlg cfxt gfb x'g\ t/ çsf/ cgfxt gfb
xf] / of] xfd|f] :jefj xf] . o;sf] u'~hg cl:tTjsf] Wjlgsf] u'~hg xf] . aflx/sf] Wjlgdf xfdL
clNemPsf] x'Fbf of] :jtM:km"t{ ¿kdf u'lGh/x]sf] cl:tTjsf] Wjlg xfdL ;'Gg ;Qm}gf“} . h'g If0f xfdL of]
aflx/L Wjlgaf6 d'Qm x'G5f}“, To;} If0f Tof] çsf/sf] Wjlg ;'Gg ;Sg] 5f}“ .
uLtfdf w]/} k'g?lQm klg 5 . x/]s k6s gofF s'/f eGbf s]xL g s]xL k'/fgf] s'/f klg hf]l8G5 .
c¿ u|Gyn] Ps dfq dfu{ atfpF5g\ eg] uLtfn] ;Dk"0f{ dfu{ atfPsf] 5, rfx] Tof] a'4sf] z"Gotf /
lgjf{0fsf] vf]hsf] xf];\, rfx] dxfjL/sf] clx+;fsf] xf];\, rfx] Tof] lh;;sf] k]|dsf] xf];\, rfx] df]xDdbsf]
1fgsf] vf]h xf];\ . ;+;f/df x/]s JolQmn] vf]h]sf lgi7fx¿sf] ;DaGwdf >Ls[i0fn] klxn] g} uLtfdf
j0f{g ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . s'g} klg JolQmn] cfˆgf] ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL u/]/ To;cg'¿ksf] sfo{ u/]df pm
;To;Dd k'Ug] s'/fdf b'O{ dt x'g} ;Sb}g . uLtfsf] ;Gb]z klg oxL xf] .
d >Ls[i0fsf] kfjg r/0fdf cfˆgf] lz/ af/Daf/ g'xfpg rfxG5' . pxfF cj0f{gLo x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFsf] s'g} ;Ldf 5}g, pxfF c;Ld x'g'x'G5 . pxfF k"0f{ cjtf/ k'?if x'g'x'G5 . k/dfTdfsf] of]udfofsf]
zlQmn] ;+;f/af6 d'Qm x'g] ;Dk"0f{ dfu{ pkb]zsf] ¿kdf xfdL ;a}nfO{ atfpg s?0ffsf] sf/0fn] k"0f{
hfu/0fdf pxfFn] hGd lng'ePsf] xf] . pxfF sfnftLt eP/ klg If0fhLjL x'g'x'G5 . h'g If0f hxfF
x'g'x'G5, To;nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] lhpg'x'G5 . To;}n] hxfF afNofj:yf u'hfg{'eof], hxfF uf]lkgL /
uf]kfnx¿;“u ;do latfpg'eof], ozf]bf;“u afnqmL8f ug{'eof] / uf]lkgLx¿;Fu /f;nLnf /Rg'eof], ToxL
j[Gbfjg 5f]8]kl5 kmls{P/ klg cfpg'ePg . h;sf] /; leq}af6 x6]sf] 5, h;sf] /fu lgj[Q eO;s]sf]
5, o:tf] >Ls[i0fh:tf] k/d k'?ifnfO{ dfq o;f] ug{ ;Dej x'G5 .

nf]suLtf–XI
 >Ls[i0f hxfF x'g'x'G5, ToxL If0f k"0f{ ¿kdf x'g'x'G5 . pxfF ;jf]{Rr ›i6f, 1ftf, k"0f{ k/LlIft
x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf nflu ;a} ;To jt{dfg xf] . eujfg\df s'g} dof{bf x'Fb}g . dof{bf t dg'iodf dfq
x'G5 . t;y{ pxfF cdof{b cyf{t\ dof{bftLt x'g'x'G5 . >Ls[i0fsf] hLjg v]n / nLnfdo 5 . pxfF
›f}kbLnfO{ gUgtfaf6 arfpg klg 5f]8\g'x'Gg / uf]lkgLx¿;“u nLnf ub}{ pgLx¿sf] j:q n'sfpg klg
;Sg'x'G5 . ;fª\Vosf] s'/f ubf{ ;fª\Vok|lt g} lgi7fjfg\ / sd{ / elQmsf] s'/f ubf{ sd{of]uL / eQm g}
aGg ;Sg'x'G5 . pxfFsf] JolQmTj ax'cfoflds 5 . km/s–km/s JolQmn] km/s–km/s s[i0f b]Vb5g\ .
>Ls[i0fsf] ljifodf s'g} Ps wf/0ff agfpg} ;ls“b}g . pxfFsf] c;Ld lj/f6tfsf] sf/0f ;a} cfˆgf]
cg's"n s[i0fsf] 5gf]6 u/]/ >Ls[i0fnfO{ vl08t ub{5g\ t/ pxfF t cv08 / k"0f{ x'g'x'G5 .
af“;'/Lsf] Wjlgdfkm{t ;a}nfO{ dGqd'Uw kfg{ ;Sg] >Ls[i0f rqm lnP/ o'4 d}bfgdf b]lvg'x'G5 .
af“;'/L ks8\g] / uf]lkgLx¿sf] j:q x/0f ug]{ cf}“nfdf lx+;fsf] sf/s ;'bz{grqm x'g' ;fdfGo s'/f
xf]Og . pxfF t Tof] k/d cfgGb, cd[t, k/da|Xd, lgTo wd{ / ;a}sf] cf>o x'g'x'G5 . s[i0ftŒj xfdL
;a}leq 5 . ;a} r]tgfx¿df ulx/f] cfTdefj g} Tof] s[i0ftŒj, ;lRrbfgGb k/d a|Xd xf] . pxfF ;a}
u'0fx¿sf] kf/ u'0fftLt x'g'x'G5 . >Ls[i0feGbf cl3 / kl5sf] s'g} cjtf/ k"0f{ 5}g, >Ls[i0f dfq k"0f{
cjtf/ k'?if x'g'x'G5 .
ch{'g hf] xfdL ;a}sf k|tLs x'g\, pgL lh1f;' 5g\ / pgsf] lh1f;f c1fgdf klg ljgd| 5 .
>Ls[i0fn] cfˆgf] tnaf6 pgnfO{ d"v{, d"9 / ch{'gs} tnaf6 ef/t, ;vf lgikfk eGbf klg pgL s'g}
lj/f]w ub}{gg\ . pgsf] s[i0fk|ltsf] cf:yf, >4f / ;dk{0fdf s'g} sdL 5}g t;y{ k|ltsf/ klg ub}{gg\ .
s]jn pgsf] ;d:of o'4e"lddf cfkmGtnfO{ b]Vbf ddTjn] klqmPsf] dfq xf] . of] ;+;f/df ;Dk"0f{ s'/f
k/dfTdfaf6} k|fKt x'G5, s]jn cxª\sf/ dfq dg'io :jod\n] lgld{t u5{ . ddTj klg cxª\sf/s} Ps
¿k xf] . t;y{ >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ cfGtl/s ¿kfGt/0f u/]/ ;To;Dd k'¥ofpg rfxg'x'G5 .
>Ls[i0fn] lbg'ePsf] uLtf1fgsf] ;f/ ;~ro Tof] zff:jt ;To;Dd k'Ug' xf] . ToxfF k'Ug] 1fg,
elQm / sd{sf dfu{ x'g\ . lg/fsf/, lgu{'0f / c¿k;Dd k'Ug] 1fgsf] dfu{ xf] . k|]d / >4fåf/f ;fsf/ /
;u'0f k|fKt ug]{ elQmsf] dfu{ xf] . lgisfd sd{ / kmnfsfª\Iff/lxt eO{ ;Dk"0f{ stf{kg k/dfTdfdf
5f]8\g' sd{sf] dfu{ xf] hf] xfdLh:tf clwsf+z dg'iox¿sf] dfu{ x'g ;S5 . of] 1fg, elQm / sd{sf]
dfu{df klg >4fk"0f{ ;dk{0f;lxt z/0ffult ePdf dfq Tof] s[i0f¿kL k'?iff]Qd tŒjnfO{ k|fKt ug{
;lsg] 5 . t;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5–
;j{wdf{g\ kl/ToHo dfd]s+ z/0f+ j|h .
cx+ Tjf+ ;j{kfk]Eof] df]Ifloiofld df z'rM ..
ltdL ;Dk"0f{ wd{ cyf{t\ ;j{sd{sf] cf>onfO{ ddf Tofu u/L s]jn Ps d ;j{zlQmdfg\ jf;'b]j
k/dfTdfsf] cgGo z/0fdf cfpm . d ltdLnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ kfkx¿af6 d'Qm ul/lbg]5' . ltdL zf]s gu/ ..

nf]suLtf–XII
 s[t1tf
;j{k|yd ;a} dfGohgx¿sf] k|]dk"0f{ cfzLjf{bsf nflu d s[t1tf 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' . d}n]
k|:t't uLtf n]vg sfo{ ubf{ d]/f] 5fofFh:tf] eP/ dnfO{ ;fy / k|]/0ff lbg] d]/L cwf{lËgL ;'lgtfl;+x
sfsL{nfO{ d k|]defj JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . pgsf] k|]dk"0f{ ;flGgWosf sf/0fn] dfq of] n]vg / ;Dkfbg
sfo{ ;kmn x'g ;s]sf] xf] . d]/f] hLjgsf cf/f]x–cj/f]xx¿df c6n eP/ ;fy lbg] d]/L cwf{lËgLnfO{
cfef/ k|s6 ug]{ d;Fu s'g} zAb 5}g . To;}n] d df}gtfdf pgnfO{ cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . d]/f] x/]s
b'v–;'vdf d]/f] 5xf/L ag]/ Gofgf] dfofn] dnfO{ ;fy lbg] d]/L k|]/0ffsL ;|f]t 5f]/L 8f=cfWof>L sfsL{
yklnof tyf d]/L gfltgL ;jf{0fL>L yklnofk|lt d s[ts[To x'Fb} k|]d ;dk{0f ug{ rfxG5' . o:tf 5f]/L /
gfltgL kfpg' d]/f] k"j{hGdsf] tk:ofsf] kmn x'g'k5{ . To;/L g} dnfO{ k|]/0ff lbg] 5f]/L cfs[lt sfsL{
yfkf tyf 5f]/f cEo'bodfgl;+x sfsL{k|lt klg d cfef/ tyf k|]d k|s6 ug{ rfxG5' . ;fy} d]/f gfltx¿
clw/fh yfkf / ;fd|fHo yfkfk|lt klg d ;Åbo k|]d k|s6 ug{ rfxG5' . d]/f ;;'/f tyf ;f;"
/fd]Zj/axfb'/ l;+x / zzL l;+xn] pmhf{:j¿k lbPsf] k|]/0ffsf nflu pxfFx¿k|lt d s[t1tf JoQm ug{
rfxG5' . To;} u/L Hf'jfOFx¿ z'eflzif yklnof / k|an yfkfk|lt klg pxfFx¿n] dk|lt b]vfPsf]
;b\efjsf nflu cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5' .
o; ;Gbe{df d d]/f lbjª\ut bfh'x¿ hut\aGw' sfsL{, nf]saGw' sfsL{ tyf legfh'x¿ of]u]Gb|
a:g]t, OGb|axfb'/ sfsL{, u0f]zaxfb'/ 9'ª\ufgf, dfdf b]j]Gb| l;njfnnfO{ :d/0f ug{ rfxG5' . d]/f rf/
lbbLx¿ /fh]Zj/L a:g]t, zs'Gtnf sfsL{, O{Zj/L 9'ª\ufgf / ddtf yfkf x''g'x'G5 . dnfO{ afNofj:yfdf
dft[jt\ :g]x / ;+/If0f ug]{ d]/f b'O{ lbbLx¿ zs'Gtnf sfsL{, O{Zj/L 9'ª\ufgf tyf d]/L h]7L efph" cGh'
sfsL{k|lt d ;b}j C0fL 5' . d]/f] ;'vdf ldq / b'vdf cleefjs d]/L lxt}ifL sfG5L lbbL ddtf yfkf,
sfG5f legfh' ljgf]b yfkfk|lt klg s[t1tf JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . To;}u/L dflxnL efph' nfh' sfsL{,
efO 8f=afndfgl;+x sfsL{ tyf a'xf/L ;lnGbf sfsL{af6 lg/Gt/ k|fKt ePsf] ;fy / ;xof]usf nflu
xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5' .
d}n] …nf]suLtfÚ n]Vg nfu]sf] b]v]/ o;nfO{ k':tssf ¿kdf k|sfzg ug{'k5{ eg]/ dnfO{ af/Daf/
k|f]T;fxg lbg] / ;xof]u ug]{ efO g/]G›/fh k|;fO{ / alxgL OlGb/f k|;fO{nfO{ klg d ljz]if wGojfb /
cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . o; u|Gysf] efiff;Dkfbgdf s]zj ;'j]bLHo"af6 clj:d/0fLo ;xof]u k|fKt
ePsf] 5 . o;sf lglDt d pxfFnfO{ klg ;Åbo s[t1tf 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' . pxfFsf] ;xof]uaf6 o;
u|Gy Jofs/0fLo ¿kdf z'4 ePsf] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .
d}n] tof/ kf/]sf] o; u|Gysf]] bz cWofo;Dd klxnf] k6s sDKo'6/ 6fOk ug]{ d]/f lxt}ifL
7fs'/gfy s'OFs]nk|lt cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . o;} u/L P3f/ cWofob]lv 6fOk ug]{ / x/]s k6s
ul/Psf sf65fF6nfO{ 6fOk tyf ;'wf/ u/]/ dnfO{ 7'nf] ;xof]u ug]{ ;+lhj -;Gh'_ rf}w/LnfO{ d ljz]if
wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . ;fy} o; u|Gysf] clGtd k|'km s/]S;g ug]{ t'n;L tfdfªnfO{ klg d xflb{s
wGojfb JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . o; k':tsnfO{ k|sfzg;Dd k'¥ofpg ljleGg k|sf/sf ;xof]u ug]{
bfgaxfb'/ yfkf, /fdz/0f /]UdL, emdsnfn sfsL{ / /fh]G› rf}w/LnfO{ klg d wGojfb JoQm ug{ rfxG5'
.
cGtdf d k'gM tŒj1fgL cf]zf]df cfˆgf] s[t1tf ck{0f ug{ rfxG5' lsgeg] d}n] lnlka4 u/]sf]
of] …nf]suLtfÚ ;+;f/s} ulx/f] Kofl;lkms dxf;fu/eGbf klg ulx/f] cf]zf]sf] uLtfbz{g >j0f ub}{ ToxL
>j0fs} e/df o;df plqP/ s]xL ax'd"No / cgdf]n df]tLx¿ ;ª\sng u/L ;a};dIf dfnf agfP/
k|:t't ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5' .
 n]vs
nf]suLtf–XIII
 ljifo;"rL
 k"j{;Gbe{ M ===========================================================================================================!–@
klxnf] cWofo M ljiffbof]uM .................................................................................... #–@@
bf];|f] cWofo M ;fª\Voof]uM ................................................................................. @#–&^
t];|f] cWofo M sd{of]uM ...................................................................................&&–!@)
rf}yf] cWofo M 1fgsd{;GGof;of]uM.................................................................. !@!–!*)
kfFrf}F cWofo M sd{;GGof;of]uM ....................................................................... !*!–@!)
5}6f}F cWofo M cfTd;+odof]uM ........................................................................ @!!–@&*
;ftf}F cWofo M 1fglj1fgof]uM ....................................................................... @&(–#!^
cf7f}F cWofo M cIf/a|Xdof]uM ......................................................................... #!&–#%*
gjf}F cWofo M /fhljBf/fhu'Xoof]uM ............................................................... #%(–$!)
bzf}F cWofo M lje"ltof]uM............................................................................. $!!–$&$
P3f/f}F cWofo M ljZj¿kbz{gof]uM ................................................................... $&%–%!)
afx|f}F cWofo M elQmof]uM ............................................................................... %!!–%#$
t]x|f}F cWofo M If]q–If]q1ljefuof]uM ................................................................. %#%–%^^
rf}wf}F cWofo M u'0fqoljefuof]uM .................................................................... %^&–%()
kGw|f}F cWofo M k'?iff]Qdof]uM .......................................................................... %(!–^!@
;f]x|f}F cWofo M b}jf;'/;Dklåefuof]uM ............................................................... ^!#–^#*
;qf}F cWofo M >4fqoljefuof]uM .................................................................... ^#(–^^$
c7f/f}F cWofo M df]If;GGof;of]uM ..................................................................... ^^%–&)*
 ç
>L k/dfTdg] gdM
s[i0fd\ jGb] hub\u'?d\ .

 k"j{;Gbe{
k"jL{o jfª\dosf] clåtLo u|Gy >Ldb\efujb\uLtf dfgj ;Eotf / dfgj Oltxf;s} ;jf]{Ts[i6
l;h{gf xf] . of] 1fg, elQm / sd{sf] lqj]0fL klg xf], h;df j]b pklgifb\nufot ;Dk"0f{ zf:qx¿
;dflxt 5g\ . eujfg\ >Ls[i0fn] sl/a kfFr xhf/ jif{cl3 dxfef/tsf] o'4e"lddf ch{'gnfO{
lbg'ePsf pkb]zx¿ o; u|Gydf ;ª\u|lxt 5g\ .
xl:tgfk'/ /fHosf Ho]i7 ;Gtlt w[t/fi6« cGwf ePsf]n] /fhf x'g of]Uo ePgg\ / kf08' /fhf
eP . w[t/fi6«sf b'of]{wg, b'Mzf;g, ljs0f{ cflb ;o efO 5f]/fx¿ hlGdP . kf08'sf o'lwli7/, eLd,
ch{'g, gs'n / ;xb]j u/L kfFr 5f]/fx¿ eP . ;fdfGotM kf08j / sf}/j b'j} s''?s'nsf eP klg
sf}/j eGgfn] b'of]{wg cflb w[t/fi6« k'qx¿ / kf08j eGgfn] kf08'k'q o'lwli7/ nufot kfFr efO
eGg] a'lemG5 .
kf08jx¿ afNofj:yfdf x'Fbf g} lktf kf08'sf] lgwg ePsfn] pgLx¿sf] /]vb]vsf] lhDd]jf/L
Ho]i7lktf w[t/fi6«sf sfFwdf cfof] . lktfdx eLidsf] ;+/If0f / :g]xdf kf08jx¿ x'ls{P .
afNosfnb]lv g} pgLx¿ Hofb} ljgozLn, lzi6, st{Jok/fo0f, ;TojfbL Pjd\ wfld{s :jefjsf lyP
eg] w[t/fi6«sf b'of]{wg nufot 5f]/fx¿ p208, O{iof{n', k|ltzf]wk"0f{ Pjd\ pRr dxŒjfsfª\Iffn] o'Qm
lyP . eLidlktfdxsf] Joj:yfkgdf ›f]0ffrfo{ / s[kfrfo{af6 sf}/j / kf08jx¿n] plrt /fhgLlts
1fg Pjd\ z:qf:q;DaGwL ljBf xfl;n u/] . o;} qmddf ch{'gn] ;j{>]i7 wg'wf{/Lsf] klxrfg agfP .
kf08jx¿n] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf Voflt cfh{g u/]sf] b'of]{wgnfO{ k6Ss} dg k/]sf] lyPg . w[t/fi6«
klg k'qdf]xdf km;]sf lyP . ;fdfGotM /fhfdf x'g'kg]{ u'0f ljBdfg ePsfn] o'lwli7/ :jtM
xl:tgfk'/ /fHosf pQ/flwsf/L lyP t/ b'of]{wg /fHosf] pQ/flwsf/L cfk"m g} ePsf] 7fGy] . o;y{
cfˆgf afa'sf] df}g ;Ddltdf b'of]{wgn] kf08jx¿nfO{ dfg]{ if8\oGqx¿ u/] t/ sfsf ljb'/ hf]
xl:tgfk'/ /fHosf dxfdGqL lyP, pgL / >Ls[i0fsf] ;r]tgf / :g]xsf sf/0f g} pgLx¿ afFRg ;kmn
eP . >Ls[i0f ;lRrbfgGb:j¿k k/a|Xd k/dfTdf x'g'x'G5 . ;Tosf] ;+/If0f / b'i6sf] ;+xf/sf nflu
pxfF cfˆgf] of]udfofsf] zlQmaf6 cjtl/t x'g'ePsf] xf] .
b'of]{wgn] o'lwli7/nfO{ h'jf v]Ng pS;fP / 5nsk6k"0f{ lg0ff{os v]ndf o'lwli7/n]
›f}kbL;lxt ;j{:j xf/] . sf}/j;efdf kf08jkTgL ›f}kbLsf] j:qx/0f ug]{ k|oTg eujfg\ >Ls[i0fsf]
b}jL x:tIf]ksf sf/0f ;kmn x'g ;s]g . h'jfsf] ;t{cg';f/ /fHo Tofu]/ kf08jx¿ t]x| jif{;Ddsf
nflu jgjf; uP .
k/flht kIfn] afx| jif{sf] jgjf; / Ps jif{sf] u'Ktjf;kl5 k'gM cfˆgf] /fHo k|fKt ug]{ ;t{
ePsfn] jgjf;kl5 cfˆgf] u'd]sf] /fHo kf08jx¿n] lkmtf{ dfu] t/ b'of]{wg kf08jx¿sf] /fHo
OG›k|:y lbg tof/ ePgg\ . cGtdf >Ls[i0fsf] zflGtk|:tfj cg';f/ kfFr efOsf nflu kfFrj6f ufpF
dfq dfUbf klg b'of]{wgn] l;of]sf] 6'Kkf] hlt hldg lbg klg c:jLsf/ u/]sf] x'gfn] g} kf08jx¿n]
o'4sf] ;xf/f lng afWo x'g'k/]sf] xf] .

nf]suLtf– 1
 b'of]{wg / ch{'g b'j} >Ls[i0f;Fu o'4cl3 ;xof]u dfUg uP . b'of]{wgn] >Ls[i0f;Fu pxfFsf]
gf/fo0fL ;]gf dfu u/] eg] ch{'gn] :jod\ eujfg\ >Ls[i0fnfO{ k|fKt u/] . t;y{ >Ls[i0f o'4df
wg'wf{/L ch{'gsf ;f/yL aGg'eof] .
kf08jtkm{sf] ;}GoJo"x /rgf ug]{ sfd ›f]0ffrfo{ lzio ›'kbk'q w[i6B'Dgn] u/] eg]
sf}/jtkm{sf] ;}GoAo"x /rgf :jod\ u'? ›f]0ffrfo{n] u/] . o'4sf] tof/L k"/f ePkl5 s'?If]qdf
b'j}tkm{sf ;}GozlQm o'4sf nflu v8f eP . o;} ;dodf o'4e"lddf ;j{>]i7 wg'wf{/L ch{'gn] cfˆgf
;f/yL eujfg\ >Ls[i0fsf ;fy æcfkm"n] s; s;;Fu n8\g'kg]{ xf] Psk6s cjnf]sg ug{ rfxG5'Æ
egL /ynfO{ b'j} ;}GozlQmsf lardf n}hfg cfu|x u/] . o;kl5 g} eujfg\ >Ls[i0f / ch{'gsf
larsf] ;+jfbsf ¿kdf >Ldb\eujb\uLtfsf] cEo'bo ePsf] xf] .

nf]suLtf– 2
 cWofo–!
ç >Lk/dfTdg] gdM
klxnf] cWofo
ljiffbof]uM

w[t/fi6« pjfr
wd{If]q] s'?If]q] ;dj]tf o'o'T;jM .
dfdsfM kf08jfZr}j lsds'j{t ;~ho ..!..
w[t/fi6«n] ;f]w]– x] ;~ho Û o'4 ug]{ OR5fn] s'?If]qsf] wfld{s :yndf Pslqt ePsf d]/f
tyf kf08'sf 5f]/fx¿n] s] ul//x]sf 5g\ <
uLtfsf] cb\e't bz{g Pp6f b[li6ljxLg JolQmsf] lh1f;faf6 k|f/De ePsf] 5 . cfFvf gx'Fbf
klg sfdgf dgaf6 x6\b}g a? emg\ k|uf9 x'G5 . b[li6ljxLg klg Tof] b]Vg rfxG5 h'g p;n] k|ToIf
b]Vg ;Sb}g . dg''iosf afXo OlG›on] sfd ug{ g;Sg] eP klg leqsf j[lQx¿ cem ;;Qm x'G5g\ .
w[t/fi6« b[li6ljxLg eP tfklg xhf/f}+ dfOn 6f9f eO/x]sf] o'4sf af/]df hfGg pgL cToGt pT;'s
5g\ . w[t/fi6« s'?If]qsf] o'4df cfˆgf / kf08jsf k'qx¿n] s] s] ub}{ 5g\ eg]/ ;~ho;Fu ;f]W5g\ .
w[t/fi6«sf dgdf ljho ;Tosf] kf] x'G5 ls eGg] eo 5 . g]qljxLg w[t/fi6«sf] lh1f;faf6 g} of]
o'4 x'g yfn]sf] 5 . j:t'tM cGwf / ljj]sxLg JolQm g} ;b}j o'4sf sf/s x'G5g\ . w[t/fi6«sf dgdf
dxfef/t o'4df cfˆgf k'qx¿sf] ljho x'G5 eGg] cw{ljZjf; klg b]lvG5 . sf}/jtkm{sf ci6
lr/~hLjLdWo]sf b'O{ lr/~hLjL u'? s[kfrfo{ / cZjTyfdf -›f]0fk'q_ Pjd\ sjr;lxt hGd]sf s0f{,
k/z'/fd lzio k|tfkL eLid, sf}/j–kf08jsf u'? ›f]0ffrfo{, :jod\ w[t/fi6«sf jL/ k'qx¿ /x]sfn]
o'4df cfˆgf k'qx¿sf] ljho x'g] ljZjf;sf sf/0f pgL Jof;;Fu k|ToIf o'4 x]g]{ rfxgf /fV5g\ .
tbg';f/ Jof;n] ;~honfO{ lbJob[li6 k|bfg u/]sfn] pgL s}of+}“ dfOn 6f9fsf b[Zox¿ klg x]g{ ;Sg]
ePsf 5g\ . To;}n] ;~ho o'4sf x/]s va/ w[t/fi6«nfO{ lbG5g\ .
of]udf kf/Ët JolQm ;do / If]qnfO{ gf3]/ 6f9f 6f9f b]Vg ;Sb5g\ . of]ul;4 k'?ifdf t];|f]
cfFvf -lbJob[li6_ x'G5 h;sf dfWodaf6 pgLx¿ 6f9fsf j:t' b]Vg / ;'Gg ;S5g\ . Jof;df ePsf]
o; k|sf/sf] zlQm pgn] w[t/fi6«sf] lh1f;f zfGt kfg{ ;~honfO{ k|bfg u/]sf lyP . cd]l/sfdf
Ps hgf 6]8 l;l/of] eGg] JolQmsf cfFvfdf o:t} ljlzi6 zlQm lyof] h;af6 pgL sf];f}+“ 6f9fsf
j:t' b]Vg / To;sf] lrq ;dfTg ;Sy] t/ pgL cfTd1fgL lyPgg\ . k/ x]g{ ;Sg] Ifdtfn]
cWofTd;Fu s'g} ;DaGw /fVb}g . ;~ho cfWoflTds JolQm xf]Ogg\ a? pgL ljz]if k|fljlws JolQm
x'g\ hf] 6f9f b]Vg, ;'Gg / 6f9fsf lrq ;dfTg ;S5g\ . of]uåf/f ljleGg zlQmx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5
t/ hf] zlQmsf] k|bz{g / rdTsf/df nfU5 Tof] JolQm ;To;Dd k'Ug g;s]/ e8\lsG5 . dg'iosf]
cgGt zlQmsf af/]df cfh lj1fgn] klg :jLsf/ ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . eljiodf ?; / cd]l/sf h:tf
zlQmzfnL d'n'sx¿;Fu ;~hosf] h:tf] zlQm x'g ;S5 cyf{t\ lj1fgsf] vf]h / cg';Gwfgsf sf/0f
;~ho h:tf] zlQm ePsf] JolQm ljsl;t x'g ;S5 . of] of]usf nflu ;fdfGo s'/f xf] t/ o;df
c8\lsg' cufl8sf] af6f] aGb x'g' xf] .

nf]suLtf– 3
cWofo–!
;~ho pjfr
b[i6\jf t' kf08jfgLs+ Jo"9+ b'of]{wg:tbf .
cfrfo{d'k;ËDo /fhf jrgda|jLt\ ..@..
;~hon] eg]– x] /fhg\ Û kf08jx¿sf] ;}GoJoj:yf jf ;}Go df]rf{ b]v]/ /fhf b'of]{wg cfˆgf
u'? ;]gfklt ›f]0ffrfo{sxfF uP / oL jrg eg]–
kZo}tf+ kf08'k'qf0ffdfrfo{ dxtL+ rd"d\ .
Jo"9f+ b|'kbk'q]0f tj lzio]0f wLdtf ..#..
x] cfrfo{ Û xh'/sf a'l4dfg\ lzio ›'kbk'q w[i6B'Dgåf/f /lrt kf08jx¿sf] ljzfn ;}Go
zlQmnfO{ gh/ ug{x' f];\ ..
cq z"/f dx]ijf;f eLdfh{'g;df o'lw .
o'o'wfgf] lj/f6Zr b|'kbZr dxf/yM ..$..
kf08j;]gfdf dx]ijf;f, lj/f6\ tyf ›'kb nufotsf eLd / ch{'gs} a/fa/L ;fdYo{ ePsf
dxf/yL Pjd\ wg'wf{/L jL/x¿ 5g\ ..
w[i6s]t'Zr]lstfgM sflz/fhZr jLo{jfg\ .
k'?lhTs'lGtef]hZr z}AoZr g/k'ËjM ..%..
dxfg\ zlQmzfnL jL/x¿ w[i6s]t', r]lstfg, sflz/fh, k'?lht\, s'lGtef]h / z}Joh:tf
dfgj;dfhsf zlQmzfnL of]4fx¿ klg ToxfF 5g\ ..
o'wfdGo'Zr ljj|mfGt pQdf}hfZr jLo{jfg\ .
;f}eb|f] b|f}kb]ofZr ;j{ Pj dxf/yfM ..^..
ToxfF cToGt k/fqmdL o'wfdGo', cToGt zlQmzfnL pQdf}hf, ;'e›f k'q cledGo' / ›f}kbL
k'qx¿ klg 5g\ hf] ;a} dxf/yLx¿ x'g\ ..
w[t/fi6« hGdn] dfq b[li6ljxLg xf]Ogg\, pgL cfWoflTds b[li6n] klg sdhf]/ lyP . pgL
cfˆgf efOsf 5f]/fx¿ kf08jx¿;Fu k'q b'of]{wgx¿n] o'4sf af/]df ;Demf}tf gu¿g\ eGg] ;f]Ry] .
cfˆgf k'qsf kIfdf zlQmzfnL of]4fx¿ /x]sfn] ljho cfˆg} 5f]/fx¿sf] x'g] / /fHo kf08jnfO{
lkmtf{ lbg gkg]{ ePsfn] klg pgL o'4 xf];\ eGg] rfxGy] . o'4e"ld wfld{s :yn ePsfn] To;sf]
k|efj cfˆgf k'qx¿df k/]/ o'4 /f]lsG5 ls eGg] pgdf cfzÍf klg lyof] . ;~ho w[t/fi6«nfO{
eG5Gf\– dxfg\ o'4sf] tof/Lsf ;do Jojl:yt Jo"xfsf/ ljzfn kf08j ;]gfnfO{ b]v]/ b'of]{wg cfkm"
/fhf eP klg kl/l:yltsf] cfsng u/]/ cfˆgf ;]gfklt cfrfo{ ›f]0fsf glhs k'u]/ eG5g\– x]
cfrfo{ Û xh'/sf tLI0f a'l4 ePsf lzio ›'kbk'q w[i6B'Dgåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] kf08jx¿sf] ljzfn
Jo"xfsf/ ;}GozlQm x]g{'xf];\ . kf08j ;]gfdf eLd / ch{'gt'No of]4fx¿ ;fTosL, lj/f6\ tyf dxf/yL
›'kb, anjfg\ w[i6s]t', r]lstfg, sflz/fh, g/>]i7 k'?lht\, s'lGtef]h, z}Jo tyf cGo of]4fx¿ klg
5g\ . k/fqmdL o'wfdGo', pQdf}hf, ;'e›fk'q cledGo' Pjd\ ›f}kbLsf kfFr 5f]/fx¿ ;a} dxf/yL x'g\ .
bzf}+“ xhf/ ;}Go;Fu PSn} le8\g ;Sg] Nofst ePsf of]4fnfO{ dxf/yL elgG5 .
c:dfs+ t' ljlzi6f o] tflGgaf]w låhf]Qd .
gfosf dd ;}Go:o ;~1fy{+ tfGa|jLld t] ..&..

nf]suLtf– 4
 cWofo–!
x] a|f≈d0f >]i7 Û xfd|f kIfdf klg hf] ljlzi6 5g\ ltgLx¿sf af/]df a'‰g'xf];\ . xh'/sf]
hfgsf/Lsf nflu xfd|f ljlzi6 ;}Go gfosx¿sf af/]df klg d eG5' ..
dg'iosf] dg ha xLgtfn] u|:t x'G5 ta klxn] cfˆgf] >]i7tfaf6 s'/f ;'? u5{ t/ xLgtf
gePsf] JolQmn] csf{sf] ;Ddfg Pjd\ >]i7tfaf6 s'/f ;'? u5{ . b'of]{wg kf08j ;]gfdf sf] sf]
dxf/yL 5g\, To; af/]df klxn] eG5g\ . eLd / ch{'gsf] an Pjd\ ;fdYo{sf af/]df pgL hfgsf/
5g\ . To;}n] t cGo dxf/yLx¿ klg eLd / ch{'gt'No k/fqmdL 5g\ eg]/ zq'sf] klg k|z+;f u5{g\ .
;fwf/0ftof h;df xLgtfaf]w x'G5 p;n] zq'sf] k|z+;faf6 o'4sf] aofg ub}{g, lgGbfaf6 ;'? u5{
t/ b'of]{wgdf slQ klg xLgtfaf]w lyPg / pgL cfˆgf] sbd / ljhok|lt cfZj:t lyP . To;}n] t
pgL zq'–;}Gosf] k|z+;faf6 s'/f ;'? u5{g\ .
ejfGeLidZr s0f{Zr s[kZr ;ldlt~hoM .
cZjTyfdf ljs0f{Zr ;f}dblQ:ty}j r ..*..
xfd|f ;}Gotkm{ ;b}j o'4df ljho k|fKt ug]{ xh'/ :jod\, eLid lktfdx, s0f{, ;+u|fd ljhoL
s[kfrfo{, cZjTyfdf, ljs0f{ / ;f]dbQsf k'q e"l/>jf cflb x'g'x'G5 ..
cGo] r axjM z"/f dby]{ ToQmhLljtfM .
gfgfz:qk|x/0ffM ;j]{ o'4ljzf/bfM ..(..
d]/f lglDt cfˆgf] k|f0f TofUg tdtof/ cGo w]/} z"/jL/x¿ klg 5g\ hf] cg]s k|sf/sf
xltof/åf/f ;';lHht 5g\ / o'4 ljBfdf s'zn klg 5g\ ..
ckof{Kt+ tb:dfs+ an+ eLidfle/lIftd\ .
kof{Kt+ lTjbd]t]iff+ an+ eLdfle/lIftd\ ..!)..
xfd|f] ;]gf o'4sf nflu ckof{Kt 5 oBlk eLidåf/f ;+/lIft 5 / kf08j ;]gf o'4sf nflu
kof{Kt 5 t/ eLd;]gåf/f ;+/lIft 5 ..
cog]if' r ;j]{if' oyfefudjl:ytfM .
eLidd]jfle/IfGt' ejGtM ;j{ Pj lx ..!!..
xh'/x¿ ;a} ;}GoJo"xdf hf] hf] hxfF hxfF df]rf{ jf :yfgdf /x] klg ;a}lt/af6 eLid
lktfdxnfO{ g} /Iff ug{'k5{ ..
cfˆgf] ;}Gotkm{sf af/]df b'of]{wg eG5g\– o'4df ;b}j ljho k|fKt ug]{ xh'/ :jod\ eLid
lktfdx, s0f{, cZjTyfdf, ljs0f{ -b'of]{wgsf efO_, ;f]dbQsf k'q e"l/>jf cflb z"/jL/ 5g\ hf]
cfˆgf] k|f0f Tofu]/ eP klg d]/f] hLtnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/fpg ;dlk{t 5g\ . oL ;a} efFtL efFtLsf
z:qf:qsf 1ftf / z:qk|xf/df s'zn 5g\ . oBlk xfd|f] ;]gf o'4sf nflu kof{Kt 5}g t/ eLidåf/f
;+/lIft 5 / To;}n] ljhosf nflu kof{Kt 5 . ;fd'Gg]df /x]sf] kf08j ;]gf o'4sf nflu kof{Kt eP
klg eLd;]gåf/f ;+/lIft /x]sfn] ckof{Kt 5 . b'of]{wg, eLidsf] jL/tfsf ;fd' eLd;]g sdhf]/
ePsfn] cfˆgf] ljho ;'lglZrt 7fGb5g\ . To;}n] pgL sf}/jsf] ljho eLiddf lge{/ 5 eGg] ;f]rn]
ljZj:t 5g\ . eLdh:tf] zlQmzfnL t/ sd a'l4sf] JolQm s]G›df /x] eg] dfq o'4 ;Dej x'G5 .
t;y{ b'of]{wg ;a} ldn]/ eLidlktfdxsf] /Iff ug{'kg]{ ;Nnfx lbG5g\ .
b'of]{wgsf] ljrf/df o'4sf] x/ ;Defjgf eLdaf6 g} ;'? x'G5 lsgeg] ch{'gh:tf c;n Pjd\
ljj]szLn JolQmdf b'of]{wg o'4sf] sf/0f b]Vb}gg\ . pgL eLdsf] sf/0fn] dfq o'4 x'g;S5 eGg]
;f]Rb5g\ . o'4 ljj]szLn / a'l4dfg\ dflg;sf sf/0fn] x'Fb}g eLdh:tf] a'l4sf] JolQmsf sf/0fn] x'g
;S5 . ch{'g a'l4dfg\ / ljj]szLn ePsfn] pgL ;+zo / cfzÍfn] o'Qm 5g\ . hxfF ;+zo x'G5 ToxfF
nf]suLtf– 5
cWofo–!
åGå cjZo x'G5 . eLd / b'of]{wg Ps} k|s[ltsf JolQm x'g\ . b'of]{wgn] eLdnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ b]Vg'
:jfefljs xf] . pgsf b[li6df ch{'g k|lt:kwL{ slxNo} klg lyPgg\ / pgn] c1ft s[i0fsf af/]df
;f]r]sf klg lyPgg\ . cb[Zo zlQm lardf plqP/ cfPkl5 g} ;f/f syf ablnof]Ù gx'g'kg]{ eof] /
x'g'kg]{ ePg . ch{'g tyfslyt g}lts JolQmx¿sf gh/df efUg] s'/f ul//x]sf lyP . l7s To;}a]nf
pgnfO{ >Ls[i0fn] efUgaf6 /f]Sg'eof] . c1ftsf] OR5f JolQmn] hfGg ;Sb}g t/ JolQmn] cfˆgf]
cxd\kgnfO{ Tofu]/ c1ftdf ;dlk{t eof] eg] dfq p;sf] OR5fnfO{ hfGg ;S5 . To; l:yltdf
JolQm ;fwg dfq eP/ a|Xdsf] OR5f g} p;sf] OR5f x'G5 .
t:o ;~hgoGxif{+ s'?j[4M lktfdxM .
l;+xgfb+ ljgBf]Rr}M zÎ+ bWdf} k|tfkjfg\ ..!@..
s'?j+zsf cToGt k|tfkL aof]j[4 eLid lktfdxn] b'of]{wgnfO{ cfglGbt t'Nofpg l;+x uh]{h:t}
u/L cToGt pRr :j/n] cfˆgf] zª\v ahfpg'eof] ..
ttM z◊fZr e]o{Zr k0fjfgsuf]d'vfM .
;x;}jfEoxGoGt ; zAb:t'd'nf]˜ejt\ ..!#..
To;kl5 zÎx¿, 7'nf 7'nf 9f]n, ;fgf 9f]ns, d[bË / gu/f, s/tfn -g/l;+x_ ;a} Ps;fy
ahfOP . lgZro g} Tof] cfjfh jf ;+o'Qm :j/ eoÍ/ eof] ..
k/fqmdzfnL s'?of]4f eLid lktfdxn] b'of]{wgnfO{ k|;Gg kfg{ l;+xgfb ub}{ cToGt pRr
:j/n] cfˆgf] zÎ ahfpg'eof] . sf}/j ;]gfklt eLidåf/f zÎgfb ul/;s]kl5 cGttM cGo
jL/x¿af6 klg zÎ, 9f]n, gu/f Pjd\ l;ª nufot efFtL efFtL jfB klg Ps;fy ahfOP h;sf
sf/0f eoÍ/ Wjlg ;'lgof] / cfˆg} kIfsf jL/x¿sf] Åbodf klg 8/ k}bf eof] .
ttM Zj]t}x{o}o{'Qm] dxlt :oGbg] l:ytf} .
dfwjM kf08jZr}j lbJof} zÎf} k|bWdt'M ..!$..
To;kl5 ;]tf 3f]8f gfl/Psf] ljzfn /ydf a;]sf >Ls[i0f dxf/fh / ch{'gn] klg cf–cfˆgf
lbJo zÎ km'Sg'eof] ..
kf~rhGo+ ÅifLs]zf] b]jbQ+ wg~hoM .
kf}08«+ bWdf} dxfzÎ+ eLdsdf{ j[sf]b/M ..!%..
eujfg\ >Ls[i0fn] cfˆgf] kf~rhGo zÎ km'Sg'eof] . ch{'gn] b]jbQ / pu|sd{ ug]{ eLd;]gn]
kf}08« gfdsf] zÎ ahfP ..
cgGtljho+ /fhf s'GtLk'qf] o'lwli7/M .
gs'nM ;xb]jZr ;'3f]ifdl0fk'iksf} ..!^..
s'GtLk'q /fhf o'lwli7/n] cgGtljho gfdsf] zÎ Pjd\ gs'n / ;xb]jn] qmdzM ;'3f]if /
dl0fk'iks gfdsf zÎ ahfP ..
tbgGt/ ;]tf 3f]8f hf]ltPsf] ljzfn /ydf a;]/ eujfg\ >Ls[i0f Pjd\ kf08'k'q ch{'gn] cf–
cfˆgf lbJo zÎ ahfpg'eof] . >Ls[i0fn] kf~rhGo / ch{'gn] b]jbQ gfds lbJo -cnf}lss_ zÎ
ahfpg'eof] . eLdn] kf}08« gfds eLif0f zÎ ahfP h;sf sf/0f ljkIfL jL/x¿df pQm Wjlgn] eo
k}bf uof]{ . s'GtLk'q o'lwli7/n] cgGt ljho gfds zÎ, gs'n Pjd\ ;xb]jn] qmdzM ;'3f]if /
dl0fk'iks gfdsf zÎ ahfP . >Ls[i0fn] ug{'ePsf] zÎgfb c¿ of]4fx¿n] ahfPsf] zª\VfWjlgsf]
k|ltlqmof xf]Og . of] ;j{:jLsfo{ efjsf ;fy k|To'Q/ / r'gf}tLsf] :jLs[lt xf] . eLdn] k|f/Dedf g}

nf]suLtf– 6
 cWofo–!
ahfPsf] eP Tof] sf}/jx¿sf] k|ltlqmof x'GYof] . >Ls[i0f, ch{'g / eLdn] ahfPsf zÎn] cfˆgf
kIfsf jL/x¿ cfXnflbt x'g k'u] . ;j{q k|;Ggtf km}lnof] . of] k/dsf] OR5f / hLjgn] o'4df
nu]sf] :jLs[lt xf] . klxnf] zÎgfb sf}/jsf tkm{af6 eof] . To;}n] o'4sf] k|f/Desf] bfloTj klg
sf}/jsf] g} xf] . o'4sf] :jLs[lt / bfloTj sf}/jsf] ePsfn] klxnf] zÎgfb eLidaf6 ePsf] xf] .
>Ls[i0f o'4 ug{ cfpg' ePsf] xf]Og . pxfF ;f/yLsf] ¿kdf o'4df ;lDdlnt x'g' ePsf] xf] .
>Ls[i0fsf] pkl:yltdf kf08j of] o'4nfO{ k/dfTdfn] lbPsf] cfb]zo'Qm lhDd]jf/L 7fGb5g\ . pgLx¿
>Ls[i0fsf ;fwg / ;xof]uL eP/ n8\g tof/ ePsf 5g\ .
sfZoZr k/d]ijf;M lzv08L r dxf/yM .
w[i6B'Dgf] lj/f6Zr ;fTolsZrfk/flhtM ..!&..
dxfg\ wg'wf{/L sfzL g/]z, dxfg\ of]4f lzv08L, dxf/yL w[i6B'Dg, lj/f6\, ck/fh]o
;fTolsn] klg zª\v ahfP ..
b|'kbf] ›f}kb]ofZr ;j{zM k[lyjLkt] .
;f}e›Zr dxfafx'M zÎfGbWd'M k[ys\ k[ys\ ..!*..
/fhf ›'kb, nfdf nfdf xft ePsf ;'e›fk'q cledGo', ›f}kbLsfk'qx¿ -k|ltljGWo, ;'t;f]d,
>'tsdf{, ztfgLs />'t;]g_ ;a}n] a]Unf a]Un} zÎx¿ ahfP ..
; 3f]iff] wft{/fi6«f0ff+ Åboflg Jobf/ot\ .
geZr k[lyjL+ r}j t'd'nf] Jog'gfbog\ ..!(..
ljleGg zÎWjlgsf sf/0f cfsfz / wtL{ u'lGhof] / w[t/fi6«k'qx¿sf ;fy} pgsf kIfsf ;a}
;}GozlQmsf] Åbo l5ofl5of eof] ..
cy Jojl:ytfGb[i6\jf wft{/fi6«fg\ slkWjhM .
k|j[Q] z:q;Dkft] wg'?BDo kf08jM ..@)..
ÅifLs]z+ tbf jfSoldbdfx dxLkt] .
x] /fhg\ Û o;kl5 xg'dfg\sf] lrq clÍt /ydf r9L wg' p7fP/ xfGg tdtof/ ePsf ch{'gn]
Jojl:yt 9Ën] cfˆgf] ;}Go df]rf{df w[t/fi6«k'qx¿nfO{ plePsf] b]v]/ eujfg\ >Ls[i0fnfO{ oL s'/fx¿
eg] ..
ch{'g pjfr
;]gof]?eof]d{Wo] /y+ :yfko d]˜Ro't ..@!..
ofjb]tflGg/LIf]˜x+ of]b\w'sfdfgjl:ytfg\ .
s}d{of ;x of]4Jodl:dG/0f;d'Bd] ..@@..
ch{'gn] eg]– x] cRo't Û b'j} ;}Go df]rf{sf lardf nu]/ of] /y c8\ofpg'xf];\ . ToxfF d}n] s;–
s;;Fu o'4 ug{'k5{, ;‹if{ d}bfgdf e]nf ePsf o'4fsfª\IfL oL ljkIfL of]4fx¿nfO{ / ToxfF s;s;;Fu
o'4 ug{of]Uo 5 Tof] /fd|/L gx]/];Dd /ynfO{ /f]ls/fVg'xf];\ ..
x] /fhg\ Û xg'dfGf\sf] lrq clÍt emG8f ePsf] /ydf a;]/ o'4sf nflu ch{'gn] cfˆgf] af0f
p7fP/ 5f]8\g tof/ ePsf] cj:yfdf ;}lgs Jo"xsf ;fd'Gg] Pslqt ePsf w[t/fi6«k'q b'of]{wg kIfsf
;}lgsx¿nfO{ b]v]/ eujfg\ >Ls[i0f;Fu ch{'gn] laGtL u/]– x] cRo't Û d]/f] of] /y b'j} ;}GoJo"xsf
lardf nu]/ c8\ofpg'xf];\ . d of] dxfg\ o'4df sf}/j kIfsf s;;Fu n8\g'kg]{ xf] Tof] /fd|/L
cjnf]sg ug{ rfxG5' . ch{'g cfkm"n] s;;Fu o'4 ug{'kg]{ xf] Tof] x]g{ rfxG5g\ / /0fe"lddf cfkm"nfO{
v8f ul/lbg >Ls[i0f;Fu cfu|x u5{g\ . ch{'gsf nflu o'4 c1ftaf6 cfOk/]sf] bfloTj xf] .
nf]suLtf– 7
cWofo–!
ch{'gleqsf] k'sf/ eLd, b'of]{wgsf] h:tf] geP/ jf:tljs k'sf/ xf] . zflGtk"0f{ ;dembf/L gePkl5
/ >Ls[i0fsf] zflGt k|:tfjnfO{ b'of]{wgn] nTofPkl5 g} o'4sf] afWotf cfOk/]sf] xf] . ;fdfGotM o'4
cfsfª\IfLx¿ hf];'s} b'Zdg eP klg ljgf lxrlsrfx6 o'4df xf]ldg rfxG5g\ / zq'nfO{ ;dfKt kfg{
rfxG5g\ t/ ch{'g o'4fsfª\IfL xf]Ogg\ . To;}n] t pgL s;–s;;Fu n8\g' kg]{ xf], Tof] x]g{ rfxG5g\ .
h;;Fu n8\g'kg]{ xf] To;nfO{ lrGg' o'4sf] klxnf] lgod xf] . leq jf aflx/ h:tf];'s} o'4 jf
zq' eP klg To;sf] klxrfg ug{' klxnf] sbd xf] . o'4df zq'nfO{ /fd|/L lrGg ;Sg] JolQmn] g} o'4
lhTg ;S5 . h;n] zq'sf] klxrfg ug{ ;Sb}g To:tf o'4lkkf;'n] o'4 lhTg ;Sb}gg\ lsgeg] o'4
cft'/tfsf sf/0f p;n] zq'sf] klxrfg l7s;Fu u/]sf] x'Fb}g . To;}n] cGttM o'4df p;sf] xf/ x'G5 .
o'4sf] ;'?df zflGt / ;fIfLsf] efj rflxG5 . ch{'g ;fIfL x'g rfxG5g\ . o'4 lhTg lg/LIf0f klxnf]
cfjZos sbd / ;"q xf] . xfdLn] klg leqsf] sfd, qmf]w, nf]e, df]x, db, dfT;o{ cflb if8\zq';Fu
n8\g' 5 ;fy} aflx/ klg s;–s;;Fu n8\g'kg]{ xf] Tof] hfGg h?/L x'G5 .
uLtfsf] cEo'bosf nflu /Ëd~r tof/ x'Fb} 5 lsgeg] ch{'gn] lg/LIf0f ug{ nfUg'sf] cy{
n8fOFdf d'l:sn cfpg' xf] . lg/LIf0fsf] ;"q hfGg] JolQmn] dfq a'‰g ;S5 ls ch{'g ca cGof]ndf
5g\ . lg/LIf0f u/]kl5 o'4 slt a]sf/ / Joy{ 5 eGg] yfxf x'G5 . To;}n] leq klg lg/LIf0f ul/of]
eg] sfd, qmf]w, nf]e, df]x, db, dfT;o{ cflb 5 zq'x¿ g} a]sf/ nfU5g\ . cfˆgf] lrQnfO{ ch{'g
;kmf kfg{ vf]Hb} 5g\ . t;y{ ch{'gnfO{ o'4sf] cft'/tf 5}g . ch{'g ljrf/zLn JolQm x'g\ o'4fsfª\IfL
xf]Ogg\ . o'4 t b'of]{wg, eLd cflb h:tf ljrf/xLg JolQmn] jf >Ls[i0f h:tf cnf}lss ljrf/z"Go
k'?ifn] dfq ug{ ;S5g\ . ljrf/jfg\ / ;+zoL JolQmx¿n] o'4 ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
ljrf/xLg lrQnfO{ o'4 :jfefljs x'G5 . ljrf/ hlxn] klg åGådo x'G5 . To;}n] ;+;f/df
ljrf/ u/]/ sf]xL o'4df plqFb}gg\ . ljrf/ g} ;a} s'/fsf] Joy{tf xf] eg]/ ;f]r]df cGttM ljrf/sf]
klg Joy{tf hflgG5 / JolQm ljrf/z"Go x'g ;S5 . ch{'g h'g ljrf/sf] cj:yfdf 5g\ ToxfFaf6
o'4df hfg ;Dej 5}g . ch{'gnfO{ o'4df plqgsf nflu ljrf/xLgtfsf] cj:yf hxfF b'of]{wg /
eLdx¿ 5g\ ToxfF k'Ug'k5{ clg o'4 ;Dej x'G5 of lglj{rf/sf] cj:yf hxfF >Ls[i0f x'g'x'G5 ToxfF
k'Ug'k5{ clg o'4 Pp6f v]n / k/dfTdfsf] OR5fg';f/ ug]{ dfWod dfq x'G5 .
of]T:odfgfgj]If]˜x+ o Pt]˜q ;dfutfM .
wft{/fi6«:o b'a{'4]o{'4] lk|olrsLif{jM ..@#..
ch{'gn] eg]– b'a{'l4n] el/Psf] b'of]{wgsf] sNof0fsf nflu eg]/ hf] hf] oxfF xfd|f lj?4 o'4
ug{ cfPsf 5g\ ltgLx¿nfO{ d x]g{ rfxG5' ..
;~ho pjfr
Pjd'Qmf] ÅifLs]zf] u'8fs]z]g ef/t .
;]gof]?eof]d{Wo] :yfkloTjf /yf]Qdd\ ..@$..
;~hon] dxf/fh w[t/fi6«;uF eg]– x] ef/t Û o;k|sf/ ch{'gsf] cfu|x cg';f/ eujfg\
>Ls[i0fn] b'j}y/L ;]gfsf lardf nu]/ Tof] ljlzi6 /y c8\ofpg'eof] ..
eLid›f]0fk|d'vtM ;j]{iff+ r dxLlIftfd\ .
pjfr kfy{ kZo}tfG;dj]tfGs'¿lglt ..@%..
eLid, ›f]0f nufot ;+;f/el/sf o'4sf nflu Pslqt sf}/j ;]gfsf ;fd' /y c8\ofP/
eujfg\n] eGg'eof]– x] ch{'g Û o'4sf lglDt Pslqt ;}GozlQmnfO{ x]/ ..

nf]suLtf– 8
 cWofo–!
tqfkZolT:ytfg\ kfy{M lktgy lktfdxfg\ .
cfrfof{Gdft'nfGe|ftGk'qfGkf}qfG;vL+:tyf ..@^..
ch{'gn] To; o'4d}bfgdf cfˆgf afa'x¿ -afa' kg]{ of afa'sf ;dsfnLg e"l/>jf_, afh]x¿
-eLid lktfdx cflb_, u'?x¿ -›f]0ffrfo{, s[kfrfo{ cflb_, dfdfx¿ -zNo, zs'lg cflb_, efOx¿
-;Dk"0f{ w[t/fi6«k'q nufot_, 5f]/fx¿ -b'of]{wgk'q nId0f cflb_, gfltx¿, ldqx¿ -cZjTyfdf nufot_
nfO{ b]v] ..
Zjz'/fG;'ÅbZr}j ;]gof]?eof]/lk .
tfG;dLIo ; sf}Gt]oM ;jf{GaGw"gjl:ytfg\ ..@& ..
ch{'gn] ToxfF ;;'/fx¿, ;djo:s cfTdLo z'elrGtsx¿ ;d]t o'4sf lglDt b'j} ;}GoJo"xdf
v8f ePsf b]v] .
s[kof k/oflji6f] ljifLblGgbda|jLt\ .
tL ;f/f cfkmGtnfO{ b]Vbf bofn] cflje{"t eP/ lrGtf ub}{ ch{'gn] eg] ..
ch{'g pjfr
b[i6\j]d+ :jhg+ s[i0f o'o'T;'+ ;d'kl:ytd\ ..@*..
;LblGt dd ufqfl0f d'v+ r kl/z'iolt .
j]ky'Zr z/L/] d] /f]dxif{Zr hfot] ..@(..
o'4If]qdf oL ;Dk"0f{ cfkmGtx¿nfO{ b]Vbf d]/f] z/L/sf cËx¿ un]sf 5g\, d'v klg ;'s]sf] /
z/L/ sfld/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L z/L/df /f]df~r eO/x]sf] 5 ..
o'4sf lglDt tTk/ ;Dk"0f{ aGw'afGwjnfO{ b]Vbf ch{'gsf dgdf tL cfkmGt hgk|lt bof
hfUof] . lvGg eP/ pgn] eujfg\ >Ls[i0f;Fu eg]– x] s[i0f Û o'4sf] tLj| OR5fn] clek|]l/t oL ;Dk"0f{
cfTdLo ;DaGwL hgx¿nfO{ b]v]/ d]/f] z/L/ lzlyn eO/x]sf] 5, z/L/sf cËx¿ sfld/x]sf 5g\ /
d'v ;'ls/x]sf] 5 . eo Pjd\ b'vsf sf/0f ljXjntf k}bf eO/x]sf] 5 . ch{'g o'4af6 kLl8t 5}gg\ /
o'4lj/f]wL klg xf]Ogg\ . hLjgdf pgn] k|fKt u/]sf z:qf:q;DaGwL lzIff lx+;f / o'4sf nflu x'g\
t/ lx+;|s JolQm ddTjn] el/Psf] x'G5 . clx+;|s lrQ ddTjeGbf aflx/ x'G5 . d]/f] efj g} lx+;f
xf] . d]/f] eGg]lalQs} ToxfF sf]xL csf]{ klg x'G5 . ldq eGg]lalQs} zq' klg pTkGg x'G5 . cfkmGtdf
k/fO{sf] ;Ldf klg lvFlrPsf] x'G5 . ;d:t lx+;f cfˆgf] / k/fO{sf] larsf] /]vfaf6 pTkGg x'G5 .
To;}n] ch{'gsf] ufy lzlyn eof] . pgL o;/L lzlyn x'g' cfkmGt;Fusf] o'4sf ;Defjgfsf sf/0fn]]
xf] . pgL clx+;|s eP/ jf pgdf s'g} j}rfl/s 1fg jf ¿kfGt/0f eP/ xf]Og . pgnfO{ lx+;fsf] g}
bf];|f] sf]0f ddTjn] kS|of] lsgeg] ddTj klg lx+;fsf] csf]{ ¿k xf] .
uLtf a'‰gsf nflu ddTjsf af/]df hfGg cToGt h?/L x'G5, cGoyf ;a}nfO{ ch{'g
clx+;flt/ nfUg vf]Hb} 5g\ t/ >Ls[i0f pgnfO{ lx+;fdf ptfg{ vf]Hb} x'g'x'G5 eGg] nfUg ;S5 .
clx+;|snfO{ lx+;|s agfpg s[i0f rfxg'x'Gg / Tof] ;Dej klg 5}g . ch{'g clx+;|s xf]Ogg\, s]jn
ddTjlt/ em's]sf dfq x'g\ . ch{'gsf] ddTj lx+;fsf] ulx/f] cfwf/ xf] . cfkmGt of ;DalGwt hg
o'4sf lglDt v8f gePsf eP ch{'g ltgLx¿ ;a}nfO{ e“]8fafv|f sf6]em}+“ sf6\g] lyP . pgsf] ufy
lzlyn x'gfsf] sf/0f cfkmGthg o'4sf lglDt v8f ePsfn] xf] . ch{'gsf] of] ;Í6u|:t cj:yf
pgdf clx+;fsf] efj ljsl;t eP/ xf]Og of] lx+;fsf] d"n cfwf/ ddTjdf k'u]/ g} ePsf] xf] .
cfkmGt;Fu o'4 n8\g'kg]{ ePsfn] pgL ;Í6u|:t ePsf x'g\ . cfTdLo ;DaGwL hg gePsf eP pgL
lx++;|s eP/ zq'nfO{ lu8\g lxrlsrfpFb}gy] . k/fO{sf ;fydf o'4 ug{'k/]sf] eP pgsf] ufy lzlyn
nf]suLtf– 9
cWofo–!
x'Fb}gYof] / pgL emg\ anzfnL / k|km'lNnt eP/ o'4 uy]{ t/ ;Í6sf If0fdf pgdf ddTj b]lvof] .
;fdfGo If0fdf xfd|f] Åbosf] cGt:tn b]lvFb}g t/ c;fwf/0f of ;Í6sf] If0fdf dfq of] lrQj[lQaf/]
yfxf x'G5 . ch{'gnfO{ d]/f] dfG5] eGg] ddTjn] ;tfof] . ch{'g ;+zoL ePsfn] b'lawfdf k/] / pgdf
cg]sf}+ k|Zg hlGdP . ch{'gn] o'4 / lx+;f Joy{ xf] eg]sf] eP uLtfh:tf] dxfg\ cfWoflTds bz{g
dfgj lxtsf nflu k|fKt x'g] lyPg . o'4df xf]ldPkl5 cfˆgf ;DaGwL hgx¿nfO{ klg sf6\g'kg]{
ljrf/n] g} pgsf] cË lzlyn ePsf] xf] . To;}n] xfdLn] uLtf h:tf] cnf}lss u|Gy kfpg ;s]sf
xf}+ .
cGo JolQmsf] d[To' ePdf zAbn] ;++j]bgf lbP k'U5 To;n] leq 5'Fb}g t/ 3/df s;}sf] d[To'
eof] eg] ÅbonfO{ 5'G5 / xfdL klg Ps lx:;f d5f}{+ . kTgLsf] d[To' ePdf kltsf] klg Ps lx:;f
d5{ cyf{t\ kTgL x'Fbf dfq kltsf] cl:tTj x'G5 . ;Gtfg hlGdFbf cfdf klg hlGdlG5g\ . To;}n] 5f]/f
jf 5f]/L dbf{ cfdfsf] Ps lx:;f db{5 . c¿nfO{ dfbf{ ch{'gnfO{ o:tf] cg'ej slxNo} ePg t/ ca
cfkmGthg dg]{ s'/fn] pgnfO{ cTofof] . ;a} cfˆgf d/] eg] cfkm" afFr]/ klg s] ug]{ eGg] efj
pgdf k|s6 eof] . d]/f], xfd|f] cfkmGtx¿sf] hf]8sf] gfd xf] . ch{'gdf of] cfˆgf] eGg] efj ljsl;t
ePsfn] pgnfO{ cfTd3ft u/] h:tf] nfUof] . cfkmGt ;a} d/]kl5 cfkm" x'g' of afFRg'sf] s'g} cy{
g/xg] dx;'; eof] . xfdL klg 3/ cfˆgf nflu sd / c¿sf nflu Hofbf agfpF5f“}+ . k|z+;f / O{iof{
ug]{ JolQmx¿ g} /x]gg\ eg] Tof] dxn h:tf] ejg klg em'k8Lh:t} x'G5 .
ch{'gnfO{ o'4sf If0fdf b'j}lt/ cfˆgf ;DaGwL hg dfq ePsf] cg'e"lt eof] . t;y{ lhtdf
pgnfO{ s'g} k|of]hg nfu]g / ;fd|fHo kfpg'sf] klg s]xL cy{ nfu]g . ch{'gsf] dg ddTjsf]
ljiffbn] 3]l/of] . of] ljiffb lx+;|s lrQsf] ePsfn] s[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ 7'nf] wSsf lbg'k¥of] .
dxfjL/h:tf JolQm ePsf] eP s[i0fn] s]xL klg eGg' x'Gy]g . uLtf >Ls[i0fn] sd / ch{'gn] Hofbf
k|Zgf]Q/df ;do vlr{Psf] u|Gy xf] . uLtf k|fb'ef{j x'g'df s[i0fsf] dfq xf]Og ch{'gsf] klg plQs}
e"ldsf 5 . pgsf]] lx+;fu|:t lrQbzfsf sf/0f pgL o'4af6 efUg rfxG5g\ . ch{'gsf] dgdf pTkGg
b'lawf lx+;fu|:t dflg;sf] lx+;faf6 efUg] b'lawf xf] . ddTj ulx/f] lx+;f xf] . d]/f] eGg] lalQs}
cxd\kg of ddTj ;'? x'G5 . ha xfdL s'g} JolQmsf] dflns x'G5f“}+, ta To; JolQmsf] :jtGqtf
xgg u5f}{+ . xfdLn] To; JolQm;Fu j:t' h:t} Jojxf/ u5f{}+“ . o:tf] ;DaGwdf k|]d geO{ lx+;f / O{iof{
kmlnt x'G5 / of] g} d}qLsf] ljgfz x'g'sf ;fy} 3[0ff / lx+;fsf] efj xf] . ch{'gsf] clx+;fsf] s'/f
em'6f] xf] . pgdf pTkGg ePsf] efj clx+;|s eOlbPsf] eP >Ls[i0fn] tTsfn pgnfO{ cfzLjf{b
lbg'x'GYof] t/ >Ls[i0fn] ch{'g lx+;fu|:t eP/ ddTjsf] s'/f u/]sf] b]lv/xg'' ePsf] 5 .
ch{'gnfO{ dfq lsg ljiffb eof] c¿ klg lx+;f / ddTjn] el/Psf JolQmnfO{ lsg ljiffb
ePg . lx+;f / ddTjdf ;a} cGwf / ljrf/xLg x'G5g\ . ch{'g ljrf/zLn 5g\ To;}n] pgnfO{
ljrf/n] b'lawf lb“b} 5 t/ b'of]{wg ljrf/xLg / leqL ¿kdf cGwf klg 5g\ . pgL lx+;fu|:t ePsfn]
cfkm"åf/f dfl/g]x¿ b]lv/x]sf 5}gg\ t/ ch{'g ;+zoL ePsfn] pgL To; o'4df ljz]if 5g\ . hLjgsf]
tof/L t ch{'gsf] klg b'of]{wgsf] h:t} 5 t/ dgsf] tof/L eg] b'of]{wgsf] eGbf leGg 5 . ljrf/
;Gb]xsf sf/0f pgdf lh1f;f 5 . olb b'vb kl/l:yltdf JolQm si6af6 kf/ ePdf k/dfTdfdf k'Ug
;S5 / olb kf/ x'g g;s] p;sf] JolQmTj b'O{ lx:;fdf 6'6\5 . ch'{g l7s oxL cj:yfdf 5g\ .
b'of]{wgsf nflu o'4df /; 5 . ch{'g h''g l:yltdf 5g\ To; l:yltdf ls t pgL efUg] 5g\ of t
a]dgn] n8]/ xfg]{ 5g\ . ch{'g ls t ljrf/xLg eP/ b'of]{wgsf] w/ftndf k''u]/ dfg{df /; lnP/

nf]suLtf– 10
 cWofo–!
o'4df xf]ldg] 5g\ of t lglj{rf/ eP/ >Ls[i0fsf] cj:yfdf k'uL ;a} v]n xf] eGg] ;f]r]/ kf/ x''g
;Sg] 5g\ .
o; o'4df o'lwli7/ h:tf] JolQmnfO{ klg ljiffb ePsf] 5}g . c;n dflg; gePsfn]
b'of]{wgnfO{ ljiffb gePsf] dfGg ;lsPnf t/ o'lwli7/ h:tf] wfld{s JolQmnfO{ klg ljiffb ePsf]
5}g . v/fa JolQm klg ?l9jfbL wfld{s JolQmeGbf c;n x'g ;S5g\ . v/fa JolQmnfO{ cfh geP
ef]ln cfkm" v/fa ePsf] dx;'; x'g ;S5 t/ o:tf] tyfslyt wfld{s JolQm hf] cfkm" wfld{s ePsf]
dfGotf af]s]/ lxF8\5 p;nfO{ ljiffb x'g ;Sb}g . o'lwli7/ cfkm" wfld{s ePsf]df cfZj:t 5g\ . pgL
¿9LjfbL cfl:ts x'g\ .
Ps k|sf/sf pbf/ wfld{s JolQm x'G5g\ h;sf] wd{ ctLtsf] pwf/f]af6 cfpF5 / csf{y/L
cfGtl/s qmflGtaf6 wfld{s x'G5g\ . ch{'g cfGtl/s qmflGtsf] 9f]sfdf plePsf wfld{s JolQm x'g\ .
o'lwli7/ ctLtaf6 wfld{s JolQm ePsf] x'Fbf gLltdf ug{ ldNg] s'/f pgnfO{ ;a} l7s nfU5 . To;}n]
o'4df klg pgnfO{ kL8f x'Fb}g . cfTdfg'e"lt ljgf lbglbg} dlGb/df hfg], kf7 ug]{ tyfslyt wfld{s
JolQm o'lwli7/ h:tf x'G5g\ . pgL ctLtaf6 k|fKt wd{sf w/f]x/ x'g\ . o:tf wfld{s JolQm wd{ /
cwd{sf lar tfnd]n vf]H5g\ . ?l9jfbL wfld{s JolQmeGbf gfl:ts JolQm a]; x'g ;S5 lsgeg]
gfl:ts JolQm cfl:tstfsf] vf]hdf t /xG5 . ch{'g Pp6f k|fdfl0fs JolQm x'g\ . pgsf] k|fdfl0fstf
pgLleqsf] lrGtf xf] . pgL h'g l:yltdf 5g\ To;;Fu pgL /fhL x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\≤ ToxL pgsf]
ljiffb xf] . ljiffbdf pknJw ePsf JolQm wGo 5g\ lsgeg] ljiffbdf ePsf JolQmn] dfu{ vf]Hg'k5{ .
ljiffb gx''g] JolQmx¿ cefuL x''g\ . ljiffb gePsf JolQmn] cfgGb k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] ljiffb
of]u cfgGb hlGdg] k|lqmof xf] .
hd{gsf k|l;4 ljrf/s k|m]l8«s lgT;] (Friedrich Nietzsche) eG5g\– dg'io b'O{ cnu cnu
cj:yfx¿nfO{ hf]8\g] ;]t' xf] . dg'io Pp6f la;f}gL xf] of t pm kz' x'g ;S5 of t k/dfTdf eP/
cfgGb k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . ha;Dd dg'io 5, ta;Dd ;''v / cfgGb k|fKt gu/L pm lardf dfq
x'G5 . ch{'g dg'iosf k|tLs ePsfn] pgL lardf 5g\ . kz' slxNo} ljlIfKt, kfun jf clg›fsf]
l;sf/ x'Fb}g . dflg; tn em/]/ kz'sf] ;'v k|fKt ug{ vf]H5 . To;}n] dlb/f sfdjf;gfdf Ifl0fs
;'v vf]H5 . b'of]{wg kz'sf k|tLs x'g\ eg] ch{'g dfgjsf / >Ls[i0f k/dfTdfsf k|tLs x'g'x'G5 .
o'4:yndf oL tLg k|tLsx¿ pknAw 5g\ . ch{'g b'of]{wg / s[i0fsf lardf cGof]nsf] cj:yfdf
5g\ . ch{'gsf] ;d:of pgL b'of]{wg x'g ;Sb}gg\ / s[i0f x'g] k|of; ul//x]sf 5}gg\ .
csa/n] kmQ]k'/df k'n agfpFbf ToxfF Pp6f jfSo n]v]sf 5g\– æ;]t' kf/ ug{sf nflu xf],
lgjf;sf nflu xf]Og .Æ dg'io Pp6f ;]t' xf] / p;;Fu kz' of k/dfTdf x''g] b'O{ ljsNkx¿ 5Gf\ .
dg''io ljgf p2]Zo k]08'nd h:t} oL b'O{ lardf xlNn/xG5 . qmf]wdf ToxL JolQm kz't'No / zflGtdf
k/dfTdfsf] glhs x'G5 . xfdL lbgel/ s}of“}k6s gs{ / :ju{sf] ofqf u5f}{+ . knkndf gs{df k'u]/
k5'tfpF5f}+“ / :ju{sf] r]i6f ;'? u5f}{+ . ha :ju{ k'U5f}F ta s]xL If0fdf g} :ju{ 5'6\g yfN5 clg k''gM
tgfj pTkGg x'G5 . tgfjn] ;bf ljk/Ltdf cfsif{0f k}bf u5{ . ch{'gsf] ;ª\3if{ klg kz' / k/dfTdf
lar /xg'df 5 . b'of]{wg lglZrGt 5g\ pgdf s'g} b'lawf 5}g . dg'io;Fu dfq k/dfTdf x'g]
;Defjgf 5 . ch{'g kz' x'g rfxFb}gg\ / k/dfTdf aGg] af6f] pgnfO{ yfxf 5}g t/ leq k/dfTdf x'g]
rfxgfn] ubf{ pgL k|Zgx¿ p7fO/x]sf 5g\ .
ch{'gdf af/Daf/ åGåsf] bzf cfpg'' dg'iosf nflu :jfefljs 36gf xf] . åGånfO{ zL3|tfn]
xn ug{ vf]Hg' kz'tflt/ nfUg' xf] . åGå;Fu n8\b} u'lh|g' d"9tf xf] Pjd\ w}o{n] åGånfO{ em]Ng' g}

nf]suLtf– 11
cWofo–!
tk:of xf] . åGånfO{ tk]/, ef]u]/ tyf lgolt dfg]/ afFr]df >4f cfpF5 . ch{'g klg oxL åGåsf]
cj:yfdf 5g\ . ch{'g åGåaf6 aRg] sf]l;; ul//x]sf 5g\ t/ s[i0f cfZj:t gu/L pgnfO{ t8\kfpFb}
x'g'x'G5 . To;}n] pgL af/Daf/ Pp6} k|Zg ;f]lw/x]sf 5g\ . ch{'gsf] åGådo dfgl;stfnfO{ s[i0f
ljZjf; lbnfpg rfxg'x'Gg lsgeg] åGå ;dfKt geO{sg ljZjf; lbnfpg klg ;lsGg . >Ls[i0f
ch''{gnfO{ åGåaf6 u'hf/]/ >4f hufpg vf]Hb} x'g'x'G5 . åGånfO{ lhTg ;s] t];|f] zlQm hlGdG5
lsgeg] åGånfO{ lhTg' g} dg'iosf] k/LIf0f xf] . s[i0f ch{'gnfO{ oxL t];|f] zlQmsf] vf]HfL ug]{ k|of;
u/fpFb} x'g'x'G5 lsgeg] ch{'gsf] c1fg ljgd| 5 . ch{'g ;Gb]xdf ePsf]]n] pgL >Ls[i0fnfO{ k|Zg
;f]Wg'sf ;fy} pko'Qm dfu{sf] vf]hL klg ul//x]sf 5g\ .
uf08Lj+ :q+;t] x:tfŒjSr}j kl/bXot] .
g r zSgf]Doj:yft'+ e|dtLj r d] dgM ..#)..
d]/f] xftaf6 uf08Lj v:b} 5, z/L/ etetL kf]ln/x]sf] 5≤ d]/f] dg e|ldt e}/x]sf] 5 / d
pleg klg ;dy{ 5}g“ ..
ch{'gsf] xftaf6 uf08Lj wg' v:5, pgsf] z/L/ etetL kf]ln/x]sf] 5 . dg e8\lsPsf] 5 /
dg pgsf] jzdf 5}g . o:tf] bLgxLg cj:yfdf k'u]sf ch{'g /ydf c8\g klg c;dy{ ePsf] s'/f
>Ls[i0fnfO{ JoQm ub{5g\ . ch{'gsf cË lzlyn eP/ pgsf] dgn] klg ;fy 5f]8]sf] 5 . pgL wg'if
5'6]/ olt sdhf]/ ePsf 5g\ ls cfkm" /ydf a:g klg ;lSbgF eGb5g\ . z/L/ s]jn xfd|f] lrQsf]
k|ltkmng xf] . leq dgdf h] kmlnt x'G5 Tof] z/L/sf] /f}+“ /f“}+df kmlnt x'G5 . ch{'g h:tf] anzfnL
JolQm crfgs anxLg eP/ /ydf klg a:g g;Sg] eP . pgsf] dg IfL0f / b'a{n eP/ v08–
v08df ljeflht eof] . dg ljeflht x'g] lalQs} z/L/ ?U0f x'G5 / dg ;+o'Qm x'g]lalQs} z/L/ klg
:j:y x'G5 . pgsf] wg'if 5'6\g', xftkfp sfFKg', /f}+“ /f“}+ v8f x'g' oL ;a} pgsf] z/L/df dgsf] 5fof
k/]sf] ;Í]t xf] .
ch{'gsf] dgdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / cfGtl/s b'lawfsf sf/0f aflx/ klg pgdf kl/jt{g
b]lvPsf] 5 . o:t} ch{'gsf] z/L/df b]lvPsf] kl/jt{g klg pgsf] dgdf plAhPsf] b'lawfsf] k|efj g}
xf] . xfd|f] hLjgdf dgaf6 g} clwstd sDkg z/L/;Dd k'U5 . z/L/af6 t s]xL dfq dg;Dd k'U5
t/ xfdL dgsf] xf]Og z/L/sf] Hofbf lkmqmL u5f}{+ . >Ls[i0fn] ch{'gsf] z/L/sf] lrGtf gu/L ch{'gsf]
dgnfO{ abNg] k|of; ug{'x'G5 . hut\df ls t dg'iosf] z/L/nfO{ abNg] of r]tgfnfO{ abNg] b''O{
k|lqmofx¿ dfq 5g\ . lj1fgn] dg'iosf] z/L/nfO{ abNg] k|lqmofdf Wofg lbG5 eg] wd{n] dg'iosf]
r]tgfnfO{ abNg] k|lqmofdf Wofg lbG5 . wd{ / lj1fgdf oxL e]b x'G5 . wd{ lj1fgeGbf dxflj1fg
cem k/dlj1fg xf] lsgeg] wd{n] s]G›af6 ofqf ;'? u5{ . Pp6f j[Ifsf] kftdf ePsf] xflg jf bfu
h/f;Dd k'Ub}g t/ h/fdf ePsf] xflgn] kftnfO{ cjZo k|efljt kf5{ .
>Ls[i0fn] ch{'gsf] cj:yf b]v]/ pgsf] zf/Ll/s pkrf/ ug{ vf]Hg'ePsf] eP uLtf bz{g jf
ef}ltszf:q x'GYof] t/ pxfF ch{'gsf] ;d:of dgaf6 xn ug]{ k|of; ug{'x'G5 . To;}n] uLtf
dg;\zf:q aGof] . s[i0f o; cj:yfdf ch{'gsf] z/L/nfO{ Wofg} lbg'x'Gg . pxfF ch{'gsf] r]tgfdf
ePsf] cj:yfsf] dfq lrGtf ug{'x'G5 . cfhsf] cj:yf l7s ch{'gsf] cj:yf h:t} 5 . cfh xfdL
z/L/sf] pkrf/ ug{ vf]H5f}+“ t/ r]tgfdf Wofg lbFb}gf“}+ . To;}n] pko'Qm pkrf/ x'g} ;s]sf] 5}g .
ch{'g eG5g\– cfˆg} dgn] ;fy lbg 5f8]sfn] d lans'n lg/Lx ePsf] 5' . an b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5–
Pp6f z/L/sf] df+;k]zLdf x'g] an / csf]{ ;ª\sNk zlQmn] k|fKt x'g] an . ch{'gsf] df+;k]zLaf6
k|fKt an t o'4sf a]nf s'g} sfdsf] geP/ lga{n eof] . t;y{ ;ÍNkaf6 k|fKt x'g] an g} ;xL an

nf]suLtf– 12
 cWofo–!
xf] . ch{'gsf] ;ÍNkaf6 k|fKt x'g] an k"/} ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . ;ª\sNk dgaf6 k|fKt x'G5 / dg
b'lawfdf x'Fbf ;ª\sNk vl08t x'G5 . dg Psfu| x'Fbf ;ª\sNk ;+o'Qm x'G5 / dg b'lawfdf eP
;ª\sNk IfL0f x'G5 . xfdLx¿sf] cj:yf klg ch{'gsf] h:t} 5 . xfd|f] ;ª\sNk vl08t 5 . To;}n] s]
u¿F, s] gu¿F eGg] b'lawfdf xfdL ;b}j x''G5f}+“ . ch{'gsf] cj:yf k|To]s dg'iosf] cj:yf xf] .
uLtf cb\e't / ljlzi6 u|Gy xf] lsgeg] uLtf wd{zf:qsf ;fy} dg;\zf:q klg xf] . o;df
bfz{lgs ts{ / O{Zj/;DaGwL egfO dfq geO{ oxfF dgsf] klg ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . uLtf dg'io
hfltsf] klxnf] dgf]lj1fg xf] To;}n] uLtf cd"No 5 . cf]zf]sf cg';f/ >Ls[i0f ;+;f/s} k|yd
dgf]j}1flgs tyf dgf]lj1fgsf lktf x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] b'lawfu|:t lrQ, ;Gtfku|:t dg, v08–
v08df 6'6]sf] ;ÍNknfO{ cv08 jf PsLs[t ug]{ sfo{ ug{'ePsf] 5 . dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] pkof]u ug]{
pxfF g} k|yd k''?if x''g'x'G5 . >Ls[i0f k|mfo8 h:tf] dgf]ljZn]ifs dfq xf]Og pxfF t dgf];+Zn]ifs klg
x'g'x'G5 . pxfF dgsf slt v08 5g\ eGg] vf]h dfq gu/L dgnfO{ s;/L cv08 agfpg] eGg] ljlw
klg atfpg'x'G5 . ch{'gsf] dgsf] bzf k|To]s dg'iosf] dgsf] bzf xf] .
ch{'gnfO{ ;Í6sf] 38Ldf dg;Fu tfnd]n ug{ klg sl7g x'g] lalQs} pgn] cfˆgf] wg'ifaf0f
5f]l8lbP / anxLg eP . xfd|f] hLjgdf o;k|sf/sf] ;Í6sf] 36gf gcfPsfn] xfdL tfnd]n u/L
sfddf ;+nUg eO/xG5f}+ / d[To' slxn] cfpF5 yfxf klg kfpFb}gf}+ . t;y{ clGtd 38Ldf kZrfQfk
ug{'l;jfo xfdL c¿ s]xL hfGb}gf}+ . ch{'gsf] hLjgdf klg o:t} b''lawfsf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . pgL
o:tf] cj:yfdf 5g\ hxfF pgn] s]xL g s]xL ug}{kg]{ x'G5 . pgn] ls t o''4 ug''{kg]{ x''G5 of t efu]/
hfg'kg]{ x'G5 h:tf] ls clwst/ JolQmx¿ ;Í6sf] r'gf}tL :jLsf/ gu/L efU5g\ . oxfF >Ls[i0fn]
ch{'gnfO{ Tof] efUg] af6f] lbg'ePg lsgeg] euf}8fn] slxNo} k/dfTdf kfpg ;Sb}g . of] hLjgsf]
;To;Fu hf] efU5g\ pgLx¿ slxNo} k/dfTdf;dIf k'Ug ;Sb}gg\ . hLjgsf r'gf}tLx¿;Fu hf]
;fIffTsf/ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ pgLx¿ k/dfTdfsf] ;fIffTsf/ klg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . hLjgsf r'gf}tL b]v]/
wg'ifjf0f 5f]8\g], lga{n x'g] Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{ ufy lzlyn x'g] JolQm k/dfTdf;dIf v8f x'g klg ;Sb}g .
hLjg Tof] lj/f6\ ;Tosf] ;fIffTsf/ ug]{ tof/L xf] . ch{'g t hLjgsf] Pp6f tYoaf6 g}
efUg vf]Hb} 5g\ . pgL;Fu /ydf r9\g] zlQm klg 5}g . pgL lgjLo{ ePsf 5g\≤ >Ls[i0fn] pgnfO{
hËnlt/ efu eGg'ePsf] eP pgL tTsfn bf}l8P/ efUg ;Sy] . hf] JolQm hLjg;Fu n8\g] zlQm
/fVb}g p;n] efUg] tof/L g} u5{ . ch{'gdf ;fdYo{sf] sdL klg b]lvFb}g, pgL hËn uP eg] klg
s]xL a]/df g} lg/fz x'G5g\ lsgeg] pgsf] :jefj efUg] vfnsf] 5}g . dg'io ;a}af6 efUg ;S5 t/
cfkm";Fu slxNo} efUg ;Sb}g . ch{'g t hËndf klg kz'kG5Lsf] lzsf/ ug{ yfN5g\ lsgeg] tL
kz'kG5L pgsf cfkmGt xf]Ogg\ . ltgLx¿ pgsf ;DaGwLhg gePsfn] ltgLx¿nfO{ dfg{ ch{'gnfO{
s'g} sl7gfO x'g] 5}g . hf] ;+;f/L x'g] lxDdt /fVb}g pm ;GGof;L x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] ch'{gnfO{
;GGof;L x''g klg sl7g 5 . ;GGof; ;+;f/af6 efUg] geO{ ;+;f/af6 kf/ kfpg] snf xf] ;fy} of]
;+;f/sf] hngsf] cltqmd0f klg xf] . ;GGof; ;+;f/sf ;a} ;‹if{ / 1fg Pjd\ hfgsf/Lsf] kmn xf] .
;Dk"0f{ uLtf ch{'gsf] ufysf] lzlyntf x6fP/ pgnfO{ k'gM ;ÍNkjfg\ / ljlzi6 1fg;lxt b[9
cfTdljZjf;L agfpg] r]i6f xf] .
lgldQflg r kZofld ljk/Ltflg s]zj .
g r >]of]˜g'kZofld xTjf :jhgdfxj] ..#!..
x] s]zj Û d ljk/Lt nIf0fx¿ dfq b]lv/x]sf] 5' . d]/f cfkmGt hgx¿nfO{ o'4df df/]/ d
cfˆgf] sNof0f b]lVbg“ ..

nf]suLtf– 13
cWofo–!
g sfª\If] ljho+ s[i0f g r /fHo+ ;'vflg r .
ls+ gf] /fHo]g uf]ljGb ls+ ef]u}hL{ljt]g jf ..#@..
x] s[i0f Û ddf ljhosf] cfsfª\Iff 5}g g t ljhokZrft\ k|fKt x'g] /fHo / ;'vsf] g} nfn;f
5 . x] uf]ljGb Û cfkmGtnfO{ df/]/ k|fKt x'g] /fHo Pjd\ To;sf] ef]u / To;/L hLljt /xg'af6
xfdLnfO{ s] nfe x'G5 / Û
x] s]zj Û d t s]jn cdËn;"rs ljk/Lt b]lv/x]sf] 5' . o'4df ;DalGwt hgx¿nfO{ df/]/
s'g} sNof0f b]lVbgF . d ljho Pjd\ /fHo cyjf ljz]if ;'v rfxGgF . cfkmGt hgnfO{ df/]/ k|fKt x'g]
/fHo, /fHod"ns ef]u tyf hLjgsf] s'g} k|of]hg 5}g . ch{'g ;;t{ s'/f ub}{ 5g\ . pgL ;'vsf]
e|daf6 d'Qm ePsf 5}gg\ . To;}n] t pgL eGb} 5g\– cfkmGt hgnfO{ df/]/ hf] ;'v k|fKt x'G5 o:tf]
;'vsf] s'g} k|of]hg 5}g / d Tof] rfxGgF . t/ olb cfkmGthg afx]s cGo zq'x¿nfO{ ;dfKt kf/]/
k|fKt x'g] /fHo jf ;'v eg] pgL :jLsf/ ug{ tof/ 5g\ . s]jn cfˆgf dflg;nfO{ dfg{ dfq pgnfO{
cfklQ 5 . ch{'gsf] ;t{ k"/f eP pgL b'j} s'/fsf nflu tof/ 5g\ t/ ;;t{ ;'v slxNo} klg k|fKt
x'Fb}g lsgeg] ;'v t of] ;+;f/df ;Dej g} 5}g . ;;t{ ;'v vf]Hg'sf] cy{ gofF gofF b'v vf]Hg' xf] .
ch{'gn] ;+;f/df ;'v / sNof0f sxfF ;Dej 5 / /fHosf] s] k|of]hg 5 eg]sf eP pgsf]
k|Zg ljgf;t{sf] x'g] lyof] / >Ls[i0fsf] pQ/ leGGf} x'GYof] . ch{'g ;'v t rfxG5g\ t/ cfkmGtnfO{
gdf/Lsg ;'v rfxG5g\ . h;/L a'4, dxfjL/nfO{ ;'v Pjd\ /fHo Joy{ xf] eGg] ljrf/ cfPsf] lyof]
To;/L g} ch{'gnfO{ To:tf] ePsf] xf]Og . ch{'gnfO{ t s]jn cfkmGtnfO{ s;/L df¿F eGg] ljrf/
dfq cfPsf] xf] . ch{'gsf] egfO ljk/Lt dgf]bzfsf] kl/0ffd xf] . pgL h] s'/fnfO{ a]sf/ elg/x]sf
5g\ To; s'/fnfO{ a]sf/ hflg/x]sf 5}gg\ . pgL o'4sf] k|of]hg / kmfObf dfq vf]lh/x]sf 5g\, t/
e]§fPsf 5}gg\ . cfkmGtnfO{ gdf/]/ ;'v, /fHo k|fKt x'G5 eg] ch{'gnfO{ s'g} ;d:of 5}g . pgL
k"0f{tof pNemGfdf 5g\ . ch{'gsf] lrQbzf :jlj?4sf] km}nfj xf] .
ch{'gsf] ljiffb olb ljiffbdf g} cGt eof] eg] Tof] cwfld{s x'G5 / olb ljiffb cfgGbdf
kl/jt{g x'g ;Sof] eg] Tof] wfld{s x'G5 t/ pgsf] ljiffb wfld{s 5 . pgn] rfx]sf eP
>Ls[i0fh:tf cnf}lss k'?if;Fu ;xdlt hgfP/ n8\g ;Sy] t/ pgL To;f] ub}{gg\ / s[i0f;dIf
k|Zgsf] jiff{ u5{g\ . pgn] s[i0fsf s'/f dfg]sf eP To:tf] cfl:tstf pwf/f] x'GYof] t/ pgL
k|fdfl0fs cfl:tstfsf] vf]h ul//x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] t uLtf olt dxfg\ u|Gy eof] . >Ls[i0f klg
cb\e't x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] cfˆgf] dlxdf of ul/df bzf{P/ tTsfn ch{'gnfO{ kl/jt{g u/fpg
;Sg'x'GYof] t/ k/dfTdf u'? ag]/ cfˆgf] s'/f yf]kg{ rfxg'x'Gg . >Ls[i0f lbJok'?if k/dfTdf ePsfn]
ch{'gsf] k/dfTdfk|ltsf] vf]h s'g} g s'g} ;dodf k"/f x'g] 5 eGg] cfzfn] k|To]s k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbFb}
hfg'x'G5 .
o]iffdy]{ sfª\lIft+ gf] /fHo+ ef]ufM ;'vflg r .
t Od]˜jl:ytf o'4] k|f0ff+:ToSTjf wgflg r ..##..
h;sf nflu xfdLnfO{ /fHo, ;'v / ef}lts ef]ux¿ rflxPsf] xf] ltgLx¿ g} cfˆgf] k|f0f / wg
Tofu]/ o'4sf lglDt oxfF plePsf 5g\ ..
h'g lktf–k'q cflbsf nflu xfdL /fHo, ef]u, ;'v rfxG5f“}+ ltgLx¿ g} ;Dk"0f{ wg, k|f0f
Tofu]/ o'4sf lglDt v8f ePsf 5g\ . ch{'gsf] e|flGt k|To]s kfOnfdf hf]l8Psf] 5 . ch{'g elg/x]sf
5g\– xfdL lktf, k'q cflbsf nflu /fHo, ef]u / ;'v rfxG5f}+ . t/ pgsf oL ;a} s'/f em'6f x'g\
lsgeg] s'g} klg dflg; csf{sf nflu xf]Og, cfˆg} nflu ;'v rfxG5g\ . olb lktf–dftf k'qsf

nf]suLtf– 14
 cWofo–!
nflu ;''v rfxG5g\ eg] Tof] ddTjsf] sf/0fn] dfq xf] . s] s''/f ;To xf] eg] k'qljgf afa'cfdfsf]
;'v lg/; x'G5 . x/]s JolQmdf ;'v cfˆgf nflu eGbf klg c¿n] Tof] ;'v b]Vg ;s"g\ eGg] rfxgf
x'G5 . 7'nf /fHo kfpFbf klg Tolt ;'v kfOFb}g hlt ;'v cfkm"n] /fHo kfPsf] s'/f c¿x¿n] yfxf
kfPkl5 x'G5, . emg\ cfˆgf] dflg;leq t O{iof{, dxŒjfsfª\Iff / Sn]z klg x'G5 . cfˆgf dflg;nfO{
k|lti7f b]vfpg kfpFbf hlt ;'vb cg'e"lt x'G5 Tolt ckl/lrt;Fu x'Fb}g lsgeg] ckl/lrt;Fu
cxÍf/sf] t'li6 x'Fb}g . cfkmGtnfO{ cfˆgf wg–bf}nt of /fHo ;'v b]vfP/ ltdL x''g ;s]gf} t/ d
ePF eg]/ b]vfpg kfpFbf c+xª\sf/nfO{ t'li6 ldN5 .
h;/L kltn] cfˆgL kTgLnfO{ ;a} ltd|} nflu ul//x]sf] 5' eg]/ em'6 af]N5g\ To;/L g} ch{'g
klg em'6 af]ln/x]sf 5g\ . xfdL ;a} cxÍf/ s]lG›t eP/ afFR5f}+≤ s;}n] s;}nfO{ s]xL ub}{gg\ . d]/f]
efjsf nflu xfdL ;a} u5f}{+ . ch{'gnfO{ o'4 lht]/ h;nfO{ b]vfpg dHhf cfpFYof], ltgLx¿ g}
/x]gg\ eg] s'g} dHhf g} gx'g] eof] . To;}n] t pgL em'6f] af]ln/x]sf 5g\ . ch{'g c1fgsf sf/0f
;xL ;To s'/f eGb}gg\ . olb /fHo kfP/ c¿ cfkmGthgnfO{ b]vfpg kfOPg eg] s] ug{' eg]sf] eP
>Ls[i0f ;fob r'k nfUg''x'GYof] xf]nf Û ch{'g k"/f ;do bf]xf]/f] s'/f af]Nb} 5g\ . Pp6f s'/f rfxG5g\
t/ cs}{ s'/f af]Nb} 5g\ lsgeg] pgL b'lawf / pNemgdf 5g\ .
ch{'g hxfF 5g\ ToxfF ef}lts ;'vsf] dfq s'/f ul//x]5g\ . cfl:ts JolQmn] hlt ef}lts ;''v
vf]H5 p;n] plQs} ef}lts ;'v kfpg c;Dej ePsf] 7fGb5 . ef}lts ;'vsf] vf]h ;dfKt ePkl5
dfq cfWoflTds ;'vsf] vf]h ;'? x'G5 . ef}lts ;'vn] clgjfo{ ¿kdf ljrf/df n}hfG5 . ha;Dd
gs{sf] ofqf k"/f x'Fb}g ta;Dd :ju{sf] s'g} ofqf x'g ;Sb}g . ch{'g clxn] /fHo kfP/ s] x'G5 eGg]
ef}lts ;'vsf] g} s'/f ul//x]sf 5g\ t/ of] pgsf] cfWoflTds vf]htkm{sf] ofqfsf] k|f/De xf] .
To;}n] ch{'g wd{sf] /;f:jfbg ug{ cft'/ wfld{s JolQm x'g\ .
uLtf dgf]lj1fg / dg;\zf:q xf] h;n] cfWofTdlt/ O;f/f u/]sf] 5 . cfWofTdsf] s'g} zf:q
x'Fb}g lsgeg] cfWofTd xfd|f] :jefj xf] . dg;\zf:qn] cfWofTdsf] vf]h ;'? x'g] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpF5 .
;a} zf:qx¿ cWofTdlt/sf O;f/f x'g\ . cWofTd lglj{rf/sf] cg'ej xf] . cWofTdsf] cg''ej
clgj{rgLo, cj0f{gLo Pjd\ zJbsf] ctLt x'G5 . ;a} zf:qx¿n] dgaf6 xf]Og dgsf] kf/ ePdf
dfq ;To kfOG5 eG5g\ . To;}n] dgsf] kf/ k'¥ofpg] zf:q k/dzf:q xf] . uLtf k/dzf:q xf]
lsgeg] uLtfdf dgaf6 kf/ nufpg] ;fwg pknAw 5g\ . t;y{ uLtf dg''iosf nflu ax'd"No 5 .
pklgifb\ cfWoflTds jQmJosf] ;ª\u|x xf] h;df s'g} lj1fg 5}g . To;}n] pklgifb\x¿ dg'iosf nflu
w]/} pkof]uL x'g ;s]gg\ . pklgifb\x¿n] a|Xd 5 eG5g\ t/ xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g . To;}n] xfdL 5
xf]nf eG5f“} . hfGg] dflg; eG5g\ ha cWofTdsf] cg'ej x'G5, ta pklgifb\ pkof]uL dfq xf]Og
;fIfL klg x'G5 . Tof] a]nf cfˆgf] cg'ejnfO{ pklgifb\df k9]/ l7s xf] eGg ;lsG5 . pklgifb\
l;4nfO{ pkof]uL x'G5 t/ uLtf ;fwssf nflu pkof]uL x'G5 . ch{'g l;4 xf]Ogg\ ;fws x'g\ /
pgsf] lh1f;f cfWoflTds xf]Og dfgl;s xf] . ch{'gsf] ;d:of g} dfgl;s xf] . To;}n] uLtf clt
ljlzi6 5 lsgeg] uLtfdf dgaf6 kf/ x'g] ;dfwfg 5 / o;n] cWofTdtkm{ O;f/f u/]sf] 5 .
>Ls[i0fn] uLtfdf cfˆgf] w/ftnaf6 xf]Og ch{'gsf] w/ftnaf6 s'/f ug{'ePsf] 5 . s[i0fn]
cfˆgf] w/ftnaf6 ch{'gnfO{ pkb]z lbg'ePsf] eP uLtf cfWoflTds jrgx¿sf] ;ª\u|x x'GYof] . t/
uLtf dg;\sf] Pp6f ultdfg\ Joj:yf xf] . Ps Ps sbd ha ch{'g dfly p7\5g\ clg uLtf klg
To;}u/L dfly p7\5 . ch{'g tn embf{ uLtf klg tnaf6 g} ;'? x'G5 . uLtfdf k"/f ;do ch{'g
s]G›df 5g\ . >Ls[i0f a|Xd1fgLh:tf] eP/ af]n]sf eP ch{'g;Fu s'g} ;DaGw x'g] lyPg t/ ch{'g;Fu

nf]suLtf– 15
cWofo–!
;fy eP/ >Ls[i0f af]Ng'ePsf] 5 / uLtfsf] cflv/L ;"qnfO{ ToxfF 5f]8\g'ePsf] 5, hxfFaf6 dg;\
;dfKt eP/ cWofTd ;'? x'G5 . ca eljio ef}lts zf:qsf] geO{ dgf]lj1fgsf] 5 . cfhsf
dflg;x¿ cfˆgf] ;d:ofsf] xn rfxG5g\ . To;}n] ca xn ug]{ zf:qsf] dfq dfGotf x'G5 . >Ls[i0f
s'zn u'? ePsfn] pxfFn] ch{'gnfO{ tNnf] txaf6 pRrtd tx;Ddsf] nfdf] / ;"Id ofqf ;DkGg
ug]{ ;DaGwdf af]w u/fpFb} x'g'x'G5 .
cfrfof{M lkt/M k'qf:ty}j r lktfdxfM .
dft'nfM Zjz'/fM kf}qfM ZofnfM ;DalGwg:tyf ..#$..
o'4df ;+nUgx¿dWo] sf]xL u'?x¿, lktf Pjd\ lktfdx, 5f]/fx¿, xh'/a'afx¿, dfdfx¿,
;;'/fx¿, gfltx¿, ;fnf–h]7fgx¿, Pjd\ sf]xL ;DaGwL hgx¿ klg x'g'xG' 5 ..
PtfGg xGt'ldR5fld £gtf]˜lk dw';"bg .
clk q}nf]So/fHo:o x]tf]M ls+ g' dxLs[t] ..#%..
x] dw';"bg Û pxfFx¿n] dnfO{ g} lsg gdfg{'xf];\ t/ tLg} nf]ssf] /fHo ldN5 eg] klg d rflxF
pxfFx¿nfO{ dfg{ rfxGgF eg] e"/fHosf] t s] s'/f eof] / Û
lgxTo wft{/fi6«fGgM sf k|LltM :ofHhgfb{g .
kfkd]jf>o]b:dfGxTj}tfgfttflogM ..#^..
x] hgfb{g Û w[t/fi6«sf 5f]/fx¿ nufotsf aGw'afGwjx¿nfO{ df/]/ s] cfgGb xf]nf / Û a? oL
cfttfoLx¿nfO{ dfgf{n] cfkm"nfO{ kfk dfq nfUg] 5 ..
ch{'gn] cfˆgf :jhgx¿nfO{ df/]/ tLg} nf]ssf] /fHo kfOG5 eg] klg lng tof/ 5}gg\ eg]
of] k[YjLnf]ssf] t s] cy{ egL af/Daf/ bf]xf]¥ofpFb} 5g\ . ch{'gsf] s'/f o;f] x]bf{ t a8f] TofuL
h:tf] nfU5 t/ To:tf] xf]Og . ch{'g cfkm"nfO{ ;DemfO/x]sf 5g\ / pgsf] leqL rfxgf klg JoQm
ul//x]sf 5g\ . olb tLg} nf]ssf] /fHo kfOof] eg] klg cfkmGtx¿nfO{ dfg{' plrt 5}g . of] pgn]
cfˆgf] leqL rfxgfnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbO/x]sf 5g\ lsgeg] pgnfO{ s;}n] klg k[YjLnf]s / tLg}nf]s klg
lbg]jfnf 5}g . of] t l5d]sLsf] 7'nf] 3/ b]v]/ 7'nf] 3/sf] s] cy{ eg]h:t} s'/f xf] . ch{'g s]jn
cfˆgf] dgnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbO/x]sf 5g\ .
ch{'gsf lglDt cfˆgf :jhgx¿nfO{ dfg{' a8f] si6k|b 5 . of] o'4df Pp6} kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿ ;+nUg 5g\ . oxfF u'? ›f]0f 5g\ h;n] ch{'gnfO{ clt dfof uy]{ h;n] ch{'g ch]o x'g\
eg]/ PsnJosf] cf}Fnf ;d]t sf6]/ NofOlbP . oxfF ljkIfdf lktfdx eLid 5g\ h;;Fu afNosfn
k|]ddf lat]sf] 5 . oxfF ;;'/f 5g\, efOx¿ ;FuL;DaGwL, ldq, cfkmGt g} cfkmGt 5g\ / k/fO{x¿ s'g}
5}gg\ . To;}n] o'4df x/xfntdf cfkmGt g} dg]{ 5g\ eGg] a'em]/ ch{'g cflQPsf x'g\ . To;f] t
lhGbuLnfO{ ulx/fOdf x]¥of] eg] k[YjLdf ePsf ;a} JolQm cfˆg} x'g\ . ;f/f k[YjL Pp6f 7'nf] kl/jf/
xf] / ;f/f o'4 kfl/jfl/s o'4 xf] . ch{'g;Fu b'O{ ljsNk 5g\ ls t o'4 ug]{ of t efUg] t/
>Ls[i0fsf] t];|f] pkfo dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .
ch{'gsf] ljrf/sf] dGygn] uLtf pknAw x'g ;Sof] . dxfef/tsf] o'4 eP/ klg ;lsPsf]
xhf/f“} jif{ lalt;s]sf] 5 . o; wtL{df tLg xhf/ jif{df rf}w xhf/ o'4 ePsf 5g\ . uLtfsf]
dxŒjsf sf/0f dxfef/t o'4sf] ;Demgf ;b}j tfhf /lx/xg] 5 . hut\df ljrf/, bz{g jf lrGtgsf]
d"No x'G5 t/ 36gfsf] s'g} d"No x'Fb}g .

nf]suLtf– 16
 cWofo–!
t:dfGgfxf{ jo+ xGt'+ wft{/fi6«fG:jafGwjfg\ .
:jhg+ lx sy+ xTjf ;'lvgM :ofd dfwj ..#&..
t;y{ x] dfwj Û w[t/fi6«sf 5f]/fx¿ / aGw'afGwjx¿nfO{ dfg{' xfd|f nflu of]Uo 5}g lsgeg]
cfkmGt hgx¿nfO{ df/]/ xfdL s;/L ;'vL xf}“nf / Û
oBKo]t] g kZolGt nf]ef]kxtr]t;M .
s'nIfos[t+ bf]if+ ldq›f]x] r kftsd\ ..#*..
nf]esf sf/0f a'l4e|i6 ePsf s'?aGw'x¿ s'ngi6 u/]sf] bf]if Pjd\ ldqx¿;Fu emu8f ug]{
s'/fdf klg kfk b]Vg ;Sb}gg\ ..
sy+ g 1]od:dfleM kfkfb:dflGgjlt{t'd\ .
s'nIfos[t+ bf]if+ k|kZol∫h{gfb{g ..#(..
x] hgfb{g Û j+zgfz ubf{ nfUg] kfk jf bf]ifnfO{ l7s;Fu hfGg] xfdLx¿ o; k|sf/sf kfksd{af6
lsg kl5 gx6\g] <
s'nIfo] k|0fZolGt s'nwdf{M ;gftgfM .
wd]{ gi6] s'n+ s[T:gdwdf]{˜leejTo't ..$)..
s'nsf] gfz ePkl5 ;gftgb]lv rlncfPsf s'nwd{ klg gi6 x'G5g\ / wd{ klg gi6 x'G5 .
s'nwd{ gi6 ePkl5 ;Dk"0f{ s'ndf kfk km}lnP/ JofKt x'G5 ..
ch{'g eGb5g\– oL cfttfoLx¿nfO{ dfgf{n] klg kfksf] eflubf/ g} x'g'k5{ . o;y{ oL b'of]{wg
nufotsf ;DaGwL hgx¿nfO{ dfg{ rfxGgF . logLx¿nfO{ df/]/ ;'v kfOFb}g oBlk logLx¿sf] a'l4
nf]esf sf/0f e|i6 ePsf] 5 . logLx¿ kl/jf/nfO{ dfg]{ / cfTdLo hg;Fu emu8f ug]{ h:tf
ljZjf;3fthGo s'/fdf klg bf]if b]Vb}gg\ . t/ s'nsf] ljgfzdf ck/fw b]Vg] xfdLx¿h:tf JolQm
s;/L df/sf6sf] kIfdf nfUg' pko''Qm x''G5 < k/Gt' x] hgfb{g Û s'nsf] gfz x'g] o; dfu{af6 kl5
x6\g' g} pko'Qm x'G5 lsgeg] s'nsf] ljgfz ePdf ;gftg s'nwd{ g} gi6 x'G5 . s'nsf] wd{ gi6
ePdf ;Dk"0f{ s'nsf] k/Dk/f gi6 x'g'sf ;fy} cwd{n] jf; u5{ .
ch{'g cem} cfˆgf ts{x¿ clu ;f5{g–\ b'of]{wgx¿ t ljrf/xLg 5g\≤ xfdL klg ljrf/xLg
eof}+ eg] s;/L Tof] dfu{ ;xL x'G5 . pgLx¿ t unt af6fdf 5g\, xfdL klg unt af6fdf nfUg'
l7s xf]Og . unt sfo{sf] eT;{gf unt af6fdf nfu]/ x'g ;Sb}g . pgLx¿sf] a'l4 e|ldt / gi6
eof] eGb}df xfdL klg To:t} x'g' lsdfy{ /fd|f] xf]Og . ch{'g cfkm"nfO{ tof/ ug{sf nflu a'l4ut
sf/0fx¿ vf]Hb} 5g\ . pgL o'4df xf]ldg'sf sf/0f :ki6 kfg{ >Ls[i0f;Fu cg'/f]w ub{5g\ ;fy} pgL
o'4af6 efUg klg rfxG5g\ . pgL cfˆgf] dgaf6 o'4df plqg'sf :ki6 cfwf/ / ts{x¿ vf]H5g\ .
dg'io cfkm"nfO{ ljrf/zLn, a'l4dfg\ / cf}lrTok"0f{ 7fGb5 . c/:t'n] t dflg;nfO{ a'l4dfg\ k|f0fL g}
eg]sf 5g\ t/ dg'iosf] a'l4dfgL cfˆgf] c1fgLkgnfO{ a'l4dfg\ k|dfl0ft ug{ vf]Hg] dfq xf] .
ch{'g o'4af6 cdËn / csNof0f x'G5 Pjd\ of] o'4 l7s xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] k'i6\ofOF vf]Hb}
5g\ . pgdf klg o'4sf] cfu|x 5, t/ eLd / b'of]{wgsf] h:tf] pgsf] k"/f tof/L 5}g . pgsf] dg
afFl8Psf] x'Fbf b'lawfn] u|:t 5 . ljrf/zLn JolQm k|foM bf]xf]/f] dgdf x'g' :jfefljs g} xf] . ch{'gsf
dgdf cg]sf“}+ sf/0fx¿ gflr/x]sf 5g\ . o'4sf] kl/0ffdsf af/]df sNkgf u/]/ pgL cflQPsf 5g\ .
To;}n] pgL b'lawfdf eP/ o'4sf] cf}lrTo vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ . pgsf] dg n8\g klg / efUg klg
rfxG5≤ To;}n] t >Ls[i0f;Fu k|Zg ub}{ 5g\ . pgsf] dg cGof]n / b'lawfdf ePsf]n] pgsf]

nf]suLtf– 17
cWofo–!
lg0f{ofTds Ifdtf sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . cfkm}+“df k"0f{ ljZjf; gePsfn] pgL >Ls[i0f;Fu ;Nnfx
dflu/x]sf 5g\ .
cwdf{leejfTs[i0f k|b'iolGt s'nl:qoM .
:qLif' b'i6f;' jfi0f]{o hfot] j0f{;Í/M ..$!..
x] s[i0f Û s'ndf kfk JofKt ePkl5 s'nsf :qLx¿ klg b"lift x'G5g\ / x] jfi0f]{o Û s'nsf
gf/Lx¿ b"lift ePdf j0f{;Í/ -l7dfxf_ ;Gtfg hGdG5g\ ..
;Í/f] g/sfo}j s'n£gfgf+ s'n:o r .
ktlGt lkt/f] Xo]iff+ n'Ktlk08f]bslqmofM ..$@..
j+zk/Dk/f gfz x'gfn] j0f{;Í/ ;Gtfgx¿ s'ngfzs Pjd\ s'nnfO{ gs{tkm{ n}hfg pBt
x'G5g\ . oL s'n3ftLx¿sf lkt[x¿ klg tk{0f–lk08 ->f4_ cflb lqmofsf] nf]ksf sf/0f cwf]ult k|fKt
u5{g\ ..
bf]if}/]t}M s'n£gfgf+ j0f{;Í/sf/s}M .
pT;fBGt] hfltwdf{M s'nwdf{Zr zfZjtfM ..$#..

j0f{;Í/ ;Gtfgsf bf]ifx¿af6 ltgsf hftLo wd{ / ;gftgb]lv rlncfPsf s'nwd{ klg gfz
x'G5g\ ..
pT;Ggs'nwdf{0ff+ dg'iof0ff+ hgfb{g .
g/s]˜lgot+ jf;f] ejtLTog'z'>'d ..$$..
x] hgfb{g Û s'nwd{ gi6 ePsf dflg;x¿sf] lr/sfnko{Gt gs{df jf; x'G5 eGg] xfdLn]
klxNo}b]lv ;'Gb} cfO/x]sf 5f“}+ ..
cxf] at dxTkfk+ st{'+ Jojl;tf jod\ .
o›fHo;'vnf]e]g xGt'+ :jhgd'BtfM ..$%..
cxf] Û s:tf] v]bhgs s'/f Û xfdLx¿ a'l4dfg\ eP/ klg kfksd{ ug{ tof/ ePsf 5f}+ .
/fHo;'vsf nf]en] cfkmGt hgx¿nfO{ dfg{ klg pBt 5f}+“ ..
x] s[i0f Û cwd{sf] clej[l4 eof] eg] s'nfËgf b"lift x'G5g\ / pgLx¿ ;tLTjaf6 kltt x'Fbf
l7dfxf hflt j0f{zÍ/ hlGdG5g\ . cem eg"F s'nfËgf b"lift x'Fbf a|fXd0f cflb j0f{x¿df ;ÍL0f{tf
cfpF5 / j0f{ 5\of;ld; x'G5 . j0f{zÍ/ cjfl~5t ;Gtfg s'ngfzs x'G5g\ / s'n Pjd\ lkt[nfO{
gs{ k'¥ofpF5g\ . :ju{l:yt lkt[x¿ klg lk08–tk{0fsf] cefjdf gs{df lu5{g\ . j0f{zÍ/ s'nsf
;+xf/s ePsfn] ;gftg hflt Pjd\ s'nwd{ b'j} gi6 x'G5g\ . h;sf] s'nwd{ gi6 x'G5 To:tf k|f0fL
gs{df cgGt sfn;Dd /xg'k5{ .
j0ff{>d Joj:yfsf lgodx¿ ljz]if u/L ;dfhdf c;n ;Gtfg pTkGg ug]{ p2]Zon]
agfOPsf] xf] . ch{'g o'4af6 s] s] unt / v/fa x'G5 To;sf] vf]h ub}{ 5g\ . pgsf dgdf w]/}
g/fd|f s'/fx¿ ;NfanfO/x]sf 5g\ . clxn] dfq xf]Og eljiodf klg ;Gtlt s:tf x'G5g\ / s] v/faL
x'G5 Tof] pgL lrGtg ul//x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] pgL j0f{ s;/L ljs[t x'G5, s;/L j0f{zÍ/ pTkGg
x'G5 eGg] s'/f cgfjZos ¿kdf rrf{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . Tof] a]nf j0f{zÍ/nfO{ v/fa dflgGYof] . ch''{g
;gftg wd{ s;/L gi6 x'G5, oL ;a} vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ . ch{'gnfO{ g/fd|f s'/fx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ts{
h'6fpg PSsfl; o:tf] lrGtf eO/x]sf] 5 .

nf]suLtf– 18
 cWofo–!
låtLo ljZjo'4df lx/f]l;dfsf] 36gfkl5 zflGtjfbL JolQmx¿nfO{ klg ch{'gnfO{ h:t}
;fdflhs Joj:yf, ;Eotf cflb gi6 x'G5 ls eGg] lrGtfn] ;tfPsf] lyof] . zflGtjfbLx¿ o'4af6
s] s] v/fa x'G5≤ To;sf] n]vfhf]vf xd];f u5{g\ . xfdL h] ug{ rfxG5f}+“, To;sf nflu ts{x¿ vf]H5f}F .
dflg;sf] lrQ h] rfxG5≤ To;sf] k'li6 x'g] cfwf/ vf]H5 . ch{'gnfO{ knfogn] ks8]sfn] cg]sf}+“
ts{x¿ vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ . pgL ddTjn] u|:t ePsfn] To;sf cfj/0fdf cg]sf}+“ ts{ / axfgfx¿
vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ . oL ;a} ts{x¿ s]jn rfnafhL dfq x'g\ . ch{'gn] c¿nfO{ dfbf{ slxNo} g;f]r]sf
pkfo / cfwf/x¿ crfgs cfh knfog x''gsf nflu >Ls[i0fnfO{ g} pkb]z lbPh:tf] ;DemfO/x]sf
5g\ . ch{'gsf] of] cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0f xf]Og . pgL of]4f x'g\ / dfg{' g} pgsf] ljBfnoLo lzIff xf] .
pgsf s'/f ;'g]/ >Ls[i0f d':s'/fO/xg' ePsf] 5 . ch{'gnfO{ o;eGbf klxn] wd{sf] slxn]
lrGtf lyPg . a|fXd0f lalu|G5g\, :qLx¿ kye|i6 x'G5g\ cflb sf/0f b]vfP/ ef]ln pgnfO{ csf/0f
efu]sf] xf]Og eGg] cfwf/ agfpg vf]Hb} 5g\ . pgsf] egfO l7s ePsf] eP >Ls[i0fn] of] ;a} 1fg
u/fpg' x'GgYof] . of] ch{'gsf] a'l4sf] rfnafhL xf] . ch{'g cfˆgf dflg;nfO{ dfg{ ljleGg sf/0f
b]vfP/ cfkm"nfO{ Goflos agfpg vf]Hb} 5g\ .
s'g} lkt[u0f lk08bfgdf cfwfl/t x'Fb}gg\ . lk08bfgn] lkt[x¿nfO{ d'Qm u/fpg' eGbf klg of]
dgf]j}1flgs sf/0fn] ul/G5 . lk08bfgaf6 :ju{ of cGtl/Ifsf] ofqfdf c;/ kg]{ xf] eg] t xfdLn]
tnaf6 pgLx¿nfO{ d[To'kl5 klg lgoGq0f ug{ ;S5f}+“ . of] k''/f]lxt / zf:qsf eobfos s'/f ;'g]/
ch''{g eujfg\sf ;fd' ltg} s'/f eGb} 5g\ . j0f{;Í/n] s''g} ljs[lt cfpFb}g . j0f{zÍ/ pTs[i6 j0f{ xf],
jg:klt / hgfj/df of] ;kmn kfOPsf] 5 dflg;df klg clt k|ltefzfnL / of]Uo JolQm
j0f{zÍ/af6 hlGdG5 . hLjgsf b'O{ wf/ ldn]/ pTs[i6 j0f{ hlGdG5g\ t/ ch{'g t s]jn ;'g]sf s'/f
eGgsf nflu elg/x]sf 5g\ .
gs{ / :ju{ ef}uf]lns :yfg xf]Ogg\, tL dfgl;s bzf x'g\ . dg'io lrqsf] cfwf/df ;f]Rb5 /
¿kfGt/0f u5{ . aRrfsf nflu lrqsf] efiff g} k|of]u ul/G5 . lrqdf :ju{nfO{ ;'vk"0f{ cj:yfdf
/x]sf] b]vfpg] / gs{nfO{ b'v Pjd\ hngn] el/Psf] b]vfpg] rng /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ g} tyfslyt
kl08tx¿n] ;f]xL lrqsf cfwf/df ;'v / b'v egL j0f{g u/]sf x'g\ . ;'vdf JolQm xNsf eP/
cfnf]sn] el/G5 / km"n lvn]sf] cg'e'lt x'G5 eg] b'vdf cGwsf/do k|tLt x'G5 . :ju{ / gs{ oxL+“
5g\≤ To;}n] xfdL rf}la; 306fdf sltk6s :ju{ / gs{df 3'ld/x]sf x'G5f}+“ . qmf]wdf gs{df x'G5f}+ /
zflGt / k|;Ggtfdf :ju{df x'G5f}+“ . olt w]/} pbfx/0f lbP/ ch{'g s[i0f;Fu o'4af6 efUg] cg'dlt
dflu/x]sf 5g\ . >Ls[i0fn] l7s eGg'eof] eg] ch{'gnfO{ ;dfhn] euf}8f eGg] 5}gg\ eg]/ pgL
pko'{Qm ljleGg ts{x¿ lbO/x]sf 5g\ .
o'4sf lar olt nfdf] c7f/ cWofo uLtf s;/L eGg ;Dej eof] eGg] lh1f;f klg sltko
JolQmx¿df x'g ;S5 . s]xL JolQmx¿ t uLtf dxfef/tdf kl5dfq k|If]k0f ul/of] eG5g\ .
sltkosf] egfOcg'';f/ o'4sfnsf] ;+lIfKt jftf{nfknfO{ kl5 la:tf/ ul/Psf] xf] eGg] 5 . t/ oL
;a} s]jn cg'dfg / ts{ dfq x'g\ . uLtf df}gtfdf 36]sf] cGt/;+jfb x'g'k5{ . df}g ;+jfbsf] ;do
dfkg cnu x'G5 . slxn]sfxLF xfdLnfO{ Wofgdf a:bf jf emKsL nfUbf Ps l5gdf k"0f{ hLjgsf
36gfx¿ lrlqt x'G5g\ . slxn]sfxLF cfˆg} ljjfx ePb]lv ;Gtfgsf] klg ljjfx ug{ nfu]sf ;a}
36gfx¿ ;dodfkgsf] lx;fan] Ps ldg]6 eGbf sd ;dodf lrlqt ePsf] ;DemFbf cfZro{ nfU5 .
Tolt w]/} 36gf Ps ldg]6df s;/L ;Dej x'G5g\ t/ ;kgf dfkgsf] ;do eg] cnu x'G5 . ;'vdf

nf]suLtf– 19
cWofo–!
;do 5f]6f] x'G5 t/ b'vdf ;do nfdf] x'G5 . cfgGbsf] cg'ej ePdf ;do g} x'Fb}g . a|Xdsf]
cg'ej t emg\ ;doftLt x'G5 .
gf/bsf] hLjgsf] Pp6f syf 5– Psk6s hut\ s;/L dfof xf] eg]/ gf/bn] lji0f'
eujfg\;Fu ;f]Wg'eof] . eujfg\n] cfkm"nfO{ Kof; nfu]sfn] kfgL dfUg'eof] . gf/b kfgL lng ufpFdf
k:g'eof] hxfF crfgs Pp6L ;'Gb/L b]vf kl/g\ . gf/bn] eujfg\nfO{ e'n]/ o'jtL;Fu ljjfxsf] k|:tfj
ug{'eof] . pgLx¿sf] ljjfx eof] / 5f]/f5f]/L klg eP . gf/b a'9f] eP . ufpFdf af9L cfof] / ufpF
8'Aof] . gf/b x8a9fpFb} kTgL / aRrf lnP/ gbL kf/ ug{ vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ t/ arfpg ;Sb}gg\ /
cGttM Ps lsgf/fdf a;]/ b'vL x'G5g\ . To;}a]nf PSsfl; gf/bsf] cfFvf v'N5 / eujfg\ lji0f'n]
kfgL v} eg]/ gf/bnfO{ eGg'x'G5 . olt nfdf] 36gf h;/L Ps If0fdf 36\of] To:t} >Ls[i0f /
ch{'gsf] ;+jfb klg ;doeGbf aflx/ 36]sf] 36gf x'g ;S5 .
olb dfdk|tLsf/dz:q+ z:qkf0foM .
wft{/fi6«f /0f] xGo':tGd] If]dt/+ ej]t\ ..$^..
ch{'g eG5g\– xftdf xltof/ lnPsf w[t/fi6«sf k'qx¿n] s'g} k|ltsf/ gug]{ xltof/ljxLg
dnfO{ df5{g\ eg] klg Tof] d]/f nflu >]o:s/ g} x'g] 5 ..
;~ho pjfr
Pjd'STjfh{'gM ;ª\Vo] /yf]k:y pkfljzt\ .
lj;[Ho ;z/+ rfk+ zf]s;+ljUgdfg;M ..$&..
;~hon] eg]– o;k|sf/ /0fe""lddf pkl:yt zf]s;GtKt ch{'g o:tf] eg]/ uf08Lj;lxtsf
z:qf:q Tofu]/ r'krfk /ysf k5fl8sf] efudf uP/ a;] ..
ç tT;lblt >Ld∫ujb\uLtf;"klgifT;' a|XdljBfof+ of]uzf:q]
>Ls[i0ffh{'g;+jfb]˜h{'gljiffbof]uf] gfd
k|ydf]˜WofoM ..!..

nf]suLtf– 20
 cWofo–!

nf]suLtf– 21
cWofo–!

nf]suLtf– 22
 cWofo–@
ç >Lk/dfTdg] gdM
bf];|f] cWofo
;fª\Voof]uM

;~ho pjfr
t+ tyf s[koflji6d>'k"0ff{s'n]If0fd\ .
ljifLbGtldb+ jfSod'jfr dw'';"bgM ..!..
;~hon] eg]– o;k|sf/ bof cflb u'0fn] o'Qm h;sf cfFvf cfF;'n] el/Psf 5g\ Pjd\
ljiffbo'Qm 5g\, tL zf]so'Qm ch{'gnfO{ b]v]/ eujfg\n] lgDg jrg af]Ng'eof] ..
>Leujfg'jfr
s't:Tjf sZdnldb+ ljifd] ;d'kl:ytd\ .
cgfo{h'i6d:jUo{dsLlt{s/dh{'g ..@..
x] ch{'g Û o; ljifd kl/l:yltdf ltdLdf o:tf] lvGgtf s;/L k}bf eof] < ltdLdf k}bf ePsf]
lrGtfn] o; nf]sdf ckoz / k/nf]sdf b'u{lt dfq x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf cgfo{ s'/f ug{' l7s xf]Og ..
Sn}Ao+ df :d udM kfy{ g}tŒjøo'kkBt] .
If'b|+ Åbobf}a{No+ ToSTjf]lQi7 k/Gtk ..#..
x] zq'gfzs ch{'g Û ltdLdf k}bf ePsf] gfdb{kgnfO{ Tofu≤ ltdLh:tf jL/nfO{ o:tf] ;'xfpFb}g .
x] k/Gtk Û Åbosf] t''R5 b'a{ntfnfO{ kl/Tofu u/]/ o'4sf lglDt p7 ..
ch{'g af/Daf/ o'4af6 aRg] k|of; ub}{ 5g\ / >Ls[i0faf6 To;sf] cf}lrTo k'li6 u/fpg klg
vf]Hb} 5g\ . cfkmGtx¿nfO{ dfg{'eGbf t w[t/fi6«sf k'qx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ df/]df clws lxts/ x'g] 5
eGb} ch{'g uf08Lj 5f]8]/ o'4d}bfgdf r'krfk v8f eP . ch{'g cfFvfel/ cfF;' kf/L bofn] el/P/
ljiffb ub}{ 5g\ . ;~hon] ch{'g s?0ffn] xf]Og bofn] el/Psf] eg]sf 5g\ . zAbsf]zdf bof /
s?0ffsf] Pp6} cy{ 5, t/ jf:tljs ¿kdf oL b'O{df leGgtf 5 .
bof kl/l:ylthGo x'G5 eg] s?0ff dgl:ylthGo x''G5 . h;sf Åbodf s?0ff 5 To;nfO{
aflx/sf] s'g} klg kl/l:yltn] km/s kfb}{g . s?0ffjfg\ JolQmaf6 x/avt s?0ff k|jflxt eO/xG5 .
h:tf] km"nsf] ;'uGwn] af6fdf lx“8\g] sf]xL 5 ls 5}g eg]/ ;f]Rb}g, ;'uGw xfjfdf ldl;P/ alu g}
/xG5 To:t} s?0ffjfg\ JolQmsf] s?0ff klg cxlg{z ¿kdf alu g} /xG5 . s?0ff JolQmsf]
cGtZr]tgfsf] ;|f]t xf] . To;}n] a'4 / dxfjL/h:tf JolQmx¿ bofjfg\ xf]Og s?0ffjfg\ x'g\ . bof
ToxfF hlGdG5, hxfF s?0ff x'Fb}g . ch{'gnfO{ ;~ho bofjfg\ eG5g\ . Pp6f ul/a JolQm jf
levf/LnfO{ b]v]/ pTkGg x'g] efj bof xf] . bofn] cxª\sf/nfO{ k'li6 u5{ / s?0ffn] cxª\sf/nfO{
;dfKt kf5{ . s;}nfO{ bfg lb“bf jf d2t ubf{ dgleq h'g d}n] u/]+ eGg]] cxª\sf/sf] efj k}bf x'G5
Tof] bof xf] . s?0ffjfg\ ;+;f/df sf]xL levf/L gxf]pmg\ eGg] rfxG5 eg] bofjfg\ levf/Lx¿ xf]pmg\
eGg] rfxG5 . bofjfg\ ltgnfO{ d2t u/]/ cfˆgf] cxª\sf/sf] k'li6 ug{ rfxG5 .
ch{'gsf dgdf s?0ffsf] efj cfPsf] eP pgL cs}{ w/ftndf k'Uy] t/ pgsf] Åbodf bof
dfq hfUof] hf] cxª\sf/n] o'St 5 . ch{'g bofefj /fv]/ w[t/fi6«sf k'qx¿nfO{ dfg''{eGbf pgLx¿n]

nf]suLtf– 23
cWofo–@
g} dnfO{ df/]df plrt x'G5 eg]/ cfˆgf] cxª\sf/sf] efj k|blz{t ub{5g\ . cxª\sf/sf sf/0f
;dofg';f/ dg'io ljk/Lt uP/ cfˆgf] anL r9fpg klg tof/ x'G5 . pgL o:tf] s's[To daf6
s;/L x'g ;S5 eg]/ bof JoQm ub}{ 5g\ . ch{'gsf] bofefjsf] nIf0f a'emL >Ls[i0f dgf]lrlsT;ssf]
¿kdf ltdL cfo{ xf} t;y{ o:tf] cgfo{ h:tf] s'/f gu/ eGg'x'G5 . cfo{ eg]sf] >]i7hg / cgfo{
eg]sf] c>]i7hg xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg''x'G5 ltdLnfO{ c>]i7, lgs[i6 / bLgxLg h:tf] s'/f ug{ ;'xfpFb}g .
bof klg cxª\sf/sf] e"if0f ePsf]n] ltdLnfO{ o; nf]sdf o:tf] bofefj jf cxª\sf/n] ckoz lbg]
5 / k/nf]sdf klg b'u{lt g} k|fKt x''g] 5 . cxª\sf/o'Qm bofefjn] JolQm b'h{g ePdf cToGt qm"/
agfpF5 eg] ;Hhg ePdf cfkm}FnfO{ si6 lbg] agfpF5 .
ch{'gsf] egfOdf cxª\sf/sf] tL/ otfptf dfq ePsf] 5 . d'Vo ljifo dfg]{ / dg]{ s'/fs}
bfo/fleq 5 . cxª\sf/sf] t'li6 c¿nfO{ b'v lbg'df eGbf cfkm"nfO{ b'v lbg'df a9L x'G5 . ch{'g
bofsf] ¿kdf cxª\sf/sf] tL/ cfkm"lt/ dfq kmsf{pg vf]Hb} 5g\ / cxª\sf/nfO{ an k'Ug] efiff
k|of]u ub}{5g\ . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ltdL cfo{, ;';+:s[t, s'nLg eP/ klg sfFt/kg b]vfO/x]sf
5f} . ltdLh:tf axfb'/ JolQmn] o'4af6 efUg ;'xfpFb}g . >Ls[i0f ch{'gsf] dfgl;s cj:yfdfly
ljrf/ ub}{ pgsf] cxª\sf/dfly klxnf] k|xf/ ug{'x'G5 .
ch{'g pjfr
sy+ eLiddx+ ;ª\Vo] b|f]0f+ r dw';"bg .
Oif'leM k|ltof]T:ofld k"hfxf{jl/;"bg ..$..
ch{'g eG5g\– x] dw';"bg Û d}n] s;/L /0fe"lddf lktfdx eLid / u'? ›f]0ffrfo{nfO{ af0fn]
k|ltk|xf/ u¿“ lsgeg] x] cl/;""bg Û pxfFx¿ b'j} d]/f k"Ho x'g'x'G5 ..
>Ls[i0fsf] egfOsf] cfzonfO{ ch{'gn] a'‰g g;sL k'gM csf]{ kf6f]af6 ToxL s''/f
bf]xf]¥ofpF5g\ . pgL km]l/ klg ljgd|tfk"j{s dof{bfs} s'/f ub{5g\ t/ pgdf cem} cxª\sf/ ljBdfg
5 To;}n] d s;/L o'4 u¿F eGb5g\ . pgsf] d efjn] ¿k abn]/ ljgd|tfsf] ¿k lnPsf] 5 hf]
/IffTds cxd\kg xf] . cfqmfds cxª\sf/eGbf ljgd| cxª\sf/ /IffTds x'G5 . s'g} JolQm
ljgd|tfsf] cf8df ha s;}nfO{ d t s] x'F / xh'/sf] r/0fsf] w'nf] dfq x'F eG5 ta p;sf cfFvfsf]
efj x]g{nfos x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf p;sf cfFvf / z/L/ leGg s'/f ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .
ch{'gsf] lg/Gt/ c;Ëltk"0f{ k|Zg / egfO ;'Gbf pgn] s[i0fsf s'/fsf] tfTko{ a'‰g} ;s]sf
5}gg\ eGg] :ki6 x''G5 . ctM af/Daf/ ljleGg ¿kdf pxL s'/f bf]xf]¥ofpF5g\ . ch{'g lktfdx eLid /
u'? ›f]0f h:tf k"Ho JolQmx¿nfO{ s;/L af0f xfGg' eGb5g\ / em§ x]bf{ t cfb/ k|s6 u/]h:tf]
u5{g\ t/ /fHo;'vsf] nf]edf k"hgLo JolQmx¿ / aGw'afGwjdfly cfqmd0f u/]/ ch{'gn] lx+;fsf]
af6f] /f]h] eGg]] nf]slgGbfaf6 aRg rfxG5g\ . pgL uDeL/ x'Fb} cfˆgf ;DaGwL hgx¿nfO{ cfqmd0f
ug{' eGbf t a? d dg{ tof/ 5' eGb5g\ . pgLleqsf] cxª\sf/ csf]{ r/dkgaf6 ljgd|tfk"j{s
Tofusf] efiffdf af]Nb} 5 . ch{'gsf] …dÚ pgsf] lgoGq0fdf 5}g, >Ls[i0fn] To;}nfO{ kqmg vf]Hg'ePsf]
lyof] t/ ch{'gn] To;nfO{ a'‰g / ;'Gg ;s]gg\ . ch{'gsf] pQ/ u]:6fN6 dgf]lj1fg h:t} 5 .
cfsfzdf nfu]sf] afbnsf ljleGg ¿knfO{ JolQmx¿n] leGgleGg ¿kdf b]Vg] k|lqmof g} u]:6fN6
dgf]lj1fg xf] . afbnsf] cfsf/nfO{ s;}n] eujfg\, s;}n] e"tk|]t jf s;}n] cfˆgf] cf:yf adf]lhd
b]Vb5 . o;} u/L ch{'gn] klg o'4nfO{{ cfˆg} lsl;dn] x]/]sf 5g\ . ch{'g s[i0fsf] egfOaf/] k6Ss}
dgg gu/L k'gM c;fGble{s s'/f elg/x]sf 5g\ M

nf]suLtf– 24
 cWofo–@
u'¿gxTjf lx dxfg'efjfg\
>]of] ef]Q'+m e}IodkLx nf]s] .
xTjfy{sfdf+:t' u'¿lgx}j
e'~hLo ef]ufg\ ?lw/k|lbUwfg\ ..%..
u'?hgh:tf dxfg'efjx¿nfO{ dfg{'eGbf t nf]sdf leIff dfu]/ lhpg' pko'St x'G5 . ;f+;fl/s
nfesf] rfxgf /fVg] eP klg cflv/ pxfFx¿ d]/f jGbgLo u'?x¿ x'g'x'G5 . pxfFx¿nfO{ df/]/ k|fKt
j:t' pkef]u ug{' eg]sf] d]/f lglDt /ut d'l5Psf] j:t' pkef]u ug{';/x g} xf] ..
g r}tlåßM st/Ggf] u/Lof]–
oåf ho]d olb jf gf] ho]o'M .
ofg]j xTjf g lhhLljiffd–
:t]˜jl:ytfM k|d'v] wft{/fi6«fM ..^..
xfdL s] klg hfGb}gf}+“ eg] xfdLn] pgLx¿;Fu o'4 ug{' / gug{' oL b'O{df s'g >]i7 xf] < cyjf
xfdL pgLx¿nfO{ lhT5f}+“ jf pgLx¿ xfdLnfO{ lhT5g\ of] klg xfdL hfGb}gf“} . h;nfO{ df/]/ xfdL afFRg
rfxFb}gf}“ tL w[t/fi6«sf 5f]/fx¿ g} xfd|f cufl8 o'4e"lddf cjl:yt 5g\ ..
sfk{0obf]iff]kxt:jefjM
k[R5fld Tjf+ wd{;Dd"9r]tfM .
oR5|]o« M :oflGglZrt+ a|"lx tGd]
lzio:t]˜x+ zflw df+ Tjf+ k|kGgd\ ..&..
x] dw';"bg Û cljBf¿kL bf]if jf ljj]ssf] b'a{ntfsf sf/0f d kLl8t 5' / wd{sf af/]df d]/f]
Åbo df]xu|:t 5 . To;}n] s] ugf{n] xfd|f] sNof0f x'G5 Tof] lglZrt u/]/ dnfO{ eGg'xf];\ . d xh'/sf]
lzio, xh'/sf] z/0fdf cfPsf] 5' dnfO{ pkb]z lbg'xf];\ ..
ch{'g u'?x¿nfO{ df/]/ ckoz ef]Ub} nf]sdf Cl4 / l;l4sf] pkef]u ug{' /fd|f] xf]Og
eGb5g\ . leIff dfUg' / o'4 ug{' oL b'O{dWo] xfdL wd{k/fo0fx¿sf nflu s'grflxF /fd|f] xf], of] klg
xfdL hfGb}gf}“ . ch{'g cfˆgf u''?hgx¿nfO{ df/]/ k|fKt ePsf] j:t'' pkef]u ug''{ eg]sf] cfˆgf lgldQ
/ut d''l5Psf] j:t'' pkof]u ug'{;/x xf] eGb5g\ . ho / k/fhosf] ljifodf ;+zo 5f]8L :jwd{
;Dem]/ o'4 u/]df klg l7s x'Fb}g lsgeg] o'4df cfˆgf lk|ohgx¿nfO{ dfbf{ xfdL klg hLljt /xg
;Sb}gf}“ t/ v]bsf] s'/f Û w[t/fi6«sf k'qx¿ dg]{ lgZro u/]/ ;ª\u|fddf cufl8 v8f 5g\ . ch{'g
cfˆg} s'/f dfq ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;f] x]bf{ t pgL s[i0fnfO{ ;f]w]h:tf] u5{g\ t/ cfˆgf ;a} s'/f
atfpFb} 5g\ . ch{'g eG5g\– x] eujg\ Û cljBfn] d]/f] dg 5f]lkPsf] x'Fbf daf6 plrt–cg'lrtsf]
af]w g} x/fPsf] 5 . ch{'gsf cg]sf}+ wf/fk|jfx Pjd\ ts{ ljts{k"0f{ lh1f;fsf sf/0f g} dfgj;dfhn]
lbJok'?if >Ls[i0faf6 cnf}lss uLtf 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ch{'gh:tf lzio / s[i0fh:tf
u'? ePdf dfgj;dfhdf cg]sf“}+ 1fgwf/f k|jflxt eO/xg] 5g\ .
ch{'g k'gM pkb]z lbP h:tf] ub}{ eG5g\– cfkmGtnfO{ df/]/ /Qmn] el/Psf] cGg vfg' klg
ljif vfP a/fa/ xf] . pgL To;/L ;d|f6\ x'g'eGbf t a? levf/L x'g' /fd|f] xf] eGb5g\ . ch{'g
Psflt/ lg0f{o g} ;'gfpFb} 5g\ / csf{lt/ k|Zg klg ;f]Wb} 5g\ . Psflt/ cljBfn] cfˆgf] dg
9flsPsfn] pkfo atfpg cg'/f]w u5{g\ clg csf{lt/ cfˆgf] 1fgsf] lg0f{o klg ;'gfpFb} 5g\ . ;fy}
dnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{'xf];\ dw';"bg Û eGg klg 5f]8\b}gg\ . j:t'tM oL b'j} s'/f c;Ët 5g\ . cljBfn]

nf]suLtf– 25
cWofo–@
dg el/Psf] JolQm;Fu s;/L o:tf] ldYof1fg x''g ;S5 . ToxfF t s]xL klg gx'g'kg]{ xf] t/ ch{'g of]
l7s / of] a]l7s xf] eGg 5f]8\b}gg\ . ch{'gsf] bof¿kL cxª\sf/n] cfˆgf dfGohg / ;DaGwLx¿nfO{
df/]/ ;d|f6\ aGg'eGbf t levf/L x'g' /fd|f] 7fGb5 . cxª\sf/df JolQm dWodf g/x]/ b'O{ ljk/Lt
w|'jdf /xG5 . pgL larsf] s''/f gu/]/ ;d|f6\ of levf/L aGg] s'/f u5{g\ h;af6 pgsf] leqL
efjbzf k|s6 x'G5 .
ch{'g ;d|f6\ of levf/L b'O{ cltsf s'/f u5{g\ . o'4 u/]/ ljho k|fKt u/]df ;d|f6\ / knfog
ePdf levf/L x''g] 5g\ lsgeg] b'of]{wgn] l;of] hlQ hldg klg lbGgF eg]sfn] knfogaf6 k|fKt x'g]
cj:yf t levf/L cj:yf g} xf] . b'O{ cltx¿sf lardf c8\g ;Sg] JolQm g} cxª\sf/af6 d'Qm x'G5
eg]/ a'4 eGg'x'G5 . ch{'gn] b'O{ clt larsf s'/f u/]sf eP ;fob >Ls[i0fn] cs}{ 9Ën] pQ/
lbg'x'GYof] . ch{'gsf oL b'j} cltdf cxª\sf/ df}h'b 5 .
g lx k|kZofld ddfkg'Bfb\
oR5f]sd'R5f]if0fldlGb|of0ffd\ .
cjfKo e"dfj;kTgd[4+–
/fHo+ ;'/f0ffdlk rflwkTod\ ..*..
x] dw';"bg Û d]/f OlGb|ox¿nfO{ jz ug]{ of dgsf] zf]s x6fpg] s'g} pkfo d b]lVbgF . :ju{sf]
cflwkTo jf e"ldsf] lgis06s / wgwfGo ;DkGg /fHo kfP/ klg d cfkm"df lglxt zf]snfO{ x6fpg]
pkfo b]lVbg“ ..
;~ho pjfr
Pjd'STjf ÅifLs]z+ u'8fs]zM k/Gtk .
g of]T:o Olt uf]ljGbd'STjf t"i0fL+ ae"j x ..(..
;~hon] eg]– x] /fhg Û zq'db{g ch{'gn] pQm jrg >Ls[i0f dxf/fhnfO{ eGb} æx] uf]ljGb Û d
o'4 ulb{gÆF eg]/ r'k nfu] ..
td'jfr XifLs]zM k|x;lGgj ef/t .
;]gof]?eof]d{Wo] ljifLbGtldb+ jrM ..!)..
b'j} ;}GoJo"xsf lardf lrGtfu|:t eO{ plePsf ch{'gnfO{ OlG›ox¿sf :jfdL >Ls[i0fn] xfF:b}
cfˆgf jrgx¿dfkm{t lbzflgb]{z ug{ yfNg'eof] ..
ch{'g clgZrosf l:yltdf 5g\ . ;~ho eG5g\, d o'4 ulb{gF eGb} ch''{g /ydf a:5g\ .
o'4sf] clgZrosf] l:yltdf o:tf] lgZrok"0f{ efj pgdf k}bf x'g' ljrf/0fLo s'/f] xf] . o:tf]
clglZrt cj:yfdf klg ch{'g lglZrt eP/ cfˆgf] lg0ff{os egfO JoQm ub{5g\ . ch{'gsf] dg
cljBfn] el/Psf] 5 / pgL s[i0f;Fu ;xof]usf] ck]Iff klg ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgL cem} klg cfˆg}
lg0f{odf cl8u 5g\ . h'g JolQm hf]8 lbP/ d o:tf] jf p:tf] x'F egL jQmJo lbG5, oyfy{df pm
To;sf] l7s ljk/Lt x'G5 . cfkm" ;b}j ;To af]N5' eGg]] JolQm cGt:s/0fb]lv c;Tosf] kIfkf]if0f
u5{ cGoyf To;/L hf]8 lbP/ af]Ng} kb}{g . ch{'g Psflt/ cfk"mn] :ju{sf] cflwkTo jf e"ldsf]
lgis06s / wgwfGo ;DkGg /fHo kfP/ klg cfk"mdf lglxt zf]s x6fpg g;Sg] h:tf] lgisif{ ;lxt
o'4 gug]{ pb\3f]if u5{g\ eg] csf]{tk{m eujfg\ >Ls[i0f;Fu ;Nnfx klg dfUb5g\ . jf:tjdf o'4 gug]{
lgZroleq klg ch''{gsf] o'4 ug]{ dg;fo n''s]sf] 5 t/ ckozsf] ef/L s[i0fn] g} af]s"g\ eGg] pgsf]
rfxgf 5 . olb pgL ;fFlRrs} o'4 gug]{ kIfdf x'g\ eg] s[i0f;Fu s] ljifodf ;Nnfx dflu/x]sf 5g\
nf]suLtf– 26
 cWofo–@
eGg] s'/f ljrf/0fLo 5 . ch{'gsf] dg b'lawfu|:t 5 / pgL bf]xf]/f] lrQdf 5g\ . ch{'gsf] cfGtl/s
¿kdf clglZrt t/ af≈o ¿kdf lgZrofTds lg0f{o ;'g]/ Pjd\ pgsf] dgf]lj1fg a'em]/ eujfg\
>Ls[i0f xfF:b} lglb{i6 jrg af]Ng'x'G5 .
>Leujfg'jfr
czf]RofgGjzf]r:Tj+ k|1fjfbf+Zr efif;] .
utf;"gutf;"+Zr gfg'zf]rlGt kl08tfM ..!!..
x] ch{'g Û h;sf nflu zf]s ug{' Joy{ 5, To;sf nflu ltdL zf]s ul//x]sf 5f} / ltdL
ljåfg\x¿sf h:tf zf:qdf k|ltkflbt s'/fx¿ klg ub}{ 5f} . o;/L k/:k/ lj/f]wL dfu{sf] cjnDag
ug{ rfxg] ltdL kl08t xf]Ogf}, d"v{ xf} . 1fgL h;n] cfTdf / z/L/ s] xf] eGg]] s'/f hfg]sf] x'G5
p;n] hLljt jf d[tsx¿sf af/]df slxNo} lrGtf ub}{g ..
>Ls[i0fn] xfF:b} ch{'gnfO{ eg]sf] s'/f emg\ s7f]/ 5 . pxfF ch{'gnfO{ ltdL zf:qsf] efiff
af]Nb} 5f} t/ ltdL kl08t xf]Ogf} d"v{ xf} eGg'x'G5 lsgeg] ch{'g zf:qsf] efiff af]Nbf klg cfˆg}
lg0f{o lnFb} 5g\ . pgL zf:qLo dof{bfcg';f/ of] /fd|f] of] g/fd|f] egL b'lawfo'St s'/f ub}{ 5g\ /
zf:qaf6 pgL s]jn ;fIfL vf]Hb} 5g\ . lg0f{o t ch{'gn] lnO;s]sf 5g\ . d"v{ klg zf:qs} efiff
af]Ng ;S5 / zf:qaf6 cfkm"n] vf]h]sf] lgisif{ lgsfN5 . pm zf:qnfO{ s]jn ;fIfLkgsf ¿kdf
k|of]u ug{ rfxG5 .
o;}u/L ch{'g kl08t h:t} efiff klg af]Nb} 5g\ t/ pgnfO{ k|1f jf 1fg;“u s'g} k|of]hg
5}g . pgL ;a} zf:qx¿nfO{ cfˆgf kIfdf v8f ug{ rfxG5g\ / cfkm"nfO{ a'emSs8 7fg]/ g} cfˆgf
ts{x¿ lg/Gt/ k|:t't ul//x]sf 5g\ . ch{'gsf cufl8 :jod\ zf:q1 eujfg\ >Ls[i0f cfkm“}+ pkl:yt
x'g'x'G5 tyflk pgL zf:q1 >Ls[i0fnfO{ g} zf:qsf af/]df atfpFb} 5g\ . cfˆg} cufl8 :jod\
k"0f{1fg v8f x'g'x'G5 t/ To;sf] klxrfg ug{ g;s]/ ch{'g 1fg l;sfpFb} 5g\ . >Ls[i0f l;wf /
:ki6 s'/f eGb} x'g'x'G5 t/ ch{'g eg] w]/} ;do;Dd cGwf] / alx/f] h:tf] Jojxf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
pgL Psflt/ s[i0fnfO{ eujfg\ egL ;Daf]wg ub{5g\ csf{lt/ s[i0fnfO{ /fd|/L x]bf{ klg x]b}{gg\ .
ch{'gn] Psk6s s[i0fsf cfFvfdf /fd|/L x]/]sf eP ;To t plxNo} k|s6 eO;SYof] . eujfg\
>Ls[i0fn] :jod\ ch{'gsf ;f/yL eP/ /ysf] nufd lng'ePsf] 5 . pxfFnfO{ g} ;j{:j ;dk{0f ubf{
ch{'g ;d:ofljxLg x'g] lyP . pgL s[i0fnfO{ eujfg\ t eG5g\ t/ b'lawfu|:t dgsf sf/0f eujfGf\sf]
zlQmnfO{ klxrfg ug{ c;dy{ b]lvG5g\ .
lh;;sf] ef}lts z/L/nfO{ gi6 ug]{ qmddf clGtd ;dodf ha pgsf xftdf lsnf 7f]lsof],
ta pgsf d'vaf6 Ps jfSo lgl:sof] æx] eujg\ Û of] s] b]vfO/x]sf 5f},Æ o;sf] cy{ lh;;
eujfg\sf] lg0f{osf] k|lts""n c¿ g} s'/f x]g{ rfxGYf] t/ tTsfn pgsf] d'vaf6 bf];|f] jfSo klg
lgl:sof] æx] b]j Û dnfO{ Ifdf u/, h:tf] ltd|f] dhL{ .Æ klxnf] jrg af]Nbf pgL dl/odsf 5f]/f
lh;; lyP / csf]{ jrgdf qmflGt 3l6t eP/ pgL qmfO:6 eP . ch{'gnfO{ s[i0fk|lt ljZjf; ePsf]
eP ;Daf]wgdf dfq xf]Og Jojxf/df g} eujfGf\sf ¿kdf lnGy] / cfb]z kfng klg uy]{ . pgnfO{
eujfGf\sf] cem} cg'e"lt ePsf] 5}g To;}n] pgL d o'4 ulb{gF elg/x]sf 5g\ .
g Tj]jfx+ hft' gf;+ g Tj+ g]d] hgflwkfM .
g r}j g eljiofdM ;j]{ jodtM k/d\ ..!@..

nf]suLtf– 27
cWofo–@
eujfg\ eGg'x'G5– d, ltdL / oL /fhfx¿ lxhf] gePsf xf]Ogf}+ / eljiodf klg xfdL g/xg]
xf]Ogf}+ . cyf{t\ lxhf] klg d, ltdL / oL /fhfx¿sf] :jtGq cl:tTj lyof] / ef]ln klg xfdL ;a}sf]
:jtGq cl:tTj /xg] 5 ..
ch{'g o'4df ;+nUg JolQmx¿ clxn] dfq 5g\ / d[To'kl5 :jtM ltgLx¿ ;dfKt x'G5g\ eGg]]
;f]Rb5g\ t/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– clxn] hf] JolQmx¿ 5g\, tL lxhf] klg lyP / ef]ln klg /xg] 5g\
ltgLx¿sf] ef}lts z/L/ dfq gi6 x'g] xf] . lj1fgn]] klg j:t'nfO{ gi6 ug{ ;lsGg / To;nfO{
l;h{gf klg ug{ ;lsFb}g eg]/ k''li6 u/]sf] 5 . c0f't'No j:t'nfO{ klg gi6 ug{ ;lsFb}g s]jn
j:t'nfO{ ¿kfGtl/t u/]/ gofF ¿k dfq lbg ;lsG5 . h;nfO{ ;[hg elgG5 Tof] klg …gofF ¿kÚ sf]
;[hgf dfq xf] gofF cl:tTj xf]Og / h;nfO{ ljgfz elgG5+ Tof] klg cl:tTjsf] ljgfz xf]Og s]jn
¿ksf] dfq ljgfz xf] .
cfs[ltx¿ kl/jlt{t x'G5g\ t/ h] cfs[ltleq n's]sf] 5 To;nfO{ abNg ;lsFb}g . of] t
uf8Lsf] lsnf / kfª\u|f h:tf] 5 . lsnf s]G›df 5, hf] 3'Db}g, To;df c8\ofPsf] rSsf jf kfª\u|f
dfq 3'Db5 . olb rSsfnfO{ lsnfaf6 cnu u¥of}+ eg] rSsf 3'Dg ;Sb}g . rSsfsf] k|s[lt 3'Dg] eP
klg lsnfdf ghf]8\bf;Dd Tof] 3'Db}g . cfˆgf cufl8 plePsf ;a} hgf o'4df dfl/g] 5g\ eGg]]
;f]rn] ch{'g lrlGtt 5g\ t/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h;nfO{ ltdL cfh b]lv/x]sf 5f} pgLx¿ klxn] klg
lyP, cfh klg 5g\ / ef]ln klg cl:tTjdf /xg] 5g\ . d, ltdL / oxfF ePsf ;a} cgflbb]lv cgGt
sfn;Dd cl:tTjjfg\ 5f}+ . oxfF ch{'g / >Ls[i0f b'O{ cnu s'/f ub}{ x'g'x'G5– ch{'g ¿ksf], ef}lts
hut\sf] s'/f ub{5g\ eg] >Ls[i0f c¿ksf], cef}lts cyf{t\ cb[Zo hut\sf] s'/f ub}{ x'g'x'G5 .
j:t'sf] cfsf/ jf :j¿k kl/jt{gzLn 5 . clxn] h'g ¿kdf j:t' b]lvG5g\ Tof] If0fe/
klxn] lyPg . Psl5g cl3sf] cfsf/ jf :j¿k Psl5gkl5 :jtM ablnG5≤ pxL ¿kdf x'Fb}g t/
c¿k slxn] abln“b}g . a'4 cfkm"nfO{ e]6\g cfpg]nfO{ eGg'x'GYof]– Psl5g cl3 ltdL e]6\g cfpFbf h]
lyof}, Psl5gkl5 ltdL ToxL ¿kdf x'Fb}gf} . x/]s ;ft jif{df dflg;sf] z/L/sf ;a} c0f'x¿
kl/jlt{t x'G5g\ . gofF c0f' hlGdG5g\ / d[t c0f' z/L/af6 aflx/ lgl:sG5g\ . ef]hgaf6 xfdL gofF
j:t' leq k7fpF5f}+ / ljsf/ ljljw åf/af6 aflx/ lgl:sG5 . Pp6f JolQmsf] hLjgsf] lqmofnfO{ x]g]{
xf] eg] p;df cg]sfF} kl/jt{g eO{ g} /x]sf x'G5g\ . cl:tTj g} kl/jt{glzn 5 . oxfF ;"o{, rG›,
tf/fx¿ ;a} x/kn kl/jt{g eO/x]sf 5g\ .
xfdL;Fu lgs6d tf/fsf] k|sfz wtL{;Dd cfOk'Ug rf/ jif{ nfU5 . k|sfzsf] ls/0f Ps
;]s]G8df !,*^,))) dfOnsf] /ˆtf/df rN5 . cem k/sf tf/fx¿ klg 5g\ h;nfO{ k|sfz k'¥ofpg
;of}+ jif{ klg nfUg ;S5 . o:tf klg tf/f 5g\ hf] rf/ ca{ jif{cl3 ag]sf] k[YjLdf cem;Dd k|sfz
k'¥ofpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . h] xfdL clxn] b]lv/x]sf 5f}+ Tof]] ToxL cfs[ltdf x'Fb}g≤ knkn kl/jt{g
eO/x]sf] x'G5 . cfs[ltsf af/]df ;w“}+sf] t s'/f gu/f}F If0fe/df klg j:t' ToxL ¿kdf /xFb}g . u|Ls
bz{gzf:qL x]/flSn6; (Heraclitus) n] eg]sf 5g\– ltdL Pp6} gbL kf/ ubf{ pxL :yfgdf b'O{ k6s
kfOnf /fVg ;Sb}gf} . b'O{k6s xf]Og Ps kn klg ToxL gbLdf kfOnf /fVg ;lsGg . kfOnf
/fVbf/fVb} gbLsf] Tof] ¿k kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] x'G5 lsgeg] gbL bf}l8/x]sf] 5 . cfs[lt gbL h:t}
alu/x]sf] 5 / k|ltkn kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 . ch{'g of] ¿ksf] hut\k|lt lrlGtt eP/ k|ltIf0f
dl//x]sf JolQmx¿ d/] eg] s] x''G5 eg]/ ;f]Wb5g\ . pgL c;Dejsf nflu lrlGtt 5g\ . cfs[ltnfO{
If0fe/ t arfpg ;lsGg eg] ;b}j arfpg] t k|Zg g} cfpFb}g .

nf]suLtf– 28
 cWofo–@
cfs[lt, ¿k, t/Ë, Wjlgsf] hut\ k"/f ;do slDkt 5 . xfdL ;a} slDkt Pjd\ t/lËt 5f}+ .
x/If0f abln/xg] hut\ of j:t'nfO{ abNg] k|of; g} ljlIfKttf xf] . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5–
ltdL oL ;a} hgf d5{g\ eGg] 7fGb5f} t/ logLx¿ klxn] klg lyP / kl5 klg x'g] 5g\ . t;y{ ltdL
logLx¿sf] dg]{ lrGtf gu/ . g logLx¿ d5{g\ g t ltdLn] dfg{ g} ;S5f} . hf] dg]{jfnf 5 p;nfO{
rfx]/ klg arfpg ;lsGg / hf] gdg]{ jfnf 5 p;nfO{ rfx]/ klg dfg{ ;lsGg≤ t;y{ lrGtf ug{'
Joy{ 5 . lu|s bfz{lgs ;'s/ft (Socrates) cfkm"nfO{ kmfF;L lbg nfu]sf a]nfdf klg k|;Gg lyP .
o:tf] b[Zo b]v]/ pgsf lzio Kn]6f] (Plato) n] tkfO{+ lrlGtt b]lvg'x'Gg, tkfO{+nfO{ d[To'sf] eo 5}g
eg]/ ;f]w] . ;'s/ftn] eGg'eof]– d o;sf/0f lrlGtt 5}g ls olb dg]{] g} xf] eg] lsg lrGtf ug''{,
olb d afFRb} afFlRbgF eg] lrGtf s;n] ug]{ / sf] b''MvL x''G5 . ;fy} d d/]+ eg]/ hfGg] klg sf]xL x'Fb}g .
olb d/]/ klg d[To' x'Fb}g eg] lrGtf ug{'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo 5}g .
o; hut\df ¿ksf af/]df lrGtf lng' a]sf/ 5 lsgeg] Tof] gflzg] xf] / Tof] cjZo}
gflzG5 . To;}u/L c¿ksf ;DaGwdf klg lrGtf ug{' Joy{ 5 lsgeg] Tof] slxNo} gfz x'Fb}g /
To;nfO{ s;}n] klg gfz ug{ ;Sb}g . ch{'gnfO{ c¿ksf af/]df s'g} hfgsf/L g} 5}g . >Ls[i0fnfO{
ch''{gleqsf] tŒj slxn] klg db}{g eg]/ /fd|f];Fu yfxf 5, t/ ch''{gnfO{ o; s'/fsf] s''g} 1fg 5}g .
To;}n] cfTd1fg dfq 1fg xf] / afFsL ;a} 1fg c1fg dfq x'g\ . ch{'gsf] 1fg klg c1fgdf
cfwfl/t 5 . ch{'g a8f] wd{sf] s'/f u5{g\ t/ pgnfO{ ¿keGbf lEfGg c¿k tŒj klg x'G5 eGg]]
1fg g} 5}g . o;/L cd[tsf] hfgsf/L gePsf] JolQm c1fgdf x'G5 . t/Ë ;fu/df pn{G5 t/ ;fu/
:jod\ t/Ë xf]Og . ;fu/ t/Ëljgf klg x'g ;S5 . t/ËnfO{ PsIf0f dfq x]g{ ;lsG5 lsgeg] Tof]
tTsfn kl/jt{g eOxfN5 . t/Ësf] tfTko{ h;df x''g' / gx''g' Ps;fy eO/xG5 . hf] ;fu/nfO{
hfGb5 pm z/L/sf] hGd / d[To'sf af/]df lrlGtt x'Fb}g . eujfg\ >Ls[i0f ;fu/sf] s'/f ub}{ x'g'x'G5
eg] ch{'g t/Ësf] s'/f ub}{ 5g\ . uLtfdf nfdf] ;+jfb x'gfsf] sf/0f klg k"j{ / klZrdh:tf]
ljk/Lttf eP/ xf] . ch{'g af/Daf/ t/Ësf] s'/f u5{g\ / >Ls[i0f ;fu/sf] s''/f ug{'x'G5 . To;}n]
ldng ljGb' klxNofpg >Ls[i0fn] lgs} s;/t ug''{ k/]sf] xf] . ch{'gsf] ;f/f kL8fsf] d"n sf/0f g}
cfTd–c1fg xf] .
>Ls[i0f ;jf]{Rr ›i6f, 1ftf / k"0f{ k/LlIft x'g'x'G5 . To;}n] t pxfF e"t, eljio / jt{dfgsf
›i6f cyf{t\ lqsfnbzL{ x'g'x'G5 t/ ch{'g jt{dfg dfq b]V5g\ . pgL e"t / eljiosf af/]df cgle1
5g\ . >Ls[i0fsf] r]tgfsf] tx ;bfjxf/ jf zfZjt 5 / pxfFsf nflu ;a} zfZjt jt{dfg xf] .
ch{'g gfdsf] JolQm lxhf] klg lyof] eGg]] e"n ch{'gnfO{ x'g ;S5 . ch{'g gfdsf] JolQm t s]jn
Ps j:q xf], hf] d[To'kl5 k]ml/P/ ToxL j:q /x“b}g t/ h'g s'/fdf Tof] j:q 6fFluG5 Tof] v'§L lxhf]
klg lyof], cfh klg 5 / ef]ln klg /xg] 5 . cfs[lt k|s6 cleJolQm xf] eg] cgfs[lt cl:tTj xf] .
cl:tTj Tolt g} k|s6 x'G5 hlt xfdL;Fu OlG›o 5 . ljleGg t/Ëx¿ k|;fl/t eO/x]sf x'G5g\ t/
/]l8of]df xfdLn] ;'Gg rfx]sf] t/Ë dfq ;''Gg ;S5f}F . j}1flgsx¿n] krf; xhf/ u|xdf hLjg 5
eGg]] ;Defjgf bzf{Psf 5g\, h'g xfdL hfGb}gf“}+ / Tof] xfd|f] IfdtfeGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf] . cl:tTj
leqL 36gf xf] hf] k|s6 ePdf cleJoQm hut\ / hLjg x''G5 eg] ck|s6 ePdf cJoQm cl:tTj
x''G5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ ;DemfpFb} eGg'x'G5, h] k|s6 eof] Tof] dfq ltdL xf]Ogf}, h] k|s6 ePsf] 5}g
Tof] klg ltdL xf} . Tof] ck|s6 cgflb x''gfn] ;f/f cleJolQmkl5 klg Tof] z]if /xG5 .

nf]suLtf– 29
cWofo–@
b]lxgf]˜l:dGoyf b]x] sf}df/+ of}jg+ h/f .
tyf b]xfGt/k|flKtwL{/:tq g d'Xolt ..!#..
h;/L of] z/L/:y cfTdf afNofj:yfaf6 of}jgfj:yfdf / of}jgfj:yfaf6 j[4fj:yflt/
lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xG5, To;/L g} of] cfTdfn] lgZro g} Pp6f z/L/af6 lg:s]/ csf]{ ef}lts of
cfWoflTds z/L/ k|fKt ug]{ ePsfn] wL/ k''?if of] kl/jt{gnfO{ b]v]/ z/L/sf] cj;fgdf df]lxt
x'bF }gg\ ..
z/L/df afns, o'jf / j[4fj:yf nufotsf kl/jt{gx¿ b]lvG5g\ t/ To;leq /x]sf] cfTdf
kl/jt{g geP/ Pp6} x'G5 . To;}u/L z/L/sf] d[To''kl5 cfTdfn] gofF z/L/ k|fKt u5{ t/ cfTdf
slxNo} klg db}{g . eujfg\ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– oxfF sf]xL klg l:y/ 5}g . ltdL h'g cfs[ltnfO{
lgofln/x]5f}, Tof] cfs[lt klg qmdzM afns, o'jf x'Fb} a'9f] eO/x]sf] 5 . cfdfsf] sf]vdf ePsf]
lk08 dfgjfs[ltsf] ¿kdf ablnP/ clxn]sf] cfs[ltdf k|fKt x'G5 / nuftf/ km]/abn eO/xG5 . h'g
cfs[ltnfO{ b]v]/ ltdL of] d]l6G5 egL lrGtf u5f}{ Tof] cfs[lt t k|ltIf0f x/fO{ g} /x]sf] 5 .
dg'iosf] ;f/f hLjg d[To'lt/ g} al9/x]sf] 5 . hGdb]lv clGtd ofqf;Dd xfdL k|ltIf0f kl/jlt{t
eO/x]sf 5f}+ tyflk xfdLnfO{ cfk""m pxL g} 5f}+ h:tf] nfU5 . xfdLleq /x]sf] Tof] gablng] tŒjsf]
cg'ej ePdf dfq æd t pxL x'FÆ eGg ;S5f}F . xfdL afns, o'jf / a'9f] eP klg leqsf] cfTdtŒj
slxNo} kl/jt{g x'Fb}g . hGd–d[To'' l:ylt dfq xf] h'g cfpF5, 36\5 / hfG5 t/ leqsf] cd[t tŒj
;w“}+ l:y/, ckl/jt{gzLn / zfZjt /xG5 / wL/ k'?if of] kl/jt{gnfO{ b]v]/ z/L/sf] cj;fgdf
df]lxt x'Fb}gg\ . eujfg\ >Ls[i0f To;}sf] s'/f ub}{ x'g'x'G5 .
d[To'kl5 klg cfTdfsf] cl:tTj / cleJolQm b''j} x''G5 . csf]{ z/L/ wf/0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
;"Id z/L/sf] cleJolQmsf] dfWod dfq ablnG5 . ;fwf/0f ef}lts z/L/ hn]/ gi6 eP klg
xfdLleq ;"Id z/L/ klg x'G5 . ;fwf/0f d[To'df xfd|f] :y"n z/L/ hn]/ gi6 x'G5 / cfTdf ;Dk"0f{
:d[ltsf ;fy ;"Id z/L/ lnP/ ofqf u5{ . ToxL ;"Id z/L/df xfd|f ;f/f :d[lt, jf;gf, sfdgf,
cg'ej / ;f/f sd{x¿ ;ª\u|lxt x'G5g\ / ;Fu} ofqf u5{g\ . ;"Id z/L/ gofF z/L/sf] cfwf/ xf] .
xfdLn] u/]sf sd{ Pjd\ kfk, k'0o, ljrf/, 1fg, cxª\sf/ cflb ;f/f s'/fn] ;"Id z/L/ o''Qm x''G5
Pjd\ oL ;a} ;ª\u|lxt s''/fx¿sf ;fy ;""Id z/L/n] gofF z/L/ u|x0f u5{ . ;"Id z/L/ geO{ gofF
z/L/ u|x0f x'g ;Sb}g .
hLjgel/sf xfd|f sfdgf, OR5f, rfxgfx¿ ;"Id z/L/df n's]/ k|tLIff u5{g\ / gofF z/L/
u|x0f ubf{ k'gM tL ;a} ;Fu;Fu} lnP/ ofqf k|f/De x'G5 . JolQm ha jf;gfz"Go x'G5 ta ;"Id z/L/
6'6]/ ;dfKt x'G5 / hGd–d[To'sf] ofqf ;dfKt eP/ s]jn cl:tTj dfq afFsL /xG5 . ;+;f/df
cfpg] hfg] k|lqmofaf6 d'Qm x'g' cleJolQmaf6 d'Qm x'g' xf] . Tof] z'4 cl:tTjsf] vf]h xf] hxfF x'g'
(Just being) dfq /xG5 . h'g ;dodf xfdL jf;gf, rfxgf 5f]8]/ d5f}{+ ta ;"Id z/L/ ToxLF ;dfKt
x'G5 .
dfqf:kzf{:t' sf}Gt]o zLtf]i0f;'vb'MvbfM .
cfudfkflogf]˜lgTof:tf+l:tltIf:j ef/t ..!$..
x] ch{'g Û b'v / ;'v t hf8f] / udL{ h:t} ;doqmddf cfpg] hfg] c:yfoL jf clgTo ljifo
x'g\ h'g OlG›o / ljifosf ;DaGwaf6 pTkGg x'G5g\ . t;y{ o:tf clgTo s'/fnfO{ ljrlnt geO{sg
;xg u/ ..

nf]suLtf– 30
 cWofo–@
hf] hGdG5, pm db{5 . hf] pTkGg x'G5, pm gi6 x'G5 . h] l;h{gf x'G5 Tof] cjZo ljgfz
x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf] hfu/0f cfof] eg] s;}sf] hGd o+f d[To'df b'vsf] cg'e"lt x'Fb}g . ;fy} hf] ;dfKt
x'Fbf b'v x'Fb}g, pm x'Fbf klg ;'vL x'g] s'g} sf/0f g} xF'b}g . xfd|f] ;'v–b'vsf] sf/0f xfd|f] e|flGt xf] /
xfdLnfO{ h] 5 Tof] ;bfsf nflu /xG5 eGg] nfU5 . h;n] hGdFb} d[To' b]Vg ;S5, p;nfO{ hGdFbf
s'g} v';Lsf] cg'e"lt x'Fb}g / d[To'df b'v klg x'Fb}g . ha ;'v / b'v x6\5, ta cfgGb dfq /xG5 .
;'v / b'v Pp6} l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f x'g\ . h;n] ldngdf lj/x b]Vb}g, To;n] ldngsf] Ifl0fs ;'v
dfq kfpF5 . ldng / la5f]8 Ps} k|lqmofsf b'O{ lx:;f x'g\ . To;}n] hf] ;'vL 5, Tof] b'vtkm{ cu|;/
eO/x]sf] 5 . hf] aG5 Tof] ljgfz x'G5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– cfˆgf] st{Jo lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf
cfpg] hfg] ;'vb'v t hf8f]–udL{h:t} c:yfoL ¿kdf cfpg] ljifo x'gfn] o:tf clgTo s'/fnfO{
ljrlnt geO{ ;xg u/ . t/ xfdL cfwf ;To dfq b]V5f}F / b'vL x'G5f}F . h'g JolQmn] k"0f{ ;To b]Vg
;S5 To;nfO{ cfgGb k|fKt x'G5 . c;To klg ;Tosf] cfwf/df dfq x'G5 cGoyf c;To x'Fb} x'Fb}g .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] kfy{, ltdL cfwf ;TonfO{ b]v]/ ljrlnt eO/x]sf 5f} To;}n] ltdL k"/f ;TonfO{
x]/ . hLjg Ps 5]paf6 csf]{ 5]p;Ddsf] ofqf xf] . ;'vaf6 b'v / b'vaf6 ;'v;Ddsf] ofqf xf] .
To;}n] x] ef/t Û k"/f ;TonfO{ x]/ / o:ff] u¥of} eg] ltdL plåUg x'g] 5}gf} .
o+ lx g JoyoGTo]t] k'?if+ k'?ifif{e .
;db'Mv;'v+ wL/+ ;f]˜d[tTjfo sNkt] ..!%..
x] k'?if>]i7 Û ;'v / b'vaf6 ljrlnt gx'g] / hf8f] tyf udL{df ;dfg cj:yfdf /xg] wL/
k'?ifx¿ g} d'lQm k|fKt ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] JolQm ;'v / b'v b'j}nfO{ ;dfg 7fG5 Tof] g} 1fgL xf] . h;n] hGdsf]
;dodf g} d[To' b]V5, ;'vdf klg b'vsf] 5fof b]V5, ldngdf lj/xnfO{ b]V5 / hf] ljk/Lt
k|ltkmnnfO{ b]Vg ;S5 Tof] g} 1fgL xf] . xfd|f] cg''ejdf o:tf] s''g} ;kmntf 5}g hf] c;kmntf
gePsf] xf];\ . nfpT;'' -LaoTzu_ eG5g\, dnfO{ s;}n] x/fpg ;Sb}g lsgeg] d}n] slxNo} lhTg]
k|of; g} ul/gF . hf] ;'v rfxG5, ToxL b'vdf kl/0ft x'G5 . 1fgL JolQmdf ;'v / b'vsf] rog
x'Fb}g . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ltdL k"/f x]/, 1fgL ag, x/]s ljk/Lttfdf ;d ag / a|Xdefj
k|fKt u/ lsgeg] o:tf] ;d cj:yfdf /xg ;Sg] wL/ k'¿ifx¿ g}+ d'lQm k|fKt ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
gf;tf] ljBt] efjf] gfefjf] ljBt] ;tM .
peof]/lk b[i6f]˜Gt:Tjgof]:tŒjblz{leM ..!^..
c;t\ j:t' cyf{t\ ef}lts hut\ / z/L/sf] cl:tTj x'bF }g jf Tof] lr/:yfoL x'bF }g eg] ;t\ j:t'
cfTdfsf] kl/jt{g jf gfz x'bF }g . tŒjbzL{x¿n] oL b'j}sf] /x:o a'em]sf / cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ ..
;t\ / c;t\sf] e]bnfO{ lrGg' g} 1fg / k|1f xf] . ;kgf / oyfy{sf] cGt/nfO{ hfGg' g}
d'lQmsf] dfu{ xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] 5, ;bf 5 / ;bf x''G5 Tof] ;t\ xf] / hf] slxNo} lyPg /
eljiodf klg x'g] 5}g Tof] c;t\ xf] . ;fwf/0ftof xfdL æ5}gÆ eGg] lqmofkbsf] k|of]u u5f}{+ / o:tf]
kbsf] k|of]u ug{' klg cfjZos 5}g lsgeg] h] 5}g, Tof] 5}g . To;}n] c;t\sf] cy{ 5}g eGg] dfq
xf]Og . c;t\sf] cy{ hf] 5}g t/ klg 5 h:tf] e|d lbg] dfq x'G5 .
c;t\ ;To h:tf] nfU5 t/ of] ;kgf dfq xf] . ;kgf b]v'Gh]n Tof] ;To h:tf] nfU5 t/
lapFlemg] lalQs} ;a} ;kgf c;To ;flat x'G5 . of] ;To k|tLt x'g] kl/jlt{t hut\ jf:tjdf c;t\
xf] . ;+;f/nfO{ c;t\ eGg'sf] cy{ hf] hfu[t\ eP/ b]V5 To;nfO{ ;+;f/ klg ;kgf h:t} nfUg] 5 .

nf]suLtf– 31
cWofo–@
>Ls[i0f eGGf'x'G5– hf] lxhf] lyPg / ef]ln klg x'Fb}g, s]jn cfh dfq 5 Tof] c;t\ xf] . c;t\ e"t /
eljiodf x'Fb}g s]jn jt{dfg cyf{t\ larsf] cjlwdf dfq x'G5 . t/ hf] lxhf] klg lyof], cfh 5 /
ef]ln klg x'g] 5 cyf{t\ e"t, eljio / jt{dfgdf ;b}j /xg] zfZjt j:t' g} ;t\ xf] . hf] ;kgf /
hfu/0f b'j} cj:yfdf 5 Tof] ;t\ xf] . ;t\ r]tgfsf] x/ cj:yfdf x'g] x'Fbf of] ;bf, cgflb, ;gftg
/ cgGt 5 . ;t\sf] af]w ePkl5 s'g} JolQm b'vL / ljrlnt x'Fb}g lsgeg] p;nfO{ h'g z/L/ Ps
If0fcl3 lyPg, clxn] 5 / Ps If0fkl5 x'g] 5}g eGg] yfxf x'G5 . b'j} lsgf/ cyf{t\ e"t / eljiodf
klg x''g] cgGt lj:tf/ hf] lardf klg 5 Tof] ;t\ xf] eg] b'j} lsgf/df gx'g] lardf dfq x'g] c;t\
xf] . ;'v hf] If0fe/ klxn] lyPg, clxn] If0fe/sf nflu 5 / If0fe/kl5 x'Fb}g Tof] c;t\ xf] . b'v
:yfoL 5}g s]jn Ifl0fs ;dosf nflu dfq 5 . z/L/ hf] clxn] 5, If0fe/ klxn] lyPg /
If0fe/kl5 km]l/ x'Fb}g Tof] c;t\ / Ifl0fs xf] . cl3kl5 gx'g] / lardf dfq x'g] t wf]sf / e|d dfq
xf] .
To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGGf'x'G5– hf] ctLtdf lyPgg\ / eljiodf klg x'g] 5}gg\, s]jn lardf b]vf
k/]sf JolQm jf ;DaGwL hgx¿sf nflu b'vL x'g' / df]xdf kg{' plrt xf]Og lsgeg] pgLx¿ j:t'tM
clxn] klg 5}gg\ s]jn ePsf] h:tf] b]lvg] ;kgf / e|d dfq x'g\ . h;sf] cGTosf] cfzª\sfn]
eoeLt eP/ lrGtf ub}{ 5f} pgLx¿ s]xL If0fkl5 x'Fb}gg\ . ;kgfaf6 lapFemF bf ;kgf c;To k|tLt
eP h:t} 1fg k|fKt ePkl5 aflx/L cfFvfn] b]v]sf ;a} ef}lts j:t' jf z/L/ c;t\ x'g\ eGg]] af]w
x'G5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGGf'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û c;t\df xf]Og, ;t\df Wofg b]pm / ;t\ ltdLnfO{ cfef;
ePsf] 5}g eg] klg To;nfO{ vf]h . hLjgdf ;t\sf] vf]h c;t\af6 ;'? x'G5 . c;t\nfO{ c;t\ eg]/
lrGg ;t\sf] w/ftndf pleP/ vf]Hg'k5{ . ha;Dd ;t\nfO{ lrGg ;lsGg, ta;Dd c;t\ eg]/ yfxf
kfpg ;lsGg .
xfdL h;nfO{ c;t\ eG5f}+ To;sf] cfwf/ klg ;t\ g} xf]≤ of] cFWof/f]df Pp6f 8f]/L b]Vbf
To;nfO{ ;k{ egL 7fGg'h:t} xf] . To:t} ;t\sf cfwf/df c;t\nfO{ lrGg ;lsG5 . kbfy{sf] k5fl8
klg k/dfTdf 5 . t/Ë jf 5fnsf k5fl8 ;fu/ 5 . xfdL ePsf] sf/0fn] gbLdf xfd|f] k|ltljDa
b]lvG5 / xfdL gePdf k|ltljDa b]lvFb}g . Tof] k|ltljDa ;t\ xf]Og s]jn cfs[lt dfq xf] t/ Tof]
k|ltljDa hxfFaf6 pTkGg x'G5 Tof] ;t\ xf] . c;t\ ;t\sf] If0fe/sf] emns dfq xf] / ToxL
emnsaf6 Tof] lg/fsf/nfO{ lrGg ;Sg' g} ;t\nfO{ lrGg' xf] . of] ;+;f/ k|ltljDa Pjd\ cfs[ltx¿sf]
hut\ xf] . To;}n] c;t\af6 ;'? u/]/ ;t\nfO{ vf]Hg'k5{ . ;kgfnfO{ ;kgfsf] ¿kdf a'‰g ;lsof] eg]
c;t\ x/fpg] 5 . c;t\nfO{ ;kgfsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ k|of; u/]df lg/Gt/sf] cEof;af6 ;t\df k'Ug
;lsG5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h;n] ;t\ / c;t\sf] e]bnfO{ hfGb5 To;n] 1fg k|fKt ub{5 . h'g s'/f
xfdL k|of; u/]/ klg x6fpg ;Sb}gf}+“, hf] ;bf /lx/xG5 Tof] ;t\, zfZjt / cgGt xf] . c;t\ ;w}+
;doleq x'G5 . c;t\df ;dosf] lqsflns ljefhg lxhf], cfh / ef]ln x'G5 t/ ;t\df ;do
ljeflht x'Fb}g . c;t\ Ifl0fs x'G5 / ;t\ ;b}j If0fsf] kf/ x'G5 . >Ls'i0f eGg'x'G5– o;sf] e]bnfO{
hfGg] JolQm g} 1fgL xf] .
cljgflz t' tlål4 o]g ;j{ldb+ ttd\ .
ljgfzdJoo:of:o g slZrTst{'dx{lt ..!&..
hf] of] ljZj a|Xdf08df JofKt 5, cyf{t\ ;Dk"0f{ z/L/x¿df JofKt 5, Tof] ;"Id j:t'
cljgfzL 5 . Tof] O{Zj/Lo c+z cfTdf cljgfzL ePsfn] s;}n] o;sf] ljgfz ug{ ;Sb}g . h;df of]
;f/f a|Xdf08 JofKt 5 Tof] :y"n j:t' jf a|Xdf08 eg] gfzjfg\ 5 ..

nf]suLtf– 32
 cWofo–@
Pp6f sf]7fdf ePsf] vfnLkgn] sf]7fnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] JofKt u/]sf] 5 . of] vfnLkg sf]7f aGg'
cl3 klg lyof], ef]ln sf]7f gePdf klg /xG5 / cfh sf]7f x'Fbf klg df}h'b 5 . vfnLkg ;bf /xG5 .
?v, dflg; cflb 5g\ eGg ldN5 t/ vfnLkg jf k/dfTdf 5 eGg' k'g?lQm xf] . To;}n] a'4n]
slxNo} k/dfTdf 5 eGg' ePg t/ ga'‰g] dflg;x¿nfO{ a'4 gfl:ts x'g'x'G5 eGg] nfUof] . 5 t
To;}nfO{ elgG5, hf] gx'g klg ;S5 . k/dfTdf zfZjt, cgflb / ;gftg 5≤ To;}n] p;nfO{ 5
elg/xg' cfjZos 5}g . To:t} vfnLkg klg ;bfb]lv 5 t;y{ vfnLkg 5 elg/xg cfjZos 5}g .
uf/f] nufP/ agfOPsf] sf]7f klg vfnLkg xf]Og .
of] lj/f6\ ljZj a|xdf08 cgGt;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 h;sf] cflb / cGTo 5}g . a|xdf08sf] cy{
g} c;Lldt x''g' xf] . of] cgGt vfnLkg g} ;t\ xf] / of] cgGt vfnLkgdf w]/} s'/f aG5g\ / gi6
x'G5g\ lsgeg] tL ;a} c;t\ x'g\ . Pp6f j[If vfnLkgdf kfn'jf xfN5, km"n km'N5, kmn nfU5, kfS5
/ gi6 x'G5 . Tof] vfnLkg ?v pld|g' cl3, ?v aGg] k|lqmofdf, ?v ag]kl5 klg / gi6 x'Fbf klg
/xg] 5 . vfnLkgdf lrh aG5 / gi6 x'G5 . Tof] af≈o b[li6n] uf]r/ x'g] s'/f :y"n xf] t/ Tof]
vfnLkg hf] uf]r/ 5}g Tof] slxNo} klg aGb}g / gi6 klg x'Fb}g . Tof] ;"Id / cb[io 5 . :y"nsf]
;fgf] eGbf ;fgf] lx:;f klg ;"Id xf]Og . s'g} klg pks/0faf6 b]lvg] lrh ;fgf] eGbf ;fgf]
ljB'Tf\sf] s0fnfO{ klg ;"Id elgFb}g . ;"Id t slxNo} b]lvFb}g / b]Vg klg ;lsFb}g . >Ls[i0f ToxL
;"Idsf] s'/f ub}{ x'g'x'G5 hf] cljgfzL 5 h;sf nflu zAb 5}g / Tof] OZj/Lo c+z cfTdf cljgfzL
ePsf]n] s;}n] o;sf] ljgfz ug{ ;Sb}g t/ h;df of] ;f/f a|Xdf08 JofKt 5 Tof] :y"n j:t' jf
a|Xdf08 eg] gfzjfg\ 5 . olb c;Lldt eGg' k/] klg ;Ldfaf6 g} eGg'k5{ . dg'iosf cleJolQmsf
zAbx¿ ;a} hf]8Ldf (Pairs) 5g\ . OlG›osf] lgoGq0fdf cfpg] s'/f :y"n ePsf]n] k/df0f' klg :y"n
xf] . ;"Id s'/f dg'iosf OlG›ox¿sf] ;Ldfdf cfpFb}g . ljrf/n] h;nfO{ ;dfTg ;lsFb}g, Tof] ;"Id
xf] . t;y{ c1fg ;"Id xf]Og, c1]o ;"Id xf] . k/dfTdf hf] ;"Id x'G5, Tof] s;}sf] lgoGq0fdf cfpg}
;Sb}g . To:t} vfnLkg klg ;"Id Pjd\ ;To xf] .
Ps hgf tfcf] (Tao) u'?n] cfˆgf lziox¿nfO{ ufO{ / 3fF;sf] lrq agfP/ Nofpg eg] .
;a}n] lrq agfP/ NofP . Pshgfn] vfnL sfuh dfq a'emfP . Tof] b]v]/ u'?n] ;f]w]– æs] ltdLn]
lrq agfpg ;s]gf} <Æ lzion] hjfkm lbP– æagfPsf] 5', x]g{'xf];\ g ÛÆ u'?n] km]l/ ;f]w]– æ3fF; vf]O{
tÆ lziosf] hjfkm lyof], 3fF; t ufO{n] vfO;Sof] Û clg æufO{ vf]O{ tÆ u'?n] k|Zg u/] . lziosf]
hjfkm lyof], æufO{ t 3fF; r/]/ uO;Sof] .Æ cGTodf u'?n] ;f]w]– æs] aRof] t ca <Æ lzion] eg]–
æhf] ufO{ / 3fF;eGbf klxn] klg lyof] / ufO{ / 3fF;kl5 klg h;sf] cl:tTj /xG5, ToxL vfnLkg
agfP/ NofPsf] 5' u'?b]j ÛÆ oxL vfnLkgnfO{ g} eujfg\ >Ls[i0f ;"Id eGg'x'G5 cyf{t\ hf] ;bf
/xG5 Tof] g} ;t\ xf] . z"Go / k"0f{ Pp6} j:t'sf b'O{ 5]p x'g\ . z"Go gsf/fTds b[li6 xf] eg] k"0f{
;sf/fTds b[li6 xf] . s]jn z"Go dfq k"0f{ x'G5 / k"0f{ ck"0f{ x'g} ;Sb}g . hf]8 36fpn] z"GonfO{
km/s kfb}{g . k"0f{df s]xL hf]8\g / lgsfNg ;lsGg . oL b'j}df h] hf]8] klg / hlt g} 36fP klg
plQ g} z"Go / plt g} k"0f{ /xG5 . a'4 / zÍ/frfo{nfO{ x]bf{ logdf lj/f]w b]lvP klg jf:tjdf
lj/f]w 5}g s]jn z"Go / k"0f{sf] cleJolQm dfq leGg 5 . pxfFx¿sf] egfO cnu eP klg s'/f Pp6}
xf] . Pp6fsf] cg'ej ePdf b'j}sf] 1fg x'G5 .
efUg'sf] cy{ ;dli6sf] OR5fdf cfˆgf] cfklQ xf] . xfdL hxfF 5f}+ ToxfF s]jn hfUg' k"0f{tf xf] .
cfwf Åboaf6 afFRg] JolQm TofUg] / efUg] s'/f u5{g\ . t/ k"0f{tfsf ;fy afFRg] JolQm s]jn hfUg]
dfq s''/f u5{g\ . hfu[t eP/ x]/] dfq hfGg ;lsG5 efUg] s''g} cfjZostf x''Fb}g . kbfy{af6 efUof]

nf]suLtf– 33
cWofo–@
eg] s]xL kfOGg, hxfF uP klg ToxL kbfy{ dfq kfOG5 t/ hfu]df kbfy{df k/dfTdf kfpg
;lsG5 . Pp6f cfs[ltaf6 efu]/ JolQm csf]{ cfs[ltdf, Ps :yfgaf6 efu]/ csf]{ :yfg, Ps
dflg;af6 efu]/ csf]{ dflg;df k'U5 . hxfF;Dd / htf efu] klg ;+;f/df g} k'luG5 . hfu]/ dfq
k/dfTdfdf k''Ug ;lsG5 . c1fgL slxn] wg, :qL / sfdjf;gflt/ efU5 eg] slxn] kbfy{x¿af6
efU5 . s]xL kfpg g;lsg] / 5f]8\g g;lsg] ;+;f/ xf] . c;t\ klg ToxL xf], g kfpg ;lsG5 g
5f]8\g ;lsG5 s]jn c;t\k|lt hfUg dfq ;lsG5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ efUgaf6 arfpg vf]Hb}
x'g'x'G5 . of] ;Dk"0f{ uLtf efUg] JolQmx¿nfO{ hfu[t u/fpgsf nflu xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ;+;f/L /
;GGof;L cnu xf]Ogg\ . ;+;f/af6 efu]/ sf]xL ;GGof;L x'Fb}gg\ . ;+;f/af6 hfUg ;Sof] eg] dfq
;GGof;L x'g ;lsG5 . ;kgfnfO{ ;kgf dfGg' g} ;kgfaf6 hfUg' xf] . To;}n] x] ch{'g Û hfu Û ltdL
hfu]/ ;t\ / c;t\ s] xf] x]/, olb ltdL hfUof} eg] Tof] hfu/0fdf ltdL O{Zj/ aGg ;Sg] 5f} .
cGtjGt Od] b]xf lgTo:of]QmfM z/Ll/0fM .
cgflzgf]˜k|d]o:o t:dfB'Wo:j ef/t ..!*..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ef/t Û cljgfzL, ckl/d]o -dfkg ug{ g;lsg]_, Pjd\ zfZjt
hLjfTdfsf] z/L/nfO{ gfzjfg\ elgPsf] 5≤ To;}n] x] e/tj+zL o'4 u/ ..
ch''{g klg xfdL h:t} z/L/ / o''4nfO{ ;t\ 7fGb5g\ ;fy} pgL d[To''nfO{ klg ;To 7flg/x]sf
5g\ . t;y{ ch{'gNffO{ ;DemfpFb} >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– of] z/L/ / b]lvg] ;a} dflg;x¿ :jKg h:t}
x'g\ . ltdLn] df/]/ dg{] of slxNo} gdg{] klg xf]Ogg\ . of] cljgfzL, ckl/d]o Pjd\ zfZjt
hLjfTdfsf] z/L/ gfzjfg\ 5≤ To;}n] lrGtf glnO{ o'4 u/ . >Ls[i0fsf] æo'4 u/Æ eGg]] jrg cfl:ts
JolQmx¿nfO{ crDd / si6k"0f{ nfUg ;S5≤ t/ pgLx¿ s[i0fnfO{ a'‰g ;Sb}gg\ . Psflt/ kfgL
5fg]/ vfpm, clg csf{lt/ lx+;f x'G5 egL v'§f e'OFdf /fVbf ljrf/ u/]/ /fv eGg]] JolQm klg 5g\ .
To;}n] of] c1fg¿kL ;kgf hf] c;t\ xf], To;nfO{ jf:tf / lkmqmL gu/L ltdL o'4 u/ eGg]
>Ls[i0fsf] jrg pgLx¿nfO{ a''‰g ufx|f] ePsf] 5 . clx+;fjfbLx¿ ch{'gsf] egfOdf ;xdt x'g
;S5g\ t/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] ;kgf cyf{t\ c;t\ xf] h'g If0fe/sf nflu b]lvG5, To;sf nflu
ltdL lrlGtt x'g' Joy{ 5 . >Ls[i0fsf] of] egfO ;fwf/0f gLlteGbf w]/} dflysf] s''/f xf] .
eujb\uLtf klxnf] k6s cg''jfb eP/ kfZRffTo ;+;f/df k''Uf]kl5 z/L/ c;t\ xf]≤ To;}n] ltdL
o''4 u/ eGg] jrg k9\bf ToxfFsf gLlt1x¿nfO{ of] ljrf/ cg}lts nfUof] . ;fdflhs Joj:yfnfO{
rnfpg / To;nfO{ dof{lbt agfpgsf nflu gLlt agfOG5 t/ gLlt wd{ xf]Og . gLlt ;dofg's"n
kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . gLlt–s'gLlt b'j} c;t\sf lx:;f x'g\ / ;t\n] oL ;a}nfO{ kf/ u5{ . wd{ t gLlt
eGbf w]/} dfly 5 . >Ls[i0fsf ljrf/df lx+;f–clx+;f / z''e–cz''e klg Pp6} s''/fsf lx:;fx¿ x'g\ .
lx+;f–clx+;f b'j} ;kgf x'g\ / k"/f ;kgfnfO{ hf] ;kgfsf] ¿kdf hfGb5 ,To;n] g} ;t\nfO{ k|fKt u5{ .
o:tf] s'/fn] gLltdfly cltqmd0f u5{ . pxfFsf] egfO cg';f/ /fd|f–g/fd|f s'/f b'j} :jKg / c;t\ x'g\ .
>Ls[i0f g lx+;|s g clx+;|s x'g'x'G5 lsgeg] lx+;|s d c¿nfO{ dfb{5' eGg] ;f]R5 eg] clx+;|s d
c¿nfO{ arfpF5' eGg] ;f]Rb5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] dfl/“b}g, To;nfO{ arfpg klg ;lsFb}g . s;}nfO{ s;}n] g t dfg{
;S5 g t arfpg g} ;S5 . oL b'j} Ps–csf{sf ljk/Lt ;kgf x'g\ . hf] ;t\ xf] Tof] ;b}j 5≤ Tof]
gi6 x'g} ;Sb}g . hf] c;t\ 5 To;nfO{ gi6 ug}{ kb}{g lsgeg] Tof] Ifl0fs 5 . To;}n] oL b'j} ;kgf
x'g\ . olb ;kgfnfO{ ;kgf, c;t\ of e|d xf] egL hfGof] eg] JolQm hfu[t x'G5 . of] hfu/0fsf]
k|lqmofaf/] gLltjfbLx¿ / ch{'gnfO{{ a'‰g sl7g eO/x]sf] 5 .

nf]suLtf– 34
 cWofo–@
o Pg+ j]lQ xGtf/+ oZr}g+ dGot] xtd\ .
pef} tf} g ljhfgLtf] gfo+ xlGt g xGot] ..!(..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h;n] of] hLjfTdf dfl/G5 eGg] 7fGb5 of h;n] o;nfO{ d/]sf] dfGb5, tL
b'j} hLjfTdfsf af/]df hfGb}gg\ lsgeg] cfTdf g slxNo} d5{, g t dfl/G5 g} ..
h'g ;t\ xfdL leq 5 Tof] cfTdf xf]≤ h''g ;t\ ;j{q 5 Tof] cl:tTj k/dfTdf xf] . hf]
gfzjfg\ 5 Tof] z/L/ xf] To:t} aflx/sf] gfzjfg\ b[Zo ef}lts j:t' hut\ xf] . r]tgf cd[t xf] /
gfzjfg\ j:t' h8 xf] . gbLsf] 5fn h:tf] t/Ë h'g gfzjfg\ 5 Tof] c;t\ xf] eg] ;fu/ hf]
cd[tt'No 5 Tof] ;t\ xf] .
ch{'g b'lawfu|:t / lrlGtt x'Fb} eG5g\– d s;/L df¿F o;eGbf t a? d cfkm}F d/] a];
x'G5 . ch{'g d[To'nfO{ dfq ;To 7fG5g\, t/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– z/L/ db}{df cfTdf db}{g . To;}n]
d[To' c;Dej x'G5 . h;n] o;nfO{ d/]sf] dfGb5g\ pgLx¿ hLjfTdfsf af/]df hfGb}gg\ . z/L/
gfzjfg\ j:t' ePsf]n] gi6 x'g}k5{ t/ cfTdf cd[t ePsf]n] o;sf] slxn] d[To' g} x'Fb}g . t/ xfdL
d[To'nfO{ lglZrt 7fG5f}+ . ;d|f6\ xf];\ of ;fdfGo dflg;, ul/a–wgL, b'vL–;'vL, ;kmn–c;kmn
;a}n] dg{' g} k5{ eGg]] ;To xfdL hfGb5f}+“ t/ >Ls[i0f o;sf] l7s pN6f] s'/f ug{'x'G5 . g sf]xL
d¥of], g sf]xL d5{ lsgeg] d[To' t x'Fb} x'Fb}g, d[To' t s]jn e|d dfq xf] . d[To'nfO{ ;To 7fGg]x¿
z/L/eGbf c¿ s]xL hfGb}gg\ . To;}n] d[To' t c¿nfO{ b]v]/ ul/g] cg'dfg dfq xf] . z/L/af6 cfTdf
x6\g' d[To' xf] . lbof]sf] ls/0f cfkm}Fdf k'gM lkmtf{ eP h:t} hLjgsf] ofqf klg o;/L g} lkmtf{ eP/
gofF ofqf ;'? x'G5 . z/L/af6 cfTdf lkmtf{ x'g'nfO{ xfdL d[To' 7fG5f}+ . lah'nLsf] l:jr aGb ubf{
aNasf] k|sfz dfq lkmtf{ x'G5 t/ aNaleqsf] k|sfz x/fPsf] xF'b}g, s]jn cleJolQm dfq aGb
ePsf] x'G5 . l:jr vf]n]df k|sfz k'gM cleJoQm x'G5 lsgeg] k|sfz t k"/f ;do ToxL df}h'b
/xG5 . To;}n] l:jr vf]Nbf / aGb ubf{ k|sfz hLljt of d[t x''Fb}g, To:t} d[To' klg k|s6sf] k'gM
ck|s6Ls/0f xf] eg] hGd ck|s6sf] k'gM k|s6Ls/0f xf] .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– z/L/ d/]df jf /x]df b''j} cj:yfdf cfTdf db}{g . hf] hLjg / d[To'eGbf
dfly 5, ToxL cfTdf / cl:tTj xf] . cfTdf g db{5 g dfl/G5 . o;sf] ljgfzsf] s'g} ;Defjgf
5}g . lx+;f t x'Fb}g t/ lx+;f ug]{ cfsfª\Iff eg] x'g ;S5 h'g cToGt v/fa xf] . JolQmnfO{ d dfg{
;S5' eGg]] efjgf x'g' unt xf] / kfk klg ToxL efjgfsf] x''G5 . lx+;fsf] clek|fo x''G5 t/ lx+;f eg]
x''g ;Sb}g . To;}n] lx+;f t c;Dej 5, t/ lx+;fsf] dgf]efjgf eg] ;Dej 5 . dxfjL/ cfkm" lxF8\bf
Pp6f sldnf klg gd/f];\ eGg]] clx+;fsf] dgf]efj /fVg''x'G5 t/ pxfFsf] k|of;n] dfq s]xL x''Fb}g .
Tof] sldnf aRg' 5 eg] aR5 / dg{' 5 eg] d5{ t/ pxfFsf] lx+;f gxf];\ eGg]] efjgf eg] dxŒjk"0f{
5 . ulxl/P/ ljrf/ ubf{ lx+;f efjsf] dfq x'G5 .
cl:tTjsf] hut\df ;a} s'/f k/dfTdfsf] OR5fn] x'g] x'Fbf ToxfF rf]/L / lx+;f x'g ;Sb}g . t/
dgf]efjsf] hut\df d / csf]{sf] lardf lje]b x'G5 . To;}n] ToxfF rf]/L / lx+;f b'j} kfk x'G5
lsgeg] efjaf6 rf]/L / lx+;f b'j} x'g ;S5 . >Ls[i0f eGg''x'G5 sf]xL db}{gg\ / s;}nfO{ dfg{ klg
;lsFb}g . ltdLnfO{ g} s;}n] df/] eg] klg ltdL db}{gf} . >Ls[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ logLx¿ sf]xL dg]{jfnf
5}gg\ ltdL df/ t/ cfkm"nfO{ arfpm eGg'ePsf] eP Tof] egfO a]OdfgLk"0f{ x'GYof] . t/ >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– sf]xL db}{gg\, sf]xL dfl/“+b}gg\ . ha;Dd sf]xL cfkm"nfO{ arfpg / c¿nfO{ dfg{ vf]H5 eg]
Tof] efj ck/fw / kfk xf] . olb of] s'/f a'‰of} eg] o'4sf l:yltdf h] x'G5 Tof] x'g b]pm . of] bf]xf]/f]
af0f k|xf/sf] cj:yfdf s;}n] df/]/ sf]xL db}{g / s;}nfO{ arfpg vf]Hbf klg sf]xL aRb}g .

nf]suLtf– 35
cWofo–@
>Ls[i0fsf] egfOdf r]tgfsf] Pp6f o:tf] nx/ 5 hxfF k|sfz g} k|sfz 5, ToxfF cGwsf/ x'g}
;Sb}g . Tof] lzv/;Dd k'Ug ;s] ToxfF cfTdf e]l6G5, hxfF lx+;f / clx+;f x'Fb} x'Fb}g .
g hfot] ld|ot] jf sbflr–
Ggfo+ e"Tjf eljtf jf g e"oM .
chf] lgToM zfZjtf]˜o+ k'/f0ff]–
g xGot] xGodfg] z/L/] ..@)..
of] cfTdf g slxNo} pTklQ g slxNo} ljgfz x''G5 . cyf{t\ of] cfTdf slxNo} hlGdPg, hlGdFb}g
/ hlGdg]jfnf klg 5}g . of] t chGdf, lgTo, zfZjt / ;gftg 5 . z/L/nfO{ 6'qmf 6'qmf kfbf{ klg
of] cfTdf slxNo} db}{g ..
xfdL hxfF 5f}+“ ToxfF ;a} hlGdG5f}+“ / chGdf sf]xL klg 5}gf}+ t/ hGdsf nflu chGdf s'g}
lrh rflxG5 h;sf] hudf hGd x'G5 . h:tf] km"nsf y'Fufx¿nfO{ Pslqt kf/L dfnfsf] :j¿k lbg
wfuf] rflxG5, t/ km"nn] 9flsFbf wfuf] b]lvFb}g . To:t} hGd / d/0f¿kL nfdf] >[[Înfsf nflu klg
To:tf] cb[Zo wfuf] rflxG5 cGoyf wfuf]ljgf km"nsf] y'Fuf dfqn] dfnfsf] :j¿k u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}g .
hGd–d[To' nufotsf kl/jt{gsf lglDt slxNo} ghlGdg], gdg]{, lgTo, zfZjt / ;gftg¿kL c1ft
;"q rflxG5 . ToxL ;"Id cfTd¿kL ;"qn] of] ;a}nfO{ hf]8]/ /fVb5 . oxL chft tŒjsf] gfd cfTdf
/ k/dfTdf xf] . ;f/f ¿kx¿sf k5fl8 c¿k klg rflxG5 . c¿k geP ¿k l6Sg ;Sb}g . of]
¿kfs[ltsf] kl/jt{g k5fl8 Pp6f l:y/ c¿k rflxG5 . ¿k cfpF5 / hfG5 t/ c¿k¿kL tŒj
l:y/ /xG5 . hGd–d[To', ;kmntf–c;kmntf, ;'v–b'v, hjfgL–a'9];sfn nufotsf kl/jt{gx¿
ToxL chft / chGdf tŒjdf x'G5g\ hf] ;b}j cl:tTj ¿k eP/ l6ls/xG5 . hf] hlGdG5, Tof] d5{
To;}n] hf] db}{g To;nfO{ vf]Hg'k5{ clg dfq Tof] chGdf tŒjnfO{ hfGg ;lsG5 . Tof] chGdfnfO{
z:qn] sf6\g ;lsFb}g t/ e|dsf sf/0f xfdL t z:qn] sf6\5 eGg]] ;f]R5f}+ . h;nfO{ sf6\g jf dfg{
c;Dej 5 Tof] cfTdf chGdf xf] . ToxL cfTd¿kL tŒj hf] gi6 x'Fb}g / chGdf, lgTo, zfZjt /
;gftg 5 >Ls[i0f To;s} s'/f ub}{ x'g'x'G5 .
l;sGb/n] ef/taf6 Pp6f ;GGof;LnfO{ o'gfg hfgsf nflu cfb]z lbP, t/ ;GGof;Ln] 7f8}
c:jLsf/ u/] . Tof] b]v]/ l;sGb/n] ;GGof;LnfO{ guPdf t/jf/n] sfl6lbg] r]tfjgL lbP .
;GGof;Ln] eg]– ltdL dnfO{ dfg{ ;S5f}, t/ ltdL h;nfO{ dfg]{ 5f} Tof] d xf]Og≤ d]/f] z/L/ jf
6fpsf] dfq xf] . d}n] t w]/} klxn] g} z/L/ / d cnu ePsf] cg'ej ul/;s]sf] 5' . ltdL dnfO{
df/, d klg z/L/af6 cnu ePsf] s'/f x]g{ rfxG5' . oL ;GGof;Ln] l;sGb/;Fu ToxL elg/x]sf 5g\
hf] >Ls[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ elg/xg'ePsf] 5 . z:qn] sf6\bf z/L/ t sfl6G5, t/ leq s]xL csf6\o
cl:tTj /xG5 . la/fdL x'Fbf z/L/ la/fdL eP klg leq sf]xL :j:y /xG5 . b'v cfOkbf{ z/L/n] t
b'v kfpF5, t/ leq b'vnfO{ 6f9f a;L lgofNg] tŒj klg 5 . oxL tŒj chGdf / csf6\o 5 . ch{'g
l;sGb/sf em}+ s'/f ub}{ 5g\ . s]jn af≈o b[Zo z/L/sf] s'/f ch{'g eGb} 5g\ . z/L/sf txdf
k|ltIf0f b'v–;'v h:tf 36gf 3l6/xG5g\ t/ leq sf]xL 5, hf] ;'v–b'v jf h'g;'s} 36gfdf klg
lgZrn /xG5 . >Ls[i0f ToxL lgZrnsf] s'/f eGb} x'g'x'G5 .
j]bfljgflzg+ lgTo+ o PgdhdJood\ .
sy+ ; k'?ifM kfy{ s+ 3ftolt xlGt sd\ ..@!..
>Ls[i0f eGGf'x'G5– x] kfy{ Û h'g k'?if of] cfTdfnfO{ chGdf, cJoo -ljs[t gx'g]_, lgTo,
cljgfzL 5 eGg]] hfGb5 To;n] s;/L s;}nfO{ dfg{ nufpg ;Snf jf dfg{ ;Snf <
nf]suLtf– 36
 cWofo–@
cfTdf hlGdFb}g o;n] ef}lts z/L/ u|x0f dfq ub{5 . z/L/ hlGdG5 / db{5 t/ cfTdf
chGdf 5 . t;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch'{g Û h'g k'?if of] cfTdfnfO{ chGdf, cljgfzL, cJoo /
lgTo 5 eGg] hfGb5 p;n] s;}nfO{ dfg{ nufpg of dfg{ ;Sb}g . x] kfy{ Û dfGg'eGbf hfGg' sl7g
x'G5 t/ cl:tTjdf /x]sf wd{ k|foM hfGg–a'‰geGbf dfGgdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . zf:q k9]/ / cg'ejaf6
klg hfGg ;lsG5 . zf:q k9]/ hfGg' eg]sf] Ps k|sf/sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{' dfq xf] . of] t lstfa
k9]/ kf}8L v]Ng hfGg' h:t} xf] . aflx/af6 h;/L ;TonfO{ hfGg ;lsGg To;/L g} zf:q k9\b}df
cfTdtŒj a'‰g ;lsGg . hfg]/ h] pknAw x'G5, Tof] >4f xf] . wd{ of zf:q dfg]/ hf] hfGb5 Tof]
ljZjf; dfq xf] . wd{ dfGg] ljZjf;L ;a} wfld{s x'Fb}gg\ . zf:qaf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 t/ 1fg
k|fKt x'Fb}g . 1fg t hLjgsf] cg'ejaf6 dfq k|fKt x'G5 .
jf;f+l; hL0ff{lg oyf ljxfo
gjflg u[X0fflt g/f]˜k/fl0f .
tyf z/L/fl0f ljxfo hL0ff{–
GoGoflg ;+oflt gjflg b]xL ..@@..
>Ls[i0f eGGf'x'G5– k'?ifn] h;/L k'/fgf / kmf6]sf j:q Tofu]/ gjLg j:q u|x0f u5{ of
klxl/G5, To;} u/L z/L/wf/L cfTdfn] klg a'9f] / sfd gnfUg] z/L/nfO{ Tofu]/ csf]{ gofF ef}lts
z/L/ :jLsf/ ub{5 ..
xfdLn] t z/L/nfO{ g} cfkm" 7fg]sf 5f}+“ . ef]s nfUbf xfdL z/L/nfO{ xf]Og cfk""mnfO{ ef]s
nfu]sf] 7fG5f}+“ . 6fpsf] b'Vbf 6fpsf] b'v]sf] dnfO{ yfxf eof] eGb}gf}+, d]/f] 6fpsf] b'v]sf] 5 eG5f}+ .
xfd|f] z/L/;Fu tfbfTDo ulx/f] 5 . d / z/L/ cnu 5f}+ eGg]] xf]Og ls z/L/ g} d x'F h:tf] nfU5 .
6fpsf] b'Vbf xfdLn] slxn] s] of] b'vfO dnfO{ eO/x]sf] 5 ls deGbf k/ sxL+“ eO/x]sf] 5 eg]/
vf]hlag klg u/]sf 5}gf}+“ lsgeg] xfd|f] z/L/;Fu ulx/f] tfbfTDo 5 .
ha;Dd z/L/ / …dÚ larsf] km/s cg'ej x'Fb}g, ta;Dd of] hL0f{ j:qsf] efFtL cfTdfn]
k'/fgf] z/L/ 5f]8]/ gofF z/L/ u|x0f u5{ eGg]] s'/f a'‰g ufx|f] x'G5 . xfd|f] dfGotf lgs} ulx/f] 5,
To;}n] of] :d[lt klg ;3g ePsf] 5 . xfdL cfkm"nfO{ g} z/L/ dflg/x]sf 5f}+ t/ cfFvf lrDn]/ leq
x]l//xg] xf] eg] xfdL z/L/eGbf slt cnu 5f}+ eGg]] yfxf x'g ;S5 . z/L/ leqaf6 hfu]df o;nfO{
b]Vg / cg'ej ug{ klg ;lsG5 . xfdL z/L/nfO{ aflx/af6 dfq hfGg] u5f}{+ . leqaf6 x]g{ hfg]df
leq g} Hof]lt 5, z/L/ t aflx/ 5 eGg] yfxf x'G5 clg dfq hL0f{ j:qsf] s'/f a'‰g ;lsG5 .
To;kl5 aNn cfTdf / z/L/ cnu cnu ePsf] yfxf x''G5 . To:t} cfTdfn] cgGt ofqf ug{ ;S5 /
z/L/ hL0f{ j:q h:t} ablnP/ gofF j:q wf/0f ul//xG5 eGg] hfGg ;lsG5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5–
h;/L k'?ifn] k'/fgf] j:q Tofu]/ gofF j:q u|x0f u5{ To;/L g} z/L/wf/L cfTdfn] a'9f] z/L/nfO{
Tofu]/ gofF ef}lts z/L/ :jLsf/ ub{5 .
hGd / d[To' t s]jn j:qsf] kl/jt{g xf]≤ o:tf] hfg]df ;'v / b'v g} x''Fb}g . wd{sf nflu
k|To]s JolQm cfkm}F k|of]uzfnf aGg'k5{ . xfdL lxF8\bf lxF8\b} klg olb ulxl/P/ x]¥of}+ eg] xfdLleqsf]
Tof] Hof]ltsf] klg bz{g x'g ;S5 . of] Zjf; hf] rln/x]sf] 5, s] d ToxL x'F jf dleq hf] Zjf;
rn]sf] x]l//x]sf] 5, Tof] d x'F eGg] vf]h]df oL b'j} cnu x'g\ eGg] hfGg ;lsG5 . ha ljrf/
dl:tisdf rN5 ta Tof] ljrf/ ug]{ s] d x'F eg]/ ulx/f] vf]h ul/of] eg] h;nfO{ ljrf/ rn]sf]
yfxf x'G5, Tof] s;/L ljrf/ x'g ;S5 eg]/ hflgg] 5 . ;fIfL cnu ePsfn] ha ;fIfLnfO{ hflgG5,

nf]suLtf– 37
cWofo–@
clg jNn s[i0fsf] egfO a'lemG5 . of] yfxf kfPkl5 b'v–;'v, hGd–d[To' t s]jn z/L/sf] j:q
kl/jt{g h:tf] dfq xf] eGg] a''lemG5 .
cfTdf g cfpF5, g hfG5 . cfpg] hfg] t s]jn z/L/ xf] . xfd|f] z/L/ klg b'O{+j6f 5g\–
Pp6f :y"n z/L/ hf] dftf–lktfaf6 hlGdg] qmddf k|fKt x'G5 . :y"n z/L/ oGq h:t} s]xL
;do;Dd rN5 clg gi6 x'G5 . of] aflx/L z/L/ cfpF5–hfG5 . Pp6f csf]{ leqL z/L/ 5, hf]
cl3Nnf] hGdb]lv xfdL;Fu cfpF5, Tof] ;"Id z/L/ xf] . ;"Id z/L/ ljB't\s0faf6 lgld{t z/L/ xf] .
d[To'kl5 of] ;"Id z/L/ csf]{ gofF :y"n z/L/df k|j]z u5{ . ;"Id z/L/ k|fs[lts ¿kdf :jtM csf]{
cfkm" cg's"n :y"n z/L/df k|j]z u5{ . To;}n] ;fwf/0f JolQm d[To'kl5 tTsfn hGd lnG5 lsgeg]
k[YjLdf w]/} ue{ pknAw 5g\ t/ c;fwf/0f JolQm d/]kl5 p;n] csf]{ z/L/ kfpg xfd|f] ;dofg';f/
;os8f}F jif{ klg nfUg ;S5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx, dx]G›jL/ljqmd zfx, e"kfndfgl;+x sfsL{,
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf h:tf JolQmnfO{ csf]{ hGd lng lgs} k|tLIff ug{'k5{ .
;f/f ofqf of] z/L/sf] ofqf xf], cfTdf t ofqf g} ub}{g . xfd|f] ;"Id z/L/ cg'¿k xfdL
k/dfTdfaf6 zlQm / hLjg lnO/x]sf x'G5f}+“ . cfTdf crn eP/ /xG5 / ;"Id z/L/n] dfq ofqf
u5{ . cfTdf¿kL ljB't\af6 ;"Id z/L/n] r]tgf k|fKt u5{ . ha ;"Id z/L/ 6'6\5, ta ;"Id z/L/sf]
ofqf ;dfKt eO{ cfjthfjtsf] k|lqmof aGb x''G5 . ;"Id z/L/ h;n] xfdLnfO{ z/L/ / k/dfTdfsf
lar ;]t' eP/ hf]l8/x]sf] lyof], Tof] 6'6]kl5 xfd|f] :y"n z/L/ / ;"Id z/L/sf] ofqf ;dfKt x'G5 .
cfjthfjt ;lsG5 / k/dfTdf;Fusf] kvf{n hf] xfd|f] Ifdtf cg';f/ lgld{t lyof], Tof] cg'kft
;dfKt eP/ xfdL k/dfTdfdf Ps x'G5f“}+– yf]kf ;fu/df ldl;O{ Ps eP/ lanLg eP h:t} xfdL klg
k/dfTdfdf lanLg x'G5f}“ .
cfTdfn] ofqf ub}{g t/ :y"n z/L/ / ;"Id z/L/sf] cfjt–hfjtsf] k|lqmof k/dfTdfdf
gldn'Gh]n rln/xG5 . ;"Id z/L/nfO{ ;dfKt kfg{' g} ;fwgf xf] . ;"Id z/L/ xfd|f OR5f, sfdgf–
jf;gf, cfsfª\Iff–ck]Iff cg';f/ xfd|f] ljrf/n] rfx]sf] sd{n] lgdf{0f x'G5 . xfdLn] ;f]r]sf / rfx]sf
cg''¿k g} tL ;a}sf] hf]8n] ;"Id z/L/sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . ;"Id z/L/sf] lj;h{g g} k/dfTdf;Fusf]
k'gld{ng xf] . a'4nfO{ d[To'kl5 tkfO{+ sxfF x'g'x'G5 eg]/ s;}n] ;f]w] . a'4n] eGg'eof]– ca d
;a}lt/ x'g] 5' . a'4nfO{ ;fu/df ldl;Pkl5 JolQmx¿ ;f]W5g\, ltdL sxfF x'G5f} ;fu/ eO;s]kl5 a''4
;a}lt/ df}h'b x''g'x'G5 . dftf lktfaf6 yf]kfsf] cfsf/df :y"n z/L/ kfOG5 / cfˆgf] rfxgf Pj+
cl3Nnf] sd{af6 ;"Id z/L/ kfOG5 . k/dfTdfaf6 eg] hLjgpmhf{¿kL cfTdf kfOG5 .
g}g+ l5GblGt z:qfl0f g}g+ bxlt kfjsM .
g r}g+ Sn]boGTofkf] g zf]ifolt df¿tM ..@#..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– of] cfTdfnfO{ g z:qf:qn] sf6\g ;S5, g t clUgn] g} hnfpg ;S5 .
o;nfO{ g kfgLn] unfpg ;S5, g t xfjfn] g} ;'sfpg ;S5 ..
cR5]Bf]˜odbfXof]˜odSn]Bf]˜zf]io Pj r .
lgToM ;j{utM :yf0f'/rnf]˜o+ ;gftgM ..@$..
of] cfTdf lgZro g} sf6\g g;lsg], 89fpg g;lsg], gleHg] jf gklUng] / g;'Sg] lsl;dsf]
5 . of] t lgTo, ;j{JofkL, ckl/jt{gzLn, crn, l:y/ Pjd\ ;b}j Ps}gf;sf] 5 ..

nf]suLtf– 38
 cWofo–@
cJoQmf]˜odlrGTof]˜odljsfof]{˜od'Rot] .
t:dfb]j+ ljlbTj}g+ gfg'zf]lrt'dx{l; ..@%..
of] cfTdf cJoQm, clrGTo, cljsf/L Pjd\ ckl/jt{gLo 5 . To;}n] x] ch{'g Û of] s'/f a'em]/
ltdLn] zf]s ug{' of]Uo x'bF }g ..
cfTdfsf] g k|f/De 5, g cGTo g} 5 cyf{t\ h;sf] hGd x'Fb}g, To;sf] d[To' klg x'Fb}g .
h;sf] s'g} k|f/De Pjd\ cGt 5}g, oxL cljgfzL tŒj g} cfTdf xf] . cfTdfsf] cy{ d xf]Og“, …dÚ
h;df hGdG5 / cGt x'G5 ToxL cl:tTj cfTdf xf] .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– cfTdfnfO{ cfuf]n] hnfpg ;Sb}g, kfgLn] unfpg jf 8'afpg ;Sb}g / of]
gi6 klg x'g ;Sb}g lsgeg] cfTdf s'g} j:t' xf]Og, of] t s]jn cl:tTj xf] . j:t'x¿df cl:tTj
x'G5, t/ cfTdf :jod\ cl:tTj xf] . To;}n] t cfTdfnfO{ cfuf]n] hnfpg ;Sb}g lsgeg] cfuf] klg
cl:tTj xf] . o;nfO{ kfgLn] unfpg ;Sb}g lsgeg] kfgL klg cl:tTj xf] . cfuf], kfgL / jfo'
klg cfTdfsf Ps Ps c+z x'g\ . cfTdf cl:tTj;Fu cleGg 5 . To;}n] cl:tTjn] cl:tTjnfO{ gi6
ug{ ;Sb}g . cfTdf cl:tTj xf] / Tof] cl:tTjdf p7]sf] Ps nx/ …dÚ xf] . z/L/¿kL …dÚ nfO{ 5f]8]/
xfdLleq h] afFsL /xG5 Tof] cfTdf xf] . Tof] z/L/¿kL …dÚ gfzjfg\ 5, h;nfO{ hnfpg / 8'afpg
;lsG5 t/ cl:tTjnfO{ gi6 ug{ ;lsGg . xfdL tyfslyt cfl:ts ePsfn] tŒjnfO{ ga'em]/ wf/0ff
dfq /fVg' unt x'G5 . d[To' x'g] a]nfdf >Ls[i0fsf jrg ;'g]/ cfTdf cd/ 5 egL lglZrGt x'g
vf]Hg'' cfTdfnfO{ hfg]/ geO{ dfg]/ cfZj:t x'g vf]h]sf] xf] . Tof] gi6 gx'g] cd[t tŒjnfO{ hf]
hfGb5, Tof] JolQm d'Qm x'G5 . Tof] cd[t tŒjnfO{ cfuf], kfgL, xfjf jf s'g} z:qn] klg gi6 ug{
;Sb}g . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– cfTdf lgTo, ;j{JofkL, ckl/jt{gzLn, crn, l:y/ Pjd\ ;b}j Psgf;sf]
5, To;}n] x] ch'{g Û of] a'e]m/ zf]s ug'{ plrt 5}g .
z/L/df k|j]z ug{ cfTdfsf] ;xeflutf Go""g ;"Idstf{ (CateleticAgent) sf] ¿kdf dfq
x'G5 . h:t} ;""o{sf] ls/0f km"n km'nfpg eg]/ pbfPsf] xf]Og t/ km"n km'Ng–km'nfpgsf nflu ;"o{sf]
pkl:ylt g} kof{Kt x'G5 . ;"o{sf ls/0fn] km"nsf slnx¿nfO{ vf]Nb5g\ . x'g t ;"o{sf] ls/0fsf]
tf}n Ps ju{ldndf sl/j Ps 56fs dfq x'G5 tyflk ;"o{sf] ;"Id ls/0fsf] rf]6 km"ndf k5{ . o;
k|lqmofdf ;"o{sf] ls/0fsf] ;xeflutf ;"Idstf{sf] ¿kdf dfq x'G5 . To:t} cfTdf lgliqmo 5 . hL0f{
j:qsf] Tofu cflb k|lqmofdf cfTdfn] ;lqmo tŒjsf] ¿kdf xf]Og, lgliqmo tŒjsf] ¿kdf sfd
ub{5 . sIffdf lzIfs cfpgf;fy ljBfyL{sf] xf]xNnf /f]lsP/ jftfj/0f zflGtdf kl/0ft x'G5 . oBlk
lzIfsn] o;sf nflu cfjZos sbd p7fPsf] klg x'Fb}g t/ lzIfs cfpgf;fy jftfj/0f zfGt
x'G5 / ;a} r'k nfU5g\ . lzIfssf] pkl:yltn] g} ;"Idstf{sf] sfd u5{ . To;/L g} cfTdfsf]
ljBdfgtf g} sfkmL x'G5 / p;n] s'g} klg s'/fdf ;lqmo ;xefuL x'g' cfjZos x'Fb}g t/ cfTdf
;xof]uL geP klg p;sf] sfdgf eg] x'g ;S5 . cfTdfsf] txdf sfdgf ug{' g} lgliqmo sfo{ xf] .
lgliqmo s[Tosf] sfdgf ;ª\sNkaf6 k""/f x''G5 . To;}n] t O{Zj/n] ;ª\sNk ug]{ lalQs} hut\ l;lh{G5 .
cfTdfn] hLjgsf] k|f/Desf nflu lg0f{o lnPsf] x''gfn] hLjgsf] k|f/De x'g ;s]sf] xf] /
hLjgdf pkl:ylt x''g] lg0f{o klg cfTdfs} xf] . cfTdfsf] cl:tTj :jtGq 5, p;nfO{ s;}n] k/fwLg
ug{ ;Sb}g . cfTdf klg :jlg0f{oaf6 cg'ejsf nflu sfdgf u/]/ ofqfdf lgl:sG5 . cfTdf d'lQmsf]
cg'ejsf nflu ;++;f/sf] ofqfdf lgl:sG5 . x'g t cfTdf ;+;f/sf] ofqfdf lgl:sg'cl3 klg d'Qm 5,
t/ Tof] d'lQmsf] p;nfO{ s'g} k|tLlt 5}g . ;+;f/sf] cg''ejljgf d'lQmsf] af]w x'g ;Sb}g . of]
;+;f/sf] cg'ej ug{sf nflu ul/g] ofqf cfTdfsf] cfˆg} r'gfj xf] . k/dfTdf klg t of] ;+;f/df

nf]suLtf– 39
cWofo–@
nLnf ub}{ 5 . ;+;f/df cfkm"nfO{ n'sfP/ vf]Hg nufpFb} 5 . To:t} cfTdf klg lgliqmo eP/ ;xefuL
dfq x'G5 / p;n] s]xL ug{'kb}{g, s]jn p;sf] sfdgf g} kof{Kt x'G5 .
d[To'kZrft\ z/L/sf] k|tLIffdf /x]sf] ;"Id z/L/n] hLljt JolQmsf] z/L/df k|j]z ug{ ;S5 .
c;n / v/fa ldl>t u'0fo'Qm ;fwf/0f JolQmx¿ d[To'kl5 tTsfn ue{ kfpF5g\ lsgeg] k[YjLdf
s/f]8f}“ ue{x¿ pknAw 5g\ . logLx¿sf] dfu ;fwf/0f ePsf]n] o:tf JolQm csf]{ hGdsf] ofqfdf
tTsfn lgl:sG5g\ . t/ w]/} c;n / w]/} v/fa c;fwf/0f JolQmsf nflu tTsfn ue{ pknAw x'Fb}g /
z/L/ k|fKt ug{ w]/} ;do k|tLIff ug{'k5{ . v/fa cfTdf e"tk|]t x'G5g\ eg] c;n cfTdf b]jtf
x'G5g\ . JolQm olb ;ª\sNkjfg\ 5 eg] p;leq l/Qm :yfg x'Fb}g . t;y{ ToxfF s'g} k|]tfTdf k|j]z ug{
kfpFb}g . xLgefjgf, eo, ckljqtf, cfTdUnflg / lg/fzfsf cj:yfdf ;"Id z/L/ l;s'l8G5 / leq
vfnL 7fpF x'G5, hxfF k|]tfTdfx¿ k|j]z ug{ ;S5g\ . oyfy{tM c;n cfTdfx¿ csf{sf] z/L/df k|j]z
ub}{gg\ lsgeg] pgLx¿ OlG›o ;'v / z/L/sf] ;'vaf6 d'Qm x'g rfxG5g\ t/ v/fa cfTdfsf nflu
hLjgsf ;a} ;'v z/L/df ;Lldt x'G5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ csf]{ z/L/ tTsfn pknAw gx'g] x'Fbf
csf{sf] z/L/df k|j]z u/]/ OlG›ox¿sf] ;'v ef]Ug] nfn;f x'G5 . sdhf]/ ;ª\sNk ePsf] JolQm
ljz]if u/]/ :qLx¿df o:tf] v/fa cfTdf tTsfn k|j]z u5{ / cfˆgf] OlG›o ;'vnfO{ csf]{ z/L/af6
ef]Ub5 lsgeg] o:tf k|]tfTdfx¿sf] z/L/ x'Fb}g . z'e cfTdfx¿ cfdGq0f u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq k|j]z
ub{5g\ t/ cfh ;ª\sNksf] zlQm IfL0f ePsf] 5 / cfdGq0fsf] ljlw k|foM nf]k ePsf] 5 . j}lbs
jfª\dodf b]jtfx¿nfO{ cfdGq0f ug]{ ljlw / ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ k|lqmof pknAw 5 . j]bdf
b]jtfx¿nfO{ cfdGq0f ug]{ ljlwåf/f pgLx¿nfO{ af]nfOGYof] . ;a} xjg / o1 lgdGq0ffsf] ljlw xf] .
;"Id z/L/ g} csf]{ z/L/ u|x0f ug{'cl3 b]jtf of k|]tsf ¿kdf x'G5g\ .
cy r}g+ lgTohft+ lgTo+ jf dGo;] d[td\ .
tyflk Tj+ dxfafxf] g}j+ zf]lrt'dx{l; ..@^..
eujfg\ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] dxfafx' Û olb ltdLn] cfTdfnfO{ lgTo hlGdg] / dg]{ 7fG5f} eg]
klg ltdL o;k|sf/ zf]s ug{ of]Uo 5}gf}+“ ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– olb cfTdf cd/ 5}g / d/0fwdf{ g} xf] eGg]] ltdLnfO{ nfU5 eg] klg gfz
x'g] s'/fsf nflu zf]s ug{' plrt x'Fb}g . hf] gi6 g} x'G5 To;df ltdL lrlGtt x''g' Joy{ 5 sf/0f
hf] gi6 x'G5 ToxfF lx+;f x'g ;Sb}g . h'g j:t'df ch/–cd/ s'g} tŒj g} 5}g eg] To:tf] j:t'nfO{
gi6 ug{ lrGtf gu/ ef]ln c¿h:t} ltdL klg gi6 x'G5f}≤ To;}n] ltdLnfO{ To;df kfk nfUg] 5}g .
df6f]df df6f] ldl;P/ ;a} gi6 x'G5 eg] kfk / k'0osf] lx;falstfa s;n] / sxfF ug{ ;S5 .
s[i0fn] cfTdf cd/ ePsf] s'/f ;DemfpFbf klg ch{'gsf] dl:tisdf s'g} km/s gk/]kl5 of] s'/f
ljjztfjz ch{'gsf] txdf cfP/ >Ls[i0f af]Nb} x'g'x'G5 . olb cfTdf d5{ eGg]] ltdLnfO{ nfU5 eg]
k~rtŒj -kfgL, cfsfz, jfo', clUg / k[YjL_ n] ag]sf] z/L/ k~rtŒjdf ljnLg eP/ ;dfKt x'G5 .
of] ;dfKt x'g] s'/fsf] nflu ltdL lrlGtt x''g Joy{ 5 . eujfg\ >Ls[i0fnfO{ s:tf] ljjztfdf
o;k|sf/sf] jQmJo lbg'k¥of] xf]nf Û lh;; eGg''x'G5 ltdL;Fu sfg 5 t/ ltdL sxfF ;'G5f} /
ltdL;Fu cfFvf 5 t/ ltdL sxfF x]5f}{ . s[i0fnfO{ klg ch{'gsf] cj:yf o:t} nfu]sf] x'g'k5{ .
hft:o lx w|'jf] d[To'w|{'j+ hGd d[t:o r .
t:dfbkl/xfo]{˜y]{ g Tj+ zf]lrt'dx{l; ..@&..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o; dfGotfg'';f/ hf] hlGdPsf] 5 To;sf] cjZo d[To' x'G5 / hf] d/]sf] 5
p;sf] cjZo hGd x'G5 . ctM o; k|sf/sf] 6f/]/ 6fg{ g;lsg] pkfoljgfsf] ljifodf ltdLn] zf]s
ug{' of]Uo 5}g ..

nf]suLtf– 40
 cWofo–@
cJoQmfbLlg e"tflg JoQmdWoflg ef/t .
cJoQmlgwgfGo]j tq sf kl/b]jgf ..@*..
x] ef/t Û ;a} k|f0fLx¿ k|f/Dedf cJoQm lyP, lardf JoQm 5g\ / d[To'kZrft\ ck|s6 g}
x'G5g\ . ctM o:tf] s'/fdf s]sf] zf]s ug{' ..
dfofaf6 g} z/L/sf] pTklQ x'G5, lardf :j¿k k|tLt x'G5 / cGTodf dfofdf g} o;
z/L/sf] no x'G5 . ctM wL/ dflg;n] zf]s ug{' g} cfjZos 5}g . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– of] cJoQm
cfZro{hgs 5 . k|f/Dedf ck|s6 / cb[Zo 5, dWodf k|s6 / b[Zo 5 Pjd\ cGTodf ck|s6 /
cb[Zo 5≤ oxL oyfy{ xf] . ctM x] ch'{g Û o:tf] s'/fdf zf]s ug'{ Joy{ 5 .
cJoQm k|f/De / cGtdf x'G5 / JoQm dWodf b[Zo x''G5 . cJoQmnfO{ hfGgsf nflu
JoQmleq k|j]z ug''{k5{ . JoQmsf] ;Ldf x'G5, cJoQmsf] s'g} ;Ldf x'Fb}g . cJoQm cgGt / ;fu/
h:t} x'G5 . xfdL :jod\leq plqof}+“ eg] dfq To;nfO{ hfGg ;S5f}+“ . xfd|f] Zjf; / /utnfO{ x/kn
rnfpg], vfPsf] vfgf krfpg] / 7f]; vfgf t/ndf kl/0ft ug]{ sfo{ s'g} cJoQm zlQmåf/f
;~rflnt eO/x]sf] 5 . xfdLnfO{ lg›f klg cJoQmaf6 g} cfpF5 . z/L/df rf]6 nfUbf leqaf6
tTsfn 3fp lgsf] kfg{ Zj]t /QmtŒj (WBC) rf]6 nfu]sf] :yfgdf cfOk'U5 . la/fdL x'Fbf ;xL
pkrf/ zlQm (Healing Force) leqaf6 cfpF5 . ;a} JoQm 36gfsf k5fl8 cJoQm df}h'b x'G5 .
k|To]s ¿kleq c¿k df}h'b x'G5 . ;fIfL eP/ leq x]b}{ hfFbf la:tf/} dgleqsf ljrf/x¿ labf
x'G5g\ / Tof] c¿k b]lvg yfN5 . ha leqsf] le8 aflxl/G5, ta :joDf\sf] af]w ;'? x'G5 clg
cfˆgf] kl/ro k|fKt eP/ cJoQmsf] ofqf ;'? x'G5 . h'g lbg cfkm"leqsf] cJoQmnfO{ b]lvG5, To;}
If0fb]lv ;a}lt/ ToxL cJoQm b]lvG5 . c¿k|ltsf] ljrf/nfO{ ;fIfL efjn] s]xL gu/L x]l//x]df ToxfF
c¿k|ltsf] ljrf/ lt/f]lxt eP/ cfkm"leqsf] Tof] c¿k / cJoQmsf] ;fIffTsf/ x'G5 . >Ls[i0f ToxL
cJoQm s'/f ug{'x'G5, hf] klxn] klg lyof], clxn] 5 / ;bf /xG5 . clxn] JoQmaf6 5f]lkPsf] x'gfn]
xfdL To;nfO{ b]Vg ;Sb}gf“}+ . hLjgsf] OR5f g/fv]kl5 cJoQm v''lDrg yfN5 / rfxgf Pjd\ OR5f
;dfKt x'G5 .
cJoQm v'lDrg' / hLjgsf] OR5f 5'6\g' o''uky 36gf xf] . cJoQmaf6 xfdL cnu 5}gf}+“ / x''g}
;Sb}gf“} . cl:tTjdf b'j} Ps x''G5, s]jn o;nfO{ hfGg] JolQm dfq o;af6 cnu x'g ;S5 .
cxª\sf/ / lg/xÍf/ efjdf xfdLnfO{ k|tLlt cnu x'g ;S5 t/ xfdL cJoQmsf g} lx:;f xf}+ . xfdL
h] ul//x]sf 5f}+“, hf] ;f]lr/x]sf 5f“}+ Tof] cJoQmn] ul//x]sf] 5 eGg]] h'g lbg nfU5, To;} lbg Tof]
k/dsf] cg'ej x'G5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'gsf] w/ftnaf6 af]Nbf pgnfO{ k|lti7f lbFb} æx] dxfafx', x] ef/tÆ
eGg'x'G5 . t/ pxfFn] cfˆgf] txaf6 af]Nbf ch{'gnfO{ d"v{, gk'+;s, sf“t/ cflb klg eGg'eof] .
lzv/af6 u/]sf] s'/f ch{'gn] a''¤bf klg a'em]gg\ eGg] s[i0fnfO{ nfu]sf] x'g'k5{ . To;}n] pxfF ca
ch{'gsf] txdf cf]ln{P/ af]Nb} x''g'x'G5 .
df]xDdbn] æd o:tf] Ogf/ x'F, olb ltdL dsxfF kfgL lkpg cfPgf} eg] klg d ltdLsxfF g}
cfpg] 5'Æ eg]h:t} s[i0f s?0ffk"j{s ch{'g;dIf cfpg'eof] . ca s[i0f ch{'gn] a'‰g g;Sg] s'/f
ug{'x'Gg, ca pxfF ts{–ljts{sf ;fy cfˆgf s'/f eGg'x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ltd|f] s'/f
g} l7s xf] eg] klg of] z/L/ h''g ef}lts kbfy{ Pjd\ dfofn] ag]sf] 5, Tof] o;}df x/fpF5 / of] aGg]
/ ld6\g] z/L/sf nflu ljåfg\ k'?ifn] lrGtf ub}{gg\ . To;}n] ltdL klg x] ch'[{g Û zf]s gu/ . s[i0f
klxn] o:tf] hfGg] JolQm 1fgsf nflu pknAw x'G5 eGg'x'GYof], ca ljåfg\ k'?if lrGtf ub}{gg\
eGg'x'G5 . ljåfg\ ts{sf w/ftndf afFR5 / 1fgL cg'e"ltsf] tndf afFR5 . 1fgL hfGb5 / ljåfg\

nf]suLtf– 41
cWofo–@
;f]Rb5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– olb ltdL 1fgL x'g ;Sb}gf} eg] ljåfg\ t xf]pm . x] ch{'g Û olb ;a} s'/f
ljgfz x'G5 eg] ltdL s;/L To;nfO{ arfpFg ;S5f} . h'g s'/f lglZrt ¿kdf gi6 x'G5 eg] ltdL
;f]r]/ ljåfg\ k'?ifh:tf] xf]pm . >Ls[i0f ch'{gnfO{ Tof] cd[tTjsf] :d/0f u/fpg r]tgfsf ljleGg
;f]kfgaf6 s'/f ug{'x'G5 . ch{'gn] ts{af6 xf]Og cg'ejaf6 Tof] cd[t tŒj;Fu ;fIffTsf/ ug{ ;s"g\
eGg] >Ls[i0fsf] r]i6f /x]sf] 5 .
cfZro{jTkZolt slZrb]g–
dfZro{jåblt ty}j rfGoM .
cfZro{jRr}gdGoM >[0ff]lt
>'TjfKo]g+ j]b g r}j slZrt\ ..@(..
of] cfTdfnfO{ s;}n] cfZro{ dfg]/ x]5{, s;}n] cfZro{sf ;fy JofVof ub{5, s;}n] cfZro{
dfg]/ o;sf af/]df ;'Gb5 t/ sf]xL eg] cfTdfsf af/]df ;'g]/ klg hfGb}g ..
cfTdfsf] lbzfdf s'g} klg dfu{af6 ofqf ug{' cfZro{ / rdTsf/ xf] . s/f]8f“}+df s'g} Psn]
To; prfOlt/ cfFvf p7fpF5 cGoyf xfd|f] cfFvfn] t hldg g} lgofln/x]sf] x'G5 . o; ;+;f/df
la/n} JolQm cfkm"nfO{ hfGg pT;'s x'G5 . æd sf] x'FÆ eGg]] k|d'v lh1f;f s;}n] /fVb}g . cfh
cfkm"nfO{ ghfGg] JolQmx¿ g} aflx/L vf]hdf lgl:s/x]sf 5g\ . slxn] s/f]8f}Fdf Ps hgf JolQm
cfTdfsf] vf]h ug{ lgl:sG5 t/ Tof] cfTdfsf] vf]hsf] ljrf/ lrGtg–>j0f–dgg u/]/ dfq klg
pknAw x'g ;Sb}g . cfTdfnfO{ ToxL JolQmn] lrGb5 h;n] ljrf/nfO{ klg cltqmd0f u5{ . Ps t
s/f]8f}+“df Psn] cfTdfsf af/]df s'g} ljrf/ u5{ / To;df klg cToGt cNkJolQmn] ca ljrf/af6
of] kfpg ;lsFb}g eg]/ ljrf/nfO{ cltqmd0f u/L cl3 a9\5 . ljrf/sf] ;LdfeGbf cl3 dfq To;sf]
cg'ej x'g ;S5 lsgeg] cfTdf ljrf/eGbf cufl8 5 . ljrf/ cfTdfdf p7]sf] nx/ of t/Ë dfq
xf] .
ulx/f] lg›fdf x'Fbf ljrf/ t x'Fb}g t/ xfdL x'G5f“}+ . laxfg p7]/ /fd|f] lg›f nfUof] eG5f}+,
lsgeg] xfdL ljrf/ xf]Ogf}+“ . cfTdfsf] af/]df xfdL ljrf/ g} ub}{gf} s]jn j:t'x¿sf] dfq ljrf/
u5f“}{+ . j:t'x¿kl5 ljrf/sf] huTf\df x'G5f}+“ / ToxfFaf6 klg cfTdfnfO{ hfGg ;Dej 5}g . ljrf/sf]
huTf\af6 :joDf\sf] huTf\df k|j]z u/]df dfq To;nfO{ hfGg ;lsG5 . lrGtg, dgg / :j–
cWoogaf6 To;nfO{ hfGg ;lsGg . s;}n] cfTdfsf ;DaGwdf s]xL atfpg vf]h]df cfZro{
dfGg''k5{ sf/0f cfTdfsf ;DaGwdf ;'Gg] lh1f;f / OR5f s;}nfO{ klg 5}g . To;}n] >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– s;}n] cfTdfnfO{ cfZro{ dfg]/ x]b{5, s;}n] cfZro{sf ;fy JofVof ub{5 / s;}n]
cfZro{ dfg]/ o;sf af/]df ;'Gb5 t/ sf]xL cfTdfsf af/]df ;'g]/ klg hfGb}g . To;}n] cfTdfsf
;DaGwdf k|jrg lbg vf]Hg' cfZro{ xf] lsgeg] To;nfO{ hfGg sf]xL pT;'s g} 5}gg\ . s[i0f :jod\
klg ch{'gsf] dfu gePsf] s'/f ;DemfO/xg'ePsf] 5 . ch{'g t knfog x'g vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ /
;fGTjgf dfu]/ efUg rfxG5g\ . cfTdfsf af/]df pkb]z lbg vf]Hg' ck|f;lËs s'/f xf] . o;sf af/]df
;Demfpg, a'emfpg klg sl7g 5 lsgeg] hfGg] pT;'stf gx''Gh]n;Dd ;DemfP/ klg s''g} cy{
x''Fb}g .
b]xL lgTodjWof]˜o+ b]x] ;j{:o ef/t .
t:dfT;jf{l0f e"tflg g Tj+ zf]lrt'dx{l; ..#)..
x] ef/t Û b]xsf] gfz eP klg b]xsf] :jfdL cfTdf zfZjt 5, cyf{t\ cfTdfnfO{ slxNo} dfg{
;lsGg . ctM oL ;Dk"0f{ z/L/wf/Lx¿sf lglDt ltdL zf]s ug{ of]Uo 5}gf} ..
nf]suLtf– 42
 cWofo–@
:jwd{dlk rfj]Io g ljslDkt'dx{l; .
wDof{l4 o'4fR5«]of]˜GoTIflqo:o g ljBt] ..#!..
x] ch{'g Û cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut Iflqo wd{nfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ ;Íf]r gdfgL o'4sf lglDt tof/ xf]pm
lsgeg] Iflqosf nflu wd{o'Qm o''4eGbf >]o:s/ / sNof0fsf/L st{Jo c¿ s'g} x'g] 5}g ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] kfy{ c¿ s'/f 5f]8 Û ltdL t Iflqo xf} . To;}n] o'4 5f]8]/ hfg' sbflk
>]o:s/ x'Fb}g . pxfF eGg'x'G5– z/L/ gfz eP klg cfTdf gfz x'Fb}g lsgeg] cfTdf ch/, cd/ 5 .
of] gfz x'Fb}g / o;nfO{ gi6 ug{ klg ;lsFb}g . t/ z/L/ t gfzjfg\ 5 / of] gfz x'g] j:t'sf nflu
zf]s ug{' lg/y{s 5 . o; ;TonfO{ a'em]/ ltdL lrGtf gu/ . Iflqo wd{ eg]sf] o'4df lk7 kmsf{pg]
wd{ xf]Og, o'4sf] ;fdgf ug{] xf] . To;}n] ltdL cfˆgf] wd{ cg's"n cfr/0f u/ . olb ltdLn] Iflqo
wd{cg';f/ o'4 u/]gf} eg] Tof] sNof0fsf/s x'Fb}g .
ljut xhf/f}F jif{b]lv j0f{ljefhgk|lt ;dfh / dflg;x¿sf lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ ts{x¿ cfO/x]sf
5g\ . ;a} JolQmx¿ ;dfg x'G5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf k|fo ;a} dflg;sf] ;xdlt 5 . JolQmsf] :j¿k jf
k|sf/df km/s ePsf] s'/fnfO{ klg :jLsf/ ug{ 5f]l8Psf] 5 . ;gftg j0f{Joj:yfg';f/ dflg;nfO{
rf/ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] t/ To;nfO{ gdfg]/ dflg; ;a} ;dfg x'g\ eGg]] wf/0ffn]
;dfhdf cGof]n k}bf ePsf] 5 lsgeg] k|To]s JolQm Ps} k|sf/sf x'g} ;Sb}gg\ . j0f{Joj:yfsf]
wf/0ffnfO{ s'l07t ug{' cToGt ck|fs[lts / ca'emkg xf] .
l:j; dgf]lrlsT;s sfn{ u':tfkm h'Ë (Carl Gustav Jung) n] klg dflg;nfO{ rf/ efudf
ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] vf]h Pjd\ cg';Gwfgsf] kl/0ffd cg';f/ dflg; ;a} Ps} k|sf/sf x'g}
;Sb}gg\ . klZrdsf k|Voft dgf]j}1flgs k|mfo8 (Sigmund Freud) n] klg dflg; ;a} ;dfg x'g
;Sb}gg\ eGb} ;dfhjfbnfO{ g} r'gf}tL lbPsf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ dflg; ;a} ;dfg x'g\ eGg' e'm6
xf] . ;gftg lxGb" wd{n] oxL c;dfgtfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k|frLg ;dob]lv dflg;nfO{ a|fXd0f, IfqL,
j}Zo / z"› rf/ j0f{df ljefhg u/]sf] lyof] . h;sf] k|f0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;dk{0f af}l4s eP/ pmhf{
a'l4df ¿kfGtl/t x'G5≤ Tof] a|fXd0f xf] . cNa6{ cfOG:6fOg (Albert Einstein) h:tf JolQm
a|fXd0fsf] sf]6Ldf k5{g\ .
1fgeGbf cfsfª\IffnfO{ ;j{:j 7fGg] JolQm Iflqo xf] . p;sf] cfsfª\Iffsf] ;|f]t g} zlQm xf] .
hf] JolQm zlQmsf] pkf;s eP/ ;Dk"0f{ pmhf{ zlQmsf nflu vr{G5 / zlQmsf nflu h] klg ug{
tTk/ x'G5≤ tL Iflqo x'g\ . ch{'gsf] JolQmTj of]4fsf] 5≤ To;}n] pgL Iflqo x'g\ . ch{'g ;xL ¿kdf
Iflqo x'g\ t/ o'4d}bfgdf pgL a|fXd0fsf] h:tf] s'/f ub}{ 5g\ . ch{'gsf] dgsf] 9fFrf, zf/Ll/s
agfj6, k|lzIf0f ;a} Iflqosf] xf] . z:qf:q g} pgsf] cfTdf xf] . pgL t/jf/sf] wf/df k/dfTdfsf]
emns b]V5g\ . To;}n] t >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ltdL o'4afx]s ;a} s'/f 5f]8 Û Iflqo wd{
lgjf{xsf nflu g} ltdL cfPsf xf} . olb Iflqoaf6 cGo a|fXd0f, j}Zo of z"› x'g rfXof} eg] ltdL
bLg–xLg x'g] 5f} . ltdLn] Iflqoafx]s cGo aGg] k|oTg u¥of} eg] Tof] cfkm"dflysf] 7'nf] ck/fw x'g]
5 ;fy} ltdL cfˆgf] p2]Zoaf6 Ro't x'g] 5f} . ctM IflqoeGbf leGg x'g] ck/fw gu/ .Æ
j0f{sf] Joj:yf t'ngfTds xf]Og, of] ;dtnLo (Horizental) Joj:yf xf] . k|To]s j0f{ cfkm“}+df
;j{>]i7 5g\, ltgsf] Ps csf{;Fu t'ngf ug{ ldNb}g . cfˆgf] :jwd{ / k];fcg'¿k ltgLx¿ cf–
cfˆgf j0f{df >]i7 x'G5g\ . h'g lbg j0f{sf] Joj:yfnfO{ Ps csf{;Fu t'ngf ug{ yflnof], ToxL
lbgb]lv j0f{sf] j}1flgstf, df}lnstf / dd{ Ro't x'Fb} hfg yfNof] / j0f{ Pp6f s[lqd cgfrf/ aGg
k'Uof] . oL rf/ j0f{df g s'g} ;fgf g t sf]xL 7'nf 5g\ s[i0fsf cg';f/ k|To]s JolQm cf–cfˆgf]

nf]suLtf– 43
cWofo–@
j0f{af6 k/dfTdfnfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . cfˆgf] :jwd{ / :jsd{ cg';f/ ltgLx¿ cf–cfˆgf j0f{df
>]i7 x'G5g\ . k|To]s JolQm cfˆg} j0f{af6 ;To;Dd k'Ug ;S5 t/ j0f{sf] hGd;+“u s'g} ;DaGw 5}g .
>Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf ltdL Iflqoafx]s c¿ sf]xL x'g ;Sb}gf} eGg'x'G5 .
dgf]j}1flgsx¿ eG5g\ k|To]s dflg;sf] cfwf a'l4 tLg jif{leq g} lgdf{0f x'G5, clg afFsL cfwf a'l4
hLjgel/ lgdf{0f x'G5 . ;fy} tLg jif{leq lgdf{0f ePsf] a'l4 ckl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . dxfjL/ / a'4
Iflqo s'ndf hlGdP/ z'4 a|fXd0f eP t/ ch{'g pxfFx¿ h:tf] a|fXd0f x'g ;Sb}gg\ lsgeg] pgsf]
k|lzIf0f of]4fsf] ¿kdf ePsf] 5 . a'4nfO{ ;fgf] pd]/df xl/0f / r/fr'?ËLdfly lgzfgf nufpg /
xTof ug{ l;sfpg vf]Hbf pgn] To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sfn] To;sf] ;§f k'tnfx¿ :yflkt u/L
cEof; / k|lzIf0f lbOof] t/ ch{'gsf] lzIff g} z:qf:q ljBf ePsf]n] lx+;fk|]l/t lzIff lnP/ pgL
of]4f ag]sf x'g\ . afNofj:yfdf lgld{t a'l4 Pjd\ Iflqo j0f{ cg's"nsf] zlQmk|ltsf] pgsf] cfsfª\Iff
ca kl/jt{g x'g} ;Sb}g . To;}n] ch{'gsf] :jefjsf af/]df hfgsf/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ltd|f] :jefj
ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ ltdLaf6 x'g} ;Sb}g ctM o'4af6 gefu . olb ltdL o'4af6 efUof} eg] ckoz dfq
kfpg] 5f} .
ob[R5of rf]kkGg+ :ju{åf/dkfj[td\ .
;'lvgM IflqofM kfy{ neGt] o'4dLb[zd\ ..#@..
x] kfy{ Û cfkm}+ k|fKt ePsf], :ju{sf] v'n]sf] 9f]sf h:tf] o; k|sf/sf] o'4sf] cj;/ efUojfg\
Iflqox¿n] dfq kfpF5g\ ..
>Ls[i0f k'gM Iflqo hfltsf] dxfgtf / k|lti7faf/] atfpFb} eGg'x'G5– Iflqosf] k|lti7f /
cj;/ b'j} o'4 xf] . o'4 g} k|lti7f k|fKt x'g] dfWod / clUgk/LIff xf] . o'4sf] r'gf}tL :jLsfg{ ;Sg]
JolQmn] dfq :ju{sf] oz / sLlt{ k|fKt u5{ / o'4af6 efUg]n] gs{ / ckoz dfq k|fKt u5{ .
>Ls[i0fn] :ju{ / gs{sf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf af/]df eGg'ePsf] xf]Og, o'4sf] s;f}6L g} Iflqox¿sf]
:ju{ ePsf] s'/f dfq eGg vf]Hg'ePsf] xf] .
csa/n] cfˆgf] cfTdsyfdf n]v]sf 5Gf\– b'O{ hgf Iflqo o'jfx¿ cfˆgf] k'?iffy{ k|bz{g
ug{sf nflu Ps lbg sfd vf]Hb} csa/sxfF cfP . pgn] tL o'jsx¿;Fu æltdLx¿;Fu axfb'/Lsf] s]
k|df0f 5Æ eGb} hjfkm dfu] . olQs}df tL o'jsx¿n] em6k6 cf–cfˆgf t/jf/ lgsfn]/ Ps csf{sf]
5ftLdf /f]k] . Tof] b]v]/ csa/ cflQP / pgn] xQkQ ;]gfklt dfgl;+xnfO{ af]nfP/ k'?ifTjsf]
k|df0f dfUbf lsg o;k|sf/sf] 36gf 36]sf] xf] eGg] sf/0f hfGg rfx] . dfgl;+xn] Iflqox¿nfO{
pgLx¿sf] jL/tfsf af/]df s'g} k|Zg ug{'x'Fb}g lsgeg] pgLx¿ cfˆgf] k|f0f ;b}j xTs]nfdf /fv]/
lxF8\5g\ eGg] hjfkm lbP . oxL g} Iflqo hfltsf] kl/ro xf] . k/:k/df le8]/ dg{ nfUbf klg
pgLx¿ k|;Gg b]lvGy] .
ch{'gsf nflu :ju{sf] åf/ pgn] o'4df ug]{ Jojxf/df lge{/ x'G5 . o'4 pgsf nflu k/LIff /
r'gf}tL b'j} xf] . afNofj:yfb]lv g} pgsf] Wofg z:qljBfdf g} s]lGb|t lyof] . :ju{sf /fhf OG›af6
lbJof:q, eujfg\ lzjaf6 kfz'ktf:q nufotsf lbJof:q k|fKt u/]/ pgn] z:qljBfdf >]i7tf
xfl;n u/]sf lyP . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o'4sf nflu g} ltdLn] Tolt 7'nf] pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf 5f} .
h'g s'/fsf] nflu ltdL k|tLIff/t lyof}, To;sf] ;fdgf gu/L knfoglt/ pGd'v x'g' lsdfy{ plrt
x'Fb}g . ltd|f lglDt knfog x'g' eg]sf] gs{sf] s'/f xf] . Iflqosf nflu o'4 cj;/ / r'gf}tL b'j} xf] .
hLjg bfpdf nufP/ eP klg o'4 u/ . x] ch{'g Û cGoyf ltdL kZrfQfksf] e'd/Ldf kg]{ 5f} . :ju{
/ gs{ ltd|} cufl8 5g\ . wd{o'4 n8\of} eg] :ju{ / o'4af6 efUof} eg] gs{ k'Ug] 5f} .

nf]suLtf– 44
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cy r]Œjldd+ wDo{+ ;ª\u|fd+ g sl/iol; .
ttM :jwd{+ sLlt{+ r lxTjf kfkdjfK:ol; ..##..
x] ch{'g Û olb ltdLn] of] wd{o'4 u/]gf} eg] jf ltdLaf6 Iflqo st{Jo kfngf ePg eg] lgZro
g} ltdLn] :jwd{ / sLlt{ u'dfpg] 5f} / ltdL kfksf eflubf/ aGg] 5f} ..
csLlt{+ rflk e"tflg
syloiolGt t]˜Joofd\ .
;Defljt:o rfsLlt{–
d{/0ffbltl/Rot] ..#$..
olb o'4af6 efUof} eg] x] ch{'g Û ;f/f dflg;x¿n] w]/} sfn;Dd ltd|f] ckoz ufpg] 5g\ .
Pp6f ;Ddflgt JolQmsf nflu ckoz d[To'eGbf klg a9\tf si6s/ x'g] 5 ..
eofb|0ffb'k/t+ d+:oGt] Tjf+ dxf/yfM .
o]iff+ r Tj+ ax'dtf] e"Tjf of:ol; nf3jd\ ..#%..
o; o'4df h'g–h'g dxf/yLx¿n] ltdLnfO{ cToGt ;Ddfg u/]sf 5g\ ltgLx¿n] g} ltdLnfO{
o'4af6 8/fP/ ljd'v x'g vf]h]sf] cyf{t\ efu]sf] eg]/ t'R5 7fGg] 5g\ ..
cjfRojfbf+Zr ax"GjlbiolGt tjflxtfM .
lgGbGt:tj ;fdYo{+ ttf] b'Mvt/+ g' lsd\ ..#^..
x] ch{'g Û o'4af6 efUof} eg] ltd|f zq'x¿n] ltd|f] ;fdYo{sf] pkxf; ub}{ cg]sf}+ g/fd|f jrgx¿
k|of]u ub}{ ltd|f] lgGbf ug]{ 5g\ . To;eGbf b'vbfoL s'/f ltd|f nflu c¿ s] xf]nf <
ceo jf lg8/tf Iflqosf] cfTdf xf] . h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg rfx] Tof] d[To'j/0fs} cj:yf
eP klg pm xnrn x'Fb}g . wd{zf:qfg';f/ klg o'4af6 efu]df ch{'gn] cksLlt{ / kfksf] eflubf/
aGg'kg]{ s'/fk|lt >Ls[i0f ;r]t u/fpg'x'G5 . hxfF eo x'G5, ToxfF Iflqo x'Fb}g . dgdf 8/ k}bf x'Fbf
leq Åbodf sDkg x'G5 . ch{'gn] o'4k"j{ ;j{>]i7 wg'wf{/Lsf] kl/ro agfPsf 5g\ . olb o'4af6
efu] eg] pgLk|lt c¿n] u/]sf] e/f];f / cfb/ rsgfr'/ x'g] 5 . pgnfO{ Oltxf;df sfo/ JolQm
eg]/ lrq0f ul/g] 5 . Iflqo dg{ ;S5 t/ knfog eP/ afFRg ;Sb}g . t;y{ cfˆgf] :jefjsf]
ljk/Lt uP/ ch'{gn] kZrfQfk dfq ug]{ 5g\ . >Ls[i0f ch'{gnfO{ oxL s'/f ;DemfpFb} eGg'x'G5– x]
ch'{g Û ltdL]n] of] wd{o'4 u/]gf} / o'4af6 efUof} eg] ltdLn] :jwd{ / sLlt{ u'dfP/ kfksf] eflubf/
aGg] 5f} / ;f/f dg'ion] ltd|f] ckoz ufpg] 5g\, h'g d[To'eGbf si6s/ x'g]5 .
>Ls[i0f o'4k|]dL xf]Og, pxfF dg;\zf:qL ePsf]n] ch{'gsf] dgsf af/]df hfGg'x'G5 . ch{'g
s;/L uf}/jaf]w ug{ ;S5g\ of s] ubf{ pgdf xLgtfaf]w x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/f >Ls[i0f /fd|f];Fu
hfGg'x'G5 . cfh klg k|To]s JolQmn] cfkm"df cGtlg{lxt k|ltef cg';f/ k9fOsf] ljifo 5gf]6 ug]{ jf
cfˆgf] OR5fcg'¿ksf] If]qdf hfg] lg0f{o ug{ kfpFb}gg\ . afa'–cfdfsf] rfxgfcg';f/sf] ljifo 5gf]6
u/L pgLx¿sf] OR5fadf]lhdsf] If]qdf hfg'kg]{ afWotf x'g ;S5 . k|Voft ef/tLo slj d}lynLz/0f
u'Kt Ps lbg slj ;""o{sfGt lqkf7L …lg/fnfÚ sxfF ef]hgsf nflu hfg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] lg/fnfsf]
efG;]sf] xfnva/ ;f]Wg'eof] . lg/fnfsf efG;]n] eg]– c¿ ;a} t /fd|} 5 t/ 5f]/f] gfnfos eof] .
s:tf] gfnfos egL k|Zg ubf{ pgn] 5f]/f] slj ePsf] hjfkm lbP . lg/fnfsf] cj:yf s:tf] eof]
xf]nf ;f]Rg ;lsG5 . of] afa'sf] OR5fljk/Lt eof] eGg]] cfzo lyof] .

nf]suLtf– 45
cWofo–@
/jLG›gfy 6}uf]/sf] kl/jf/sf clwsf+z ;b:ox¿ lrlsT;s jf OlGhlgo/ ePsfn] 6}uf]/sf
a'af pgnfO{ slj xf]Og, To:t} lrlsT;s jf OlGhlgo/ g} agfpg rfxg'x'GYof] . pgsf] kl/jf/ 7'nf]
lyof] . k|To]s kl/jf/sf] hGdlbgdf s]xL l6Kk0fL n]Vg] k|rng lyof] . cfˆgf] rfxgfcg';f/sf] If]qdf
gnfu]/ ;flxlTos If]qdf nfu]sfn] /jLG›gfynfO{ pgsL cfdfn] of] 5f]/faf6 cfkm"nfO{ s'g} cfzf
gePsf] l6Kk0fL n]Vg'ePsf] lyof] . cfh /jLGb|gfysf kl/jf/sf] Oltxf;df s;}sf] pNn]v kfOFb}g t/
pgL ljZj ;flxTodf ch/–cd/ 5g\ .
cfh ;+;f/df ePsf c:tJo:ttf / c;Gt'li6nfO{ b]v]/ dgf]j}1flgsx¿ To;sf] k|d'v sf/0f
:yfgRo'lt (Displacement) jf :yfgfGt/0fnfO{ dfGb5g\ . k|To]s JolQmdf lglxt k|ltef k|bLKt aGg
kfPsf] 5}g, a? cf]Onfpg yfn]sf] 5 . JolQm h] x'g nfos 5, Tof] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g lsgeg] p;nfO{
cfˆgf] Ifdtfg';f/ xf]Og ls ank"j{s cGoq sxL“ nufOPsf] x'G5 h;n] ubf{ ;a} c:tJo:t 5 .
;a}nfO{ wSsf lbP/ cfˆgf] :jefj ljk/Ltsf] sd{df nufOPsf] 5 . To;}n] t cfh k|To]s JolQmdf
cGtlg{lxt k|ltefnfO{ Vofn u/]/ Ifdtf / k|ltef Pjd\ afnaflnsfsf rfxgf cg';f/sf /f]hfOsf
If]qdf g} nufpg dgf]j}1flgsx¿ ;'emfj lbG5g\ . ch{'gdf lglxt k|ltefsf] klxrfg u/]/ o'4df
cl3 a9\g >Ls[i0f ;'emfpFb} eGg'x'G5– o'4df h'g h'g dxf/yLx¿n] ltdLnfO{ cToGt} ;Ddfg u/]sf
5g\ pgLx¿n] o'4af6 ljd'v x'g vf]h]sf]df t'R5 7fg]/ ltd|f] ;fdYo{sf] pkxf; ub}{ lgGbf ug]{ 5g\ .
o;eGbf b'vbfoL s'/f c¿ s]xL x'g ;Sb}g . o'4df cl3 a9\g] pTk|]/0ff ;a}sf nflu elgPsf] xf]Og .
>Ls[i0fsf] o; egfOnfO{ ;a}sf nflu ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ ;lsGg .
ch'{g Pp6f ;DefJo Iflqo x'g\, hf] cfˆgf] :jefj Pjd\ k|ltefljk/Lt efUg rfxG5g\ .
To;}n] >Ls[i0f pgnfO{ :jwd{ cg's"nsf] sd{ ug{ k|]/0ff lbg'x'G5 . x/]s JolQmsf] :jwd{ p;sf] ;To
k|fKt ug]{ dfu{sf] sf];]9'Ëf x'g ;S5≤ ToxL g} p;sf] ;To klg xf] eg]/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5 . To;}n]
>Ls[i0f ch{'gsf] :jsd{cg';f/ o'4af6 gefUg / o'4 ug{ k|]l/t ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . uLtfdf dxfjL/ of a'4
ePsf] eP klg pxfFx¿n] cfˆgf] ;Defjgf cg'¿k g} cfr/0f ug{'x'GYof] . uLtfsf] ;Gb]z k|To]s
JolQmn] cfˆgf] ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL u/L To; cg'¿ksf] sfo{ ug{'k5{ eGg] xf] . h;af6 JolQmnfO{
;To;Dd k'Ug / ;TonfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;xh x'G5 .
xtf] jf k|fK:ol; :ju{+ lhTjf jf ef]Io;] dxLd\ .
t:dfb'lQi7 sf}Gt]o o'4fo s[tlgZroM ..#&..
x] s'GtLk'q Û olb ltdL o'4df dfl/of} eg] :ju{nf]s kfpg] 5f} / o'4df ljho xfl;n u¥of} eg]
ltdLn] k[YjLsf] /fHo ef]Ug] 5f} . ctM b[9 lgZrosf ;fy p7 / o'4 u/ ..
o'gfgL ljåfg\ Kn]6f]nfO{ Psk6s s;}n] :ju{ Pjd\ ;'v s] xf] eg]/ ;f]w] pgn] k|To'Q/ lbFb}
eg]– JolQmsf] cGt:s/0fsf] efj;Fu ha aflx/sf] cfr/0fsf] ;ËLtk"0f{ tfnd]n x'G5 of JolQmleq
n's]sf] efj ha ;fsf/ x'G5, ta dflg;n] ;'vsf] cg'e"lt u5{ . JolQmsf] Åbodf n's]sf] aLh ha
k|s6 x'G5 jf cfˆgf] sfdgf k"/f ePsf] l:ylt x'G5, To;nfO{ g} :ju{ elgG5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5–
k|To]s dflg;sf] u'0fwd{ / cGt:s/0fdf l:yt aLh ;fsf/ ePdf jf cfsfª\Iff k"/f ePdf ToxL g}
;'v / :ju{ xf] . h'g :jefj, u'0fwd{ jf ;Defjgf af]s]/ JolQm hGd]sf] x'G5 Tof] :jefj, cfsfª\Iff
k"/f x'g ;s]g eg] b'v k|fKt x'G5 cyf{t\ h] x'gsf nflu hGd]sf] xf] Tof] k"/f x'g g;Sg' g} b'v xf] .
:jwd{af6 el8\sg' jf Ro't x'g' g} 7'nf] gs{ xf] / :jwd{ k|fKt ug{' g} dxfg\ :ju{ xf] . ch{'g o:t}
lar efudf plePsf 5g\ . pgLleq h'g u'0fwd{ 5 Tof] pgL x'g rfxFb}gg\ / h] 5}g Tof] x'g
rfxG5g\ . pgL c;Dej tgfjdf plePsf 5g\ .

nf]suLtf– 46
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:jwd{sf ljk/Lt hfg' cwf]ultlt/ pGd'v x'g' xf] eg] :jwd{nfO{ cfTd;\ft\ ug{' k|ultsf]
l;F9L r9\g' xf] . klZrdsf ljrf/s Oa|fx\d d];nf]sf cg';f/ JolQmn] ha leqL ;Defjgfsf]
prfOnfO{ 5'G5, ta pm ;dflwsf] cj:yfdf k'U5 . ch{'g o'4sf] cj:yfdf cfˆgf] lg0f{osf]
;'lglZrttfsf] pRrtd l:yltdf ha k'Ug] 5g\ ta pgsf ;fd' ljho of d[To'sf] l:ylt cfpg] 5 .
To;}n] t >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ltdLnfO{ Pp6f prfO 5'g] ;jf]{Rr cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5,
h'g af/Daf/ k|fKt x'Fb}g . o:tf] cj;/sf nflu dflg;n] cg]s hGdx¿sf] k|tLIff ug{'k5{ .
ch{'g¿kL km"n kmqmg] / km'Ng] dxfef/t¿kL o'4df dfq xf], cGoyf km'Ng ;Sb}g . h'g o'4 cfkm“}+df
r'gf}tLsf] kxf8 xf], hxfF ch{'gsf] lht jf xf/ lglZrt 5}g, o:tf] cj:yfdf dfq pgsf] Ifdtfsf]
km"n kmqmg ;S5 / lzv/ r'Dg ;S5 . To;}n] t >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ o'4sf lglDt olt w}/} hf]8
ul//xg'ePsf] 5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ltdL cfˆgf] ;Defjgf cg'¿k olb o'4af6 ljd'v eof} eg]
ltd|f] ;fdYo{sf] lgGbf jf cfnf]rgf ub}{ ltd|f zq'x¿n] gfgf k|sf/sf 5'› jrg af]Ng] 5g\ . olb
o'4df n8\of} eg] cfˆgf] cGt:s/0fsf] prfOdf k'u]/ d[To' ef]Ug'k/] klg ltdLn] :ju{sf] prfO kfpg]
5f}, h;sf nflu hLjge/ k|tLIff/t lyof} . olb ljhoL eof} eg] t ltdLn] ;fd|fHo r'Dg] 5f} h;sf
nflu Iflqosf] 7'nf] cfsfª\Iff /x]sf] x'G5 . olb xf¥of} eg] klg Iflqo wd{ lgjf{x ub}{ jL/ult k|fKt
ug]{ 5f} / :ju{sf] af; x'g] 5 . ctM b[9 lgZrosf ;fy p7 / o'¢ u/ .
;'vb'Mv] ;d] s[Tjf nfefnfef} hofhof} .
ttf] o'4fo o'Ho:j g}j+ kfkdjfK:ol; ..#*..
x] ch{'g Û ;'v–b'v, nfe–xflg, ho–k/fho cflbnfO{ ;dfg 7fg]/ o'4sf nflu o'4 u/ . o:tf]
k|sf/n] o'4 u¥of} eg] ltdLnfO{ s'g} kfk nfUg] 5}g ..
;fwf/0ftof xfdL kfk / k'0o / /fd|f] of g/fd|f] sfdnfO{ klg s[To 7fG5f}“ t/ kfk–k'0o s[To
geP/ stf{efj xf] . dg'ion] ug]{ ;f/f s[To gLltdf cfwfl/t x'G5 / gLltdf ;dfh cfa4 x'G5 .
gLltn] ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] sfdsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 lgb]{zg lbPsf] x'G5 . s[To cgGt;Dd rln/xg]
k|lqmof xf] hf] JolQm ;dfKt ePkl5 klg ;dfKt x'Fb}g . of] 7'nf] >[ª\vnfsf] Pp6f s8L xf] / of]
>[ª\vnf cGtxLg x'G5 . Pp6f ;fgf] s[Toaf6 klg To;sf] t/Ë /lx/xG5, h:tf] ls Pp6f 9'ª\uf
kf]v/Ldf ˆofFSbf Tof] kfgLdf 8'a] klg kfgLdf cfPsf] t/Ë rln/xG5 . To;}n] s'g s[To l7s xf] /
s''g a]l7s xf] eGg ufx|f] 5 . s'g} klg s[Tosf] kl/0ffd s] x'G5 eGg] s'/f cg]sf}+ ;Defjgfx¿n]
lgwf{/0f u5{g\ . låtLo ljZjo'4 cufl8 lx6n/nfO{ s;}n] uf]nL xfg]/ dfl/lbPsf] eP of] s[To z'e
of cz'e s] x'GYof] ljrf/0fLo 5 . ;a} gLltjfbLx¿ s[Toaf6 g} ;f]Rb5g\ .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ltdL h] u5f}{ Tof] l7s xf] of a]l7s eGg]] s'/f dxŒjk"0f{ xf]Og,
dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f t ltdL s] xf} / ltd|f] dgf]bzf s:tf] 5, To;df lge{/ x'G5 . JolQmsf] efjbzf
dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . olb JolQmn] ;'v–b'v, nfe–xflg / ho–k/fhonfO{ ;dfg 7fG5 eg] To:tf]
cj:yfdf p;n] u/]sf sfo{df kfk nfUb}g . c¿nfO{ rf]6 k'¥ofpg] s[To ta x'G5 ha Tof] s[Toaf6
cfkm"nfO{ nfe jf xflg x'G5 . h;df ;'v–b'v, nfe–xflg / ho–k/fhosf] efj x'Fb}g p;n] csf{nfO{
rf]6 k'¥ofpg] uNtL g} ub}{g . s[i0fsf] hf]8 s[Todf xf]Og JolQmdf 5 / JolQmn] h'g ;t{x¿sf]
cwLgdf /xL s[To ug{'k5{ Tof] dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . >Ls[i0f ch'{gnfO{ ;dflwsf] h:tf] ;defjsf]
l:yltdf k'¥ofpg rfxg'x'G5 . ;fdfGo ¿kdf x]bf{ s[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ :jR5Gb x'g k|]l/t u/]sf] h:tf]
b]lvP klg vf;df pxfF ch{'gnfO{ ulx/f] ¿kfGt/0fdf n}hfg] k|of; ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . ;defjdf /xg]
nf]suLtf– 47
cWofo–@
JolQm :jR5Gb x'g} ;Sb}g . dg'io nfe k|fKt ug{sf nflu / xflgaf6 aRgsf nflu g} kfksd{df
nfUb5 . k|To]s s[To rf]/L, Jolerf/, a]OdfgL cflb nfe, ;'v / ljhosf nflu g} ul/G5 . o;/L g}
k'0o klg xflg, b'v, k/fho, c;kmntf cflbaf6 aRgsf nflu g} ul/G5 .
o; huTf\df g}lts / cg}lts JolQmx¿ nfe / xflgsf] cfwf/df ag]sf 5g\ . >Ls[i0f
gLltnfO{ gofF prfOdf n}hfg rfxg'x'G5 . ha;Dd ltdL nfe / xflgdf e]b b]V5f} ta;Dd ltdLn]
h] u/] klg Tof] kfk x'G5 / h'g lbg of] e]b d]l6G5 ta ltdLn] h] u/] klg ltdL kfkaf6 d'Qm
x'G5f} . s] ug]{ of s] gug]{ eGg]] ljifo k|d'v xf]Og, cfˆgf] lrQdf s'g} k|efj k5{ ls kb}{g Tof] d'Vo
s'/f xf] . olb nfe / xflgsf] k|efj k5{ eg] hlt;'s} 7'nf] k'0o u/] klg Tof] kfk x'G5 lsgeg] ;a}
k'0o kfksf cfwf/df lgdf{0f x'G5g\ . dlGb/, wd{zfnf h] agfP klg nfesf cfwf/df u/]sf] sfo{
kfk g} 7xl/G5 . ;a} k'0o kfks} w/ftndf plePsf] x'g ;S5g\ . k'0o ug]{ wg klg rf]/L /
kfkaf6 g} hDdf ePsf] x'g ;S5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– kfk / k'0o s[Toaf6 xf]Og JolQmsf]
cGt:s/0faf6 p7\g] dgf]efj;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . t;y{ x] ch'{g Û ;'v–b'v, nfe–xflg, ho–k/fho
cflbnfO{ ;dfg 7fg]/ o'4 u/ . o;f] u¥of} eg] ltdLnfO{ s'g} kfk nfUg] 5}g .
Piff t]˜lelxtf ;fª\Vo]
a'l4of]{u] lTjdf+ >[0f' .
a'4Øf o'Qmf] oof kfy{
sd{aGw+ k|xf:ol; ..#(..
x] kfy{ Û oxfF;Dd ;fª\Voof]usf] j0f{g ul/of] . ca d lgisfd sd{of]usf] JofVof u5{'≤ Tof]
ltdL ;'g . o;kl5 ;da'l4n] o'Qm ePsf ltdL sd{sf] aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'g] 5f} ..
;To k|fKt ug]{ af6fx¿ cgGt 5g\ . O{Zj/sf] dlGb/sf 9f]sf cgGt 5g\ lsgeg] cgGtnfO{
k|fKt ug]{ 9f]sf cgGt g} x'g'k5{ . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– d}n] ltdLnfO{ k|f/Dedf ;fª\Vosf
af/]df atfPF . ;fª\Vo cToGt uxg 1fgb[li6 xf] . ;fª\Vob[li6sf af/]df a'‰g ;lsof] eg] c¿
dfu{x¿sf] cfjZostf g} kb}{g . ;fª\Vob[li6 a'‰g g;Sbf dfq c¿ b[li6sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
hfkfgsf] a'4wd{sf] Ps zfvf h}g (Jainism) hf] klZrddf cTolws k|Voft 5, Tof] bz{g klg
;fª\Voaf6 g} cfPsf] xf] .
;fª\Vosf b[li6df hfGg' g} kof{Kt 5, s]xL ug{' cfjZos 5}g . ghfGg'sf sf/0fn] g} kL8f
l;lh{G5 / c1fg g} jf:tljs aGwg xf] . s[i0fd"lt{sf] ;f/f ljrf/ ;fª\Vo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . bfz{lgs
;'s/ftn] 1fgnfO{ g} ;Œju'0f dfg]sf 5g\ . JolQmn] sfd, qmf]w, nf]e, df]x, jf;gf, rfxgf cflb
v/fa x'g\ eGg ;S5 . olb v/fa x'g\ eGg]] hfg]sf] eP pm To;af6 cnu x'g ;Sg'kg]{ xf] . oL v/fa
x'g\ eGg]] ;'g]sf] e/df ltgaf6 cnu x'g ;lsGg . hfGg' c¿af6 pwf/f] x'Fb}g, of] t :jod\af6
cg'e"t ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb s'g} JolQmn] cfuf]df xft xfNbf kf]N5 eGg]] ;'g]sf] 5
/ csf]{ JolQmn] cfuf]df xft xfNbf kf]N5 eGg]] hfg]sf] 5 eg] oL b'j} l:yltdf 7'nf] e]b x'G5 . ;'g]sf]
JolQmn] cfuf]df xft xfNg ;S5 t/ kf]N5 eGg]] hfg]sf] JolQmn] slxNo} cfuf]df xft xfNb}g .
csf{af6 ;'g]sf] e/df hfGg' hfGg' x'g ;Sb}g . hfGg' t :jod\nfO{ cg'e"t x'g' xf] .
låtLo ljZjo'4df Ps l;kfxLn] cfˆgf] gfd, 7]ufgf, gDa/ cflbsf] :d[lt u'dfP . clg
pgnfO{ OËNofG8sf ufpFdf 3'dfP/ pgsf] :d[lt kmsf{pg] r]i6f ul/of] . /]nsf] ofqfsf qmddf
pgnfO{ ljleGg :6];gdf 3'dfOof] t/ Ps :6];gdf pgL cfkm} cf]ln{P / pgsf] :d[lt kmls{of] .
To;kl5 pgL cfˆgf] 3/df uP/ cfˆgf] ufpF, 3/, cfdf eGb} bf}l8P . ;fª\Vosf cg';f/ cfTd1fg

nf]suLtf– 48
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s]jn :d/0f x'g' xf] . s]jn :d[lt x/fPsf]df :d[lt lkmtf{ x'g' ;fª\Vo 1fg xf] . xfdLn] hfGg] s'/f
gofF xf]Og, of] t s]jn hfg]sf] s'/f lal;{Psf]df :d/0f lkmtf{ x'g' dfq xf] . lj:d[lt k'gM :d/0f x'g]
lalQs} s]xL ul//xg'kb}{g, hfGg] s'/f tTsfn hflgG5 .
eujfg\ >Ls[i0fn] k|f/Dedf ;fª\Voof]usf] rrf{ u/]/ ch'{gsf] :d/0f lkmtf{ Nofpg] k|of;
ug{'eof] . pxfFn] ch{'gnfO{ cfTdf ch/, cd/ ePsf]n] o;sf] hGd / d[To' slxNo} gx'g] cljgfzL
tŒj ePsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . cfTdfsf] hGd / d[To' x'Fb}g, of] t cJoQm x'G5 / cJoQmnfO{
lardf JoQm dfq ePsf] xf] . ch{'g aGw'afGwj dfl/g] 8/n] eoeLt b]lvG5g\ t/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5,
pgLx¿nfO{ dfg{ ;Dej g} 5}g lsgeg] d[To' t s]jn z/L/sf] x'G5, cfTdf slxNo} db}{g .
cfˆgf] :d[lt x/fPsf] l;kfxLnfO{ OËNofG8df ufpF–ufpFdf 3'dfP h:t} eujfg\ >Ls[i0f
ch{'gsf] :d/0f lkmtf{ u/fpg k|of;/t /xg'eof] . :d[lt lkmtf{ eP/ c1fgaf6 d'Qm ePsf] hfgsf/L
ch{'gaf6 cfpg] >Ls[i0fsf] cfzf ;kmn ePg . o;sf ljk/Lt ch{'g lzlyn eP/ uf08Lj /fVb}
xtfz dgl:yltsf ;fy anxLg eP/ /ydf r'krfk a;] . >Ls[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ ;fª\Vosf] dfu{af6
a'emfpg g;s]kl5 of]usf af/]df atfpg nfUg'eof] . ;fª\Voof]u >]i7 dfu{ xf] . ;fª\Voof]usf] s'/f
pgn] ga'em]kl5 s[i0f h:tf u'? x'gfn] cfˆgf lzionfO{ 1fgo'Qm u/fpg sd{of]usf af/]df atfpg
nfUg'ePsf] xf]] . t;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– æx] kfy{ ltd|f nflu ca d lgisfd sd{of]usf] JofVof u5'{
Tof] ltdL ;'g, h'g ;Da'l4n] o'Qm ePdf ltdL sd{sf aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'g] 5f} .Æ
hfkfgL h}g ljrf/ klg ;fª\Vo h:t} 5, To;df klg s]xL ug{' cfjZos 5}g . h;n] s]xL
u5{ Tof] el6\sG5≤ To;}n] pgLx¿ gvf]h, a? hfg eGb5g\ . hf] kfpg' 5 Tof] k|of;n] kfpg
;lsGg, a? k|of; gu/]df kfOG5 . ;fª\Vo sd{nfO{ Joy{ dfGb5 . cfTdf leq 5 To;nfO{ aflx/
vf]h]/ kfOGg . To;nfO{ csd{df plqP/ dfq kfpg ;lsG5 . ;f/f sd{x¿ h;af6 x'G5g\ t/ klg
pm ;a} sd{af6 aflx/ 5, To;nfO{ hfGg' g} 1fg xf] eg]/ ;fª\Vo eGb5 . 1fgsf ;Gbe{df h}g /
;fª\Vodf ;fdLKo 5 . h}g bz{gn] O{Zj/sf] s'/f ub}{g . p;n] eG5– ha;Dd Wofg 1fg x'Fb}g
ta;Dd a|Xdsf] s'/f ug{' Joy{ 5 / ha Wofg 1fg x'G5 ta t a|Xdsf] s'/f ug'{ emg} Joy{ x'G5 .
;Dk"0f{ hfGg] JolQmx¿df ;fª\Vosf] 1fg x'G5 . a'4sf] lrGtg z'4 ;fª\Vo xf]≤ To;}n] t
af}4wd{ ef/tv08af6 lj;lh{t eof] . af}4bz{gdf klg s]jn hfGg' dfq sfkmL 5, ug{' s]xL kb}{g .
huTf\df s]xL JolQmx¿ s]xL gul//xg ;Sb}gg\≤ pgLx¿sf nflu af}4wd{ ;fy{s x'g ;s]g . g s]xL
ug{' g s]xL kfpg' s]jn hfGg' g} af}4 bz{g xf] / hfkfgL h}g af}4wd{sf] Ps zfvf xf] .
ef/tv08eGbf aflx/ rLg, adf{, yfONofG8, hfkfg, sf]l/of / ltAatdf af}4wd{ :yflkt x'g;Sof] .
h'g cz'l4 ug{ oxfF af}4wd{ /fhL ePg, ltg} s'/fx¿df ToxfF pgLx¿n] ;Demf}tf ug{'k¥of] . To;}n]
of] wd{ cGoq sd{sf08 aGof] . ha;Dd ;fª\Vo dfq lyof] ta;Dd of] k|Voft x'g ;s]g lsgeg]
z'4 ;fª\Vo w]/} sd JolQmx¿n] dfq a'‰b5g\ . ha o; wd{df ;Demf}tf eof] ta of] wd{ ToxfF
:yflkt x'g;Sof] . ;fª\Vosf] z'4 ljrf/wf/fnfO{ cg';/0f ug]{x¿ cNk;ª\Vofdf dfq /x]sf] x'gfn]
pgLx¿ k|foM nf]k g} eP .
a|XdjfbLx¿ O{Zj/jfbL gx'g klg ;S5g\ . pgLx¿ cJoQm g} kof{Kt ePsf] 7fGb5g\ .
O{Zj/sf] cy{ ;[li6stf{ / a|Xdsf] cy{ z'4 hLjgsf] pmhf{ xf] . O{Zj/ xfd|f] wf/0ffsf ;fy} a|XdnfO{
k/af6 b]lvg] b[li6sf]0f klg xf] . lg/fsf/nfO{ xfdL ;f]Rg ;Sb}gf}+“ t/ cfsf/ lbP/ ;u'0fnfO{ xfdL
;f]Rg ;S5f}+“ . a|Xd ha dg'iosf] dgaf6 x]l/G5 ta O{Zj/ aGb5 . of] O{Zj/ dg'iosf] lgdf{0f xf] .
JolQm hlt ljrf/nfO{ 5f8]/ lglj{rf/df hfG5 Tolt g} O{Zj/ klg x/fpF5 clg lg/fsf/ / lgu{'0f

nf]suLtf– 49
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dfq z]if /xG5, ToxL a|Xd xf] . s[i0fn] klxn] z'4 ;fª\Vosf] s'/f ug{'eof] t/ ch{'gnfO{ To;sf] s'g}
k|efj gk/]kl5 sd{of]usf af/]df atfpg tTk/ x'g'eof] . ;fª\Vo dg'iosf] pRrtd a'l4af6 rN5
t/ of]u ;fdfGo a'l4af6 klg rNg ;S5 . ;fª\Vo z'4 1fg xf] / of]u z'4 lqmof xf] . ;f/f ;+;f/sf]
lrGtgnfO{ oL b'O{ lx:;fdf afF8\g ;lsG5 . sd{k|lt cf:yfjfGf\x¿nfO{ of]u / s]xL gug]{ 1fgk|lt
cf:yfjfGf\x¿nfO{ ;fª\Vosf] sf]l6df /fVg ;lsG5 .
g]xfleqmdgfzf]˜l:t k|Tojfof] g ljBt] .
:jNkdKo:o wd{:o qfot] dxtf] eoft\ ..$)..
lgisfd sd{of]udf ;da'l4¿k wd{sf] cf/De / aLhsf] gfz x'bF }g, o;df pN6f] -kfk_ kmn klg
x'bF }g . o; dfu{df ul/Psf] wd{sf] ;fgf] k|of; -cg'i7fg_ n] klg eofgs 8/af6 p4f/ u5{ jf d'Qm
u/fOlbG5 ..
lgisfd sd{sf] s'g} klg sbd Joy{ x'Fb}g cyf{t\ ;fgf] k|of; klg v]/ hfFb}g / ;sfd sd{sf]
7'nf]eGbf 7'nf] sbd klg Joy{ g} hfG5 . ;sfd a'l4 ;bf c;kmn x'G5 . hlt kmn cfP klg ;sfd
sd{df JolQm ;Gt'i6 x'Fb}g a? emg\ a9L ck]Iff ub{5 . ck]Iffsf] s'g} ;Ldf jf cGt gePsfn] x/]s
;kmntfnfO{ klg p;n] c;kmntf 7fGb5 lsgeg] ToxfF ck]Iff hlt eP klg gk'Ug] x'G5 . h];'s}
kfP klg dg t[Kt x'Fb}g, ;Gtf]ifsf] cg'e"lt x'Fb}g . To;}n] ;sfd sd{ c;kmn x'g afWo 5 t/
lgisfd sd{sf] ;fgf]eGbf ;fgf] c+z klg lgikmn geP/ ;kmn g} x'G5 . lgisfd ePkl5 ck]Iff/lxt
x'g] ePsfn] h] kfP klg 7'nf] g} x'G5 / ;Gtf]if k|fKt x'G5 . ck]Iff cGtxLg / cgGt 5 . >Ls[i0f
cem hf]8 lb“b} eGg'x'G5– lgisfd sd{of]udf ;da'l4¿k wd{sf] cf/De / aLhsf] gfz x'Fb}g / pN6f]
kmn klg x'Fb}g . o; dfu{df ul/Psf] wd{sf] ;fgf] k|of;n] klg eofgs 8/af6 p4f/ jf d'Qm ub{5 .
x] ch'{g Û ck]Iff¿kL c;Dej k"lt{ x'g] ljifonfO{ x6fO{, rfxgf Pjd\ jf;gf/lxt x'g ;s] ;fgf]
sd{n] klg t[lKt lbG5 . lgisfdsdL{nfO{ slxNo} klg ljiffb k|fKt x'Fb}g . wgL JolQmsf ck]Iff w]/}
x'gfn] pm ljiffbnfO{ k|fKt x'G5 / ul/asf ck]Iff ;fgf jf yf]/} x'g] x'Fbf pm ljiffbdf sd k|fKt x'G5 .
ul/a cgGt ck]Iff ub}{g t/ wgLnfO{ hlt eP klg k'Ub}g .
cd]l/sg n]vs kfjn u'8d}g (Pawl Goodman) n] cd]l/sfsf ;DaGwdf n]v]sf 5g\–
dg'io hfltn] h] h] ck]Iff u/]sf lyP TfL ;a} cd]l/sfdf k"/f eO;s] t/ klg cd]l/sfdf hlt b'v,
tgfj of qf; 5 Tolt b'v, tgfj / qf; ljsf;z"Go cflbjf;Lx¿df klg 5}g . cfh klZrddf
;f/f ;kgf k"/f eP klg ck]Iff cgGt ePsfn] tgfj 36\g]eGbf cem a9]sf] a9\o} 5 . b''lgofFdf
lzlIft ju{sf JolQmx¿ ul/a Pjd\ clzlIft ju{eGbf Hofbf ck]Iff /fVb5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ zflGt
Pjd\ ;Gtf]ifsf] cg'e"lt x'g ufx|f] 5 . wgL–ul/a, lzlIft–clzlIft eGbf klg ck]Iffsf sf/0f
dfgjn] ;Gtf]ifsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .
>Ls[i0f slxNo} klg c;kmntf gNofpg] lgisfd sd{df hf]8 lbg'x'G5 . ck]Iff gePkl5 afwf
cfpg] k|Zg g} x'Fb}g . uËf ;d'›lt/ k|jflxt x'g] qmddf gS;f sf]/]/ aUg vf]h] cg]sf}+ afwf–
c8\rgx¿ t]l;{G5g\ t/ lgisfd efjn] aUbf ;d'›;Dd lgaf{w 9Ën] k'lU5g\ . uËfsf nflu h'g dfu{
cfkm}+ aG5 Tof] g} pgsf] af6f] xf] . dg'ion] sd{ ubf{ tTsfn kmnsf] cfzf g/fvL cl3 a9\of] eg]
p;sf] hLjgdf afwf cfpFb}g . h] k|fKt x'G5 To;df ;Gtf]if dfg]/ k/dfTdfnfO{ wGojfb lbG5 .
lgisfdsdL{x¿ ck]Iff/lxt x'g] ePsfn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;b}j kl/l:ylt cg's"n g} x'G5, ljljw qf;,
ljiffb, c;kmntf Pjd\ tgfjsf] 8/ x'Fb}g . lgisfdsdL{nfO{ kxf8h:tf] ljzfn eon] klg 5'b}g .
;fgf] sfdgfn] klg kxf8 hqf] eo / ljiffb Nofpg] x'Fbf hLjg c:tJo:t agfOlbG5 . ;fdfGo

nf]suLtf– 50
 cWofo–@
rfxgfn] klg b'v lgDTofpF5 . af6fdf lxF8\bf kl/lrtx¿n] gd:sf/ gubf{ klg xfdL b'vL x'G5f}+ .
;sfd sd{df ;fgf] ck]Iffn] klg 7'nf] b'v k|fKt x'G5 .
Joj;foflTdsf a'l4/]s]x s'?gGbg .
ax'zfvf XogGtfZr a'4of]˜Joj;flogfd\ ..$!..
x] s'?gGbg Û ;da'l4k|flKtsf ljifodf b[9 lgZro, b[9 k|lt1f ePsfsf] a'l4 Pp6} x'G5 / b[9
lgZro gePsf dg'iox¿sf] a'l4 cg]s zfvfx¿df ljeflht x'G5 ..
dg'iosf] dg jf lrQ cv08 jf v08–v08 x'g ;S5 . To:t} p;sf] a'l4 klg v08–v08df
ljeflht, :jlj/f]wL jf cljeflht klg x'g ;S5 . ;fwf/0ftof ljifon] el/Psf] dgsf] cj:yf ax'
lrQjfg\ x'G5 . ax'lrQ dfq xf]Og, Ps lrQsf ljk/Lt csf]{ lrQ klg x'g ;S5 . xfd|f] lrQ cfˆgf
nflu Pp6f / csf{sf nflu cs}{ x'G5 . clwsf+z ;do xfdL b'O{ dgsf x'G5f}+“ . aflx/L b'lgofFnfO{
b]vfpg OdfGfbf/L k|bz{g u5f“}{+ t/ leq xfdL a]Odfg x'G5f}+ . lrQ xfd|f] cg]sf}“ v08df ljeflht
x'gfn] ljk/Lt cfsfª\Iffn] xfd|f] dgnfO{ ;dfT5 . dg'ionfO{ zflGtsf ;fy} wg / k|lti7f klg
rflxG5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ljifodf cf;Qm lrQ Ps}k6s w]/} ljifox¿sf] ck]Iff u5{ / v08–v08df
6'6\5 t/ sNof0fdfu{df b[9 lgZro / b[9 k|lt1f ePsf lgisfdsdL{sf] a'l4 Pp6} x'G5 . hf] JolQm
ck]Iff/lxt eP/ lgisfd sd{ ub{5 p;sf] lrQ ljeflht x'Fb}g . hxfF dg vl08t x'Fb}g ToxfF ;'v,
zflGt, cfgGb, ;ËLt, ;f}Gbo{ / zlQm klg k|fKt x'G5 . dg vl08t ePdf zflGtsf] cg'e"lt ug{
;lsGg . dgn] zflGtsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;s]df ;a} s'/f kfpg ;lsG5 . ljifosf] bf}8n] czflGt /
gbf}l8g] cvl08t dgn] zflGt NofpF5 . lgisfd sd{sf] efjbzfn] Ps dg cyf{t\ cvl08t dgsf]
ljsf; ub{5 / hxfF dg Ps x'G5 ToxfF lgZrofTds a'l4 x'G5 . clgZrosf nflu sd;]sd b'O{ dg
rflxG5 . ;sfd sd{n] cfˆg} dgsf lj?4 lgZro u5{ . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] lgisfd
sd{sf] ofqfdf lgl:sG5 p;sf] a'l4 lgZrofTds x'G5 lsgeg] p;sf] dg ljifox¿df nfUb}g .
p;n] sfdgfsf] Joy{tfnfO{ a'‰b5 . o;/L sd{kmnsf] cfzf gug]{ JolQm If0fhLjL eP/ sd{ u5{ /
pm :jtM Ps dgsf] x'G5 .
oflddf+ k'liktf+ jfr+ k|jbGToljklZrtM .
j]bjfb/tfM kfy{ gfGob:tLlt jflbgM ..$@..
x] kfy{ Û j]bdf pNn]v cfnÍfl/s jrgx¿k|lt cf;Qm ePsf cNk1fgL dflg;x¿ ef]u jf
sd{sf08afx]s c¿ s]xL 5}g egL b]vfj6L jrg dfq eGb5g\ ..
sfdfTdfgM :ju{k/f hGdsd{kmnk|bfd\ .
lqmofljz]ifax'nf+ ef]u}Zjo{ult+ k|lt ..$#..
cJoj;foL dflg;x¿ hf] OlG›ot[lKt jf :ju{k|flKtsf lglDt OR5's 5g\ ltgLx¿ hGd, d[To'
Pjd\ ef]u, P]Zjo{ k|flKt u/fpg] w]/} ;sfd sd{x¿sf] j0f{g / To:t} sd{ ug]{ ub{5g\ ..
ef]u}Zjo{k|;Qmfgf+ tofkÅtr]t;fd\ .
Joj;foflTdsf a'l4M ;dfwf} g ljwLot] ..$$..
sd{sf08sf k'likt jrgsf sf/0fn] ef]u / P]Zjo{df cf;Qm ePsf dg'iox¿ h;sf]
cGt:s/0f ef]utkm{ lvlrPsf] 5, To:tf dg'iox¿sf] cGt:s/0fdf l:y/ a'l4 /xg ;Sb}g ..

nf]suLtf– 51
cWofo–@
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] kfy{ Û j]bdf plNnlvt cfnÍfl/s jrgx¿k|lt cf;Qm ePsf cNk1fgL
sd{sf08afx]s c¿ s]xL 5}g egL b]vfj6L jrg dfq eGb5g\ . hf] dg'io ;'v, sfdgf, ljifo–
jf;gfaf6 pTk|]l/t eP/ huTf\df ;a} s'/f :ju{ dfq b]V5g\, / o; ;+;f/df dfq xf]Og k/nf]sdf
klg ;'vsf] g} dfu ub{5g\, To:tf JolQm lgisfdsdL{ x'g ;Sb}gg\ . hf] JolQm s]xL kfpg] cfsfª\Iff
/fv]/ sd{ ub{5, p;n] sd{of]unfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . sd{of]usf] df}lns cfwf/ kmnsf] cfzf/lxt
sfdgf xf] . >Ls[i0f sd{ jf;gf/lxt Pjd\ sfdgf/lxt x'g'k5{ eGg'x'G5 . o;/L jf;gf /
sfdgf/lxt sd{ ubf{ sd{sf] pTk|]/0ff s;/L k|fKt x'G5 eGg] ;f]r x'g ;S5 . To;}n] klZrdsf
dgf]j}1flgs ljgf sfdgfsf] sd{ x'g ;Sb}g eG5g\ .
>Ls[i0f l7s ljk/Lt s'/f ug{'x'G5 . pxfF eGg'x'G5– OlG›o t[lKtsf OR5's hGd–d[To' Pjd\
ef]u–P]Zjo{ k|fKt u/fpg] ;sfd sd{x¿ ub{5g\ . pxfFsf] egfO cg';f/ sd{ ha;Dd ;sfd x''G5
ta;Dd To:tf] sd{n] b'v / ljiffb dfq lbG5 . :ju{, ;'v cflbsf] rfxgf gi6 ePkl5 dfq sd{ z'4
x'G5 . z'4sd{nfO{ g} lgisfd sd{ of sd{of]u elgG5 . lgisfd sd{ of sd{of]u :jod\sf] d'lQm xf] .
lgisfd sd{of]uLnfO{ cGo s'g} df]Ifsf] h?/t kb}{g . s'g} klg b[Zo jf cb[Zo sd{ hxfF k|]/0ff,
rfxgf n's]sf] x'G5 Tof] lgisfd sd{ x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û sd{sf08sf
k'likt jrgsf sf/0fn] ef]u / P]Zjo{df cf;Qm ePsf tyf cGt:s/0f ef]utkm{ lvlrPsf
dg'iox¿sf] cGt:s/0fdf l:y/ a'l4 /xg ;Sb}g . t;y{ pgLx¿ ;sfd sd{ ub{5g\ .
csa/n] Ps lbg tfg;]gnfO{ pgsf] ;ËLt–snfsf] k|z+;f ubf{ tfg;]gn] cfˆgf u'?sf]
t'ngfdf cfkm" ;fdfGo /x]sf] atfP . csa/n] tfg;]gsf] u'¿;“u e]6\g vf]Hbf tfg;]gn] u'?nfO{
e]6\g u'¿ sxfF g} hfg'kg]{ atfPkl5 b'j}hgf od'gfsf] lsgf/df k'u] . u'? xl/bf;sf] ;ËLtn]
csa/nfO{ dGqd'Uw agfof] / cfgGbn] ljef]/ eP/ To; ;ª\uLtsf] wf/df klUnP/ aUg yfn] .
o;cl3 pgn] o:tf] ;ËLt slxNo} ;'g]sf lyPgg\ . u'?sf] h:tf] snf tfg;]gdf lsg gePsf] egL
pgnfO{ ;f]Wbf pgn] cfkm" s]xL kfpg] clenfiffn] ahfpg] / u'?n] k"0f{ lgisfd eP/ ahfpg] x'Fbf
cfˆgf] snf ;fwg dfq ePsf] / ;fWo gePsf] hjfkm lbP . tfg;]gn] u'?n] lgisfd efjn] ahfpg]
x'Fbf / k/dfTdf pxfFsf] k|f0fdf el/Psfn] ToxL snf u'?af6 wf/f k|jfx ¿kdf k|jflxt ePsf]
atfP . of] cl:tTjdf ;a} sfo{ lg:jfy{ efjn] eO/x]sf] 5 . h:tf] gbL lg:jfy{ efjn] clj/n
alu/x]sf] 5, km"n ;dodf km'ln/x]sf] 5, xfjf lg/Gt/ k|jflxt eO/x]sf] 5 / ;"o{n] lg/Gt/ k|sfz
Pjd\ tfk lbO/x]sf] 5 . dg'ionfO{ 5f]8]/ ;f/f huTf\sf] pmhf{ csf/0f cfgGbn] el/P/ lgisfd
k|jflxt eO/x]sf] 5 .
h'g lbg cfsfª\Iff / rfxgf/lxt x'Fb} s[To el/P/ aUg yfN5, To;} lbg lgisfd sd{ kmlnt
x'G5 . cfsfª\Iffo'Qm sfd ;sfd x'G5 / ha :jtM:km"t{ ¿kdf el/Psf] pmhf{ aUg yfN5 ta Tof]
s[To lgisfd x'G5 . ;sfd sd{ sd{of]u x'Fb}g, lgisfd sd{ dfq sd{of]u x'G5 . O{Zj/ kfpg]
clenfiffn] ehg ul/of] eg] Tof] s[To ;sfd x'G5 . sfdgfn] O{Zj/ k|fKt ug{ ;lsGg . s'g} klg
k|fy{gf jf ehg :jtM:km"t{ ¿kdf ufOof] eg] Tof] lgisfd xf] . s]xL kfpg] OR5fn] ul/Psf] s[To
kfkk"0f{ x'G5 . sfdgf/lxt z''4 s[To dfq lgisfd x'G5 . hd{g ljrf/s OdfGo'n sfG6 (Immanual
Kant) sf cg';f/ cfsfª\Iff/lxt st{Jo z'4 Pjd\ lgisfd xf] eg] cfsfª\Iffo'Qm st{Jo ;sfd Pjd\
kfk xf] . af6fdf lxF8\bf s'g} a6'jfsf] 5ftf v:bf p7fP/ lbPkl5 wGojfb cfcf];\ eGg]] rfxgf
/flvof] eg] Tof] ;sfd sd{ x'G5 / ck]Iff /flvPg eg] lgisfd sd{ x'G5 . k|]/0ff/lxt s[Toaf6
lgisfd sd{ kmlnt x'G5 . lgisfd sd{df rfxgf/lxt eP/ sd{ ug{' g} kof{Kt x'G5 . sd{af6

nf]suLtf– 52
 cWofo–@
sfdgf x6\g' sd{of]u xf] . o:tf] sd{ ;fwf/0f sd{ g/x]/ of]u aG5 . sd{ ha of]u aG5 ta kfk–
k'0o / aGwg–d'lQmaf6 JolQm kf/ x'G5 .
q}u'0oljifof j]bf lg:q}u'0of] ejfh{'g .
lgå{Gåf] lgTo;Œj:yf] lgof]{uIf]d cfTdjfg\ ..$%..
x] ch{'g Û j}lbs ;flxTodf ef}lts k|s[ltsf tLg u'0fsf ;DaGwdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . o;y{
ltdL oL lqu'0faf6 /lxt, of]uIf]d–nfe / ;'/Iffsf lrGtfaf6 d'Qm / lgTo ;Œjdf /x]/ cfTdfdf
l:yt xf]pm ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch'{g /fu / å]if, nfe–xfgL, of]uIf]d–;'/Iffaf6 d'Qm eO{ z"Go ag /
cfTdfdf l:yt xf]pm . /fu / å]ifdWo] Psdf x'g ;lhnf] 5 . wg;ª\u|x ug{' /fu / TofUg' lj/fu xf] .
oL b'O{df r'gfj ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 t/ o;af6 d'Qm x'g ufx|f] 5 . dgnfO{ /fu–lj/fu / nfe–xfgLsf]
r'gfj ug{ ;lhnf] 5 . /fu geP lj/fu / lj/fu geP /fu r'Gg ;lsG5 . ha dgn] s'g} r'gfj
ub}{g ta dg ;dfKt x'G5 . r'gfj ug'{ g} dgsf] cfwf/ xf] / r'gfj gug'{ g} dg ljgfsf] cj:yf
xf] . 5gf]6 g} åGå xf]≤ To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– r'gfj ubf{ 5gf]6 gul/Psf] j:t' blaP/ leq a:5 /
Ps ;dodf el/P/ lj:kmf]6 x'G5 To;}n] r'gfjaf6 åGå l;lh{G5 . r]tg / cr]tg larsf] åGådf
klg l7s o:t} x'G5 . qmf]w gug]{ k|lt1f r]tg dgn] u5{ / qmf]w cr]tg dgdf hDdf eP/ ba]/
a:5 . leq n8fOF x'Fbf cr]tg dgn] / aflx/ åGå x'Fbf r]tg dgn] lhT5 . dgf]j}1flgsx¿sf
cg';f/ olb dgnfO{ bz lx:;fdf afF8\of}F eg] gf} lx:;f cr]tg dg / Ps lx:;f r]tg dg x'G5 .
r]tgsf] eGbf gf} u'0ff a9L tfut cr]tg;Fu x'G5 . To;}n] JolQmn] grfxFbf grfxFb} /f]Sg g;s]/
qmf]w u5{ . xfd|f] cr]tg dgsf] lx:;f r]tg dgeGbf alnof] x'G5 . To;}n] xfdLn] rfx]sf] eGbf
grfx]sf] sfd dgn] u/fpF5 . oxL åGå dg'iosf] gs{ xf] .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û k|s[ltsf tLg u'0faf6 /lxt ;fy} /fu–å]if, of]uIf]d nfe /
;'/Iffsf lrGtfaf6 d'Qm / lgTo ;Œjdf /x]/ cfTdfdf l:yt xf]pm . s[i0fsf ljrf/df /fu / å]if
larsf] åGåaf6 hf] d'Qm x'G5, p;}n] hLjgsf] k/d ;TonfO{ hfGb5 . hf] åGåsf] 3]/fdf /lx/xG5, pm
hLjgsf] gs{df afFRb5 . o:tf] åGå/lxt lgå{Gåtfdf lgisfd sd{ kmlnt x'G5 . /fu–å]if ePsf]
cj:yfdf r]tgf z'4 xF'b}g t/ r]tgf ha z"Go x'G5 ta dfq z'4 x'G5 . r]tgf bk{0f ePsfn] /fu /
lj/fusf] lrQ o;df kmlnt eO/xG5 . r]tgf z'4 ePkl5 dfq bk{0f z'4 x'G5 . r]tgf z"Go x'Fbf
r}tGo dfq afFsL /xG5 h'g a|Xd / d'lQmsf] cg'ej xf] . z'4 / a|Xd Pp6} cg'ejsf b'O{ lsgf/f
x'g\ . a|Xdsf] P]gfdf /x]sf tl:a/x¿sf] ;ª\u|x g} ;+;f/ xf] . xfd|f] lrQdf cgGt tl:a/x¿ 5g\ .
t;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg''x'G5– r'gfj gu/L lgGå{Gå lrQ eO{, z"Go ag / Tof] If0fdf h] hflgG5 ToxL
hLjgsf] k/d ;To Pjd\ k/d 1fg xf] .
of]uIf]d cfTdjfg\ JolQm;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . xfdL slxNo} k|sfz b]Vb}gf}+ dfq k|sflzt j:t'
b]V5f}+ . k|sfz t xfd|f] cg'dfg dfq xf] . ha s'g} JolQm z"Go cj:yfdf k'U5, ta of]uIf]d k|s6
x'G5 . z"Go cj:yfdf k'u]sf] JolQmsf] cfTdl:ylt c¿n] b]Vb}gg\ . ha s'g} JolQm cfglGbt x'G5,
ta c¿n] p;leqsf] cfgGb b]Vb}gg\, cfgGbn] el/k"0f{ cj:yf dfq b]lvG5 . 1fgLhgsf] leqsf]
1fgsf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g t/ 1fgsf k|s6 ¿k eg] b]lvG5g\ . leq t cfTdfsf] z'4 cj:yf g} /xG5 /
of]uIf]d z'4tfsf] ¿kdf k|s6 x'G5 . sf]xL cfTdjfg\ x'g' leqL 36gf xf] eg] of]uIf]d aflx/L 36gf
xf]≤ To;}n] of] s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf k|s6 x'G5 .

nf]suLtf– 53
cWofo–@
ljgf r'gfj åGåaf6 d''Qm ePdf JolQm zlQm;DkGg x'G5 . cxª\sf/n] zlQm;DkGg x'g' eg]sf]
bLgxLg x'g' xf] . h'g lbg JolQm cfˆgf] ;a} cxª\sf/ 5f]8]/ k/dfTdfdf ;dlk{t x'G5, ta
k/dfTdfsf] ;Dk"0f{ zlQmaf6 pm kl/k"0f{ eP/ zlQm;DkGg x'G5 . cxª\sf/af6 d'Qm JolQmsf] zlQm
k/dfTdfsf] zlQmdf ;dflxt x'G5 Pjd\ p;sf ;a} sd{ k/dfTdfsf sd{ aG5g\ . kb–k|lti7fsf]
zlQm s';L{df a;'Gh]n;Dd x'G5 . s';L{af6 x6\g] lalQs} zlQm cGt x'G5 . >Ls[i0fn] eGg'ePsf] zlQm
o:tf] pmhf{ xf] hf] kb;Fu geO{ k/dfTdfsf] zlQm;Fu hf]l8g';Fu ;DalGwt 5 . ha JolQm z"Go x'G5,
ta pm ;j{sf] pmhf{sf nflu 7fpF vfnL u5{ / ToxfF ;j{sf] zlQm k|j]z x'G5, clg pm ;jf]{Rr
zlQmzfnL aG5 . o:tf] zlQmaf6 lkmtf{ x'g'kb}{g, of] lr/:yfoL x'G5 . o:tf] zlQmzfnL JolQm
k/dfTdfsf] zlQm;Fu hf]l8+“bf ToxfF of]uIf]d kmlnt x'G5 .
ofjfgy{ pbkfg] ;j{tM ;DKn'tf]bs] .
tfjfG;j]{if' j]b]if' a|fXd0f:o ljhfgtM ..$^..
h;/L ;j{q 7'nf] hnfzo e]l6Pkl5 dg''ionfO{ ;–;fgf s'jfsf] hlt k|of]hg /xG5 Tolt g}
a|XdnfO{ tŒjn] a'‰g] a|Xd1fgLnfO{ j]bsf] k|of]hg /xG5 ..
;–;fgf gbL, kf]v/L, em/gf, Ogf/ cflbdf g'xfpFbf h'g cfgGb jf kljqtf k|fKt x'G5 Tof]
eGbf cg]sf}+ u'0ff a9L kljqtf, k'0o jf cfgGb ;fu/df 8'a'NsL dfbf{ k|fKt x'G5 . To:t} zAbx¿
klg zf:q jf jfª\dodf hlt kfOG5g\ To;eGbf cg]sf}+ u'0ff a9L 1fgsf] ;fu/df kfOG5g\ . j]b
nufot zf:qdf hlt zAb jf 1fg e]l6G5 To;eGbf cgGt u'0ff a9L 1fg a|Xd1fgLdf e]l6G5 .
To;}n] c;Lldttfdf k'u]kl5 ;Ldfdf cfl>t x'g' cfjZos 5}g . To:t} k/a|XdnfO{ hfg]kl5 j]bnfO{
5f]8\g'k/] klg lrGtf lng'kb}{g≤ lglZrGt eP/ 5f8\bf x'G5 lsgeg] j]bsf] p2]Zo g} 1fg k|fKt ug{' xf]
jf k/a|XdnfO{ hfGg' xf] . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û h;/L ;j{q 7'nf] hnfzo e]l6Pkl5
dg'ionfO{ ;–;fgf s'jfFsf] hlt k|of]hg /xG5 Tolt g} a|XdnfO{ tŒjn] a'‰g] a|Xd1fgLnfO{ j]bsf]
/xG5 . ;Tosf nflu zAb 5f]8\g' cg'lrt xf]Og . cg'ejsf nflu zf:q 5f]8\g' ;j{yf plrt x'G5 .
h] oxfF kfOG5 To;eGbf cgGt u'0ff a9L 1fg / cg'ej a|Xd1fgLdf kfOG5 .
csf]{ s'/f– 1fgdf, ;fu/df / c;Lddf kfOg] lrh ;Lldtsf nflu 5f]8\g' pko'Qm x'Fb}g .
3/sf] wf/fdf ;fu/nfO{ s}b ug{' d"v{tf xf] . ;fu/nfO{ Ogf/df / 1fgnfO{ zf:qdf s}b ug{'x'Fb}g, of]
eofjx x'G5 . zf:q1fg ;Ldfdf afFlwPsf] x'G5 . zf:q c¿sf] 1fg xf] t/ :j–cflh{t 1fg jf
cg'e"lt eg] cfˆg} 1fg xf] . xfdL;Fu cf–cfˆgf wd{, ;Dk|bfo cg';f/sf zf:qx¿ 5g\ / ltgnfO{
cjnDag ub}{ Tof] c;Ld Pjd\ cyfx 1fg ;fu/nfO{ TofUbf eg] 7'nf] e"n x'G5 . To;}n] cf–cfˆgf
wd{, zf:q, cf:yfsf nflu 1fg 5f]8\g' eg]sf] e"n xf] / o:tf] JolQm cefuL xf] . h'g lrh zf:q,
wd{, ;Dk|bfo jf cf:yfdf kfOG5 To;eGbf cg]sf}+ u'0ff cfTd1fgdf kfOG5 . xfdL b'O{ zf:q jf b'O{
hfGg] JolQmx¿sf lardf t'ngf u5f}{+ . xfdL 1fg / zf:qsf lardf t'ngf ub}{gf}“ a? zf:qzf:q
lar t'ngf u5f}{+ . cg'ejljgf 1fg x'Fb}g, cg'ej t ;b}j :jod\sf] lghL x'G5 . c¿af6 ;'g]/ a'‰g'
zf:q 1fg xf] t/ cfˆg} :j–cflh{t cg'ej 1fg xf] .
zf:qsf] k'/ftg gfd >'lt -;'g]sf]_, :d[lt -:d/0f u/]sf]_ xf], cfkm}“n] hfg]sf] xf]Og . ;a}
zf:q >'lt–:d[lt x'g\, bz{g xf]Ogg\ t/ …;ToÚ bz{g xf] . zf:q pkof]uL x'g;S5 t/ To;df cGw
>4f ug{' /fd|f] xf]Og . zf:qaf6 c¿n] hfg]sf] s'/f d klg hfGg ;S5' eGg]] k|]/0ff k|fKt x'G5 t/
hfGg' t cfkm}“n] k5{ . 3/sf] wf/f jf Ogf/ cfkm}“n] agfPsf] x'G5 t/ ;fu/ :jlgld{t xf] / ;fu/;Dd

nf]suLtf– 54
 cWofo–@
cfkm}“ k'Ug'k5{ . zf:q Ogf/ jf wf/f xf] h;df ;fu/sf] emns dfq x'G5 t/ …1fgÚ d'Qm ;Ldf/lxt
;fu/ xf] .
sd{0o]jflwsf/:t] df kmn]if' sbfrg .
df sd{kmnx]t'e{"df{ t] ;Ëf]˜:Tjsd{l0f ..$&..
x] ch{'g Û ltdLnfO{ st{Jo sd{ ug]{ dfq clwsf/ 5 . sd{sf] kmn kfpg], gkfpg] s'/f ltd|f]
cwLgdf 5}g . ltdL cfkm"nfO{ sd{sf] kmnsf] sf/0f klg gdfg / slxNo} st{Joaf6 ljd'v klg gag ..
sd{of]usf] cfwf/ eg]sf] g} sd{kmndf geO{ sd{df dfq xfd|f] clwsf/ 5 eGg] xf] . xfdLnfO{
sd{ ug]{ :jtGqtf 5, t/ sd{kmndf xfd|f] :jtGqtf 5}g lsgeg] sd{ JolQmaf6 x'G5 / kmn
;dli6af6 dfq k|fKt x'G5 . xfdLnfO{ sd{ ug]{ clwsf/ 5 lsgeg] Tof] xfd|f] xftdf ePsfn] ;DkGg
ug{ ;S5f}“ . kmnsf] clwsf/ ;dli6sf] xftdf 5, xfdL;Fu 5}g t/ xfdL kmnsf] cfzf /fv]/ dfq
sd{ u5f}{+ . t;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g ltdLnfO{ st{Jo sd{ ug]{ dfq clwsf/ 5 . sd{sf] kmn
ltd|f] cwLgdf 5}g . ltdL cfk"mnfO{ sd{sf] kmnsf] sf/0f gdfg / st{Josd{af6 ljd'v klg gag .
xfdL sd{ cfh u5f}{+ t/ ef]ln xfdL oxLF /xg] 5f}“ eGg]] s'g} lglZrttf 5}g . xfdL PsIf0f klg oxLF
x'G5f}+ eGg]] kSsf 5}g . kmn tTsfn k|fKt x'Fb}g / kmnsf nflu eljiodf k|tLIff ug{'k5{ . xfdLnfO{
ef]ln laxfg ;"o{ pbfpF5 g} eGg] klg kSsf 5}g . Ps lbg t xfdLn] ;"of{:tnfO{ clGtd dfGg'kg]{
lbg klg cfpg ;S5 . j}1flgsx¿n] klg of] ;"o{ ca rf/ xhf/ jif{df c:t x'G5 eGg]] eljiojf0fL
u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] xfd|f] hLjgsf] s'g} e/f];f 5}g h'g s'g} klg If0f c:t x'g ;S5 .
sd{ ;b}j clxn] / oxfF jt{dfgdf 5 t/ kmn ;bf ef]ln of eljiodf 5 . eljiosf nflu
cfzf /fVg' eg]sf] lg/fzf dfq kfpg' xf] . To;}n] h'g xfd|f] jzdf 5, xfdL ToxL u/f}+“ . sd{kmn
k|e'sf] xftdf 5f]l8lbg' g} a'l4dfgL x'G5 . kmnsf] cfsfª\Iffdf xfd|f] dg olt ;+nUg x'G5 ls xfd|f]
;Dk"0f{ r]tgf / pmhf{ kmnsf] k|flKtdf g} hfG5, h;sf sf/0f xfdL sd{ klg /fd|/L ug{ ;Sb}gf“}+ .
h;n] hlt kmnsf] cfsfª\Iff /fVof], Tolt g} kmn k|fKt x'Fb}g . hlt kmnsf] cfsfª\Iff g/fvL sd{
u¥of] Tolt g} kmn k|fKt x'G5 . lh;; eGg'x'G5– h;n] hf]ufpF5 To;;“+u vf]l;g] 5 / h;n] afF8\5,
To;nfO{ g} ;a} s'/f lbOg] 5 . h;n] cfkm"nfO{ k/dfTdfdf ;dlk{t u5{ To;n] g} ;a} s'/f kfpF5 /
h;n] cfkm"df g} kfpg] OR5f /fV5 To;n] s]xL klg kfpFb}g . To;}n] lgisfd sd{åf/f g} kmn
kfOG5 . kmnft'/ x'g' eg]sf] kmn k|fKt gx'g] ;Defjgf xf] . kmnsf] cf;lQm 5f]8\g] JolQmsf af/]df
k/dfTdfn] lrGtf u5{ . olb >4fo'Qm lrQn] kmn kfpFb}g eg] k/dfTdf g} 5}g eg]/ dfg] x'G5 .
kmnsf] cfzf /fVg' eg]sf] czl'4 / gfl:tstf xf] . kmnft'/ lrQ cz'l4n] el/Psf] x'G5 . >4fo'Qm
JolQmsf] sd{ k"0f{ x'G5 . ha sd{ k"0f{ x'G5, ta kmn kfpg] s'/fdf lglZrttf x'G5 .
b'of]{wgn] ›f}kbLnfO{ gª\Uofpg x/;Dej k|of; u/] klg ›f}kbL gUg eOgg\ lsgeg] s'g} klg
:qL :jod\n] grfx];Dd gUg x'g] ;Defjgf x'Fb}g . b'of]{wgn] ›f}kbLnfO{ gUg agfpg vf]h], Tof] pgsf]
P]lR5s sd{ lyof] / pgnfO{ gUg agfpg vf]Hg] OR5fsf] kmn eg] b'of]{wgsf] xftdf geP/
k/dfTdfsf] xftdf lyof] . To;}n] b'of]{wgn] b|f}kbLnfO{ gUg agfpg ;s]gg\ . sd{ b'of]{wgsf] xftdf
eP klg kmn O{Zj/sf] xftdf lyof] . dg'io t kmnsf] clt–cfzfn] sd{ u5{ t/ of] cfzfn] lg/fzf
dfq hGdfpF5 . sd{ xfd|f] xftdf ePsfn] sd{ u/]/ kmnsf] cfzf TofUg'k5{ . kmnsf] cfzf 5f]8\g]
JolQmsf] cfzf k"/f ug{ huTf\sf] ;f/f pmhf{ Ps x'G5 . dfu ug{' huTf\sf] pmhf{ ljk/Lt x'g' xf] .
To;}n] sd{ ug{' sd{of]uLsf] clwsf/ xf], kmn kfpg' k/dfTdfsf] k|;fb xf] .

nf]suLtf– 55
cWofo–@
of]u:yM s'? sdf{l0f ;Ë+ ToSTjf wg~ho .
l;4Øl;4Øf]M ;df] e"Tjf ;dTj+ of]u pRot] ..$*..
x] wg~ho Û ltdL cf;lQmnfO{ Tofu]/ / l;l4 / cl;l4df ;dfg a'l4jfnf eP/ of]udf l:yt
ePsf] st{Jo sd{ u/, ;dTjnfO{ g} of]u elgG5 ..
;dtf g} of]u xf] / ;Gt'ng b'O{ larsf] ;defj xf] . >Ls[i0f ch'{gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– x]
wg~ho Û cf;lQmnfO{ Tofu]/ l;l4 / cl;l4df 5gf]6 gu/L ;dfg j'l4jfnf eP/ of]udf l:yt
ePsf] st{Jo sd{ u/, ;dTjnfO{ g} of]u elgG5 . dgn] ;b}j /fd|f] / c;n 5gf]6 u5{ h'g dg
kb}{g To;nfO{ Tofu u5{ . t/ >Ls[i0f 5gf]6 g} gu/ eGg'x'G5 . b'j} j:t'sf ljz]iftf ;dfg 5g\
eg]/ hfg]kl5 r'gfj g} x'g ;Sb}g . ;dtf p;nfO{ k|fKt x'G5 hf] lardf /xG5 . xf];df r'gfj
gu/L ;defjdf pknAw x'g' g} of]u / Wofg xf] . >Ls[i0f h'g ;dtfsf] s'/f ub}{ x'g'x'G5 Tof]
;r]tgf ;dtfsf] xf] . xf];k"0f{ cj:yfdf ;d x'g' eg]sf] g} ;dtf xf] . b'O{ åGåaf6 lgå{Gå x'g] r'gfj
klg ;dtf xf]Og . of] klg r'gfj xf] / o; l:yltdf k'gM åGå x'G5 . lgå{Gåtf r'gfj/lxt ;dodf
dfq 3l6t x'G5 . åGåk|lt hfUg' g} ;dtfdf k'Ug] cj:yf xf] . ;kmntf–ljkmntf 36\5g\ / x/fpF5g\
t/ oL b'j} d xf]Og eg]/ hfGg'k5{ . To:t} lbg–/ft cfpF5 / hfG5 t/ d oL b'j}eGbf k[ys\ 5' eGg]]
af]wn] åGåsf] cj:yfaf6 lgå{Gådf k'¥ofpF5 / o; cj:yfdf ;dtf pknAw x'G5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– ltdL l;l4–cl;l4x¿nfO{ 5f]8 / ;dtfdf pknAw xf]pm . ltdL wd{–cwd{, ;kmntf–
c;kmntf, /fd|f]–g/fd|f]sf] 5gf]6 gu/ . s] x'G5 s] x'Gg, tL ;a} 5f]8 . ltdL cfkm"df l:yt xf]pm,
hfu / ;dtfdf k|j]z u/ lsgeg] ;dtf g} of]u xf] .
b"/]0f Xoj/+ sd{ a'l4of]uf4g~ho .
a'4f} z/0fdlGjR5 s[k0ffM kmnx]tjM ..$(..
x] wg~ho Û ;dtf¿k a'l4of]ueGbf ;sfd sd{ lgs[i6 x'G5 . ctM ltdL ;da'l4df g} /Iffsf]
pkfo vf]h cyf{t\ ;defjdf /x]/ a'l4of]usf] z/0fdf hfpm lsgeg] sd{kmnsf] OR5f jf sfdgf /fVg]
JolQm s[k0f / bLg x'g\ ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] wg~ho Û ;dtf¿k a'l4of]ueGbf ;sfd sd{ lgs[i6 x'G5 . ctM åGå
5f]8]/ :jod\ / a'l4of]unfO{ vf]h . JolQmsf] klxnf] kl/ro g} a'l4 xf] . :joDf\sf] åf/ a'l4 xf] / o;
åf/df k|j]z gu/Lsg sf]xL klg cfTdjfg\ / 1fgjfg\ x'g ;Sb}g . xfdL a'l4n] sd{sf] r'gfj u5{
egL 7fG5f“}+ . a'l4sf] åf/ xfdL aflx/ hfg dfq pkof]u u5f“}{ leq hfg pkof]u ub}{gf}+“ . ch{'g klg
a'l4sf] pkof]u aflx/sf nflu ub}{ 5g\ / s] u/]df l7s / s] u/]df a]l7s x'G5 eg]/ ;f]Wb} 5g\ .
t;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ltdL a'l4of]usf] z/0fdf hfpm lsgeg] sd{kmnsf] OR5f jf sfdgf /fVg]
JolQm s[k0f / bLgxLg x'g\ . t'R5 a'l4 ePsf s[k0f JolQmx¿ cfˆgf] sd{sf] kmn ef]Ug rfxG5g\ /
o; aGwgdf cem a9L km:b5g\ . t/ ch{'g alxh{ut\ / kmnsf nflu a'l4sf] pkof]u ub}{5g\ t/
pgL leq k|j]z ug{ eg] a'l4sf] k|of]u ul//x]sf 5}gg\ .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sd{sf] ;DaGwdf dfq a'l4sf] pkof]u ug{' lgs[i6tf xf], Jojxf/sf nflu
dfq a'l4sf] pkof]u ug{' a'l4sf] Go"gtd pkof]u xf] . dgf]j}1flgsx¿ eG5g\– >]i7 dg'iox¿ klg
cfˆgf] a'l4sf] kGw| k|ltzt eGbf a9L pkof]u ub}{gg\ . ;fwf/0fhg b'O{ k|ltzt hlt dfq a''l4sf]
pkof]u u5{g\ . dg'iosf] c7f/ jif{kl5 a'l4sf] ljsf; xF'b}g≤ To;kl5 hLjg rnfpg] cg'ej dfq
/xG5 . låtLo ljZjo'4df cd]l/sfn] ;}lgsx¿sf] a'l4 k/LIf0f u¥of] . cf};t a'l4 t]x| jif{eGbf a9L
s;}sf] klg kfOPg . To;}n] sd{sf nflu a'l4sf] pkof]u lgs[i6td pkof]u xf] . s[i0fsf] a'l4of]usf]
nf]suLtf– 56
 cWofo–@
tfTko{ h'g lbg xfdL xfd|f] a'l4sf] k|of]u cfkm"nfO{ hfGgsf nflu / :jod\sf] kl/rosf nflu u5f}{+
Tof] a'l4sf] clwstd pkof]u xf] / of] a'l4of]u xf] . a'l4sf] k|of]u leq ug{' ;xL cy{df o;sf]
pkof]u ug{' xf] . To;}n] t pxfF eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ltdL a'l4of]usf nflu pknAw xf]pm, :jod\
hfGgsf nflu a'l4 pkof]u u/ / To;nfO{ hfg hf] ;a} hfGg]jfnfnfO{ klg hfGb5 . ;a} b]Vg]jfnf
›i6fnfO{ hfg, ;a} 3l6t 36gfx¿nfO{ r'gfj gu/L ;fIfLnfO{ hfg ta ltdL ;dtfdf pknAw
ePkl5 lglZrGt x'g]5f} .
a'l4o'Qmf] hxftLx pe] ;'s[tb'is[t] .
t:dfBf]ufo o'Ho:j of]uM sd{;' sf}znd\ ..%)..
;fª\Voa'l4o'Qm JolQmn] g} kfk–k'0o, /fd|f–g/fd|f b'j} kmnnfO{ hLljt cj:yfdf g} TofUb5
cyf{t\ To;af6 d'Qm x'G5 . t;y{ sd{aGwgaf6 5'6\g ;da'l4sf nflu tNnLg xf]pm . of] a'l4¿k of]u g}
sd{sf] s'zntf xf] ..
;fª\Voof]u a'em]sf] JolQm kfk–k'0oaf6 d'Qm x'G5 / sd{sf] s'zntf k|fKt u5{ h;nfO{ of]u
elgG5 . h'g lbg JolQm cfˆgf] a'l4sf] pkof]u cGt/ofqfsf nflu u5{, ToxL ;do pm ;fª\VonfO{
k|fKt u5{ . :jod\df l:yt x'g] a'l4nfO{ >Ls[i0f ;fª\Voa'l4 eGg'x'G5 . pxfF eGg'x'G5– ;fª\Vo
a'l4o'Qm JolQmn] g} kfk–k'0o, /fd|f–g/fd|f b'a} kmnnfO{ TofUg ;S5 . t;y{ sd{ aGwgaf6 5'6\g
;da'l4df tNnLg xf]pm . 1fgdf ;fª\Vo ;jf]{Ts[i6 lgi7f xf] . Pp6f 1fg h;af6 xfdL 1]o -j:t'_
nfO{ hfGb5f“}+ / csf]{ 1fg h;af6 xfdL 1ftfnfO{ hfGb5f}+“ . Pp6f 1fgaf6 xfdL j:t'sf af/]df
hfGb5f}F / csf]{ 1fgaf6 xfdL lgoGqs jf stf{ -hfGg]jfnf_ nfO{ hfGb5f}“+ . Pp6f 1fg lj1fg ag]/
j:t'sf af/]df hfGb5 / csf]{ 1fg ;fª\Vo dxflj1fg jf k/d r}tGo zlQmsf af/]df hfGb5 . a6f]{g
/;]n (Bertrand Russel) n] klg 1fgnfO{ b'O{ efudf afF8]sf 5Gf\– Pp6f Knowledge / csf]{
Acquaintance . oLdWo] Pp6f kl/ro / csf]{ 1fg xf] . aflx/af6 hfGg'' kl/ro xf], 1fg xf]Og .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– c¿nfO{ xf]Og, :jod\nfO{ hfGg] 1fg ;fª\Vo1fg xf] . ;fª\Vo 1fgn]
leqaf6 xfdL h] 5f} / xfd|f] :jefj h:tf] 5 To;nfO{ hfGg ;S5f“} . To;}n] 1fgsf] cy{ cfTd1fg
xf] . lj1fg 1fg xf]Og of] t j:t'sf] hfgsf/L dfq xf] . lj1fg ljlzi6 1fg xf] eg] cfTd1fg dfq
s]jn 1fg xf] . ;fª\Vosf] cy{ Tof] 1fg xf] h;n] ;a} hfGg]nfO{ klg hfGb5 . cfTd1fg geP;Dd
To;nfO{ hfGg ;lsGg . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– cfTdfnfO{ hfGg]lalQs} ;a} hfGb5f}+ . ha cfkm"nfO{
hfGb5f}+“, ta of]usd{sf] s'zntf aG5 / ;a} aGwgaf6 5'6\sf/f kfOG5 . a'l4¿k of]u g} sd{sf]
s'zntf xf] lsgeg] JolQmn] ;fª\Vo hfg]kl5 leq zfGt x'G5, p;leq s'g} c;Gt'ng / d[To';d]t
g/x]/ pm ;dtfdf pknAw x'G5 . To:tf] JolQmsf] sfo{df s'zntf :jtM x'G5 . leq olb ;fª\Voa'l4
5 eg] h] u/] klg /fd|f] / ;kmn eP/ cd[t al;{G5 . leqsf] zflGt g} aflx/sf] s'zntf xf] .
sd{h+ a'l4o'Qmf lx kmn+ ToSTjf dgLlif0fM .
hGdaGwljlgd{'QmfM kb+ uR5GTogfdod\ ..%!..
a'l4of]uo'Qm 1fgLhg hf] ;f+;fl/s sd{sf k|ltkmnaf6 d'Qm x'G5g\ / o;/L ltgLx¿ hGd–
d[To'sf] aGwgaf6 d'Qm eP/ cd[tdo k/d kb k|fKt u5{g\ ..
1fgof]u lgi7fdf k|fKt x'g] JolQm åGå/lxt x'G5 . dfg–ckdfg, ho–k/fho, ;'v–b'v h:tf
åGådf ge'nL ;dTj efjdf /Xof] eg] hGd / d[To'af6 d'Qm eP/ k/dkbdf k'luG5 . cfTdfsf] hGd–
d[To' x'Fb}g, t/ klg c1fgtfsf sf/0fn] JolQm s] ;f]R5 eg] hGd / d[To'sf] rqmaf6 kf/ x'g' 5 .

nf]suLtf– 57
cWofo–@
hGd–d[To'df gafFlwPsf] eP klg c1fgtfsf sf/0f pm cfkm"nfO{ afFlwPsf] 7fG5 . t/ ;fª\Von]
eG5– cl:tTjdf sxLF klg q'l6 5}g, q'l6 t s]jn xfd|f] a'l4df 5 . xfdLnfO{ hGd–d[To' x'G5 eGg]]
nfU5 t/ of] c;To xf] . xfdLn] hfGg] ;Gbe{df ljljw e'n ug{ ;S5f“}+, a'emfOdf sdhf]/L x'g;S5
t/ cl:tTjut e'n ePsf] eP hfg]/ a'em]/ x6fpg ;lsFb}g . hGd / d[To' cfTdfsf] x'Fb}g, s]jn
xfdL e|djz o;nfO{ ;To 7flg/x]5f“}+ . xfdL s;}n] klg cfkm" d/]sf] cg'ej u/]sf 5}gf“}+, s]jn c¿
d/]sf] b]v]/ cg'dfg dfq ul//x]sf 5f“}+ . xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf] hGdsf af/]df klg yfxf 5}g . xfdLnfO{
hLjgsf s'g} klg 36gfsf] hfgsf/L 5}g, s]jn csf{n] l;sfPsf] jf zf:q 3f]s]sf] cfwf/df dfq
a'em]sf 5f}+, cg'ej u/]/ hfg]sf 5}gf}+“ .
hGdaf6 u'lh|P/ ha xfdL o;sf af/]df yfxf kfpg ;Sb}gf“} eg] d[To'sf af/]df yfxf kfpg
;Sg] t cj:yf g} x'Fb}g . klxnf] 36gf c¿ s;}n] atfPsf] cfwf/df hfg]sf 5f“}+ eg] kl5Nnf] 36gf
cyf{t\ d[To'sf] klg cg'dfg dfq ug{ ;S5f}+“ . ;fª\Von] eG5, Psk6s hGdsf af/]df /fd|/L 1fg
xfl;n u¥of“}+ jf hGd–d[To' af/]sf] oyfy{ 1fg yfxf kfof}+ eg] xfdLleq df}nfPsf] åGå of hGd–
d[To'sf] e|d tTsfn x6\5 . o; k|sf/sf] e|flGt a'l4of]uaf6 dfq x6\g ;S5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– h;n] ;fª\Voof]u a'‰b5 To;n] hGd–d[To'¿kL rqm jf e|flGtaf6 5'6\sf/f kfpF5 /
k/dkbdf k'Ub5 . Tof] k/dkb aflx/ xf]Og leq 5 . of] cfGtl/stfsf] cGTo / r]tgfsf] clGtd
;To xf] .
obf t] df]xslnn+ a'l4Jo{lttl/iolt .
tbf uGtfl; lgj]{b+ >f]tJo:o >'t:o r ..%@..
x] ch{'g Û ha ltdL df]x¿kL 3gf hËnnfO{ kf/ u5f}{, ta klxNo} ;'lg;lsPsf / ;'Gg'kg]{ of]
nf]s / k/nf]s cyf{t\ ;Dk"0f{ ;f+;fl/s ef]uaf6 j}/fUodf k|fKt x'g]5f} ..
df]x¿kL hËnaf6 ha a'l4 hfUb5, ta j}/fUo k|fKt x'G5 . dflg;leq /x]sf] cGwsf/ k|sfz
kfPkl5 x6\5 t/ Tof] cFWof/f];Fu wd{sf] s'g} ;DaGw x'Fb}g . wd{sf dfWodaf6 cGwsf/ x6fpg' t
dg'iosf] r]tgfdf 5fPsf] jf 9flsPsf] cGwsf/¿kL c1fg x6fpg' elgPsf] xf] . Pp6f csf]{
cGwsf/ 5 h;n] cfTdfnfO{ rf/}lt/af6 3]/]sf] 5 / of] 3]/fO jf kbf{nfO{ g} >Ls[i0f df]x¿kL
sflndf -3gf hËn_ eGg'x'G5 . cGwsf/sf] nIf0f hxfF s]xL klg b]lvFb}g / gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf dfu{ klg
yfxf x'Fb}g . ha cGwsf/df s]xL klg b]lvFb}g, ta cGo j:t';Fu xfdL 7f]lsg k'U5f}+“ . cGwsf/ eg]sf]
xfd|f] b[li6 jf r]tgf x/fpg' xf] . df]xdf klg o:t} x'G5, o:tf] df]xnfO{ cGwsf/ elgG5 . df]xdf klg
cGwsf/df af6f] of uGtJo yfxf gkfP em}+ x'G5 . df]xsf] cGwf]kg cfWoflTds cGwf]kg of c1fgtf
xf] .
s'g} Ps JolQmsf] 3/df cfuf] nfUbf pm cfˆgf] ;f/f ;DklQ hNg nfUof] eg]/ 5ftL lk6]/
b'vL x'Fb} lrRofpF5 . cfuf] blGs/x]sf] 5 / lgefpg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . To;} If0fdf s'g} JolQm cfP/
ltd|f] 5f]/fn] of] 3/ a]lr;s]sf] 5 eg]/ va/ ug]{lalQs} 3/ hln/x] klg pm lrRofpg / lrGtf ug{
5f8\5 t/ 3/ eg] clxn] klg hln g} /x]sf] 5 . ca dgsf] cj:yf km]l/P/ cfF;' aUg 5f]8\5 . cfF;'
d]/f] eGg]] efjsf sf/0f au]sf] lyof] hNg'sf] sf/0fn] xf]Og . s]xL If0fkl5 p;sf] 5f]/f] cfP/ 3/
a]Rg] s'/f eP klg k]:sL glnPsfn] ca laqmL x'g] s'/} cfpFb}g eg]kl5 pm k'gM ?g s/fpg yfN5 .
df]x cyf{t\ d]/f] 3/ eGg]] efj k'gM hfU5 . o; huTf\df df]xn] g} ;Gtfk lbP/ e8\sfpF5, lu/fpF5 /
;'vL jf b'vL agfpF5 . hLjgsf] b'v g} df]x xf] . a'4n] o;nfO{ t[i0ff eGg'ePsf] 5 .

nf]suLtf– 58
 cWofo–@
df]xdf ;a} s'/f ljk/Lt x'g yfN5 . d]/L kTgL, d]/f klt, xfd|f 5f]/f5f]/L, afa'cfdf, wd{,
u|Gy, dlGb/, dl:hb, rr{ oL ;a} d]/f]sf] hfnf] rf/}lt/ km}lnG5 . of] hf] d]/f]sf] lj:tf/ xf], ToxL
df]xsf] hfnf] jf cGwsf/ xf] . df]xdf afFRg] JolQm cGwsf/df afFR5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf]
df]xsf] gzfaf6 d'Qm x'G5 Tof] j}/fUodf k|fKt x'G5 cyf{t\ cf;lQm/lxt x'G5 .
xfd|f] j}/fUosf] dfGotf /fusf] ljk/Lt xf] t/ >Ls[i0f o;nfO{ j}/fUo dfGg'x'Gg . xfd|f] a'l4df
d]/f] 3/ eGg]] efj /fu xf] / d]/f] 3/ xf]Og egL hfGg' j}/fUo xf] t/ d]/f] xf] jf xf]Og eGg]] s'/f t
Pp6} s'/fsf b'O{ lsgf/f dfq x'g\ . j}/fUosf] cy{ g /fu g t lj/fu g} xf] . /fu tyf lj/fu cyjf
d]/f] xf] jf xf]Og eGg]] b'j} efj gePsf] cj:yf j}/fUo xf] . df]xsf] cGwsf/ gePsf] cj:yf j}/fUo
xf] . o;df cfsif{0f / ljsif{0f b'j} xF'b}g ;fy} kIf / ljkIf klg x''Fb}g s]jn ;defj /xG5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf l:y/ x'g ;s] j}/fUo k|fKt x'G5 . xfd|f] dg g} åGå xf] . xfdLn] agfPsf] efiff åGåfTds 5
/ ljk/Ltsf cfwf/df zAb aG5 / To;sf] kl/efiff x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu s;}n] cFWof/f] s] xf]
eg]/ ;f]Wof] eg] k|sfzsf] cefj eGg]] hjfkm cfpF5 . l7s pN6f] k|sfzsf] kl/efiff cFWof/f]sf] cefj
xf] . xfdLnfO{ k|sfz / cGwsf/sf af/]df yfxf 5}g, To;}n] JolQmsf] kl/efiff e|dfTTds / ck"0f{ 5 .
/fusf] pN6f] lj/fu xf] t/ t];|f] cj:yf /fu–lj/fuaf6 kf/ x'g' jLt/fu xf] . xfdLn] agfPsf]
zAb s]jn pN6f] dfq aG5 . t];|f] cj:yf ;To xf] hf] zAbdf JoQm ug{ ;lsGg . To:t} j}/fUosf]
cy{ /fu / lj/fusf] åGåaf6 kf/ ePsf] cj:yf xf] . hxfF g s'g} cfsif{0f x'G5 g ljsif{0f g} x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– df]xsf] lgzf 5'6]kl5 dfq j}/fUo kmlnt x'G5 . cdf]x df]xsf] lgzfaf6 5'6\g'
xf]Og . df]x dgdf 5, cdf]x hufP/ jf efu]/ hfg' df]xsf] lgzf 5'6\g' xf]Og . cdf]x t df]xsf]
cGwsf/ leqaf6 x6\g' xf] . d]/f] eGg]] efj g} df]xsf] lgzf xf] . h'g;'s} s'/f klg d]/f] eGg]] lalQs}
xfdL df]xdf g} x'G5f“}+ . d]/f] wd{, d]/f eujfg\ klg df]x g} xf] . eujfg\ d]/f]kg 5f]8]/ kfOG5 t/ xfdL
eujfGf\nfO{ klg d]/f] cGwsf/df /fV5f}+ . of] df]xaf6 efUg] xf]Og, hfUg' k5{ . ;GGof;L Tof] xf]Og hf]
3/ 5f8]/ efU5, ;GGof;L t Tof] xf] h;sf] cGt:s/0fdf 3/ agfpg] tŒj ;dfKt x'G5 . >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– df]xsf] lgzf ;dfKt eP/ h;sf] a'l4n] j}/fUo k|fKt u5{ To;}n] g} df]If k|fKt u5{ .
>'ltljk|ltkGgf t] obf :yf:olt lgZrnf .
;dfwfjrnf a'l4:tbf of]udjfK:ol; ..%#..
ch{'gnfO{ ;DemfpFb} >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ha ltd|f] dg j]bsf cfnÍfl/s zAbaf6 ljrlnt geO{
cfTd–;fIffTsf/df Psfu| eP/ crn / l:y/ /xg] 5, ta ltdLn] lbJo r]tgf cyf{t\ of]unfO{ k|fKt
ug]{ 5f} / k/dfTdf;Fu lgTo ;+of]u x'g] 5 ..
>Ls[i0f ch'{gnfO{ ;Demfpb} eGg'x'G5– ha ltd|f] dg j]bsf cfnÍfl/s zAbaf6 ljrlnt geO{
cfTd–;fIffTsf/df Psfu| eP/ crn / b[9 /xg] 5, ta ltdL lbJo r]tgf cyf{t\ of]unfO{ k|fKt ug]{
5f}F . >Ls[i0fn] eGg' ePsf] b[9tf leqsf] lrQnfO{ bafP/ xf]Og, leqsf] sDkg jf eonfO{ x6fP/
k|fKt x'g] b[9tf xf] . s[i0fn] eg]sf] b[9tf /f]unfO{ bafP/ cfpg] h:tf] b[9tf xf]Og, a? /f]usf]
cefjdf cfpg] b[9tf xf] . hxfF xLgtfnfO{ x6fP/ jf bafP/ >]i7tf k|blz{t x'G5, ToxfF leq ;bf
sDkg /xG5 / ;b}j cfkm"nfO{ l;4 ug]{ k|of; x'G5 . o:tf dflg; ;Gb]xn] el/Psf x'G5g\ . hf]
c;lGbUw 5g\ pgLx¿ cfkm"nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ k|of;df x'Fb}gg\ . pgLx¿sf] b[9tf :jtM k|dfl0ft
x'G5 . b]vfpg} kb}{g . To;}n] pklgifb\df elgPsf] 5– hf] cfkm"nfO{ 1fgL 7fG5g\ jf:tjdf
ltgLx¿nfO{ 1fgsf] s'g} hfgsf/L g} 5}g . c1fgL huTf\df el8\sG5 t/ 1fgL eg] dxfcGwsf/df
el8\sG5 . s[i0fsf] b[9tf ljk/Ltdf plePsf] b[9tf xf]Og sDkg/lxt, l:y/ lrQn] o'Qm b[9tf xf] .

nf]suLtf– 59
cWofo–@
ha lrQ /fu / lj/fu;Fu, a'l4 r'gfj;Fu / dg ljifox¿ lar sDkg x'g 5f]8]/ csDk x'G5 ta
b[9tf pknAw x'G5 . ha dg OR5fnfO{ 5f]8]/ OR5fsf] cefjdf k|fKt x'G5, ta b[9tf pknAw x'G5 .
o:tf] l:yltdf hLjgdf pknlAw k|fKt x'G5 / lrQ b[9 x'G5 .
a'l4 lgZrn / w}o{jfg\ x'Fb}g, 5fn xlNnPsf] h:tf] sDkgo'Qm x'G5 . lbof]sf] aQL xfjfn]
xlNnPsf] h:tf] a'l4 cl:y/ x'G5 . cfkm"nfO{ axfb'/ ;Demg] JolQm klg cl:y/ a'l4n] ubf{ eoeLt
x'G5g\ .
cl:6«ofsf dgf]lrlsT;s cnk|m]8 P8n/ (Alfred Adler) n] dflg;sf] dgsf] vf]h lgs}
u/]sf 5g\ . JolQm hf] aflx/ h:tf] b]lvG5 jf b]vfpF5, cGto{df pm l7s ljk/Lt :jefjsf] x'G5 .
k|foM ;a} /fhgLlt1x¿ cGto{df xLgtfsf] efjaf6 u|:t x'G5g\ t/ klg zlQmsf] cf8df d s]xL xF'
eg]/ l;4 ug{ vf]H5g\ . P8n/n] g} eg]sf 5g\– dxfg\ ;ËLtsf/x¿ sfg sd ;'G5g\ / /fd|f
lrqsf/x¿sf] cfFvf sdhf]/ x'G5 . s';L{df a:bf n]lggsf] v'§fn] e'OF 5'Fb}gYf] lsgeg] pgsf v'§f
z/L/sf t'ngfdf 5f]6f lyP . ToxL xLgtfsf sf/0f pgL ;+;f/s} ;aeGbf 7'nf] / eJo s';L{df a:g
;kmn eP . P8n/ eG5g\– n]lggsf] v'§f ;fgf] ePsf] xLgtfefjsf sf/0f pgL dxŒjfsfª\IfL ag]sf
x'g\ . Ifltk"lt{:j¿k s]xL ag]/ b]vfpgsf nflu cfkm"leq sdhf]/ ePsfn] g} pgn] aflx/af6 b[9tf
b]vfPsf x'g\ .
v':r]e (N. Khrushchev) n] cfˆgf] ;+:d/0fdf n]v]sf 5g\– :6flng (Joseph Stalin)
h;nfO{ kmnfdn] ag]sf] eg]/ pkdf lbOPsf] 5, pgL klg 8/kf]s JolQm lyP . pgL vfgf vfg klg
c¿n] rfv]/ lbPkl5 dfq vfGy] . lx6n/ / :6flng b'j}n] cfˆgf] cg'xf/;Fu ldNg] csf]{ JolQm
k|lt¿k (Duplicate) /fv]sf lyP . ltg} k|lt?k aflx/L ;ef ;df/f]xdf efu lnGy] / ;Ddfg u|x0f
uy]{ . o; wtL{df :6flng / lx6n/;Fu h:tf] zlQmzfnL ;'/Iff Joj:yf s;};Fu klg lyPg xf]nf t/
klg pgLx¿ ;b}j eoeLt /xGy] .
ch{'g pjfr
l:ytk|1:o sf efiff ;dflw:y:o s]zj .
l:ytwLM ls+ k|efif]t lsdf;Lt j|h]t lsd\ ..%$..
ch{'gn] ;f]w]– x] s]zj Û ;dflwdf l:yt k/dfTdfnfO{ k|fKt u/]sf] l:y/ a'l4sf] k'?ifsf] nIf0f
s] xf] < tL l:ytk|1 k'?if s;/L / s] af]N5g\ < s;/L a:b5g\ / sxfF hfG5g\ of s;/L lxF8\5g\ <
ch{'g s[i0fsf] lgs6df /x]/ klxnf]k6s cfˆgf] k'/fgf] ¿ksf] k|ZgeGbf leGg k|Zg ;f]Wb} 5g\ .
ch{'gsf] k|Zgn] pgL >Ls[i0fdf klxnf]k6s k|lji6 ePh:tf] nfU5 . pgL ;f]Wb5g\– l:ytk|1 s;nfO{
elgG5, Tof] sf] xf] h;sf] 1fgHof]lt / k|1f l:y/ ePsf] 5 . Tof] sf] xf] h;sf] r]tgfsf] lbof]
sDkg/lxt ePsf] 5, p;sf] efiff s:tf] x'G5, pm s;/L af]N5, sxfF hfG5 / s;/L a:5, p;sf]
Jojxf/ s:tf] x'G5 / r]tgf l:y/ x'g' eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] pgsf] k|Zg 5 . of] t cfGtl/s Pjd\ lghL
cg'ej xf] h'g cfkm}+dfly 3l6t ePkl5 dfq yfxf x'G5 . o; cl3;Dd ch{'gsf k|Zgx¿ /f]uu|:t
lrQsf k|Zg lyP . klxnf]k6s pgn] u'Xo k|Zg ;f]lw/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] t >Ls[i0f ch'{gsf] k|Zg
;'g]/ k'nlst x'g'eof] . o; cl3sf k|Zgx¿sf dfWodaf6 ch{'g s[i0fsf] df]x / ;fGTjgf rfxGy] t/
ca eg] ch{'gsf] jf:tljs lh1f;f k|f/De ePsf] 5 . ;a} wd{, gLlt, ug{of]Uo sd{ / ug{ cof]Uo
sd{ ;a} pgnfO{ yfxf 5 eGg] e|d lyof] . pgL s]jn s[i0fnfO{ ;fIfL /fVg dfq rfxGy] . pgsf]
lrQdf sDkg lyof] t/ cxª\sf/n] ubf{ cfkm" hflGbgF klg eGg ;ls/x]sf lyPgg\ .

nf]suLtf– 60
 cWofo–@
klxnf]k6s ch{'g ljgLt ePsf 5g\ . hxfF ljgd|tf x'G5 ToxfF lh1f;f / 1fgsf] åf/ v'Ng]
;Defjgf klg x'G5 . c/aLdf Pp6f egfO 5– k/dfTdfn] dflg; hGd lng' l7s cl3 JolQmnfO{
wSsf lb+b} eG5g\– ltdLeGbf /fd|f] JolQm clxn];Dd d}n] l;h]{sf] 5}g . of] egfO k/dfTdfn] ue{df
cfpg] hlt ;a}sf sfgdf eG5g\ . ch{'gnfO{ klg d 1fgL Pjd\ hfGg] 5' eGg]] e|d lyof] . To;}n] t
o;cl3sf pgsf k|Zgx¿ ;txL vfnsf lyP . t/ ca pgL ljgd|tfk"j{s pRr k|Zg ;f]Wb} 5g\ .
k|1f l:y/ ePsf] JolQm s:tf] x'G5 eGg] pgsf] lh1f;f ljgd|tfn] el/Psf] 5 .
l:ytk|1sf] hLjg ;xh Pjd\ :jtM:km"t{ x'G5 / hLjgdf st} s'g} wf/0ff afFlwPsf] x'Fb}g .
p;sf] hLjg uËfh:tf] bf}l8Psf] :jtGq x'G5 . p;sf] aflx/L 9fFrf :jtGq eP klg leq ulx/f]
cg'zf;g / hLjGt wf/f x'G5 . b'O{ l:ytk|1sf] aflx/L 9fFrf cnu eP klg leqsf] wf/f Pp6},
;xh, :jtM:km"t{ / hLjGt x'G5 . Psk6s dxfjL/ / a'4 b'O{ l:ytk|1 Pp6} wd{zfnfdf a:g'eof] .
oBlk pxfFx¿n] Ps csf{nfO{ e]6\g'ePg lsgeg] pxfFx¿leq s;n] s;nfO{ e]6\g] eGg] s'g} cxª\sf/
g} z]if lyPg / s'g} bfaL klg lyPg . e]6\gnfO{ klg cxª\sf/ rflxG5 t/ hxfF cxª\sf/ / rfxgf g}
z]if x'Fb}g, ToxfF e]6\g'sf] s'g} k|of]hg klg x'Fb}g .
>Ls[i0fsf] 9fFrf hLjGt 5 / of] k|ltkn abln/x]sf] 5 . pxfF Ps} s'/fdf /f]lsg'x'Gg /
k|ltkn hLjGt x'g'x'G5 . To;}n] pxfF knkn s}of}+“ cnu–cnu e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
l:ytk|1sf] hLjg ;+j]bgzLntfn] afXo ¿kdf k|ltkn kl/jt{g eO/x] klg leq eg] Pp6f uxg
cg'zf;g x'G5 .
>Leujfg'jfr
k|hxflt obf sfdfG;jf{Gkfy{ dgf]utfg\ .
cfTdGo]jfTdgf t'i6M l:ytk|1:tbf]Rot] ..%%..
eujfg\ eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ha dflg;n] dfgl;s lrGtgaf6 OlG›ot'li6sf nflu p7\g] ;a}
lsl;dsf cfsfª\IffnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf TofUb5, ta p;sf] dgn] cfˆg} cfTdfdf k/d ;Gt'li6 e]6\g
yfNb5 clg dfq To:tf] JolQmnfO{ kfjg tyf lbJo r]tgfdf cjl:yt -l:ytk|1_ elgG5 ..
x/]s :j¿kaf6 ;Gt'i6 x'g' l:ytk|1sf] klxnf] kl/ro xf] . xfdL k|foM hLjg;“+u leqL of
aflx/L ¿kn] c;Gt'i6 /xG5f}F / PSnf]kgn] xfdLnfO{ lk/f]ln/xG5 . t;y{ xfdL s]xL g s]xL pks/0f
-lstfa, 6]lnlehg, kmf]g_ sf] ;fy rfxG5fF} . xfdL c;Gt'i6 x'G5fF} t/ ;Gt'li6sf] e|ddf /xG5f}F .
xfdL ;Gt'i6 /xg ljifoj:t' kl/jt{g ul//xG5f}F t/ klg ;Gt'i6 x'g ;Sb}gf}F .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ef/t Û ha JolQmn] OlG›ot'li6sf nflu pTkGg x'g] ;a}
cfsfª\Iffx¿nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf TofUb5 ta p;sf] dgn] cfˆgf] cfTdfdf k/d ;Gt'li6 kfpg yfNb5,
o:tf] JolQmnfO{ kfjg tyf lbJo r]tgfdf cjl:yt cyf{t\ l:ytk|1 elgG5 . csf{df ;'v vf]Hg' g}
k|1fsf] cl:y/tf xf] . :jod\df ;'v vf]Hg' jf ;Gtf]if x'g' k|1fsf] l:y/tf xf] . :jod\df ;Gt'li6
To;n] kfpF5, h;nfO{ c¿af6 jf c¿df ;Gtf]if kfOFb}g eGg]] yfxf 5 . ha;Dd o;af6 ;'v
kfOPg, csf]{af6 kfOG5 ls eGg]] e|d x'G5, ta;Dd k|1f cl:y/ of eoeLt x'G5 . t/ JolQm
cfkm"nfO{ wf]sf lbg l;kfn' ePsfn] hlt wf]sf kfP klg pm gofF s'/fsf] vf]hLdf nflu/xG5 .
ha;Dd lrQn] cGoq ;'v kfOG5 eGg]] ;f]R5, ta;Dd pm cfkm";Fu c;Gt'i6 /xG5 / p;sf] lrQ
klg l:y/ x'Fb}g . ha dgn] ;'v cGoq kfOFb}g eg]/ hfGb5 / cfZj:t x'G5, ta r]tgf klg l:y/
x'G5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ha cfkm"leq g} ;'v 5 eg]/ hfGb5f}, ta k|1fsf] l:y/tf k|fKt
x'G5 .

nf]suLtf– 61
cWofo–@
b'Mv]ijg'låUgdgfM ;'v]if' ljut:k[xM .
jLt/fueoqmf]wM l:ytwLd{'lg?Rot] ..%^..
tLg k|sf/sf b'vx¿–cfWoflTds, cflwef}lts / cflwb}ljs tfkx¿n] ;tfpFbf klg h;sf] dg
ljrlnt x'bF }g, ef}lts ;'vdf x'bF f h;sf] dg k'nlst x'bF }g / hf] eo–qmf]w / cf;lQmaf6 d'Qm 5
To;}nfO{ l:ytk|1 ;Gt elgG5 ..
r~rn dgaf6 kf/ eO{ k|1f l:y/ ePsf] JolQmsf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 eg]/ ch{'g hfGg
rfxG5g\ . pgsf] lh1f;fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– b'vdf hf] JolQm ljrlnt x'Fb}g /
;'vdf cf;Qm x'Fb}g Pjd\ ;'vsf] cfsfª\Iff /fVb}g To:tf] dflg;sf] a'l4 l:yt ePsf] dflgG5 . ;'v
/ b'v t Ps l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6fh:t} x'g\ . b'vsf] rfxgf s;}df xF'b}g, ;a} ;'vsf] sNkgfdf /dfpg
rfxG5g\ . b'v;'vsf] cf8df cfpF5 . b'v ;'vsf] g} 5fof xf] / cem ulxl/P/ x]g]{ xf] eg] h;n] ;'vL
ePsf] b]vfpF5 pm leq eg] b'vL g} x'G5 . ;'v b]vfj6L xf] eg] b'v jf:tljs xf] . of] df5f
dfg{sf nflu p;nfO{ nf]Eofpg aN5Ldf df;' /fv] h:t} xf] . ha df5f df;'sf] uGwdf nf]leP/
aN5L glhs cfpF5, ta pm aN5Ldf k/]/ dfl/G5 . To:t} aflx/af6 ;'v b]lvP klg jf:tjdf b'v g}
cfOnfU5 .
jf:tjdf ;'v dfUg' klg plåUg aGg' xf] . ;'v klg k|Llts/ pQ]hgf xf] . ;'vdf klg dg
l:y/ /xFb}g . cgfof; 7'nf] ;'v k|fKt eof] eg] dflg; Tof] ;'v ;xg ug{ ;Sb}g . b'v ;xg ug{
;xh 5 t/ cltzo ;'v ;xg ug{ clt sl7g x'G5 . b'v ;xg ubf{ ;'vsf] cfzf x'G5 t/ ;'vdf
To:tf] s'g} cfzf x'Fb}g . ;'vsf] cf3ft ulx/f] / tLj| eof] eg] ;xg ug{ sl7g x'G5 . oL b'j} Ps
csf{df ablng ;S5g\ . To;}n] t ulx/f] u/L ljrf/ ubf{ ;'v–b'v b'j} Ps} x'g\ . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5–
tLg k|sf/sf b'Mvx¿– cfWoflTds, cflwef}lts / cflwb}ljs tfkn] ;tfp“bf / b'Mvdf klg h;sf]
dg ljrlnt x'Fb}g / ;'vsf] rfxgf /fVb}g, h;df qmf]w / eo x'Fb}g Tof] JolQm l:ytk|1 xf] . qmf]w /
eonfO{ bafPsf] JolQm xf]Og a? qmf]w / eo gePsf] JolQm ;dflw:y xf] . o;nfO{ bafpg] k|of;
ul/of] eg] emg\ Tof] JolQm qmf]wL / eou|:t x'G5 .
Ps hgf qmf]wL JolQm ;fw' eP/ qmf]w Pjd\ eodfly ljho k|fKt u/]sf] eGg]] 7'nf] rrf{
rNof] . pgsf ldqn] ;fw'sf] k/LIf0f ug{ rfx] . Ps lbg laxfg} pgL ;fw'sf] 3/df e]6\g uP . ;fw'
cfuf] tflk/x]sf lyP . ToxfF Hjfnf geP/ v/fgL dfq afFsL eP h:tf] b]lvGYof] . pgn] ;fw'nfO{
;f]Wf]– æafafhL Û cfuf] afFsL 5 ls v/fgL dfq .Æ ;fw'n] l/;fP/ æcfuf] b]Vb}gf} eg]/ hjfkm lbP .Æ
ldqn] k'gM oxfF t s]jn v/fgL dfq kf] b]lvG5 eGg]] lalQs} ;fw' c;fWo} l/;fP/ cfuf] b]Vb}gf} egL
lrD6fn] lxsf{pg vf]Hf] . ;fw'sf] qmf]lwt cj:yf b]v]/ ldqn] cfufsf] t d':nf] kf] /x]5 eg] . cfuf]sf]
cy{ qmf]w xf] / v/fgL dflyaf6 ul/Psf] bdg xf] . qmf]wnfO{ bafP/ bAb}g a? ;fw'sf] qmf]w h:tf]
;"Id tnaf6 d':nf] eP/ lg:sG5 . qmf]w;Fu n8\g] JolQm qmf]wnfO{ leq bafpg ;S5, eo;Fu n8\g]
JolQm lge{o x'g ;S5 t/ ceo x'g ;Sb}g . ceosf] cy{ eosf] cefj xf] .
leqL k|lt:kwf{sf] nIf0f qmf]w / eo xf] . qmf]w / eon] JolQm leq :j:y 5}g eGg]] yfxf
kfOG5 . qmf]w gx'Fbf leqsf] lrQ :j:y x'G5 . To;}n] qmf]w / eo;Fu n8\g] xf]Og, lognfO{
›i6fefjn] x]/]/ lrQnfO{ qmf]w / eoaf6 d'Qm agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . bafpFbf leqsf] nIf0f yfxf x'Fbg}
a? gofF åf/ vf]Hb} cem zlQmzfnL eP/ lg:sG5 . o;nfO{ bafP/ ;dflw:y x'g ;lsGg . qmf]wnfO{
hfg]/ o;af6 d'Qm x'g'k5{ . To;}n] t >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– plåUg geO{ ;'vsf] k|lt:kwf{af6 6f9f /x]/
cfsfª\Iff/lxt x'Fb} qmf]wnfO{ zfGt u/]/ eoaf6 gsfFKg] JolQm g} ;dflw:y x'G5 . k|1f l:y/ ePsf]

nf]suLtf– 62
 cWofo–@
JolQmnfO{ klg si6sf] hfgsf/L x'G5 . si6 tYo xf] / b'v cg'dfg xf] . l:ytk|1nfO{ c¿sf] eGbf
hfgsf/L a9L g} x'G5 lsgeg] p;sf] ;+j]bgf emg\ z'4 x'G5 . o:tf dflg; k"/f ;do cEo:t
x'G5g\ . To;}n] t si6 eof] eg] c¿nfO{ eGbf a9L x'G5 . t/ v'§fdf jf z/L/sf] s'g} efudf ePsf]
si6 dnfO{ ePsf] xf]Og, z/L/nfO{ ePsf] xf] eGg]] efj p;df x'G5 . si6df d ;+nUg ePkl5
b'vsf] cg'ej x'G5 .
oM ;j{qfgle:g]x:tQTk|fKo z'efz'ed\ .
gflegGblt g å]li6 t:o k|1f k|ltli7tf ..%&..
o; ef}lts hut\df h;n] z'e of cz'e s'/f k|fKt ubf{ To;sf] k|z+;f of 3[0ff ub}{g To:tf]
JolQmnfO{ g} k"0f{ 1fgdf cjl:yt dflgG5 / o:tf] r]tgfn] dflg;nfO{ lbJotfsf] l:yltdf k'¥ofpF5 ..
obf ;+x/t] rfo+ s"df]{˜ËfgLj ;j{zM .
OlGb|of0fLlGb|ofy]{Eo:t:o k|1f k|ltli7tf ..%*..
h;/L s5'jfn] cfˆgf cËx¿nfO{ v'DRofP/ cfkm“}+leq ;d]6\5 To;/L g} h;n] cfˆgf
OlG›ox¿nfO{ /fu, å]if, jf;gf cflb ltgsf ljifox¿af6 lvFRb5, ToxL JolQm g} k"0f{ r]tgfdf crn
dflgG5 ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– cg's"ntf–k|lts"ntf, /fu–b]if, xif{–ljiffb, ;kmntf–c;kmntfdf h;n]
lje]b ub}{g / Ps;dfg /xG5 To:tf] JolQmsf] k|1f l:yt x'G5 o:tf] r]tgfn] dflg;nfO{ lbJotfsf]
l:yltdf k'¥ofpF5 . s5'jfn] h;/L cfˆgf] cËnfO{ ;dodf ;d]6\g ;S5 jf hfGb5 To;/L g} 1fgL
k'?ifx¿ cfˆgf] OlG›onfO{ ;d]6\g hfGb5g\ . Pp6f afXo OlG›o hf] z/L/df ;Lldt 5, csf]{ leqL
OlGb|o hf] OlGb|os} cfTdf xf] . cfFvfn] s'g} lrh b]Vb5 eg] afXo ¿kdf dfq b]Vb5 . cfFvfleqsf]
OlG›osf] jf;gf¿k hf] leq x'G5, p;sf] /; OR5fsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k cfFvfn] afXo j:t'nfO{ b]Vb5 .
aflx/ /; lng] jf;gfo'Qm OlG›oeGbf leqsf] OlG›osf] k|f0f g} jf:tjdf OlG›o xf] . OlG›onfO{
cfkm}+“df ;dflxt ug{' jf ;d]6\g'sf] cy{ cfFvf, xft, uf]8f, hgg]lG›o cflbdf Iflt k'¥ofpg' eGg]]
xf]Og . clwsf+z ;fw'x¿n] o; ;"qsf] unt JofVof u/]/ cfFvf kmf]8\g], xft, uf]8f sf6\g] h:tf sfd
u/] . dWoo'uLg o'/f]kdf t sltkon] hgg]lG›o g} sf6] . :qLx¿sf] :tg ;d]t sf6]/ OlG›onfO{
jzdf Nofpg] b'ik|of; u/] t/ OlG›o lgolGqt ePg . ha;Dd leqL /; afFsL /xG5, ta;Dd afXo
pks/0fnfO{ rf]6 k'¥ofpFb}df s]xL x'Fb}g . hgg]lG›o¿kL pks/0f sf6\bf jf cfFvf kmf]8\b}df jf;gf
hfFb}g, s]jn OlG›osf] cleJolQmsf] dfWod dfq sfl6G5, jf;gf t emg\ tLj| x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h;/L s5'jfn] cfˆgf cËx¿nfO{ v'DRofP/ cfk}Fmleq ;d]6\b5 To;/L g}
l:ytk|1 JolQmn] jf;gf¿kL hf] leqL OlG›osf] /; 5 To;nfO{ ;d]6\b5 . leqsf] /; g} g/x]kl5
afXo OlG›o pks/0f cyf{t\ lgjf{;gfo'Qm Jojxf/sf nflu dfq /xG5g\ . To;a]nf cfFvfn] h] cufl8
cfpF5 To;nfO{ x]5{ dfq cfkm"n] s]xL x]g]{ OR5f ub}{g . OlG›o Jojxf/sf] dfWod dfq x'G5 .
cfFvf¿kL jf;gfn] el/Psf] cj:yfdf dfOt uPsL cfˆgL kTgLnfO{ e]6\g t'n;Lbf; ;;'/fnL
hfg'eof] . /ftL hfg] qmddf af6fdf gbL tg{ vf]Hbf aUb} cfPsf] nf;nfO{ sf7sf] d'9f] 7fgL To;}df
r9]/ tg{'eof] . kTgLsf] sf]7fdf r9\g] qmddf kTgLn] cfˆgf] dg;fonfO{ a'em]/ 8f]/L v;fn]sL xf]lng\
eGg]] ;f]r]/ em'lG8/x]sf] ;k{nfO{ ;dft]/ kTgLsf] sf]7fdf k|j]z ug{'eof] . of] cj:yf cfFvf jf;gfn]
u|:t ePsf] cj:yf xf] hxfF cfFvfn] b]Vg] sfdeGbf leqsf] jf;gfnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;xof]u dfq u5{ .
jf;gfu|:t cfFvf cGwf] x'G5, h] x]g{ rfxG5 ToxL dfq b]V5 .

nf]suLtf– 63
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l:ytk|1n] ljifox¿df jf;gfnfO{ cf/f]lkt ub}{g s]jn /;ljxLg cfFvfn] x]g]{ sfd dfq
ub{5 . s[i0fsf] egfO cg';f/ of] cGt;\ OlG›onfO{ ;d]6\g' xf] . afXo OlG›onfO{ t dflg;n] ;d]6\g'
g} kb}{g, Tof] t k/dfTdfsf] j/bfg xf] . leqL OlG›o ;d]l6Pkl5 afXo t :jtM lgolGqt x'G5 .
h;/L s5'jfn] afXo OlG›o cfkm"df g} ;dflxt u5{ jf ;d]6\5, To;}u/L dflg;n] leqL OlG›onfO{
;d]6\g] s'/f >Ls[i0fn] ug{'ePsf] xf] . /ftL cfFvf aGb eP klg ;kgf b]lvG5 . cfFvf kmf]8] klg
leqsf] /; slxNo} klg d]l6Fb}g . xfd|f] leqL OlG›osf sf/0f afXo OlG›o klg k|efljt x'G5 .
sfdjf;gfsf] ;kgf b]Vg]lalQs} hgg]lG›o k|efljt x'G5 .
a'4 Ps lbg k|jrg lb+b} x'g'x'GYof] . cgfof; Ps hgfnfO{ x]b}{ pxfFn] ltdLn] v'§f lsg
xNnfPsf] egL ;f]Wg'eof] . p;sf] v'§f xlNng crfgs aGb eof] / p;n] cfkm"nfO{ s'g} yfxf
gePsf] hjfkm kmsf{of] t/ a'4n] eGg'eof]– ltdLnfO{ yfxf x'g] lalQs} of] xlNng aGb x'G5 . To;}n]
xf];k"0f{ ag . leqL OlG›osf] cGt/sDkg af]w x'g] lalQs} zfGt x'G5 . leq sfdjf;gf hfu]/ Tof]
sfds]G›df uP/ k|efljt x''Fbf s]jn To;nfO{ af]wk"j{s x]l//Xof] eg] Tof] lt/f]lxt jf zfGt x'G5,
s]xL ug}{ kb}{g . To:t} qmf]w ;'? x''Fbf klg afXo OlG›odf k'Ug] a]nfdf To;nfO{ x]/L dfq /Xof] s]xL
u/]g eg] Tof] cfkm}+ ;d]l6G5 . leqsf OlG›ox¿ olt ;ªs'rgzLn / ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ ls
ltgLx¿k|lt af]wk"j{s xf];\ /fVg] lalQs} TfL v'lDrg / lgolGqt x'g yfN5g\ . o:tf] l:yltnfO{
;dflw:y cj:yf elgG5 .
ljifof ljlgjt{Gt] lg/fxf/:o b]lxgM .
/;jh{+ /;f]˜Ko:o k/+ b[i6\jf lgjt{t] ..%(..
b]xwf/L hLjx¿ OlG›oef]uaf6 d'Qm eP klg pgLx¿df ljifok|ltsf] jf;gf eg] /lx/xG5, t/
To;eGbf pTs[i6 /; rfVg kfP eg] pgLx¿sf] ljifoef]uk|ltsf] cle?lr :jtM ;dfKt x'G5 / pgLx¿
lbJo r]tgfdf l:y/ /xG5g\ ..
b]xfledfgL tk:jL / b]xfledfgL ef]uL b'j}sf] s]G› z/L/ g} xf] . logLx¿ b'j} z/L/af6 ;'v
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]] 7fGb5g\ . ef]uL z/L/af6 ljifox¿;Fu k'Ug] k|of; ub{5 eg] TofuL z/L/af6
ljifox¿;Fu 5'6\g] k|of; ub{5 . oL b'j}sf] cfwf/ z/L/ g} xf] . b]xfledfgL ef]uL ha :ju{sf]
ef]uaf6 klg c3fpF5 ta z/L/nfO{ ;tfP/ Tofu u5{ cyf{t\ pm z/L/¿kL OlG›ox¿nfO{ dfb{5 .
o:tf] JolQmn] ljifox¿nfO{ 5f]8\g ;S5 t/ /;af6 d'Qm x'Fb}g . cfFvf kmf]8\bf b]lvg] ljifo t
;lsG5 t/ /; ;lsFb}g . /; / ljifosf larsf] k'n OlG›o xf] . To;}n] t >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5–
b]xfledfgL TofuLsf] ljifo t 5'6\5 t/ /; ;lsFb}g . To;eGbf pTs[i6 /; rfVg kfP ljifoef]u
k|ltsf] cle?lr :jtM ;dfKt eP/ pgLx¿ lbJo r]tgfdf l:y/ x'G5g\ . jf:tljs ¿kdf /; g}
dxŒjk"0f{ xf] . 7'nf] 3/sf] cy{eGbf 7'nf] 3/ agfpg] leqL rfxgfsf] cy{ x'G5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f
dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf b]xfledfgL tk:jL s]jn ljifoaf6 dfq lgj[Q x'G5≤ pm /;–/fuaf6 lgj[Q x'Fb}g,
o:tf] JolQmsf] r]i6fdf sdL x'Fb}g s]jn lbzfdf dfq uNtL x'G5 eGg'x'G5 . ;f/f ljifo aflx/af6
5'6\5 t/ ;f/f /; leq afFsL /xG5 . o;af6 t ljlIfKttf dfq k|fKt x'G5 . ;dflw:y JolQmsf] eg]
ljifo xf]Og /; g} 5'6\5 . /;n] ljifo lgdf{0f ug]{ x'Fbf h'g lbg /; 5'6\5, ljifo s]jn j:t' dfq
/xG5 . ;dflw:y JolQm /;nfO{ g} 5f]8\b5 / To;nfO{ 5f]8\bf ljifosf] Tofu :jtM x'G5 .
>Ls[i0fn] g[To ubf{, afF;'/L ahfpFbf jf uf]lkgLx¿;Fu g[To ubf{ JolQmx¿nfO{ pxfF klg xfdL
h:t} xf] ls eGg]] nfUg ;S5 . t/ h;sf] /; leqaf6 g} x6]sf] 5, h;df /fu klg lgj[Q eO;s]sf]
5 p;nfO{ g s]xL TofUg' 5, g kqmg' 5, g ljifox¿af6 lgj[Q x'g' g} 5 . s[i0f h;n] j[Gbfjgdf

nf]suLtf– 64
 cWofo–@
afNofj:yf u'hfg{'eof], hxfF Uff]kfn / uf]lkgLx¿;Fu ;do latfpg'eof], nLnf ug{'eof], Tof]
j[GbfjgnfO{ 5f]8]kl5 ToxfF kms]{/ klg cfpg'ePg . jf;gfu|:t lrQ ePsf] eP 5f]8\g ;Dej x'g]
lyPg . /;leq gePsf] s[i0f h:tf] JolQmnfO{ dfq of] nLnf ug{ ;Dej 5 . s[i0f l7s pN6f]
x'g'x'G5, hf] 6f9f 5 To;nfO{ xf]Og / hf] glhs 5 To;nfO{ ofb ug{'x'G5 . pxfF hxfF x'g'x'G5 k"0f{
¿kn] x'g'x'G5 . pxfF /;/fu d'Qm x'g'x'G5 . o; tYonfO{ ga'‰bf s[i0fsf af/]df cg]sg c8\snafhL
/ e|dx¿ ePsf 5g\ . >Ls[i0fdf /fud'Qm r]tgf k"0f{ ¿kdf kmlnt 5 .
ottf] Xolk sf}Gt]o k'?if:o ljklZrtM .
OlGb|ofl0f k|dfyLlg x/lGt k|;e+ dgM ..^)..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] sf}Gt]o Û cf;lQmsf] gfz gePsf] x'gfn] OlG›onfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
k|oTgzLn ljj]sL k'?ifx¿sf] dgnfO{ klg pQ]lht OlG›ox¿n] ank"j{s x/0f ul/lbG5g\ ..
tflg ;jf{l0f ;+oDo o'Qm cf;Lt dTk/M .
jz] lx o:o]lGb|ofl0f t:o k|1f k|ltli7tf ..^!..
To;}n] ;fwsn] tL ;a} OlG›ox¿nfO{ jzdf /fvL ;dflxt lrQj[lQsf ;fy d]/f] k/fo0f eP/
Wofgdf a:g'k5{ lsgeg] h'g k'?ifsf] OlG›o jzdf x'G5 p;}sf] a'l4 l:y/ x'G5 ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– OlG›ox¿n] dg'ionfO{ ljifox¿lt/ lvR5g\ / ;fwsnfO{ klg tn
emfl/lbG5g\ . OlG›ox¿ :jtGq / zlQmzfnL 5}gg\ t/ klg dflg;x¿nfO{ tn emfg{ ;S5g\ . oL
OlG›ox¿ oflGqs k|lqmofsf ¿kdf sfd ub{5g\ . xfdLn] hGd]b]lv OlG›ox¿;Fu agfPsf] tfbfTDosf
sf/0f xfdL ablnFbf klg OlG›o cgle1 g} /xg] x''Fbf k'/fg} afgLcg'¿k rln g} /xG5g\ . OlG›o oGq
xf] t/ xfdL cfkm" g} xf“} eGg]] 7fG5f}+“ . r'/f]6sf] nt nfu]sf] JolQmn] r'/f]6 glkpg] k|lt1f u5{ t/
OlG›ox¿nfO{ p;sf] k|lt1fsf] s'g} hfgsf/L xF'b}g . To;}n] OlG›o / k"/f z/L/n] k|To]s cfwf
306fdf r'/f]6 dfU5, nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] afgL cr]tg dgdf k'uL e08f/0f ePsf] x'G5 . r'/f]6
lkpFlbgF eGg]] k|lt1f r]tg dgn] lnP klg cr]tg dgn] k'/fgf] afgLnfO{ 5f]8\g] :jLs[lt lb“b}g . dg
l:y/ gx'gfn] r]tg / cr]tg dgsf] lardf 8f]ln/xG5 . ;ª\sNkjfg\ x''g vf]H5 t/ k'/fgf] nt
5'6fpg s'g} ;xof]u ub}{g . o;} lar xftn] :jtM a§faf6 r'/f]6 lgsfln;S5 / cf]7df /fv]/ ;nfO{
sf]b}{ d'vn] r'/f]6 tfGg yfN5 .
of] OlG›on] geO{ JolQmn] g} OlG›ox¿nfO{ lbPsf] an, cEof;, ;+:sf/ Pjd\ afgL / ;t{
(Conditioning) x¿n] p;nfO{ lu/fpF5g\ . dg'iosf] OlG›o p;sf] ;+:sf/ xf] / lg0f{o ubf{ xfdLn]
OlG›osf] annfO{ ljrf/ g} ub}{gf}+“ / k/fhosf] ;fdgf u5f}{+ lsgeg] ;+:sf/n] xfdLnfO{ ljjz u/fpF5 .
OlG›onfO{ h'g ;+:sf/ jf cfbt xfdLn] lbPsf 5f“}+, To;nfO{ c;+:sf/ ug{'k5{ / c;+:sfl/t OlG›o
dfq ;xof]uL x'G5 . 1fgL k'?if x:tIf]k gu/L :jefj / k'/fgf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;fIfLefjdf x]l//xG5 .
a'4nfO{ Ps JolQmn] ufnL u¥of], t/ pxfF s]xL gaf]nL r'krfk lxFl8/xg'eof] . pxfFnfO{ lsg s]xL
gaf]nL lxF8\g'x'G5 egL ;f]Wbf pxfFn] s'g} hGddf cfkm"n] u/]sf] ufnLsf] pQ/ clxn] p;n] lbPsf]n]
lx;fa a/fa/ eof] eg]/ hjfkm lbg'eof] . csf/0f s'g} 36gf g36\g] x'gfn] 1fgL k'?if OlG›osf] of]
xdnfnfO{ ctLtsf] xdnf 7fg]/ zfGt efjn] em]N5g\ / k/dfTdfdf cfˆgf] af]em 5f]8\b5 . OlG›o;Fu
PSn} n8\g'eGbf k/dfTdfdf cfˆgf] afgL lj;h{g u/]/ 1fgL k'?if p;}sf] ;xfotf vf]Hb5 . v/fa
ntnfO{ 5'6fpg cfˆgf] PSnf] k|of;af6 s]xL x'g ;Sb}g, k/dfTdf ltdL ;XDffn egL k|fy{gf ubf{
p;sf] pmhf{ olt ljzfn x'G5 ls xhf/f}+“ hGdsf] afgL, ;+:sf/ / cxª\sf/ klg ;dfKt x'G5 .

nf]suLtf– 65
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>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ;+odsf] Tof] ofqfdf lg:s]sf] JolQmn] ;Dk"0f{ s'/f ;dk{0f u/]/ k|e'dfly g}
5f]l8lbG5 . o:tf] c;xfo cj:yfdf k/dfTdf p;sf] ;xf/f aG5 . cxª\sf/LnfO{ OlG›on] tn emf5{
t/ ljgd| / k/dfTdfdf ;dlk{t JolQmnfO{ OlGb|on] lu/fpg ;Sb}g . o:tf] ;+odL JolQm /;,
OlG›osf] bafa, ctLtsf] ;+:sf/sf] k|efj, afgLx¿ / oflGqstfaf6 ;d]t d'Qm x'G5 / l:ytk|1 x'g]
cj:yfnfO{ k|fKt u5{ .
Wofotf] ljifofGk'+;M ;Ë:t]if"khfot] .
;ËfT;~hfot] sfdM sfdfTqmf]wf]˜lehfot] ..^@..
OlG›osf ljifox¿sf] lrGtg ubf{ub}{ To;k|lt cf;lQm a9\5, Tof] cf;lQmaf6 sfd pTkGg x'G5
/ sfdaf6 qmf]w pTkGg x'G5 ..
qmf]wf∫jlt ;Ddf]xM ;Ddf]xfT:d[ltlje|dM .
:d[lte|+zfb\ a'l4gfzf] a'l4gfzfTk|0fZolt ..^#..
qmf]waf6 k"0f{ df]x pTkGg x'G5, k"0f{ df]xaf6 :d/0f zlQm e|ldt x'G5, :d/0f zlQm e|ldt
ePkl5 a'l4sf] gfz / a'l4e|i6 ePkl5 cwMktg x'G5 ..
dg'iosf] dg pWj{udg Pjd\ cwf]udglt/ klg hfg ;S5 . >Ls[i0f dg''iosf] dgsf] s;/L
cwf]udg x''G5 / s;/L pm Ps–Ps sbd rfn]/ ktglt/ hfG5 eGg] lj1fgsf af/]df atfp“b}
x'g'x'G5 . xfd|f] k|f/De ;"Id x'G5 / cGTo :y"n x'G5 . dgdf p7]sf nx/x¿n] xfd|f] k"/f JolQmTjnfO{
k|efljt ub{5 Pjd\ o;nfO{ hfGg] JolQm dfq o;af6 kf/ x''g ;S5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ljifosf] lrGtgaf6 To;k|lt cf;lQm a9\5, of] cf;lQmaf6 sfd pTkGg
x'G5 / sfdaf6 qmf]w pTkGg x'G5 ta dgn] ktgtk{msf] ofqf ;'? u5{ . jf;gfsf] ljrf/, ef]usf]
sfdgf dgsf] klxnf] nx/ xf] . sfdsf] ljrf/af6 :qL;Fusf] ef]usf] sfdgf pTkGg x'G5 . Pp6L
;'Gb/LnfO{ k'?ifn] x]¥of] eg] dfq klg p;leq rfxgf jf jf;gfsf] ;[hgf x'G5 . x]g]{ lalQs} p;nfO{
kfpg] rfxgf klg p7\5, x]g{df s]jn afXo OlG›ox¿n] dfq efu lnG5g\ t/ olb rfxgf eof] eg]
dgsf] rqm ;'? x'G5 . dgn] ;'Gb/ 5 eg]/ dfq eGof] eg] klg leqaf6 rfxgf ;'? x'G5 . j:t'
cfkm}+“df ;'Gb/ of lj¿k x''Fb}g, ;'Gb/ eGg]] lalQs} JolQmsf] r'gfj / JofVof ;'? x''G5 / pm ;'Gb/tfdf
;lDdlnt x''G5 .
s'g} Ps k"l0f{dfsf] /flqdf a'4 j[Ifsf] tn al;/xg'ePsf] lyof] . ufpFsf s]xL o'jsx¿n]
Pp6L j]ZofnfO{ NofP/ p;nfO{ gUg agfP . o'jsx¿sf] gzfsf] a]xf];Lsf] cj:yfdf tL o'jtL
eflug\ . o'jtLnfO{ vf]Hb} ha tL o'jsx¿ a'4 ;dLk cfP/ tkfO{+n] Pp6L gUg :qL otfaf6 uPsL
b]Vg'eof] eg]/ ;f]w] ta a'4n] hjfkm lbg'eof]– sf]xL oxfFaf6 kSs} uPsf] 5 t/ Tof] :qL jf k'?if
eGg ;lSbgF lsgeg] d]/f] 5gf]6 ca z]if 5}g .
ha dgn] ljifodf cfˆgf] ofqf ;'? u5{, ta ;"Id ¿kdf ;'Gb/–lj¿k eg]/ r'gfj u5{ .
To; cj:yfdf s]jn lapsf] ¿kdf rfxgfn] leq cfˆgf] :yfg agfpF5 . oxL aLh a9]/ jf;gfsf]
k|uf9 ¿k lnof] eg] jf;gfaf6 5'6\g ufx|f] x'G5 . of] aLh¿kL jf;gf h8 eO{ km}lnP/ o;n] cr]tg
dgdf klg hu xfNb5, ToxL“+af6 tYodf k|j]z ug]{ ofqf ;'? x'G5 . a'4n] o'jsnfO{ eGg'eof]– :qL
jf k'?if s] lyof] yfxf ePg lsgeg] d]/f] r'gfj / JofVof ug]{ leqsf] tŒj g} ;dfKt eO;Sof] .
JofVof ubf{ cfˆgftkm{af6 s]xL hf]8\g hxfF ;'? x'G5, ToxLFaf6 lrGtgsf] ;'?jft x'G5 . olb :qL
;'Gb/L l5g\ eg] leqaf6 rfxgf k|f/De x'G5 / rfxgf knfpg] lalQs} ef]usf] cfsfª\Iff ToxL

nf]suLtf– 66
 cWofo–@
rfxgfaf6 g} ;'? x'G5 . huTf\df tYo 5, ToxfF sNkgf / JofVof 5}g . sNkgf / JofVof dg'ion]
agfpF5g\ . rfxgfaf6 ef]usf] sfdgf pTkGg x'G5 clg jf;gf lrGtg aG5 / JolQm To;df cf;Qm
x'G5 . Tof] cf;lQmaf6 sfd hlGdG5, sfdaf6 qmf]wsf] pTklQ x'G5 . hf] sfdL x'Fb}g Tof] qmf]wL klg
x'Fb}g . qmf]w sfds} Ps r/0f xf] . sfddf afwf k'Uof] eg] qmf]w pTkGg x'G5 .
>Ls[i0fn] l:ytk|1nfO{ qmf]w x'Fb}g eGg'ePsf] 5 lsgeg] l:ytk|1 lgisfd sd{ ub{5≤ To;}n]
pm sfdL x'Fb}g . sfd;+“u qmf]w :jtM 5fofh:t} eP/ leq cfpF5 . lrQdf qmf]w 5 eg] leq vf]Hbf
sfd klg 5 eGg] yfxf x'G5 . aflwt sfd g} qmf]w xf] . of] ljzfn hut\sf c/af“}+ JolQmx¿sf]
sfdgf Pscsf{;Fu h'‰b5 . d h] rfxG5', ;ft ca{ dflg;x¿ klg ToxL rfxG5g\ / km]l/ cb[Zo
k/dfTdf, hLjhGt', b]jL–b]jtfx¿, j[Ifx¿ tyf cfsfz Pjd\ cgGtdf cg]sf}+ lrhx¿sf rfxgf
h'w]sf x''G5g\ . cgGt rfxgfx¿n] Ps–csf{nfO{ sfl6/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] Jojxf/n] cGttM qmf]w pTkGg
u5{ . pmhf{ zlQmsf] alxu{dgsf nflu sfdsf] åf/df cj/f]w k}bf x'Fbf plåUg x'g' qmf]w xf] . Tof]
pmhf{n] sfdsf] dfu{ gkfpFbf ljlIfKt eP/ qmf]w pTkGg x'G5 . ha qmf]w a9\5 ta To;/L g} df]x
klg a9\5 . xfdLn] rfx]sf] s'/f kfpg ;s]gf}+“ eg] To;k|lt xfd|f] df]x cem k|uf9 x'G5 . h] k|fKt x'G5
To;k|lt df]x x'Fb}g / h] kfOFb}g To;k|lt df]x x'G5 . qmf]wn] df]xnfO{ hGdfpF5 .
O/fgL zf;s gflb/ ;fx (Nadar Shah) Pp6L :qL k|lt nf]n'k lyP t/ TfL :qL gflb/ ;fxsf
Ps ;]js;Fu k|]d uly{g\ . of] s'/f yfxf kfPkl5 gflb/ ;fx b'j} hgfnfO{ gofF k|sf/sf] ;hfo lbg
rfxGy] h;sf nflu pgn] cfˆgf dGqLx¿;Fu ;''emfj dfu] . Ps hgf cg'ejL dGqLn] b'j}nfO{ gUg
agfO{ Ps–csf{;Fu hf]8]/ hGhL/n] afFlwlbP . b'j} k|]dLx¿ o;/L !% lbg;Dd afFlwPs} cj:yfdf
/x] . z/L/af6 lg:s]sf] dnd"q Pjd\ b'u{Gwn] 56k6fx6 k}bf eof] . tL sl/a sl/a kfun h:t}
eP . h]nd'Qm ePkl5 Ps–csf{;Fu slxNo} ;DaGw gufF:g] k|lt1f u/L pgLx¿ efu] . pgLx¿df
df]x g} k}bf x'g ;s]g . df]x h] kfOFb}g To;df hlGdG5, hf] ;lhn};Fu kfOG5 To;df df]x x'Fb}g .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– qmf]waf6 df]x k}bf x'G5 lsgeg] h] gkfOg] x'G5 To;nfO{ emg\ kfpg] cfsfª\Iff
tLj| x'G5 / kfpg] kfunkg hfU5 . gkfpg] ePkl5 dg cem kfpgsf nflu ljlIfKt x'G5 / olb
kfOxfNof] eg] df]x gi6 x'G5 . gkfpFbf dfq df]x k}bf x'G5 .
klxn] ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df :qL;Fusf] cfsif{0f ulx/f] lyof] / df]x hLjge/ rNbYof] lsgeg]
>LdtL;Fu e]6 x'g klg ufx|f] lyof] . kTgL 3'D6Ldf x'lGyg\ / ;+o'Qm kl/jf/sf sf/0f pgLx¿sf]
d'l:snn] dfq e]6 x'GYof] . la:tf/} :qLx¿ 3'D6Laf6 aflx/ cfP, pgLx¿sf nflu :jtGqtf k|fKt
ePsf] /fd|f] eof] t/ :qLk|ltsf] df]x IfL0f x'Fb} uof] . :qLx¿ cfh cgfsif{s ePsf 5g\ . o'/f]k,
cd]l/sflt/ :qL k|foM gUg xF'bf pgLx¿ cgfsif{s ePsf x'g\ . To;}n] t k'?if klg jf:tf ub}{gg\ t/
k''?ifx¿ a'sf{df 5f]lkPsf :qLx¿ e]l6P eg] pT;'stfk"j{s x]5{g\ . 3'D6Ln] 9flsg'df afwf 5, hxfF
afwf x'G5 ToxfF df]x x'G5 . :qL–k'?ifsf] ;DaGw sfd–jf;gfsf] eGbf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts dxŒjn]
el/k"0f{ x'G5 . cfhsf :qL / k'?ifsf] ;DaGw cfsif{s agfpg gUgtfaf6 z/L/ 9fSg] j:qdf :qLx¿
cfpg}kg]{ x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– qmf]wn] df]x k}bf u5{ lsgeg] hxfF afwf 5 ToxfF cfsif{0f pTkGg
x'G5 / hxfF afwf x'Fb}g ToxfF cgfsif{0f k}bf x'G5 . of] t clxn]sf dgf]j}1flgsx¿sf] egfOsf] l7s
ljk/Lt 5 . klxn] :qL–k'?ifsf] Ps–csf{k|lt cfsif{0f olt w]/} lyof] ls ;ft hGd;Dd klg pxL
klt–kTgLsf] sfdgf ul/GYof] . ;DaGwljR5]b t c;Dej g} lyof] lsgeg] ToxfF afwf klg w]/} x'GYof] .
sfddf afwf ePdf qmf]w k}bf x'G5 / qmf]w a9]df df]x k}bf x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hxfF
df]x k}bf x'G5, ToxfF :d[lt e|i6 x'G5 . :d[lt sfd / qmf]wn] e|i6 x'Fb}g lsgeg] qmf]w t afwf x6\of]

nf]suLtf– 67
cWofo–@
eg] x/fpF5 . df]x t qmf]weGbf klg ;an x'G5 . qmf]wn] kfun u/fpF5 eg] df]xn] t cGwf] u/fpF5 .
df]x kfpg] s'/fsf k5fl8 kfun eP/ bf}l8G5 . ha df]xn] cGwf] agfpF5, ta :d[lt gi6 x'G5 . df]x
lrQsf] Tof] cj:yf xf] hxfFaf6 Tof] kfgL ttfpFbf afkm ag] h:t} aGg yfN5 . qmf]wsf] tx;Dd kfgL
tftf] ePh:tf] x'G5, h;nfO{ lr;f] klg agfpg ;lsG5 t/ df]xdf ePkl5 kfgL afkm eP/ p8\g
yfN5 / dgsf] gofF cj:yf k|f/De x'G5 . qmf]waf6 lkmtf{ x'g ;lsG5 t/ df]xaf6 lkmtf{ x'g
;lsGg . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– df]xn] :d[lte|i6 x'G5 lsgeg] lrQ afkm eO;s]kl5 lkmtf{ x'g
ufx|f] x'G5 .
xfd|f] dgdf df]xsf] h] sfd xf], Tof] :d[ltsf] l7s ljk/Lt sfd x'G5 . :d[lt tYout x'G5 .
:d[ltsf] cy{ h] hfGof] To;nfO{ ;Demgfdf /fVg' xf] . :d[ltdf xfd|f] s]xL hf]8 x'Fb}g t/ df]xn] tYodf
xf]Og h] rfxG5 Tof] klg yk]/ of]hgf u5{ . df]x :jKglgdf{tf xf] . To;}n] df]x ePsf]nfO{ tYoeGbf
sNkgfsf] ;+;f/df t}l/g cfgGb cfpF5 / pm :jfefljs lg›fdf lxF8] h:tf] x'G5 . k|]d ToxfF x'G5,
hxfF df]x x'Fb}g lsgeg] df]xn] dfu u5{ / k|]dn] lbG5 . k|]d ToxL lrQdf pknAw x'G5 hxfF s'g}
sfdgf Pjd\ jf;gf x'Fb}g . k|]dn] :d[ltnfO{ k'i6 u5{, eg] df]xn] :d[ltnfO{ e|i6 u5{ . df]xn]
:d[ltnfO{ gi6 u5{ lsgeg] :d[lt ca tYonfO{ ToxL ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ ;Sb}g . df]xn] tYodf w]/}
sfNklgs s'/fnfO{ k|If]k0f u5{ . wgsf ;DaGwdf wglkkf;'n] h] b]V5 Tof] wgdf x'Fb}g, Tof] t df]xn]
yk kl/of]hgf agfPsf] dfq xf] . ;fy} df]xn] cfˆgf] tl/sfn] wgsf af/]df yk wf/0ffx¿ k|If]k0f
u/]sf] x'G5 . wgnfO{ df]x ePsf JolQmn] To;df cfTdf g} ePsf] h:tf] u/]/ ;dfT5g\ . p;n]
wgeGbf ;j{>]i7 / lk|o j:t' g} b]Vb}g .
Ps hgf wgf9\osf ufpFdf clgsfn k¥of] / ufpFn]x¿ p;;Fu ;xof]usf] ¿kdf wg dfUg
uP . wg lbFbf t cfˆgf] k|f0f g} g/xg] x'Fbf wgf9on] wg gdfUg cfu|x u¥of] . s]xL ;dokl5 p;sL
kTgL la/fdL kl/g\ . p;n] kTgLsf] cf}ifwf]krf/df s'g} vr{ u/]g lsgeg] kTgL t csf]{ kfpg
;lsG5 t/ wg s;/L kfOG5 eGg] ;f]Rof] . pkrf/ gu/]sfn] kTgLsf] d[To' eof] . s]xL ;dokl5 pm
cfkm}+ klg la/fdL eof], ufpFn]x¿n] p;nfO{ cfˆgf] pkrf/ ug{ cfu|x u/] t/ p;n] wg vr{ u/]/
afFRg'eGbf t dg{' g} a]; eGof] . d[To' ;lGgs6 cfPkl5 p;n] cfˆgf ;a} d"Nojfg\ ;DklQ ;'g,
rfFbL, xL/f, df]tL cflb Pp6f af]/fdf /fvL gbLdf uof] / ;a}eGbf sd d"Nodf tfl/lbg] dfemLsf]
vf]hL ug{ yfNof] . df]ndf]nfO ug]{ qmddf Ps l;Ssfdf gbL tfl/lbg Ps dfemL tof/ eP . gbLsf]
lardf k'u]kl5 p;n] dfemLnfO{ dg{ nfu]sf] dflg;sf] clGtd OR5f k"/f ul/lbg cfu|x u¥of] . olb
dfemLn] Ps l;Ssf klg glnO{sg gbL tfl/lbPdf cfkm"n] cf/fd;Fu k|f0f TofUg] atfof] . ul/a
dfemLn] p;sf] clGtd OR5f k"/f ul/lbof] .
df]xu|:t JolQmsf] cj:yf l7s o:t} x'G5 . p;sf] ;xh ljj]s x/fP/ pm ljlIfKt x'G5 .
dflg; wg, kb, jf;gfsf] df]xdf olt ljlIfKt x'G5 ls p;sf] ljj]s g} ;dfKt x'G5 . >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– hxfF :d[lt gi6 x'G5 ToxfF a'l4 klg gi6 x'G5 . :d[lt a'l4sf] s]jn ;ª\u|xfno xf] . a'l4n]
hfg]sf s'/fx¿ :d[ltdf hDdf x'G5g\ . :d[ltsf] cy{ ctLt xf] / klxn] ctLt¿kL :d[lt gi6 x'G5
clg eljio klg gi6 x'G5 . a'l4sf] cy{ Intelligence xf] Intellect xf]Og . efiffsf]zdf b'j}sf] cy{
Pp6} 5 . jf:tljs alg;s]sf] a'l4 Intellect xf] eg] galg;s]sf] z''4 a'l4 Intelligence xf] .
a'l4dfgL t :d[lt;Fu} ljs[t eO;S5 . hflg;lsPsf] s'/f a'l4 xf] hf] :d[lt;Fu g} ljs[t eO;s]sf]
x'G5 t/ h] hfGg] zlQm 5 Tof] a'l4 (Intelligence) xf] . :d[lt ljs[t ePkl5 cJoQmdf /x]sf] a'l4
klg e|i6 x'g yfN5 / leq n's]sf] k|1f klg 8fdf8f]n x'g yfN5 . of] clGtd ktg xf] . a'l4 h;df

nf]suLtf– 68
 cWofo–@
cgGt ;Defjgfdf n's]sf] 5 Tof] klg gfz ePkl5 ;a} s'/f ;dfKt x'G5 clg JolQm k"0f{ ¿kdf
cfkm"nfO{ ;dfKt kfg]{ u/L bLgtfdf k'u]/ bl/›tf k|fKt ub{5 .
/fuå]ifljo'Q}m:t' ljifoflglGb|o}Zr/g\ .
cfTdjZo}lj{w]ofTdf k|;fbdlwuR5lt ..^$..
/fu / å]ifaf6 d'Qm ePsf] / cfˆgf OlG›ox¿nfO{ ljifox¿af6 lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf
ePsf] cGt:s/0f OlG›oåf/f ljifodf ljr/0f ub}{ cGt:s/0fsf] k|;Ggtf k|fKt u5{ ..
;fwf/0ftof xfdL ;f]Rb5f“}+, lrQdf ljIf]k / ljXjntf gePkl5 cGt:s/0f z'4 x'G5 t/
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– cGt:s/0f z'4 ePdf lrQsf] ;a} ljIf]k ;dfKt x'G5 . hf] JolQm czfGt 5,
To;n] zflGt k|fKt ug]{ k|of; u/]df czflGt emg\ a9]/ hfG5 . zfGt x'g g;s]sf] l:yltn] kL8f
lbG5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;fª\Von] cGt:s/0f ;b}j z'4 x'G5, To;nfO{ z'4 ug}{kb}{g eg]sf] 5 . h;nfO{
cGt:s/0fsf af/]df yfxf 5}g To;n] dfq cGt:s/0f z'4 ug]{ k|oTg u5{ . hf] z'4 g} 5 To;nfO{
yk z'4 ug{ ;lsGg . cGt:s/0fnfO{ z'4 gdfGg] JolQm h;n] o;nfO{ hfg]s} 5}g p;sf] z'4 ug]{
k|of; c;kmn dfq x'G5 . cGt:s/0fnfO{ z'4 ug]{ k|of; cFWof/f] sf]7fdf t/jf/ lnP/ cGwsf/nfO{
sf6]/ x6fpg vf]Hg' h:t} xf] . h;n] z'4 ug{'kg]{ xf] ToxL g} cz'4 5 eg] z'l4 x'g ;Sb}g .
cGt:s/0f ;b}j z'4 x'G5, oxL ;To xf] . cGt:s/0fsf] cy{ cGtZr]tg xf]Og . uLtfsf af/]df
l6Kk0fL ug]{x¿n] / zAbsf]zdf ;d]t cGt:s/0fsf] cy{ cGtZr]tg (Conscience) u/]sf 5g\ hf]
e|flGt xf] .
rf]/L ug{ vf]Hbf leqaf6 rf]/L ug{' unt Pjd\ kfk xf] eGg]] efj cfof] eg] of] cGt:s/0fsf]
cfjfh xf]Og, of] t ;dfhn] agfPsf] wf/0ff dfq xf] . olb rf]/x¿sf] ;dfh ePdf leq dgaf6
rf]/L g/fd|f] xf] eGg]] efj cfpFb}g . ef/tdf hf6x¿sf] ;dfhdf ha;Dd o'jfn] b'O{ rf/j6f rf]/L
ub}{g, ta;Dd pm ljjfxsf nflu of]Uo g} x'Fb}g . cGt:s/0f t pgLx¿;Fu klg x'G5, t/ ToxfF
;dfhn] rf]/L unt xf] eGg]] wf/0ff /fv]]sf] xF'b}g . To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ rf]/L unt xf] eGg]] nfUb}g .
pgLx¿nfO{ rf]/L untsfo{ jf v/fa xf] eGg]] wf/0ff s]6fs]6L a]nfb]lv g} xfNg] k|of; gul/Psf
sf/0f pgLx¿sf nflu rf]/L, 8s}tL, unt sfo{ xf]Ogg\ . lxGb"n] cfˆg} sfsfsL 5f]/L;Fu j}jflxs
;DaGw sfod /fVg ldNb}g t/ d';ndfgn] sfsf–dfdfsf 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu ljjfx u5{g\ . of]
cGt:s/0fsf] e]b geO{ ;fdflhs dfGotf / /Lltl:yltsf] e]b dfq xf] . ;dfhn] Pp6f dfGotf
agfPsf] 5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ leq klg To:t} dfGotfsf] Pp6f cbfnt h:t} Joj:yfkg 5 . of]
cGtZr]tg xf] . cGt:s/0fsf] cy{ cGt/td pks/0f cyf{t\ leqsf] ofqfdf hfg ;lsg] clGtd
cj:yf g} cGt:s/0f xf] t/ of] cfTdf xf]Og . cGt:s/0f cfTdfsf] lgs6td pks/0f xf] h;sf
dfWodn] xfdL aflx/ hf]l8G5f}+ . o;sf] P]gfdf cfTdf k|ltkmlnt x'G5 . cGt:s/0fkl5 leq cfTdf /
k/dfTdf dfq afFsL /xG5 . cfTdfsf] olt lgs6td /x]sf] s'/f cz'4 x'g} ;Sb}g . cGtZr]tgf
;fdflhs Joj:yf xf], of] cGt:s/0f xf]Og . wd{, ;+:s[lt / ;dfh leGg leGg x'g ;S5g\ t/
cGt:s/0f Pp6} x'G5 . of] aflx/L huTf\;Fu leq hf]8\g] dfWod xf] . To;}n] xfdL h;nfO{ cGt:s/0f
dflg/x]sf 5f}+“ Tof] cGtZr]tgf xf] .
cfTdf z/L/df k'Ubf k'Ub} cz'4 x'g ;S5 lsgeg] z/L/ cfTdfaf6 lgs} k/ 5 . cfTdfaf6
cGt:s/0f ;a}eGbf lgs6 5 hf] cz'4 x'g} ;Sb}g, ctM of] z'4 5 . z/L/sf lgs6 OlG›ox¿ 5g\ .
To;kl5 qmdzM cGt;\ OlG›o, :d[lt, k|of]lut a'l4, ck|of]lut a'l4, cGt:s/0f, cfTdf clg k/dfTdf
x'G5 . o;/L xfdLn] a'‰of}+“ eg] klg ;fª\Vodf elgP h:t} cGt:s/0f z'4 5 eGg]] a'‰g ;lsG5 .

nf]suLtf– 69
cWofo–@
;fª\Von] eG5– b[Zo / ›i6f b'O{ lrh x'g\ . h] b]lvG5 Tof] xfdLeGbf leGg xf] lsgeg] xfdL x]g{]jfnf
b|i6f xf}+“ . h;/L Pp6f JolQmn] au}Frf gb]lvFbf klg xfjfsf] em8\sfdf ;'uGwsf] cg'ej u5{ / ha
pm au“}+rf glhs k'U5 ta xl/ofnL, km"n, ;'uGwsf ;fy} cGTodf zflGtsf] cg'ej u5{ . o:t}
k|sf/n] leqsf] cGt/ofqf u/]df cGt:s/0fsf] klg cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 .
xfdLleqsf] ofqf ubf{ cGt;\ OlG›o clg ljrf/x¿sf] hfnf], k|of]lut a'l4, ck|of]lut a'l4sf]
k|sfz cflbnfO{ qmdzM x]bf{ x]bf{ of] t b[Zo xf] / h'g s'/f d b]lv/x]sf] 5' Tof] d s;/L x'g ;S5'
eg]/ 5f]8\b} ofqf ul//Xof}+ eg] k|sflzt lrhsf] lgs6tfdf Pp6f cnf}lss z'l4 cfTdfsf] l7s
lgs6 cGt:s/0fnfO{ cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . To;nfO{ klg z'4td dfq dfg]/ 5f]8]df k|sfz¿kL
cfTdfsf] bz{g kfOG5, hf] ›i6f xf] . of] cfTdfsf] bz{gdf cgGt k|sfz dfq z]if /xG5 . o;/L
cGt:s/0fsf] cg'ejsf nflu cGt/ofqf u/]df cGt:s/0f z'4 /x]sf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdLnfO{
aflx/ z/L/¿kL kmf]x/sf] dfq hfgsf/L x''Fbf z'l4nfO{ a'‰g ;s]sf 5}gf“}+ . To;}n] ;fª\Vo eG5–
leqsf] ofqf u/]kl5 cGt:s/0f z'4 5 eGg] yfxf x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ha cGt:s/0fsf] z'l4nfO{ hflgG5, To;} ;do lrQsf ;Dk"0f{ ljIf]k
tTsfn ;dfKt x'G5g\ . Pp6f JolQmn] ulx/f] vf8naf6 cfsfzlt/ x]/]df cfsfzsf afbn /
cGwsf/nfO{ dfq b]V5, cfsfz b]Vg ;Sb}g t/ Pp6f kxf8sf] 6'Kkfdf /x]sf] JolQmn] cfsfz x]bf{
afbn tn /x]sf] / cfsfz :jR5 /x]sf] b]Vb5 . xjfO{ hxfhaf6 ofqf ubf{ afbn, s'lx/f], x':;' tn
/ xfdL dfly x'G5f}+ . dgsf ljIf]k, ljsf/x¿ ToxL afbnsf] cfj/0f jf s'lx/f] jf x':;' h:t} x'g\ . oL
afbnx¿n] xfd|f] lrQdf ljIf]k k}bf u5{g\ lsgeg] xfdL tn vf8ndf afFlr/x]sf 5f}+ . >Ls[i0f
cGt:s/0fsf] vf]hdf lxF8\g eGg'x'G5 hxfF lrQ afbneGbf dfly x'G5 / cGt:s/0f z'4 ePsf] x'gfn]
;a} s'/fx¿ :jR5 / ljsf//lxt x'G5 . cGt:s/0f;Dd k'Ug] JolQmn] lzv/sf] ofqf ub{5 hxfF
;"o{af6 k|;fl/t k|sfz;Fu ;fIffTsf/ ug{ ;S5 . of] s]jn ofqf xf] / z'l4 k|fKt ug{' kmn xf] .
k|;fb] ;j{b'Mvfgf+ xflg/:of]khfot] .
k|;Ggr]t;f] Xofz' a'l4M ko{jlti7t] ..^%..
O{Zj/sf] s[kf k|fKt u/L To;}df ;Gt'i6 /xg] / cGt:s/0f k|;Gg ePsf JolQmsf ;a} k|sf/sf
b'v–si6 gfz x'G5g\ / To:tf k|;Gg lrQ ePsf JolQmsf] a'l4 zL3| l:y/ x'G5 ..
gfl:t a'l4/o'Qm:o g rfo'Qm:o efjgf .
g rfefjotM zflGt/zfGt:o s'tM ;'vd\ ..^^..
O{Zj/df Psfu|tf gePsf cyf{t\ OlGb|o / dgnfO{ lhTg g;s]sf JolQmx¿sf] a'l4 g lbJo / g
lgZrofTds x'g ;S5 g t dg g} l:y/ x'G5 . o:tf] co''Qm dg''iosf] cGt:s/0fdf efjgf g} x''bF }g .
o:tf] efjgf gePsf / cl:y/ dg ePsf JolQmx¿n] zflGt k|fKt ub}{gg\ / zflGtljgf ;'v c;Dej
5 ..
O{Zj/sf] s[kf k|fKt u/L To;}df ;Gt'i6 /xg] JolQmsf nflu ;+;f/sf ;a} k|sf/sf b'v–si6
gfz x'G5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] t[Kt r]tgfdf /xg] JolQmsf] a'l4 zL3| l:y/ x'G5 . hf] JolQm s[i0f
efjgfdf /x]/ eujfg\;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'Fb}g / h;sf] O{Zj/df Psfu|tf x'Fb}g Tof] JolQmsf] g a'l4 g}
lbJo x'g ;S5 g dg g} l:y/ x'g ;S5 . cl:y/ dg ePsf JolQmn] zflGt k|fKt ug{ ;Dej 5}g /
zflGtljgf ;'v c;Dej 5 . t;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o'Qm k'?ifnfO{ zflGt k|fKt x'G5 / co'Qm
k'?ifnfO{ zflGt k|fKt x'Fb}g . co'Qm k'?ifsf] cGt:s/0fdf efjgf / zflGt x'Fb}g . zflGtljgf ;'v

nf]suLtf– 70
 cWofo–@
k|fKt x'g ;Qm}g . co'Qm eGgfn] cfkm"af6 cnu, cfˆgf] x'gaf6 6f9f Pjd\ hf] cfkm}+“;Fu 6'6]sf] 5
eGg] a'lemG5 . cfkm";Fu JolQm 6'6\g ;Sb}g lsgeg] cfkm";Fu 6'6]/ JolQm b'O{df afFl8G5 / cfkm";Fu
hf]l8g klg ;lsGg lsgeg] cfkm";Fu s;/L hf]l8g] hf] 6'6]s} 5}g . d cfkm}+“af6 6'6]+,“ cnu ePF eGg'
s]jn Pp6f e|dk"0f{ ljrf/ dfq xf] . JolQmn] s]jn o:tf] ;f]Rg dfq ;S5 / JolQm o'Qm / co'Qm
x'g} ;Sb}g, s]jn of] Pp6f ljrf/ dfq xf] . of] t s]jn ;kgfdf Pp6} JolQm b'O{ 7fpFdf k'u] h:tf]
xf] hf] p7]kl5 s]jn e|flGt dfq nfU5 . of] o'Qm / co'Qm ;kgfsf] efj dfq xf] . o'Qm k'?if Tof] xf]
hf] e|flGt / ;kgfdf geO{ hflu;s]sf] cj:yfdf cyf{t\ hfu/0fdf x''G5 ;fy} p;nfO{ cfkm"af6
slxNo} cnu gePsf] af]w klg x''G5 . co'Qm k'?ifdf efjgf x'Fb}g≤ To;}n] xfdLdf ePsf] efjgf s[i0f
efjgf xf]Og . klt–kTgL, 5f]/f–5f]/L jf afa'–cfdf dbf{ x'g] lrRofx6 jf ?jfO efjgf xf]Og Tof] t
;+j]bgf dfq xf] . oL ;a} cfˆgf xf]Ogg\ / k/fO{sf 5f]/f5f]/L x'g\ eGg]] yfxf x'g] lalQs} ?jfO aGb
x'G5 lsgeg] of] Joy{ efjgf xf] .
lnof] 6fN:6fon] (Leo-Tolstoy) Pp6f syf n]v]sf 5g\– Pshgf hldgbf/sf 5f]/f / afa'sf
larsf] ;DaGw lalu|Pkl5 5f]/fn] 3/ 5f]8\of] . afa' j[4 x'Fb} uPsfn] 5f]/fnfO{ kmls{P/ cfpg eGof] .
5f]/fn] cd's ldltdf /]naf6 3/ cfpg] ;Gb]z k7fof] . k7fPsf] ;doeGbf b'O{ 306f cl3 g} 5f]/f
cfO;s]sf] lyof] . ToxfF a:gsf nflu Pp6f dfq wd{zfnf lyof] / wd{zfnfdf s'g} sf]7f vfnL
lyPg . wd{zfnfsf Joj:yfksn] Ps hgf ul/a s]6f] s]xL If0f cl3 cfP/ sf]7fleq a;]sf] a]xf]/f
hldgbf/nfO{ atfP . hldgbf/n] p;nfO{ sf]7faf6 lgsfNg / cfkm"nfO{ ToxfF a:g] Joj:yf ldnfOlbg
cfb]z lbP . Joj:yfksn] cfb]z lz/f]k/ u/] . /ftel/ lxpF k¥of] / sk8fsf] cefjdf n'un'u sfDb}
s]6fn] leq clnslt 5]pdf a:g lbg ofrgf u¥of] . t/ hldgbf/n] cfˆgf] lg›f eË ul/lbg]
s]6fnfO{ ;8sdf ˆofFSg nufP . s7\ofª\lu|P/ s]6fsf] d[To' eof] . p;sf] vNtLaf6 sfuh lgsfn]/
x]bf{ Tof] o'js c¿ sf]xL geP/ hldgbf/s} 5f]/f] ePsf] k|dfl0ft eof] . To;kl5 hldgbf/n] ?Fb}
5f]/fsf] nf;nfO{ n'uf km]/fP/ sf]7fdf NofP . hLljt JolQmsf] ofrgfnfO{ nTofpFb} ;8sdf ˆofFSg
nufpg] / cfˆgf] 5f]/f eGg]] lalQs} sf]7fdf Nofpg] sfd eof] . xfd|f] efjgf klg l7s o:t} x'G5 .
lnof] 6fN:6fon] of] syf d]/f] cfTdsyf klg xf] eg]sf 5g\ . pgn] cfˆgL cfdfnfO{ lgs}
efjgfzLn dlxnf 7fGby] lsgeg] pgL /Ëd~rdf gf6s x]bf{ /f]P/ rf/ kfFrj6f ?dfn lehfpFlyg\ .
pgL /fhkl/jf/sL ;b:o ePsfn] pgnfO{ 5j6f 3f]8fsf] aUuL /Ëd~rsf cufl8 tof/L cj:yfdf
pleg'kYof]{ . ToxfF c;fWo lxpF kg]{ x'gfn] Ps b''O{ hgf ;jf/L rnfpg] JolQmsf] aflx/ lxpFdf
s'bf{s'b{} d[To' x'GYof] / pgLx¿nfO{ ˆofFs]/ csf]{ rfnssf] tof/L u/L aUuL rnfOGYof] . pgL
/Ëd~rdf cfpg] kfqx¿sf] clego ;Dem]/ /f]O/xlGyg\ . of] efjgf geO{ efjgfsf] wf]sf xf] .
efjgf t leqsf] ;xh efj xf] . Pp6f ul/anfO{ sf]7faf6 lgisfzg u/L ;8sdf ˆofNg' / ;jf/L
rfnsnfO{ d[t ;DemL ˆofFs]/ /Ëd~rsf] :d/0fdf ?g' efjgf geO{ å}t rl/q xf] .
>Ls[i0fsf] egfOdf efjgf Tof] JolQmdf p7\5 hf] cfkm";Fu ;+o'Qm x'G5 . co'Qmx¿ c¿;Fu
hf]l8G5g\ / o'Qm ;a} cfkm";Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . ljo'Qm s;}sf klt–kTgL, 5f]/f5f]/L, ldq cflb x'G5g\
t/ p;nfO{ cfkm" sf] xf] yfxf x'Fb}g . c¿sf] ;DaGwdf pm hf]l8Psf] x'G5 t/ cfkm"nfO{ p;n]
lrGb}g . efjgfsf] :km'/0f t cfkm";Fu hf]l8Pdf dfq x'G5 . c¿;Fu hf]l8Psf] JolQm ;bf czfGt
x'G5 / cfkm";Fu hf]l8Psf] JolQm dfq zfGt x'G5 . zflGt eg]sf] leqsf] ;+o'Qmtf Pjd\ cfkm";Fu
;Gt'i6 x'g' xf] . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– 1fgL o'Qm eP/ zflGt k|fKt ub{5 .

nf]suLtf– 71
cWofo–@
OlGb|of0ff+ lx r/tf+ oGdgf]˜g'ljwLot] .
tb:o x/lt k|1f+ jfo'gf{jldjfDel; ..^&..
h;/L kfgLdf lxF8\g] 8'FufnfO{ jfo'n] x'TofOlbG5, To;/L g} ljifox¿df bf}l8g] OlG›ox¿dWo] dg
h''g OlG›o;+“u} /xG5, Tof] Ps OlG›on] of] co'Qm k'?ifsf] a'l4x/0f ul/lbG5 ..
t:dfB:o dxfafxf] lgu[xLtflg ;j{zM .
OlGb|of0fLlGb|ofy]{Eo:t:o k|1f k|ltli7tf ..^*..
x] dxfafx' Û h;sf OlG›ox¿ cfˆgf ljifo–jf;gfaf6 k"0f{tM lgolGqt 5g\ To:tfsf] a'l4nfO{
l:y/ a'l4 dfGg'kb{5 ..
h;/L xfjfsf] em8\sfn] 8F'ufnfO{ 8fdf8f]n agfOlbG5 / cfFwL–a]x/Lsf] ¿k lnPdf 8F'uf 8'Ag
klg ;S5, o;}u/L h;sf] lrQsf] zlQm ljifox¿lt/ ljlIfKt eP/ bf}l8G5, p;sf] dg cfFwL t'kmfg
aG5 / o:tf] cfFwLsf sf/0f :jod\sf] 8'Fuf 8'Ab5 . x] ch{'g Û h;/L kfgLdf lxF8\g] 8'FufnfO{ jfo'n]
x'TofOlbG5, To;/L g} ljifox¿df bf}l8g] dg¿k OlG›on] Tof] co'Qm k'?ifsf] a'l4x/0f ul/lbG5 .
cfFwL t'kmfg cfPg eg] 8'Fuf cf/fd;Fu gxNnLsg t}l/G5 . o:t} dg'iosf] dg jf;gfsf] t'kmfgdf
hlt bf}l8G5, Tolt g} p;sf] ljgfz x'g] / 8'Fuf 8'Ag] ;Defjgf x'G5 . of] ;TonfO{ hfg]/ h;n]
ljifox¿tkm{ lrQ bf}8fpFb}g, pm jf;gf/lxt eP/ :jod\df k|ltli7t x'G5 . o:tfsf] a'l4nfO{
l:y/a'l4 dfGg'k5{ eg]/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5 . 1fgL k'?ifdf jf;gfsf] cfFwL g} p7\b}g≤ To;}n] p;n]
jf;gfnfO{ /f]Sg' g} kb}{g lsgeg] jf;gfsf] cfFwL xfd|f] ;xof]uaf6 dfq pTkGg x'G5 . >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– hf] of] jf;gf¿kL cfFwLnfO{ rnfpFb}g Tof] JolQm jf;gf/lxt x'G5 / of] cfFwLnfO{ ;fdgf
g} gu/L :jod\df k|ltli7t x'G5 . o;/L hf] :jod\df k|ltli7t x'G5 p;n] ;a} s'/f k|fKt ub{5 .
of lgzf ;j{e"tfgf+ t:of+ hfult{ ;+odL .
o:of+ hfu|lt e"tflg ;f lgzf kZotf] d'g]M ..^(..
h'g ;do ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLx¿sf nflu /flq;dfg x'G5 To:tf] ;dodf l:yltk|1 cyf{t\ cfTd;\+odL
k'?if hfu[t x'G5g\ / ;a} hLjx¿ hfUg] ;do lqsfnbzL{ cyf{t\ k/dfTdfsf] tŒjnfO{ hfGg] d'lgsf]
nflu /flq x'G5 ..
hf] ;a}sf nflu cGwsf/¿kL /flq xf] Tof] klg 1fgL ;+odLsf nflu hfu/0f xf] . lg›f
;fwf/0f JolQmsf nflu dfq xf], 1fgLsf nflu t lg›f hfu/0f xf] . o; dxfjfSosf] ax'cfoflds
cy{ 5 . o;sf] zflAbs cy{ ha xfdL /ftdf ;'T5f}+“, ta klg 1fgL ;'Tb}gg\, 1fgL t xfdLn] lj>fd
u/] h:t} /ftdf ;'t]/ klg lg›fsf] jzdf x'Fb}gg\ . 1fgLleqsf] r]tgf slxn] ;'t]sf] x'Fb}g eGg] xf] .
a'4;Fu} ;'Tbf s}of}+“ lbg pxfF xnrn gu/Lsg ;'t]sf] b]Vbf cfZro{ nfu]/ cfgGbn] a'4;Fu
;f]w]–xh'/ /ftdf klg ;'Tg'x'Gg . a'4n] hjfkm lbg'eof]– ha d}n] 1fg k|fKt u/]“ / d]/f] c1fg x6\of,]
tab]lv d]/f] z/L/ dfq ;'T5 t/ d ;'lTbgF . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] ;a}sf nflu cFWof/f] lg›f xf] Tof]
klg 1fgLsf nflu hfu/0f xf] . xfdL klg ;'Tbf k"/f ;'Tb}gf“}+ 1fgsf] Pp6f efu t g;'tLsg
hfu/0fdf a;]sf] x'G5 . /ftL bz–la; hgf ;'lt/x]sf] a]nfdf s;}n] /fd eg]/ af]nfof] eg] ;a}n]
;'g] klg /fd eGg]] JolQm dfq af]N5 / af]nfpg'sf] sf/0f ;f]W5 lsgeg] p;sf] r]tgfsf] Ps efu
pm ;'Tbf klg hflu/x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] p;n] /fd eGg]] gfdnfO{ lrGb5 . cfdf aRrf;Fu ;'lt/x]sL
x'lG5g\ . cfFwLa]x]/L / lah'nL rDs] klg cfdf pl7\bgg\ t/ aRrf clnslt xnrn u¥of] eg] pgL
tTsfn p7\l5g\ . cfdfsf] r]tgfsf] Ps lx:;f pl7/x]sf] / aRrfsf] ljifodf Wofg s]lG›t ul//x]sf]

nf]suLtf– 72
 cWofo–@
x'G5 . of] r]tgfsf] Ps lx:;f hfu/0f x'g] xfd|f] cfsl:ds 36gfsf nflu xf] / ;fwf/0ftof xfd|f]
;f/f r]tgf cGwsf/k"0f{ lg›fdf 8'la/x]sf] x'G5 . >Ls[i0fsf] klxnf] cfofdsf] cy{ 1fgL jf:tljs
lg›fdf klg hfu/0fdf x'G5 eGg]] xf] .
xfdL vfFbf, a:bf, lxF8\bf, af]Nbf xf];df xf]Og a]xf];Ld} x'G5f}+ . xfdL Pp6f sfd ubf{ xhf/f“}+
ljrf/x¿;Fu} lnP/ afFR5f}“ . dxfjL/n] cfˆgf lziox¿nfO{ eGg'ePsf] 5 lxF88'n ubf{, p7\bf, a:bf,
;'Tbf ;Fw}+ hfu]/ g} ug{" . hf] JolQm hfu]/ ;'Tg ;S5, To:tf] JolQmn] cfˆgf] d[To'nfO{ klg hfu]/ b]Vg
;S5 . hxfF sfdL JolQm sfdjf;gfdf, df]xsf] lg›fdf, ljifox¿sf] lg›fdf / cGwsf/df 8'la/x]sf]
x'G5 ToxfF 1fgL k'?if hflu/x]sf] x'G5 . of] s[i0fn] klxn] klg rrf{ ul/;s]sf] ljifo xf] . hfu[t
JolQmsf] lz/ k5fl8 k|sfzsf] 3]/f (Aura) ;w“}+ x'G5 . To:t} eujfg\ / l;4 JolQmsf] t:jL/df
lz/sf] k5fl8 Pp6f k|sfzsf] 3]/f (Aura) ;w}+ b]lvG5 . hf] 1fgL cfˆgf] k|sfzsf af/]df hfGb5g\,
pgLx¿ k|sfzsf] cj:yf klg hfGg ;S5g\ . To:t} xfdL h:tf lg›fdf /xg] JolQm;Fu klg Pp6f
cGwsf/sf] 3]/f ;wF} ;“+u} rN5 . xfd|f] k|To]s s[To lg›fdf g} x'G5 . >Ls[i0fsf] egfOsf] bf];|f] cy{–
lg›fdf ePsf] JolQm h:t} pxL s'/fsf] k'g/fj[lQ hfu[t k'?ifn] ub}{g eGg] xf] .
t];|f] cfofd lg›fdf xfdL h] u5f}{+ / h] x'G5f“},+ To;sf af/]df xfdL cgle1 x'G5f“} . sfd ubf{
o;sf] ljrf/ x'Fb}g≤ sfd ePkl5 dfq of] s;/L daf6 eof] eg]/ kZrfQfk u5f}{+ . Pp6L :qL
a]xf];Ld} l;+uf/k6f/ u/]/ a]9Ësf] sk8f, cgfjZos cfj/0fdf ;lhP/ ;8sdf lgl:slG5g\ . pgnfO{
o;sf] kl/0ffd s] x'G5 eGg] yfxf g} x'Fb}g . ;8sdf pgnfO{ wSsf nfUg ;S5, dflg;x¿n] 3'/]/ x]g{
;S5g\ eGg] pgnfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g lsgeg] pgL lg›fdf tof/ ePsL lyOg\, cGoyf pgnfO{ wSsf
nfu]df Tof] d]/f] sf/0fn] xf] eGg]] cg'ej x'g ;SYof] t/ lg›fsf] sf/0f pgnfO{ yfxf g} x'Fb}g . ;+odL
1fgL k'?if ;bf hfu[t x'G5 . hfu[t cj:yfdf /xg] ePsfn] pm lg›fdf /x]sf] JolQmsf] h:tf]
cfr/0f ub}{g . p;df cxª\sf/ klg xF'b}g . lg/xª\sf/ JolQm ;b}j hfu/0fdf x'G5 .
cfk"o{df0fdrnk|lti7+–
;d'b|dfkM k|ljzlGt oåt\ .
tåTsfdf o+ k|ljzlGt ;j]{
; zflGtdfKgf]lt g sfdsfdL ..&)..
lgTo kl/k"0f{ / crn /x]sf] ;d'›df p;nfO{ ljrlnt gu/L h;/L gbLx¿ k|j]z u5{g\ /
ljno x'G5g\, To;}u/L b[9 lrQ ePsf JolQmsf Åbodf klg OR5fx¿ lgTo pAhG5g\ / lanfpF5g\ .
l:y/ lrQ ePsf JolQmn] zflGt kfpF5g\ t/ ljifodf lnKt dflg;n] zflGt kfpFb}gg\ ..
ljxfo sfdfGoM ;jf{Gk'df+Zr/lt lgM:k[xM .
lgd{df] lg/xÍf/M ; zflGtdlwuR5lt ..&!..
h;n] ef}lts sfdgfx¿nfO{ ToflulbG5, hf] OR5fx¿af6 d'Qm 5, h;n] ddtfnfO{ Tofu]sf] 5,
hf] cxª\sf/z"Go 5 / hf] :k[xf/lxt eP/ lxF8\5 To;n] dfq jf:tljs zflGt k|fKt ug{;S5 ..
Piff a|fXdL l:yltM kfy{ g}gf+ k|fKo ljd'Xolt .
l:yTjf:ofdGtsfn]˜lk a|Xdlgjf{0fd[R5lt ..&@..
ef}lts rfxgfaf6 d'Qm hLjg g} cfWoflTds tyf O{Zj/Lo hLjgsf] dfu{ xf] h;nfO{ k|fKt
u/]kl5 dflg; df]lxt x'bF }gg\ ..

nf]suLtf– 73
cWofo–@
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5— x] ch{'g Û h;/L dxf;fu/ cgGt gbLx¿nfO{ cfkm"df ;dflxt u/L
clnslt klg dof{bf lal;{+b}g, kl/jlt{t x'Fb}g, klxn] h:tf] lyof] p:t} /xG5 To;}u/L a|F≈dL l:yltdf
ePsf] JolQm hLjgsf] ;Dk"0f{ ef]u ckl/jlt{t ¿kn] ef]Ug'cl3 h:tf] lyof] ef]ukl5 klg p:t} x'G5 .
hf] ef]u]/ klg ef]Stf x'Fb}g o:tf] JolQm d'lQm cyf{t\ a|fXdL cj:yfdf k|fKt x'G5 . o:tf dflg;
hLjgsf] cGTodf klg a|F≈dL l:yltdf l:yt eP/ a|XdfgGbnfO{ k|fKt u5{g\ .
ch{'gsf] lh1f;f d'lQmsf] geP/ s]jn o'4af6 aRg] dfq lyof] . ch{'gn] g;f]w] klg >Ls[i0f
ch{'gsf] lh1f;fnfO{ d'lQm cyf{t\ df]Ifsf] lh1f;fdf ¿kfGtl/t ul/lbg'x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof dg'io
df]Ifsf] xf]Og ;+zosf] g} lh1f;f k|s6 u5{ t/ p;sf] ;+zosf] lh1f;fleq df]Ifsf] lh1f;f klg
n's]sf] x'G5, hf] JolQmnfO{ yfxf g} x'Fb}g . s'g} JolQmn] wg vf]Hbf klg ulx/fOdf cfGtl/s
bl/›tf;d]t x6fpg vf]h]sf] x'G5 . r]i6f p;sf] bl/› g/x"F eGg]] x'G5 . kbnf]n'k klg leq
cfTdxLgtf gxf];\ eg]/ kb vf]lh/x]sf] x'G5 . vf]Hg rflxF unt 7fpFdf vf]lh/x]sf] x'G5 t/
cfTdxLgtfaf6 d'lQm g} vf]lh/x]sf] x'G5 . ch{'gh:tf] JolQm o'4af6 efUg rfxG5g\ hf] ulx/fOdf
lrGtf, kL8faf6 efUg vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ .
>Ls[i0fn] ltd|f] d'lQmsf] lh1f;f eg]/ ch{'gnfO{ unt lbzfdf xf]Og, ;xL lbzfdf d'lQmsf]
vf]h ug{ ;'emfj lbg'x'G5 . pxfF eGg'x'G5– dxf;fu/ hxfF cgGt gbLx¿ cfpF5g\ / hfG5g\ t/
To;n] dxf;fu/nfO{ s'g} :kz{ ub}{g, To:t} eof} eg] ltdL a|fXdL l:yltdf k|fKt x'g] 5f} . >Ls[i0f
ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– ltdL dxf;fu/ h:t} ag hxfF hlt gbLsf hn ylkFbf / gylkFbf klg ;d'›sf]
hn jf ulx/fOdf s'g} km/s kb}{g . pm lgZrn ¿kdf cfˆgf] l:yltdf /xG5 . ltdL klg ltd|f] h'g
vf]h Pjd\ Wo]o 5, To;nfO{ ;xL lbzfdf vf]h . o;f] ubf{ ltd|f] cj:yf a|fXdL jf a|Xd h:t}x'g]
5 . hxfF …dÚ ;dfKt eP/ a|Xd dfq /xG5 ToxfF s'g} lrGtf / kL8f /xFb}g lsgeg] ;Dk"0f{ lrGtf,
kL8f …dÚ ;Fu dfq x'G5 . ;f/f b'v …dÚ sf] ;[hgf xf] . cxª\sf/sf] lj;{hg ePdf ToxfF b'v klg
/xFb}g ;fy} ToxfF d[To' klg x'Gg lsgeg] d[To' t s]jn …d]/f]Ú dfq x'G5 . …dÚ dfq hGdG5, a|Xdsf]
hGd / d[To' x'Fb}g s]jn a|Xd dfq x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h;n] ef}lts sfdgfx¿ ToflulbG5, hf] OR5fx¿af6 d'Qm 5, ddtfnfO{
Tofu]sf] 5, hf] cxª\sf/ z'Go / :k[xf/lxt eP/ lxF8\5 To;n] jf:tljs zflGt k|fKt x'G5 / pm
df]lxt x'Fb}g . ch{'gsf] ljiffbn] el/Psf] lrQaf6 ;'? ePsf] uLtfsf] bf];|f] cWofodf eujfg\
>Ls[i0fn] ;fª\Voof]usf] rrf{sf ;fy} a|fXdL l:ylt hxfF cfgGb dfq 5, To;sf] rrf{ ug{'ePsf] 5 .
ch{'g h:tf] JolQm ljiffbdf pknAw x'g' ;+;f/sf nflu cxf]efUo xf] lsgeg] o:tf] ;Tkfqdf ePsf]
ljiffbsf] cj:yfaf6 g} 1fg l;s]/ x/]s dflg; lzv/df k'Ug ;S5 . ch{'g cfkm"df pTkGg ljiffbsf]
cf}iflw vf]Hg olb dgf]j}1flgssxfF k'u]sf eP pgnfO{ dgf]j}1flgsn] ;dfof]hg u/fpFy] / eGy]–
o'4df ;fdfGotM x/]snfO{ o:t} ljiffbsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 t/ >Ls[i0f hf] dxfg\ dgf]lrlsT;s x'g'x'G5,
pxfFn] ch{'gnfO{ ;dfof]hg xf]Og, pgsf] ljiffbnfO{ l;h{gfTds pkof]u ug{'eof] / pgnfO{ dfly
lzv/df n}hfg] k|of; ug{'eof] . 1fgn] ;b}j clezfknfO{ j/bfg t'NofpF5 . ch{'gleq ljsl;t hf]
clezfk lyof] >Ls[i0fn] To;nfO{ j/bfg agfpg] r]i6f ug{'eof] . pgsf] b'vsf] klg l;h{gfTds
pkof]u ug{'eof] . To;}n] >Ls[i0fsf] dgf]lj1fg l;h{gfTds dgf]lj1fg xf] .

nf]suLtf– 74
 cWofo–@
ç tT;lblt >Ld∫ujb\uLtf;"klgifT;' a|XdljBfof+ of]uzf:q]
>Ls[i0ffh{'g;+jfb] ;fª\Voof]uf] gfd
låtLof]›WofoM ..@..

nf]suLtf– 75
cWofo–@

nf]suLtf– 76
 cWofo–#
ç >Lk/dfTdg] gdM
t];|f] cWofo
sd{of]uM

ch{'g pjfr
Hofo;L r]Tsd{0f:t] dtf a'l4h{gfb{g .
tlTs+ sd{l0f 3f]/] df+ lgof]hol; s]zj ..!..
ch{'gn] eg]– x] hgfb{g Û xh'/sf ljrf/df olb ;sfd sd{eGbf a'l4of]u g} pQd xf] eg] dnfO{
of] 3f]/ cGwsf/ -o'4_ df cy{fTf\ ;sfd sd{lt/ nufpg lsg rfxg'x'G5 <
>Ls[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ o;eGbf klxn] ;fª\Voof]usf af/]df atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . ;fª\Vosf
cg';f/ h] kfpg'kg]{ 5 Tof] kfOPs} 5, h] hfGg'kg]{ 5 Tof] klg hflgPs} 5 / r}tGonfO{ xfdLn]
slxNo} x/fPsf 5}gf}+“ lsgeg] ToxL g} xfd|f] :j¿k xf] . hLjgsf] ;To sd{n] kfOG5 eg] Tof] xfdLnfO{
cfh k|fKt x'Fb}g, sd{ u/]kl5 dfq k|fKt x'G5 . sd{n] ;To k|fKt x'g] xf] eg] Tof] xfd|f] :jefj x'Fb}g .
;To sd{ u/]/ k|fKt x'g] j:t' xf]Og . hLjgsf] ;To ;b}j pknAw 5 / xfdLn] rfx]/ klg To;nfO{
x6fpg ;Sb}gf}“+ lsgeg] Tof] xfd|f] k|f0f xf] . xfdLnfO{ ;Tosf] lj:d[lt dfq ePsf] 5 . Tof] xfdL;Fu
;bf ljBdfg eP klg To;nfO{ cg'ej ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gf“}+ . xfdLn] 9f]sf aGb u/]sf sf/0f ;"o{sf]
k|sfzleq l5g{ g;s]sf] xf] . Tof] k|sfz kfpg xfdLn] s]jn 9f]sf vf]n] dfq k'U5 . ch{'g ;f]Wb}
5Gf\– olb h] hfGgof]Uo 5, Tof] hflgPs} 5 / hLjgsf] d'lQm olb 1fgdf g} lge{/ 5 eg] xh'/ dnfO{
lsg eoÍ/ sd{df ws]Nb} x'g'x'G5 .
>Ls[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ ;fª\Vosf] b[li6 ;DemfpFbf klg ch{'gn] To;nfO{ a''‰g g;s]/ gofF
k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wb} 5Gf\ . ;+;f/df dg'io hfltn] hfg]sf lgi7fx¿nfO{ ;fª\Vo / of]u b'O{ efudf ljeQm ug{
;lsG5 . ;fª\Vosf] lgi7fdf ;To s]jn 1fgn] dfq hfGg ;lsG5 . To;sf nflu s'g} s[To, sd{ tyf
k|of; jf ;fwgfsf] cfjZostf 5}g . xfdLn] s]xL x/fPsf 5}gf“}+, s]jn :d[lt dfq u'dfPsf 5f}+“≤
To;}n] k'gM ;Demg' g} kof{Kt x'G5 . of]usf] dfGotfdf s]xL s[To jf ;fwgf gu/L ;To k|fKt xF'b}g
To;}n] s'g} g s'g} sd{sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . t;y{ c1fgtf x6fpg klg s'g} sd{ ug{' g} k5{ .
of]usf cg';f/ xfdL cGwsf/df x'g'sf] ;fy} l;qmLn] klg afFlwPsf 5f}+“ / Tof] l;qmL gsf6];Dd
:jtGqtf k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . ;fª\Von] c1fg cFWof/f] h:tf] 5 hf] aQL afn]kl5 tTsfn k|sfzdo x'G5
eGb5 t/ of]un] c1fgsf] klg cl:tTj 5 h;nfO{ sf6\g'k5{, lbof] afn]/ dfq x6fpg ;lsGg
eGb5 . >Ls[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ bf];|f] cWofodf ;fª\Volgi7fsf af/]df atfpFb} 1fg g} kof{Kt 5 Pjd\
1fg k/d / clGtd ;To xf] eGg'ePsf] 5 . ;f]qm]l6hn] klg 1fg g} rl/q xf], hfGg' g} kof{Kt x'G5,
s]xL ul//xg' cfjZos 5}g / hfg]kl5 xfdL d'Qm x'G5f}+ eg]sf 5g\ . untnfO{ unt hfGg]lalQs}
Tof] tTsfn ;dfKt x'G5 . 1fg cfkm"df k"0f{ 5 / s'g} sd{sf] cfjZostf 5}g eGg] ;fª\Vosf] wf/0ff
/x]sf] 5 .
ch{'g ;f]lw/x]sf 5g\– x] eujg\ Û olb 1fg kof{Kt 5 jf hfGg' g} kof{Kt 5 eg] dnfO{ of]
eoª\s/ sd{df lsg plqg afWo kfb{} x'g'x'G5 . ch{'gn] ;fª\Vosf k|:yfkgfx¿nfO{ a'em]/ 1fgsf]
kof{Kttfsf af/]df eg]sf xf]OgGf\ a? pgL o'4af6 efUg rfxG5Gf\ . To;}n] pgn] >Ls[i0fsf] egfOsf
cf8df efUg] ts{ kfPsf 5Gf\ . xfdLx¿ cfkm"n] ug]{ k|To]s sfddf To;sf] cfwf/ k|dfl0ft u/]/
nf]suLtf– 77
cWofo–#
ts{af6 k'li6 ug{ vf]H5f+}“ . ch{'gnfO{ 1fgsf ;DaGwdf s'g} cfsif{0f ePsf] 5}g . pgL t s]jn
o'4af6 eoeLt eP/ To;af6 efUg] af6f] vf]Hb} 5Gf\ t/ 8/sf sf/0f efUg vf]h]sf] s'/f dfGg tof/
5}gGf\ . t;y{ To;dfly ts{ ug{ vf]Hb} 5g\ . 1fgk|flKtsf nflu ch{'gn] of] eg]sf eP >Ls[i0f
tTsfn pgL;Fu ;xdt x'g'x'GYof] t/ >Ls[i0fn] a'‰g'ePsf] 5– ch{'gsf] hf]8 1fg kfpgdf xf]Og,
o'4af6 efUgdf 5 . ch{'gsf] egfOn] xfdLx¿ ;a}sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 lsgeg] xfdLx¿ ;a}
cfˆgf] egfOnfO{ s'g} g s'g} ts{n] k'li6 ug{ vf]H5f“}+ .
k|mfo8n] o; ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] vf]hdf eg]sf 5g\– dg'iodf OR5f klxn] clg ts{ ;b}j kl5
cyf{t\ jf;gf klxn] / bz{g kl5 cfpF5 . To;}n] t dflg; h] ug{ rfxG5 To;sf nflu ts{sf]
vf]hL u5{ . p;nfO{ zf]if0f, rf]/L, xTof, Jolerf/ h] ug{'k/] klg To;sf nflu ts{sf] cfwf/ vf]H5 .
To;}n] k|mfo8sf ljrf/df dflg; tfls{s / a'l4dfGf\ 5}g s]jn a'l4hLjL h:tf] dfq b]lvG5 .
;fª\Vosf] b[li6 ch{'gnfO{ l7s nfu]sf] eP 1fg g} kof{Kt 5 eg]/ pgL k|Zg g;f]wL >Ls[i0fnfO{
jGbgf u/]/ o'4 TofUb} ;Tosf] vf]hdf lg:sGy] . pgn] a'em]/ of] eg]sf eP >Ls[i0fn] pgnfO{
/f]Sg'x'g] lyPg t/ ch{'gnfO{ ;fª\Vosf] 1fg g} kof{Kt xf] eGg] ;"q knfogsf nflu dfWod ag]sf]
5 . oyfy{df pgnfO{ 1fg;Fu s]xL lng' lbg' 5}g . ;fª\Vosf] lgi7f k/d lgi7f xf] lsgeg] olb 1fg
k|fKt eof] eg] hLjgdf c¿ s]xL ug{ afFsL /xFb}g .
ch{'gnfO{ olb 1fg k|fKt ePsf] eP ca o'4 eoª\s/ emGem6 gnfu]/ v]nh:t} nfUg] lyof] .
o'4 ug{' k/dfTdfn] pgnfO{ lbPsf] lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ lgolt x'g] lyof] . ch{'gnfO{ 1fg ePsf] eP pgn]
u/]sf sd{ nLnf x'g] lyP / pgL Pp6f cleg]tf dfq x'g] lyP . t/ pgnfO{ 1fg ePsf] 5}g . To;}n]
>Ls[i0fn] 1fgf]kb]znfO{ cem} lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg{] ePsf] 5 . ch{'g ;Tkfq eOlbPsf eP >Ls[i0fsf]
1fgf]kb]z uLtfsf] bf];|f] cWofodf g} ;dfKt x'GYof] t/ ch{'gsf] kfqtf l;4 ePg . ca >Ls[i0fn]
>]i7eGbf tn cf]ln{P/ pkb]z ug{'kg{] x'G5 lsgeg] ch{'g hxfF lyP, k'gM ToxL lkmtf{ eP . 1fgdf
s'g} k|Zg g} p7\b}g lsgeg] 1fg k|Zg/lxt df}g tyf z"Go x'G5 . ;fª\Von] sd{ :jKgeGbf a9\tf
xf]Og eGb5 t/ To;n] ch{'gdf :d[lt k}bf ug{ ;s]g . t;y{ pgL ce}m k|Zg ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;
hut\df JolQm Psy/L ;fª\Vodf / csf]{y/L lgisfd sd{of]udf lgi7f/t 5g\ / b'j} lgi7fdf /x]sf
JolQmx¿ cf–cfˆgf dfu{af6 d'Qm x'g ;S5g\ . sfn{ u':tfkm h'ª\un] klg dflg;nfO{ cGtd{'vL /
alxd{'vL u/L b'O{ ju{df ljeflht u/]sf 5g\ . cGtd{'vL JolQmsf nflu ;fª\Vo pko'Qm x'G5 eg]
alxd{'vL JolQmsf nflu lgisfd sd{of]u pko'Qm x'G5 . of] dg''iosf b'O{ ju{sf] cfd e]b xf] t/ s'g}
klg JolQm k"0f{ cGtd{'vL jf k"0f{ alxd{'vL x'g ;Sb}gGf\ .
ch{'g alxd{'vL JolQm x'Gf\ . To;}n] pgnfO{ ;fª\Vosf] lgi7fn] k|efljt t'Nofpg ;s]g . pgL
ljz'4 Iflqo x'g\ t/ k|Zg a|fXd0fsf] h:tf] ub{} 5g\ . o'4sf] d}bfgdf klg u'?s'ndf h:t} k|Zg ;f]Wb}
5g\ . To;}n] >Ls[i0fn] a8f] cGtb{[li6sf s'/f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'eof]– olb ltdLnfO{ ;fFRr} g} a|fXd0fsf]
h:tf] 1fg k}bf eO;s]sf] eP ;fª\Vosf] b[li6 ltd|f nflu kof{Kt x'g] lyof] o;}n] o:tf] knfog x'g
rfxg] b[li6sf]0f ltdLnfO{ ;'xfpFb}g . ;fª\Vosf] wf/0ff ch'{gn] ga''em]sf sf/0fn] bf];|f] cWofodf
>Ls[i0fn] eg]sf s'/f ;a} Joy{ eP . ch'{gnfO{ a'emfpg ;lsPnf eg]/ >Ls[i0f ca Ps–Ps l;F9L
tn cf]ln{P/ s'/f ug'{x'G5 . o; clusf ;fª\Vosf s'/f ch{'gsf nflu Joy{ eP . uLtf Pp6f cb\e't
u|Gy xf] hf] c¿ u|GyeGbf leGg / ljlzi6 5 lsgeg] uLtfdf >Ls[i0fn] dg'io hfltnfO{ d'lQm k|fKt
ug{ ;Sg] ;Dk"0f{ dfu{x¿sf] lgb]{z ug{'ePsf] 5 . >Ls[i0fn] k|To]s dfu{nfO{ k"0f{tfdf cfTd;\ft\ u/]/

nf]suLtf– 78
 cWofo–#
To;nfO{ ;du|tfdf atfpg'ePsf] 5 . ch{'gnfO{ dfWod agfP/ >Ls[i0fn] k|To]s dg'iosf lglDt
d'lQmsf] åf/ vf]lnlbg'ePsf] 5 .
uLtfnfO{ ljleGg JolQmx¿n] cf–cfˆgf 9Ëaf6 lrq0f ug{] k|oTg u/]sf 5g\ / cfˆgf] dfu{
>]i7 xf] egL :yflkt klg u/]sf 5g\ . elQmdfu{sf JolQmn] k"/f uLtfnfO{ elQmn] el/lbPsf 5g\ .
ljz]if u/L /fdfg'h, jNne, lgDafs{ cflbsf uLtfsf efio / 6Lsfx¿df elQmsf] k|wfGftf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . ptf cflbzÍ/frfo{h:tf 1fgLx¿n] 1fg lgsfn]/ k"/f uLtfdf 1fgsf] k|wfgtfsf] rrf{
u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} nf]sdfGo ltnsh:tf sd{jfbLx¿n] sd{nfO{ lgsfn]/ k"/f uLtfnfO{ sd{do
agfpg] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . t/ s;}n] klg uLtf ;d:t dfu{x¿sf] ;|f]t xf] eGg] s'/f a''‰g ;s]sf
5}gg\ . >Ls[i0f h'g dfu{sf] j0f{g ug{'x'G5 ToxL dfu{ k/d xf] eGg'x'G5 . ;fª\Vo ch{'gsf lglDt Joy{
l;4 eof] . pxfF ca csf]{ dfu{sf] s'/f ug{'x'G5 / k'gM To; dfu{nfO{ k/d pTs[i6 eGg'x'G5 . >Ls[i0f
s;}sf nflu of] l7s s;}sf nflu csf]{ l7s eGg'x'Gg lsgeg] ch{'g k"/f clgZrosf] dfgl;stfdf
5g\ . pgnfO{ b'j} l7s elgof] eg] pgsf] clglZrttf emGf\ k|uf9 x'g] 5 . To;}n] k|To]s lgi7f k"0f{
¿kdf ch{'gsf] a'l4df plqg ;sf]:f\ eg]/ >Ls[i0fn] ljleGg dfu{x¿sf af/]df lgZrok"j{s
eGg'ePsf] xf] .
;To;Dd k'Ug ;Sg] ;a} dfu{x¿sf af/]df >Ls[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ atfpg'ePsf] 5 . pxfF
eGg'x'G5– h'g JolQmnfO{ h] l7s xf] Tof] To; JolQmsf nflu k/d ¿kdf l7s xf], afFsL p;sf nflu
unt xf] . of] s'g} dfu{sf] csf]{ dfu{;Fu t'ngf xf]Og . h'g dfu{ h;nfO{ pko'Qm x'G5 p;sf nflu
ToxL dfu{ >]i7 x'G5 . cfˆgf] :jefj cg';f/sf] dfu{ g} pko'Qm x'G5 . uLtf eujfg\sf] jrg
uLtuf]ljGb o;sf/0f x'g;Sof] ls k|ltkn >Ls[i0fn] h] eGg'eof] To;;Fu >Ls[i0f k"0f{ ¿kn] PsfTd
x'g'eof] . ;fª\Vosf] s'/f ubf{ pxfF ;fª\Vok|lt g} lgi7fjfg\ x'g'eof] . ca sd{sf] s'/f ubf{ pxfF
sd{of]uL x'g'x'g] 5, elQmsf] s'/fdf pxfF dxfGf\ eQm x'g'x'Gf] 5 . uLtfsf] s'g} klg cWofo csf]{
cWofo;Fu / s'g} klg lgi7f csf]{ lgi7f;Fu t'ngLo xf]Og . of] t JolQmsf k|sf/ jf :jefj
adf]lhd h'g lgi7fn] lrQ ;Gt'i6 u/fpF5 Tof] JolQmsf nflu ToxL dfu{ >]i7s/ x'G5 . cGtd{'vL
JolQmn] z"Godf clGtd ¿k k|fKt ub{5 eg] alxd{'vL JolQmn] k"0f{tfdf clGtd ¿k k|fKt ub{5 .
cGttM z"Go / k'0o b'j} Ps} cy{ /fV5g\ .
Jofld>]0f]j jfSo]g a'l4+ df]xo;Lj d] .
tb]s+ jb lglZrTo o]g >]of]˜xdfKg'ofd\ ..@..
æo'4 u/ . sd{ ug{df dfq ltd|f] clwsf/ 5 ;sfd sd{eGbf a'l4of]u >]i7 5Æ eGg] h:tf
xh'/sf cg]sf}+“ cy{ nfUg] jfSo jf b'lawfo'Qm egfOn] d]/f] a'l4 cndlnof]≤ cem egF" d e|ddf k/]“ .
o;y{ h'g s'/fn] d]/f] jf:tljs sNof0f x'G5 ToxL s'/f lgZro u/]/ dnfO{ eGg'xf];\ ..
ch{'g Pp6f sNof0fsf/L dfu{ lglZrt u/]/ dnfO{ atfpg'xf]:f\ tfls ;a} aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'g
;s""F egL >Ls[i0f;Fu cg'/f]w ub}{ 5g\ . s[i0fn] k"0f{ lgZrosf ;fy ;fª\Volgi7fsf af/]df atfpg'
eP klg ch{'gsf] clgZro d]l6g ;s]g . ch{'gsf] JolQmTj;Fu ;fª\Vosf] tfnd]n x'g ;s]g . leq
aGwgdf /x]sf] jf ljrlnt lrQn] lgZroeGbf klg clgZrosf] vf]hL u5{ . ha;Dd lrQ l:y/
x'Fb}g ta;Dd lgZro k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . s[i0fsf] lglZrt jrgdf klg ch{'g cem lglZrt dfu{
vf]Hb} 5g\ . lrQ lglZrt x'g ;Sb}g eGg] s'/fsf] efg pgnfO{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lrQ jf l;4fGt
xf]Og r]tgf lglZrt x'G5 eGg] s'/f pgn] a'em]sf 5}gg\ . ch{'g xfdL ;a}sf] dgsf k|tLs x'g\ .
clglZrt dgaf6 lgZro kfpg} ;lsFb}g . s[i0fh:tf lglZrt ljrf/ k|s6 ug]{ JolQm ch{'gn] kfpg

nf]suLtf– 79
cWofo–#
;Sb}gg\ . t/ klg pgL o'4 u/ sd{ ug{df dfq ltd|f] clwsf/ 5 ;sfd sd{eGbf a'l4of]u >]i7 5
eGg] h:tf cg]sf}F cy{ nfUg] b'lawfo'Qm egfOn] d]/f] a'l4 cndlnof] . t;y{ d]/f] sNof0fsf nflu
s'g dfu{ >]i7 5, lgZrok"j{s atfpg'xf];\ egL ;f]Wb5g\ . ch{'gn] xfdL ;a}nfO{ s[kf u/]sf 5g\
lsgeg] pgn] xfd|f k|Zgx¿ p7fPsf 5g\ / s[i0fn] tL k|ZgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ hfg'ePsf] 5 . ljleGg
:jwd{df lgi7fjfg\ JolQmx¿sf] sNof0fsf nflu klg >Ls[i0fsf jrgx¿ ;fy{s x'g] 5g\ .
>Ls[i0fnfO{ s;}n] Åbob]lv g} k'sf/]df pxfF ;a}sf] p4f/sf nflu s[kfk"j{s jrg k|bfg ug{' x'g] 5 .
>Leujfg'jfr
nf]s]˜l:dlGåljwf lgi7f k'/f k|f]Qmf dofg3 .
1fgof]u]g ;fª\Vofgf+ sd{of]u]g of]lugfd\ ..#..
eujfg\n] eGg'eof] x] lgikfk Û o; nf]sdf b'O{ k|sf/sf] lgi7f d}n] klxn] eg]sf] 5' . tLdWo]
;fª\Vo of]uLx¿sf] lgi7fn] 1fgof]u / sd{of]uLx¿sf] lgi7fn] sd{of]u x'G5 ..
>Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ lgikfk egL ;Daf]wg ug{'x'G5 . of] dgf]j}1flgs ;Daf]wg xf] .
dgf]lj1fgsf cg';f/ lrQdf hlt kfk, ck/fw, xLgtf x'G5 Tolt g} clg0f{o k}bf x'G5 . kfkLsf]
lrQ clg0f{on] el/Psf] x'G5 . s[i0f ch{'gnfO{ cfZj:t t'Nofpg rfxg'x'G5 . To;}n] lgikfk egL
;Daf]wg ug{'x'G5 . dg'ionfO{ kfkn] sd ;tfpF5, a? d}n] kfk u/]+ eGg] efjn] a9L ;tfpF5 . t;y{
>Ls[i0f eGg''x'G5– x] lgikfk ch'{g Û o; nf]sdf b'O{ k|sf/sf lgi7fx¿ x'G5g\ . ;fª\Vo of]uLx¿sf]
lgi7fn] 1fgof]u / sd{of]uLx¿sf] lgi7fn] sd{of]u x'G5 .
lh;; eGg'x'G5– h;n] cfˆgf] kfk :jLsf/ u5{ Tof] JolQm kfkaf6 d'Qm x'G5 . xfdL kfk
n'sfpg rfxG5f}+“ t/ h;n] k|s6 u¥of] Tof] kfk d'Qm x'G5 . pxfFn] kfknfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ lalQs}
kfkaf6 d'Qm x'g] dgf]j}1flgs k|lqmof lbg'eof] . kfk JoQm ubf{ d'Qm eOG5 eGg] ljZjf; JolQmdf
hufpg ;lsof] eg] eljiodf kfk ug]{ ;Defjgf IfL0f x'G5 . olb rf]/nfO{ klg rf/}lt/af6 jf:tjdf
ltdL rf]/ xf]Ogf} eGg] efjgf k|bfg ug{ ;lsof] eg] p;sf] rf]/ x'g] ;Defjgf x6\5 . xfdL lxGb"x¿
uËfdf g'xfPkl5 ;a} kfkaf6 d'Qm xf]OG5 eGg] ljZjf; u5f}{+ . uËfsf] kfgLn] kfk kvflng] xf]Og
a? o;df Pp6f dgf]j}1flgs ;To 5 . s'g} dflg;n] kfk kvfNg uËfdf >4fk"j{s :gfg u¥of] eg]
p;nfO{ k'gM kfk ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . uËfn] t s]xL ug]{ xf]Og, t/ lgi7fk"j{s lgikfk x'G5' eg]/ g''xfPdf
p;sf] dgl:ylt kl/jt{g x'g ;S5 . lgikfk x'g] efjn] lglZrttfdf k'¥ofpF5 . >Ls[i0fh:tf]
JolQmaf6 ha lgikfk eg]/ ch{'gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/of], Toltv]/ ;fob ch{'gnfO{ uËfdf :gfg u/]sf]
cg'e"lt eof] xf]nf . s[i0fh:tf] JolQmn] zAbdf xf]Og, k"0f{tfdf ;Daf]wg ug{'x'G5 . of] ;'g]/ ch{'g
lglZrGt ePsf] x'g'k5{ . s[i0f km]l/ ch{'gnfO{ klxn] em}+ ;fª\Voof]u -1fgof]u_ / lgisfd sd{of]u b'O{
k|sf/sf lgi7f ePsf] atfpg'x'G5 .
g sd{0ffdgf/DefGg}isDo{+ k'?iff]˜Zg't] .
g r ;GGo;gfb]j l;l4+ ;dlwuR5lt ..$..
dflg;n] lglb{i6 sd{ ;Dkfbg gugf{n] g sd{kmnaf6 d'lQm kfpF5, g t sd{ / ;GGof;
Tofuåf/f k"0f{ l;l4 k|fKt ug{ ;S5 ..
sd{ gugf{n] dflg; lgisfd sd{of]uL x'g ;Sb}g Pjd\ sd{nfO{ Tofu ugf{n] eujt\
;fIffTsf/ klg x'g ;Sb}g . >Ls[i0f a8f] cb\e't s''/f eGg'x'G5– sd{nfO{ 5f8]/ efUgfn] sf]xL
lgisd{tfdf pknAw x'g ;Sb}g lsgeg] lgisfd sd{of]u eg]sf] sd{sf] cefj xf]Og . dg'ion]
lglb{i6 sd{ ;Dkfbg gugf{n] g sd{ kmnaf6 d'lQm kfpF5, g t sd{ ;Gof; Tofuåf/f k"0f{ l;l4

nf]suLtf– 80
 cWofo–#
k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . xfd|f ;GGof;Lx¿ hf] 3/ 5f]8]/ jf sd{ gu/L a:g] k|j[lQsf 5g\ ltgLx¿nfO{ o;
jrgaf6 7'nf] cf3ft k'Ug ;S5 . sd{nfO{ 5f]8]/ efUgfn] lgisfd sd{ kmlnt x'g ;Sb}g . sd{
gug{'nfO{ g} xfdL lgisd{ eG5f“}+ cyf{t\ xfdLn] lgliqmotfnfO{ lgisd{ dflg/x]sf 5f}+“ . olb lgliqmotf
g} lgisfd sd{ xf] eg] Hofb} cN5L klg lgisfd sd{of]udf pknAw x'g ;Sy] . d'bf{x¿ klg lgisfd
sd{df pknAw x'Gy] / 9'Ëfx¿ t emg\ k/dfTdfsf] ;fIffTsf/df g} x'Gy] xf]nf .
stf{/lxt sd{ lgisfd sd{ xf] . sd{ h;leq ug]{jfnf ljBdfg 5}g, Tof] sd{ lgisfd sd{
xf] . lgisfd sd{ sd{sf] cefj xf]Og, stf{kgsf] cefj xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û olb
ltdLn] stf{sf] efj sd{af6 5f]8\5f} eg] ltd|f s'g} klg sd{ sd{ /xFb}gg\ . olb ltdL æd stf{ x'FÆ
eg]/ dfG5f} / o'4af6 efu]/ uof} eg] klg ltd|f] sd{ lgisfd sd{ x'Fb}g . To;}n] stf{kg ljBdfg 5
eg] efUg', TofUg' b'j} sd{ x'g\ . stf{kg 5}g eg] h'g;'s} sd{ klg lgisfd sd{ aG5g\ . stf{kg
g/xg] lalQs} stf{ k/dfTdf x'G5 . stf{tŒj gx'g] lalQs} sd{ t x'G5 t/ kmnfsfª\Iffsf] ljlIfKttf
x'Fb}g / ;kmntf– c;kmntfsf] lrGtf klg /xFb}g . o:tf] sd{ km"nh:tf] cfgGbbfoL eP/ lgef{/
x'G5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– ltdL sd{ 5f]8]/ efUg vf]lh/x]sf 5f}, olb efu]/ uof} eg] klg
ltdLnfO{ lgisfd sd{ kmlnt x'g ;Sb}g . lglb{i6 sd{nfO{ Tofu]/ jf ;+;f/nfO{ Tofu]/ k/dfTdfsf]
;fIffTsf/ x'G5 eGg] ;f]r unt xf] . d}n] of] Tofu]+ eGg'sf] cy{ o;df d]/f] clwsf/ lyof] eGg] xf] .
olt 5'› s'/fsf] Tofuaf6 k/dfTdf ;fIffTsf/ ug{ vf]Hg' d"v{tf xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sd{ jf
;+;f/sf] Tofun] k/dfTdf k|fKt x'Fb}g a? k/dfTdfsf] ;fIffTsf/ eof] eg] Tofu kmlnt x'G5 .
lj/f6\nfO{ hfg]kl5 5'› s;n] ;dfTg vf]H5 / Û >Ls[i0f lgZrofTds ¿kdf eGg'x'G5– sd{af6 efUg
jf 5'6\g ;lsFb}g lsgeg] ;GGof;Ln] klg t sd{ ug}{k5{, 3/ 5f]8]/ cf>d agfpg} k5{ . sd{af6
efUg lglZrt ¿kdf ;Dej 5}g / c;Dej rfxgfn] kfv08L dfq agfpF5 .
t;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sd{ hf/L /fv / stf{kg 5f]8 . ltdL h;nfO{ d df5{' eg]/
7flg/x]sf 5f}, ltgLx¿ t klxn] g} dfl/O;s]sf 5g\ . ltdL h;nfO{ æd df5{' jf dflb{gFÆ eG5f}
pgLx¿ ;a} ltdLn] gdf/] klg cjZo dg]{ 5g\ . To;}n] ltdL d dfg]{jfnf jf ug]{jfnf x'F eGg] ;f]r
5f]8 . ch{'gleq d dfg]{jfnf x'F eGg] ;f]r 5 . d ;xefuL eOgF eg] o'4 /f]lsG5 eGg] ch{'gsf] ;f]r
5 t/ Tof] ;To xf]Og lsgeg] o'4 cgGt sf/0fdf lge{/ x'G5 . efUg vf]Hg' ch{'gsf] d"v{tf xf] .
ltd|f sf/0fn] of] ;a} eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] ;f]r Tofu lsgeg] hut\df ToxL x'G5 h] ;dli6n] rfxG5 .
of] ;a} lj/f6\sf] OR5fn] dfq x'G5 . ltdL t s]jn dfWod jf lgldQ dfq xf} . xfdL cgGtsf]
ljzfn wf/fdf s]jn ;fgf] t[0f xf}+ . ltdL stf{ xf]Ogf+}≤ of] hfg]/ sd{ u/ . k/dfTdfdf ;dlk{t eP/
sd{ u¥of} eg] ltdLnfO{ kfkn] 5'g] 5}g, ltdL cstf{ x'g] 5f} / ltdLdf s'g} k|sf/sf] af]em x'g] 5}g .
cfWoflTds cy{df stf{sf] ljrf/ Ps dfq kfk xf] lsgeg] stf{ Pp6f dfq 5, Tof] k/dfTdf xf] .
sd{n] lrGtf NofpFb}g, stf{kgn] dfq lrGtf NofpF5 . ch{'g cfkm"nfO{ lg0ff{os dfGb} 5g\ t/
lg0ff{os t ;dli6 dfq x'G5 . k/dfTdfnfO{ Tofuaf6 xf]Og ;dk{0faf6 dfq kfpg ;lsG5 .
g lx slZrTIf0fdlk hft' lti7Tosd{s[t\ .
sfo{t] XojzM sd{ ;j{M k|s[lth}u{'0f}M ..%..
s'g} klg dflg; s'g} klg sfndf Ps If0f klg s'g} g s'g} sd{ gul//xg ;Sb}g lsgeg] ;f/f
dg''io ;d'bfo k|s[ltsf cj:yfaf6 pTkGg u'0fx¿sf] cwLgdf /xL p;n] ljjz eP/ sd{ ug}{ kb{5 ..
hLjg sd{ xf] / d[To' sd{sf] cefj xf] . hGd sd{sf] k|f/De xf] / d[To' sd{sf] cGTo xf] .
hLjg / sd{ kof{ojfrL x'g\ / hLjge/ sd{af6 aRg] s'g} pkfo 5}g . afFRgsf nflu ul/g] k|To]s

nf]suLtf– 81
cWofo–#
lqmof sd{ xf] . Zjf;k|Zjf; lng', p7\g', a:g' ;a} lqmof x'g\ . 3/af6 efu]/ hfFb}df s'g} JolQm
sd{af6 knfog x'g ;Sb}g . u[x:yx¿ Ps k|sf/sf sd{ u5{g\, eg] ;GGof;Lx¿ csf]{ k|sf/sf] sd{
u5{g\ . sd{ 5f]8\g] k|of; ug{' kfv08 xf] . To;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– s'g} klg dg'io PsIf0f klg s'g}
g s'g} sd{ gul//xg ;Q}mg, p;n] k|s[ltsf cj:yfaf6 pTkGg u'0fx¿sf] cwLgdf /xL sd{
ug{}k5{ .
uLtf s07:y ug]{ JolQmx¿n] klg o;sf] u"9 /x:o jf efj /fd|/L ga'em]sf] x'g;S5g\ .
jf:tjdf sd{ 5f]8\g ;lsFb}g tyflk ;GGof;Lx¿ sd{ 5f]8\g] k|of; ub{5g\ h;af6 pgLx¿df
kfv08tf / lgliqmotf b]lvG5 . sd{ 5f]8]/ efUg] JolQmx¿sf] sd{sf] pmhf{ cGoq hfg yfN5 .
To;}n] sd{nfO{ 5f]8\g] / efUg] k|of; gu/L stf{kgnfO{ 5f]8\g] sfo{ ug{'k5{ . xfdL …dÚ sf sf/0f
cfkm"nfO{ stf{ ePsf] ;lDemG5f}+ . ch{'gdf /x]sf] …dÚ efjsf sf/0f pgL kLl8t ePsf x'g\ . pgL
o'4df lx+;f x'G5, nfvf}+ of]4fx¿n] k|f0f u'dfpF5g\ eg]/ b'vL jf kLl8t ePsf xf]Ogg\ . a? pgL t
d]/f lk|ohg o'4df b'j}tkm{ n8\g cft'/ 5g\ / cfkmGt jf ldqx¿nfO{ d s;/L df¿F eGg] lrGtfn]
u|:t ePsf x'g\ . c¿sf] d[To'n] kL8f x'Fb}g, …d]/fÚ sf] d[To'df kL8f x'g] xf] lsgeg] …d]/fÚ sf] d[To'df
JolQmsf] …d]/f]Ú sf] Ps efu klg d5{ . hlt …d]/f]Ú sf] lj:tf/ x'G5, Tolt g} …dÚ efj ;3g x'G5 .
olb …dÚ efj ;dfKt eof] eg] …d]/f]Ú efj klg ;dfKt x'G5 . ch{'gsf] kL8f …dÚ / …d]/fÚ x'g\ . pgL
eG5g\– d]/f cfkmGt, ldq, gft]bf/x¿sf] d[To' eof] eg] d}n] /fHo j}ej k|fKt u/]/ klg s] ug''{ Û
pklgifb\n] eG5– sf]xL klg s;}sf nflu b'vL x'Fb}gg\, ;a} cfˆgf nflu g} b'vL ePsf x'g\ .
h'g h'g JolQmx¿af6 …dÚ nfO{ ;xf/f k|fKt x'G5 TfL TfL JolQm cfkmGt nfU5 . hf] d]/f] …dÚ nfO{
cf>o lbG5g\ ltgLx¿ ldq / hf] To;nfO{ vl08t ug{ vf]H5g\ ltgLx¿ zq' h:tf nfUb5g\ . To;}n]
h;sf] d ;dfKt x'G5, To;sf zq' / ldq b'j} ;dfKt x'G5g\ . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sd{af6 pGd'Qm
x'g ;Dej 5}g, To;}n] sd{af6 gefu . stf{sf] efj ;dfKt x'g] lalQs} sd{ k/dfTdfsf]
OR5fcg';f/ rN5 . JolQmsf] s'g} bfloTj g/x]kl5 pm lglj{sf/ eP/ lgef{/ x'G5 . k/dfTdfdf
stf{kg ck{0f u¥of] eg] /fd|f]–g/fd|f] b'j}sf] bfloTj k/dfTdfsf] g} x'G5 . k/dfTdfdf st{[Tj 5f]8\g]
lalQs} ;a} cxÍf/ klg 5'6\5 / g/fd|f] k|j[lQ klg x6\5 . stf{kg /x];Dd s;}n] k'0o ug{ ;Sb}g .
stf{kg 5'6\g] lalQs} kfk klg x'g ;Sb}g . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– gLltaf6 dfq g;f]r . gLlt t
cxÍf/af6 g} ;~rfng x'G5 . ltdL t lgldQ dfq xf} To;}n] ;a} dnfO{ 5f]8 . olb ltdLn] stf{kg
k/dfTdfdf ck{0f u¥of} eg] ltd|f ;f/f of]hgf, sfdgf, jf;gf, eljio klg 5'6\5g\ / cfkm" klg
/xFb}gf} . :jod\nfO{ k/dfTdfdf 5f]8\g] lalQs} s]xL ug{ afFsL /xFb}g . >Ls[i0fsf] ;Gb]z g}lts geP/
wfld{s xf] . g}lts ;Gb]z t sfdrnfp dfq x'G5 . wd{sf] ;Gb]z hLjgsf] d"n qmflGt k|fKt ug{;Sg]
;Gb]z xf] . :jod\nfO{ k/dfTdfdf 5f]8\g] lalQs} /fd|f] / g/fd|f] b'j} efj 5'6\5 / k/dfTdf dfq z]if
/xG5 .
sd]{lGb|ofl0f ;+oDo o cf:t] dg;f :d/g\ .
OlGb|ofyf{lGjd"9fTdf ldYofrf/M ; pRot] ..^..
hf] d"9 a'l4 dg'io ;d:t sd]{lG›ox¿nfO{ x7k"j{s cwLgdf /fv]/ dgn] OlG›osf ljifox¿sf]
:d/0f ul//xG5 eg] To:tf d"v{nfO{ ldYofrf/L of bDeL elgG5 ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] d"9 JolQm OlG›onfO{ x7k"j{s /f]s]/ dgdf sfdsf] lrGtg rnfO/xG5,
Tof] bDe, cxª\sf/ / kfv08df /x]/ kltt x'G5 . OlG›o bdg ug]{ JolQm d"9 xf] . k|mfo8n] of]
jrg ;'g]sf eP pgsf] wd{k|ltsf] cgf:yf jf ljt[i0ff x/fP/ hfGYof] xf]nf Û pgLeGbf kfFr xhf/

nf]suLtf– 82
 cWofo–#
jif{ cl3 >Ls[i0fn] OlG›onfO{ bdg ug]{ JolQm kfv08L xf] eGg'ePsf] lyof] . k|mfo8n] O;fO{
bdgjfbL ;Gtx¿sf jrg dfq k9\g kfP . o:tf s7f]/ wfld{s lrGtsx¿sf cfwf/df k|mfo8n]
wd{sf lj?4df cfˆgf] wf/0ff agfP/ wd{nfO{ dflg;sf] ktgsf] sf/0f dfg] . olb k|mfo8n] >Ls[i0fsf]
jrg ;'Gg kfPsf eP pgsf] wd{k|ltsf] wf/0ff / sfdjf;gfk|ltsf] vf]hdf qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g
cfpFYof] xf]nf Û
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– OlG›osf] bdgn] dg bAb}g, a? emg\ k|an x'G5 . OlG›ox¿sf] t s'g} xf];
g} x'“b}g jf:tljs s'/f t leq n's]sf] dgsf] xf] . dgsf] dfucg';f/ OlG›ox¿ kl5kl5 nfU5g\ .
dgn] h] eGb5, OlG›o ToxL u5{g\ . dgn] ;f}Gbo{ x]/ eGof] eg] cfFvfn] ToxL x]5{ . cfFvfsf] t
cfˆgf] s'g} OR5f x'Fb}g, oBlk OlG›onfO{ xfdL bf]if lbG5f}+ . h;n] OlG›onfO{ bafpF5, To;n] dgleq
cfkm"n] rfx]sf] s'/f ljlIfKt eP/ ug{ yfN5 . lbge/ h'g s'/f /f]lsG5, /ftL To;}nfO{ dgn] s}of}+
u'0ff clws ¿kdf ;kgf b]Vg yfN5 . dg]{a]nf;Dd dgn] tfgfafgf a'Gg 5f]8\b}g . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5–
OlG›o bdg u/]/ dgsf] bdg ug{ ;lsFb}g . OlG›onfO{ h] sfo{ ug{af6 /f]lsG5, ToxL s[To p;n]
lbge/ ul//xG5 .
dgnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f gu/L hf] JolQm OlG›onfO{ dfq bdg u5{ Tof] bDeL x'G5 . aflx/ d}n]
OlG›o /f]s]+, d t tkdf pknAw ePF eGg] b]vfpF5 t/ leq eg] ljk/Lt rfn rN5 . tyfslyt
;fw'df l7s ljk/Lt cj:yf aflx/ x7k"j{s OlG›osf] bdg / leq Jolerf/sf] k/fsfi7f kfOG5 . of]
d"9tf xf], lsgeg] hf] leq rN5 Tof] d"Nojfg\ xf], aflx/sf] s'g} dxŒj 5}g . b]vfj6Lkg;Fu wd{sf]
s'g} ;DaGw x'Fb}g . cfWofTdsf] ;DaGw t x'g';Fu x'G5 . aflx/ ef]hg vfP klg s]xL km/s kb}{g a?
leqaf6 pkjf;L x'g'k5{ . lhGbuL aflx/af6 abNg ;lsGg, leqaf6 abNg'k5{ . z/L/nfO{ hlt si6
lbP/ df/] klg Tof] jf;gf jf sfdgf k'gM ;"Id z/L/af6 cgGt;Dd csf]{ z/L/sf dfWodaf6 rln
g} /xG5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f OlG›o / z/L/nfO{ bdg ug]{ JolQm kfv08L xf] eGg'x'G5 . o:tf JolQm
bDeL x'g\ . c1fgeGbf klg kfv08 lgDg:t/sf] xf] . o:tf JolQm ldYof cfr/0fdf lub{5g\ . ldYofsf]
cy{ c;To t/ ;To h:tf] nfUg' xf] . of] ldYofledfgL JolQm c1fgLeGbf tNnf] cj:yfdf x'G5 .
c1fgLn] t cfkm"nfO{ abNg ;S5 t/ ldYofrf/Ln] Tof] klg ug{ ;Sb}g . o:tf JolQm c:tJo:t eP/
cfkm"leq b'O{ lx:;fdf ljeQm x'G5g\≤ dgf]lj1fgsf efiffdf oL ax'lrQjfg\ (Schizophrenic)
dflgG5g\ . logLx¿ b'O{ lx:;fdf hLjg afFRb5g\ . v08–v08 :jlj/f]wdf afFRg' /f]uL eP/ afFRg' xf] .
sd{ / lqmof ulx/fOdf Pp6} xf] t/ aflx/af6 x]bf{ cnu h:tf] nfUb5 . JolQm ;'t]/ lgbfP
klg Zjf; rln g} /xG5 . /ut agfpg] sfd hf/L /xG5 . xfdLn] vfPsf s'/fnfO{ t/n agfpg],
krfpg] / aflx/ lgsfNg] sfd eO{ g} /xG5 . x8\8Lx¿ lgld{t eO{ g} /xG5g\ . gofF sf]ifsf] lgdf{0f /
d[t sf]ifnfO{ aflx/ lgsfNg] sfo{ eO{ g} /xG5 . /ftL JolQm ;'t] klg lqmof hf/L g} /xG5 . o;f] x]bf{
lqmofnfO{ sd{ s;/L eGg] h:tf] nfU5 lsgeg] ToxfF cxÍf/ ;+nUg x'Fb}g . h'g lqmofdf cxÍf/
;+nUg x'G5 To;nfO{ sd{ elgG5 / h'g lqmofdf cxÍf/ ;+o'Qm x'Fb}g To;nfO{ lqmof elgG5 .
ulx/fOdf k|To]s lqmof lqmof dfq xf]Og sd{ g} xf] . xfd|f] lhhLljiffsf sf/0fn] k|To]s lqmof sd{ g}
x'G5 . xfd|f] ulx/f]eGbf ulx/f] a]xf];L / lg›fdf klg lhhLljiff pkl:yt x'G5 / o;}sf sf/0f ;a}
lqmofx¿ ;~rflnt x'G5g\ . lhhLljiff ;dfKt ePdf lqmofx¿ tTsfn aGb x'G5g\ . ulx/fOdf xfd|f ]
cr]tgn] lqmofx¿nfO{ rnfO/x]sf] x'G5 t/ cr]tgdf cxÍf/ ;+nUg gx'Fbf of] sd{ geP/ lqmof
ePsf] xf] . To;}n] lqmof / sd{df leGgtf af≈o dfq xf] oyfy{df lqmof / sd{ Ps} x'g\ .

nf]suLtf– 83
cWofo–#
sf]dfdf /x]sf l;ls:t la/fdLx¿df klg cr]tgdf lhhLljiffn] k|f0f rnfO/x]sf] x'G5 .
lhhLljiff k/dfTdfaf6 k|fKt / ;~rfng x'G5 . Zjf; lng] lqmofnfO{ xfd|f] lhDdfdf 5f]8]sf] eP
xfdL lbgdf s}of}+k6s d[To'j/0f ul/;s]sf x'GYof}+ . To;}n] hLjgsf ;Fj]bgzLn lx:;fx¿ k/dfTdfn]
cfkm}+;Fu /fv]sf 5g\ . lhhLljiff xfd|f] cr]tg dgdf /xG5 / xfd|f] cr]tg dg Psflt/ xfdL;Fu /
csf{lt/ k/dfTdf;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . k/dfTdf ;|i6f xf] To;}n] xfd|f] hLjgsf] k|To]s If0f pg}af6
;~rflnt 5 . xfdL;Fu} pm k|ltkn 5 . xfd|f] hLjgsf] k|To]s k|lqmof p;s} k|lqmof xf] . >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ltdL ul//x]sf 5f} eGg] e|dnfO{ 5f]8 lsgeg] sd{ t x'Fb} u5{ / lqmof rln g}
/xG5 . ltdL cfkm" ul//x]sf] 5' eGg] e|daf6 d'Qm xf]pm . To;kl5 ltdLnfO{ k|To]s lqmof / sd{df
k/dfTdf l:yt ePsf] cfef; x'g] 5 . k|To]s JolQmsf /f}+ /f}+df pxL k/dfTdf l:yt 5 . dg'iosf]
cxÍf/sf] e|d x6\g] lalQs} p;nfO{ cfkm" / cfˆgf] cl:tTj x'Fb} gePsf] / h] 5 pxL ePsf] :ki6
x'G5 .
ol:TjlGb|ofl0f dg;f lgoDof/et]˜h{'g .
sd]{lGb|o}M sd{of]ud;QmM ; ljlziot] ..&..
h;n] dgåf/f sd]{lG›ox¿nfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fvL cf;lQm/lxt eP/ ;d:t OlGb|oaf6
sd{of]usf] cfr/0f ug{ yfN5 Tof] JolQm clt ljlzi6 dflgG5 ..
dg'iosf] dgdf jf;gf / sfdgf 5pGh]n To;n] b'v dfq lbG5 . sfdgf / jf;gfn] ljiffb
dfq k|bfg u5{ . sfdgfaf6 ;'v k|fKt xf]nf h:tf] nfU5, t/ b'v g} k|fKt x'G5, zflGt k|fKt xf]nf
h:tf] nfU5 t/ ;bf czflGt g} k|fKt x'G5 . sfdgf dg'iosf] b'v xf] / t[i0ff kL8f xf] . jf;gfaf6
d'Qm geO{sg cfgGb k|fKt x'Fb}g . >Ls[i0f OlG›onfO{ bdg ug]{ JolQm d"9 xf] eGg'x'G5 . pxfFsf]
egfO cg';f/ Tof] JolQm >]i7 xf] hf] OlG›onfO{ bafpg] xf]Og a? jf;gfsf] d"n ;|f]t dgnfO{ g}
¿kfGt/0f u5{ . >]i7 k'?if OlG›ox¿;Fu n8\b}g lsgeg] OlG›ox¿;Fu n8fOF u/]/ lhTg ;lsGg . pm
t dgnfO{ g} ¿kfGt/0f u/]/ OlG›onfO{ jzdf /fVb5 .
;fwf/0ftM xfdL OlG›ox¿sf bf; ePh:tf] nfU5 . jf;gfx¿ lrQdf p7] klg ha;Dd
OlG›ox¿df xfaL x'Fb}g ta;Dd xfdLnfO{ jf;gfsf af/]df hfgsf/L g} x'Fb}g . To;}n] xfdLnfO{
OlG›ox¿ g} jf;gfsf sf/0f h:tf] nfU5 . jf;gfsf] ;"Idtd ¿k ctLlG›o xf] hf] xfdLn] b]Vb}gf}+ .
ha;Dd jf;gf OlG›ox¿df ult lnP/ cfsf/ aGb}g, ta;Dd xfdLnfO{ yfxf g} x'Fb}g . To;}n] qmf]w
ul/;s]kl5 dfq xfdLnfO{ yfxf x'G5 . sfdjf;gf klg xfdLdfly cflji6 eO;s]kl5 dfq yfxf x'G5
/ yfxf kfO;s]kl5 To;nfO{ ;Rofpg c;Dej x'G5 . jf;gfdf g} r'n{'Dd 8'Ag' jf;gfsf] bf; aGg'
xf] / o:tfnfO{ >Ls[i0f lgs[i6 JolQm eGg'x'G5 .
ef}ltsjfbLx¿n] ;'?b]lv g} eGb} cfPsf 5g\– z/L/eGbf 7'nf] hLjgdf s]xL 5}g / z/L/sf]
dfusf] k"lt{ ug{' xfd|f] uGtJo xf] . oL s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ JolQm cfˆgf] cfTdfnfO{ g} lal;{G5 .
cfTdfsf] hGd g} :jod\ x'g'df x'G5 . cfTdfsf] hGd g} jf;gf 5fof ag]kl5 dfq x'G5 . >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– >]i7 dg'io cfˆgf] dgnfO{ g} jzdf u5{ . OlG›onfO{ bdg ubf{ JolQm ljlIfKt x'G5 .
dg'iosf] jf;gf ;ª\sNk gx'Gh]n /lx/xG5 . ;ª\sNksf] cy{ OlG›osf] bdg xf]Og :joDf\sf] x'g]
cg'ej xf] . z/L/n] ef]s nfUof] eg]/ dfu ubf{ :joDf\n] ;ª\sNkåf/f d ef]hg ug{ tof/ 5}g eg]sf]
v08df z/L/n] ef]hgsf] dfu tTsfn 5f]8\b5 . ;ª\sNknaf6 z/L/sf] dfunfO{ aGb u/fpg ;lsG5 .
pkjf; dg'iosf] ;ª\sNknfO{ hufpg] Pp6f k|of; xf] . z/L/nfO{ cfkm"eGbf cnu klg s'g} zlQm 5
eGg] yfxf x'g] lalQs} Pp6f gofF pmhf{ pTkGg x'G5 / z/L/n] cfˆgf] dfu 5f]8\b5 .

nf]suLtf– 84
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>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– Tof] JolQm >]i7 xf] h;n] OlG›onfO{ jzdf u5{, z/L/nfO{ cfb]z lbg ;S5
/ hf] z/L/sf] bf; xf]Og dflns aGb5 . cfTdfg'ej ;ª\sNkaf6 k|f/De x'G5 / dg'iosf] >]i7tf
;ª\sNksf] dfWod;Fu} gofF ofqfsf] yfngLaf6 :yflkt x'G5 . klxnf] r/0fdf dgnfO{ jzdf /fVg'k5{,
bf];|f] r/0fdf ;ª\sNk lgdf{0f ug{'k5{ / t];|f] r/0fdf ;ª\sNknfO{ klg k|e'df ;dk{0f ug{'k5{ .
xfdL;Fu dgsf gfddf jf;gfx¿sf] ;ª\u|x 5 . ;+o'Qm ;ª\sNk 5 eg] dgnfO{ ;dlk{t ug{ ;lsG5 .
cfTdf t ;ª\sNksf] åf/af6 k|j]z u/]kl5 dfq kfpg ;lsG5 . To;}n] wd{sf] klxnf] r/0f ;ª\sNk
lgld{t ug{' / bf];|f] r/0f lgld{t ;ª\sNknfO{ ;dlk{t ug{' xf] . klxnf] r/0f cfTdjfg\ aGg' / bf];|f]
r/0f cfTdfnfO{ km"n r9fPem“}+ k/dfTdfsf] r/0fdf r9fpg' xf] . cfTdfnfO{ kfpg jf;gfeGbf dfly
p7\g'k5{ / k/dfTdfnfO{ kfpg cfTdfeGbf klg dfly p7\g'k5{ . t;y{ >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5–
klxn] ltdL >]i7 ag, ;ª\sNk u/]/ cfTdjfg\ ag / ;ª\sNkaf6 cfTdjfg\ ag]kl5 ;dk{0f u/ .
sdhf]/ JolQmn] ;dk{0f ug{ ;Sb}g lsgeg] afXo ¿kdf lz/nfO{ r/0fdf /fVg' ;fdfGo s'/f xf], Tof]
;dk{0f xf]Og . cfkm"nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;dfKt u/L k/dfTdfdf r9fpg' g} ;dk{0f xf] .
lgot+ s'? sd{ Tj+ sd{ Hofof] Xosd{0fM .
z/L/ofqflk r t] g k|l;4Ø]bsd{0fM ..*..
ltdL lgwf{l/t zf:qljlxt st{Jo sd{ u/ . sd{ gug{'eGbf sd{ ug{' Hofb} >]i7 5, sd{ ug{
5fl8of] eg] z/L/sf] kfng kf]if0f ug{ of z/L/ ;~rfng ug{ ;ls“b}g ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sd{ gug{'eGbf sd{ ug{' >]i7 xf] . sd{ t ug}{k5{ / hf] ug{' g} k5{ eg]
To;nfO{ xf];k"j{s ug{' >]i7 xf] . sd{nfO{ hfg]/ ug{' plrt xf] . To;}n] h] ug{} k5{ To;nfO{ kl/k"0f{
¿k hfg]/ :jwd{cg'¿k ug{'k5{ . t;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5— ltdL zf:q;Ddt :jwd{¿kL sd{ u/ .
zf:qsf] cy{ lstfa xf]Og≤ o;sf] cy{ cfh;Dd h'g h'g JolQmx¿n] :j–cg''ejaf6 hfg] To;af6
k|fKt ;Ddt ljrf/ zf:q xf] . dg'iosf] r]tgfsf] nfdf] ofqf 5 . xfdL o; hLjgdf &), *) of ()
jif{sf nflu cfpF5f}+ / labf x'G5f}+ . JolQm cfpF5 / hfG5 t/ dg'iotf lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . dg'iosf]
cg'ej s/f]8f}+ jif{sf] 5 / To;sf] ;f/ klg 5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– cgflbaf6 hfGg] JolQmx¿n] h'g
s'/f eg]sf 5g\ ;f] ;Ddt :jwd{cg';f/ sd{ ug{' plrt x'G5 .
;gftg wdf{jnDaLx¿n] k|frLg ;dob]lv g} rf/ j0f{sf] j}1flgs Joj:yf u/]/ rf/ hftnfO{
tn dfly (Vertical) geO{ ;dtnLo (Horizental) ¿kdf ljefhg u/]sf lyP . hGdb]lv rf/
j0f{df ljefhg ubf{ s'g} prgLr gu/L s]jn u'0fcg';f/ dfq ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . sfnfGt/df
j0f{sf] Joj:yfnfO{ s]xL JolQmsf :jfy{sf sf/0f e2f agfOof] . a|fXd0fnfO{ >]i7 clg z"›nfO{
;aeGbf tNnf] hft elgof] . u'0fcg';f/sf] j0f{Joj:yfnfO{ s[lqd clg lg/y{s agfOof] . ch{'gsf]
:jwd{ Iflqo wd{ xf] . >Ls[i0f pgnfO{ eGg'x'G5– h] ltd|f] :jwd{ 5, h'g j0f{df ltd|f] hGd eof],
h'g wd{adf]lhd ltd|f] k|lzIf0f eof], ;f]xL j0f{sf] cfr/0fdf /xL sd{ ug{' >]o:s/ x'G5 . JolQm
hlGFdbf cgGt ;Defjgf lnP/ hGd]sf] x'G5, t/ kl5 Pp6f lglZrt uGtJo /f]h]/ cl3 a9\g'k5{ .
cgGt af6fx¿ /f]h]/ lxF8\g ;Dej x'Fb}g . cfh lj1fgn] klg ToxL s'/f eG5– aRrf cgGt
;Defjgfo'Qm u'0fx¿;lxt hlGdG5, t/ p;n] hLjgdf Pp6f u'0fsf] of ljlzi6 If]qsf] klxrfg u/]/
cl3 a9\g'k5{ .
cfhsf] lj1fgsf] ljz]if1tf h:t} k|frLg ;dodf j0f{sf] Joj:yf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] . s'g}
JolQm Iflqo x'g rfxG5 eg] p;nfO{ s]6fs]6Lb]lv g} ;f]xL cg'¿k k|lzlIft u/fpg] Joj:yf
agfOPsf] lyof] . ckjfbdf afx]s JolQmx¿ cfˆgf] j0f{cg';f/sf] ofqf ub{y] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x]

nf]suLtf– 85
cWofo–#
ch{'g Û ltd|f] cgGt hGdsf] ofqfaf6 klg ltdL Iflqo xf} . To;}n] cfh ltdL cfˆgf] wd{af6 efUg
vf]Hof} eg] Tof] ltd|f] c;kmntf aGg] 5 / ltd|f] hLjg ljiffbk"0f{ x'g] 5 . To;}n] ch{'g ltdL
zf:q;Ddt :jwd{ cg';f/sf] sfo{ u/, ToxL g} >]o:s/ 5 . s]xL gug{'eGbf s]xL ug{' g} >]o:s/ 5
lsgeg] sd{af6 sf]xL klg aRg ;Sb}g .
o1fyf{Tsd{0ff]˜Goq nf]sf]˜o+ sd{aGwgM .
tby{+ sd{ sf}Gt]o d'Qm;ËM ;dfr/ ..(..
aGwgsf] eoaf6 sd{sf] Tofu ug{' of]Uo 5}g lsgeg] o1sf lglDt ug]{ sd{sf cltl/Qm c¿
sd{df nfu]sf] of] dg''io ;d''bfo sd{n] afFlwG5 . To;}n] x] ch{'g Û cf;lQm/lxt eP/ Tof] o1sf
lgldQ elnefFtL st{Jo u/ ..
>Ls[i0f cb\e't jrg eGg'x'G5– sd{sf] aGwgaf6 aRgsf lgldQ hf] JolQm sd{af6 efU5
p;n] pN6f] kl/0ffd k|fKt u5{ . sd{sf] aGwgaf6 efUg' eg]sf] :jo+sf] :jtGqtf geO{ k/tGqtf
xf] . efu]/ hxfF uP klg sd{af6 aRg ;lsFb}g≤ sd{ t ug{' g} k5{ . To;}n] x] ch'{g Û cf;lQm/lxt
eP/ Tof] o1sf nflu st{Jo sd{ u/ . xfdLn] k/dfTdfsf nflu o1¿kL sd{ ug{'k5{ . k/dfTdfn]
hLjg lbg'ePsf] 5≤ To;}n] sd{ klg k/dfTdfsf nflu g} ug{'k5{ . oxL o1¿kL sd{n] slxNo}
aGwgdf kfb}{g . Pp6f u[x:yL JolQmnfO{ 3/n] dnfO{ afFlw/x]sf] 5 eGg] nfU5 . 3/n] t slxNo} klg
aGwgdf kfb}{g lsgeg] 3/ h8 ePsfn] To;n] afFWg ;Sb}g . jf:tjdf 3/nfO{ cfˆgf] of d]/f] 3/
;lDemPsf] x'gfn] 3/n] afFW5 . …d]/f]Ú g} aGwg xf] / JolQm 3/ 5f]8]/ uP klg …d]/f]Ú t p;};Fu /xG5,
ta …d]/f]Ú cf>dn] afFW5 . kTgLnfO{ 5f]8]/ efUg] JolQmsf] sfdjf;gf kTgLnfO{ 5f]8\bf sbflrt\
;dfKt x'g ;Sb}g . Tof] sfdjf;gf hxfF uP klg p;;Fu g} /xG5 .
efUg] JolQmn] h;n] p;nfO{ afFWb5 egL 7fGb5 To;n] p;nfO{ afFWg] xf]Og eGg] ;To
lal;{G5 . hf] eflu/x]sf] 5 afFWg]jfnf pxL xf] . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– efUg' Joy{ xf] . o; k[YjLdf
efUg] JolQmsf lj?4df >Ls[i0fn] eGbf 7'nf] pkb]z s;}n] klg lbPsf 5}gg\ . sd{df s'g} aGwg
5}g . sd{ d]/f] xf] eGg'' g} aGwg xf] . To;}n] h;n] sd{ k/dfTdfsf] eg]/ hfGb5 ToxL o1¿kL sd{
x'G5 / JolQm aGwg d'Qm x'G5 lsgeg] Tof] O{Zj/sf] sd{ x'G5 . O{Zj/sf] gfddf ug]{ sd{ g} o1 xf] .
hxfF JolQm stf{ geO{ lgldQ dfq x'G5 ToxfF stf{ k/dfTdf x'G5 eGg] sd{sf] gofF cjwf/0ff
>Ls[i0fn] lbg'ePsf] 5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– ltdL sd{af6 gefu / sd{nfO{ o1 agfpm
cyf{t\ cfkm"nfO{ k/dfTdfdf ;dlk{t ul/b]pm .
u'?gfgssf] hLjgdf Pp6f 36gf 36\of], h;af6 pxfF 1fgL ;Gt aGg'eof] . gfgs
;}lgsx¿nfO{ /f;g ljt/0f ug]{ ;fgf] hflu/df x'g'x'GYof] hxfF pxfFn] ;}lgsx¿nfO{ /f;g gfk]/
lbg'x'GYof] . Pslbg gfgsn] ;f}efUojz uGtL la;{g'eof] . t]x|sf] uGtLdf pxfF /f]lsg'eof] . pxfFn]
;a} …t]/fÚ cyf{t\ ;a} ltd|f] eg]kl5 km]l/ rf}w pxfFsf] d'vaf6 lgl:sPg . gfgssf] gf]s/L ;lsof] t/
pxfFnfO{ k/d gf]s/L k|fKt eof] . gfgs eGg'x'GYof]– ha of] ;a} ltd|f] xf] eGg] :d/0f eof] To;kl5
t s'g} s'/fx¿ klg …ltd|f]Ú -t]/f_ afx]s s]xL nfu]g . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ oxL eGg'x'G5– h'g lbg of]
sfo{ …d]/f]Ú xf]Og …ltd|f]Ú eGg] efjgf hfu[t x'G5 To;kl5 t aGwg g} x'Fb}g . d / …d]/f]Ú eGg' jf
To;df cf;Qm /xg' g} aGwg xf] . ha hfu/0f x'G5, ta ;a} sd{ o1¿kL sd{ x'G5 . j:t'tM
o1¿kL sd{ g} d'lQm xf] .

nf]suLtf– 86
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;xo1fM k|hfM ;[i6\jf k'/f]jfr k|hfkltM .
cg]g k|;ljioWjd]if jf]˜l:Tji6sfdw's\ ..!)..
k|hfklt a|XdfhLn] ;[li6sf] k|f/Dedf o1sf ;fy} dflg;x¿sf] ;[li6 ug{'eof] / eGg'eof]–
o1x¿af6 ltdLx¿nfO{ a'l4 k|fKt xf]cf];\ / o1n] ltdLx¿nfO{ OlR5t ef]u k|bfg u/f];\ ..
;[li6sf] k|f/Dedf ;|i6fn] klg ;[li6¿kL sd{ ug{'eof] . xfdL k/dfTdfnfO{ ;|i6f eGb5f}+ .
;|i6fn] klg …dÚ efjaf6 l;h{gf u/]df Tof] sd{ o1¿kL x'Fb}g . t/ k/dfTdf ;h{s xf] / k/dfTdfsf]
;[hg …dÚ /lxt z"Go efjn] ul/g] s[To xf] . k/dfTdfdf …dÚ efj g} x'Fb}g lsgeg] p;df …ltdLÚ eGg]
efj x'Fb}g . …dÚ efj x'gsf nflu …ltdLÚ klg x'g'k¥of] cGoyf …dÚ x'g ;Sb}g . k/dfTdfsf] ;[hgfdf
jf;gf, sfdgf / kmnsf] s'g} cfzf / efj x'Fb}g . of] ;f/f ;[li6 k/dfTdfsf] :jefj xf] . k/dfTdf
;|i6f dfq xf]Og lsgeg] olb k/dfTdf ;|i6f dfq xf] eg] ;|i6f / ;[li6 cnu x'G5 . k/dfTdf t
;[hgfsf] k|lqmof xf] . To;}n] k/dfTdfnfO{ ;|i6f geg]/ ;[hgfTds (Creativity) eGg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
;[li6sf nflu s'g} k|yd / clGtd lbg x'Fb}g . hut\sf] ;|i6fn] k|yd lbg ha hut\nfO{ ult
lbG5g\ Tof] o1 xf] / h'g lbg hf] s;}n] ToxL o1¿kL sd{ u5{ pm klg ;|i6fsf] cË aG5 . dL/fnfO{
s;}n] æltdL gfr]sL xf} <Æ eg]/ ;f]Wof] eg] pgL hjfkmdf p;}n] grfpF5 / pxL gfR5 elG5g\ .
s;}n] sla/nfO{ ltdL sk8f s;sf nflu a'G5f} eg]/ ;f]Wof] eg] pgL eG5g\– æpxL a'G5 / p;}sf
nflu a'G5 .Æ sla/ sk8f agfP/ a]Rg hfFbf u|fxsnfO{ eGg'x'GYof] æ/fd Û ltd|f nflu p;n] of]
s:tf] /fd|f] a'g]sf] 5 .Æ sla/sxfF xhf/f}F eQm cfpg yfn] / sla/nfO{ tkfO{+ ca lsg sk8f
a'Gg'x'G5 eg]/ s''g} eQmn] ;f]Wbf slj/n] eGg''x'GYof]– k/dfTdfnfO{ cem hut\ / hLjgnfO{ a'Gg]
h?/t 5 eg] d lsg sk8f ga'g"F . d}n] pgs} xftdf cfkm"nfO{ 5f]l8lbPsf] 5' . d]/f] cf}Fnfdf pg}
cfP/ sk8f a'G5g\ . To;}n] d sk8f a''g"F of aGb u¿F Tof] k/dfTdfsf] rfxgfdf lge{/ x'G5, ca
pgsf] dhL{cg'';f/ dfq x''G5 . sla/n] u/]sf] sd{ g} o1¿kL sd{ xf] .
k/dfTdf of] ljzfn ;[hgnfO{ km}nfP/ klg o1¿kL sd{ dfq ul//x]sf] 5 / d'Qm 5 . ;[li6
t b]lvG5 t/ ;|i6f b]lvFb}g . jf:tjdf h;sf] …dÚ g} 5}g Tof] sd{ o1¿kL x'G5 . sd{ b[Zo / stf{
cb[Zo 5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ltdL o:tf] sd{df h'6 hxfF sd{ xf];\ t/ stf{ laNfs'n
g/xf];\ . p;sf] cg'kl:ylt of cb[Zokg g} p;sf] cl:tTj xf] . slxn]sfxLF p;sf] 5fof b]lvG5
lsgeg] of] ;f/f hut\ p;sf] 5fofFn] dfq rN5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ oxL eGg'x'G5– ltdL 5fofh:tf]
ag]/ sd{ u/ / gefu lsgeg] efUbf klg ltd|f] cxÍf/ ltdL;Fu} hfG5 . h;/L k/dfTdf o1¿kL
sd{df ;+nUg 5g\ To;/L g} ltdL klg To:t} o1¿kL sd{ u/ . To;f] u/]df ltdL k/dfTdfsf] Ps
lx:;f x'g] 5f} .
b]jfGefjotfg]g t] b]jf efjoGt' jM .
k/:k/+ efjoGtM >]oM k/djfK:oy ..!!..
cfˆgf] o1 tyf st{Jo sd{åf/f b]jtfx¿nfO{ k|;Gg kf/, clg v';L ePsf b]jtfx¿n]
ltdLx¿nfO{ klg ;Gt'i6 /fVg] 5g\ . o;/L dflg; / b]jtfx¿sf] kf/:kl/s lg:jfy{ ;DaGwaf6 Ps
csf{nfO{ k|;Gg ub}{ k/d sNof0f k|fKt x''g] 5 ..
o1¿kL sfo{ ub}{ ltdL b]jtfx¿sf] ;xof]uL aGg ;Sof} eg] tL b]jtfx¿ klg ltd|f ;xof]uL
aGg ;S5g\ . o;k|sf/ ltdL st{Jok|lt pQ/bfoL x'g ;S5f} . o; hut\df ;fwf/0f hgnfO{
d[To'kZrft\ tTsfn ue{ pknAw x'G5 t/ c;fwf/0f JolQmx¿n] hGdsf nflu nfdf] k|tLIff ug{'k5{ .
w]/} kfkL hLjfTdfsf nflu tTsfn ue{ pknAw gx'g] ePsfn] k|tLIff ug{'k5{ . To:t} >]i7

nf]suLtf– 87
cWofo–#
cfTdfx¿n] klg gofF hGdsf nflu nfdf] k|tLIff ug{'kb{5 . o:tf] >]i7 z'4 cfTdfsf] gfd …b]jtfÚ xf]
/ kfkL cfTdfx¿sf] gfd …k|]tfTdfÚ xf] . kfkL cfTdf h;n] cg]sf}+“ s's[To u/]sf] 5, p;sf nflu sf]xL
cfdfafa' ue{ lbg tof/ x'Fb}gg\ / nfdf] ;do pgLx¿n] klg k|tLIff ug{'k5{ . >]i7 cfTdfnfO{ klg
cfkm" cg's"n ue{ vf]Hg / kfpg lgs} sl7g x'G5 lsgeg] To:tf] cfTdfnfO{ ue{df wf/0f ug{ of]Uo
/ kljq sf]v rflxG5 .
o:tf c;fwf/0f cfTdfx¿ ue{ k|fKt gx'Gh]n;Dd r'k nfu]/ a:b}gg\ . k|foM v/fa, kfkL
cfTdfx¿ s]xL g s]xL ug{ rfxG5g\ . k|]tfTdfx¿ gaf]nfO{sg klg c¿nfO{ b'v lbg / cfˆgf] OlG›o
;'v kfpg c¿df k|j]z ug{ ;S5g\ t/ z'4, >]i7 cfTdfx¿ gaf]nfO{sg xQkQ cfpFb}gg\ . s;}n]
s]xL g/fd|f] sfd ubf{ tL k|]tfTdfx¿af6 ;xof]u k|fKt x'G5 / tL g/fd|f] sfd ug]{ ;fwg aG5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu qmf]wsf] cj:yfdf olt zlQm a9\5 ls JolQm cfkm}+ rlst k5{ . of] ToxL kfkL
cfTdfsf] ;xof]u eP/ g} o:tf] ePsf] xf] . o;sf l7s ljk/Lt >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ch{'g Û olb ltdL
s'g} z'esfo{df stf{efjnfO{ 5f]8]/ o1¿kL sfo{ ug{ tTk/ x'G5f} eg] tTsfn ltdLnfO{ cg]s
b]jtfx¿sf] ;xf/f k|fKt x'g] 5 / o;/L dg'io / b]jtfsf] kf/:kl/s lg:jfy{ ;DaGwaf6 Pscsf{nfO{
k|;Gg ub}{ k/d sNof0f k|fKt x'g] 5 . JolQmn] s'g} klg c;n sfo{ ubf{ pm PSn} x'Fb}g, To; a]nfdf
klg cg]sf}F >]i7 / z'4 cfTdf hf] c;n sfo{ ug{ cft'/ x'G5g\, ltgLx¿ ;+nUg eP/ k"/f ;xof]u
ub{5g\ / cgGt dfu{af6 z'e ;xof]ux¿ pknAw x'g yfN5g\ .
o; hut\df c;n / v/fa JolQm PSnf x'Fb}gg\ . s]jn ;fwf/0f JolQm dfq PSnf x'G5g\ .
a'4 / dxfjL/ h:tf JolQm ha k[YjLdf x'G5g\ ta rf/}lt/af6 c;n cfTdfx¿ Pslqt eP/ ;xof]u
ug{ cft'/ x'G5g\ . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– olb k/dfTdfsf] sfo{df ;+nUg eof} eg] ltdLnfO{
b]jtfx¿sf] ;fy / ;xof]u /xg] 5 . o;f] u/]df ltdL dfq cfˆgf] st{Jo lgjf{x ug{ ;kmn x'Fb}gf},
cg]s b]jtfx¿ klg hf] c;n s[To ug{ rfxG5g\ pgLx¿ klg cfˆgf] st{Jo lgjf{x ug{ ;kmn x'g]
5g\ .
Oi6fGef]uflGx jf] b]jf bf:oGt] o1efljtfM .
t}b{Qfgk|bfo}Eof] of] e'ª\Qm] :t]g Pj ;M ..!@..
dfgjn] u/]sf o1 jf sd{åf/f ;Gt'i6 ePsf b]jtfx¿n] dfgjsf ;Dk"0f{ OlR5t ef]u jf
cfjZostfx¿ k"lt{ ul/lbG5g\ . o;/L k|fKt ePsf ef]u jf j:t'x¿ h;af6 cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt ePsf x'g\
ToxL O{Zj/nfO{ ;dk{0f gu/L h;n] pkef]u u5{ jf vfG5 Tof] rf]/ xf] ..
o1lzi6flzgM ;Gtf] d'RoGt] ;j{lslNaif}M .
e'~ht] t] Tj3+ kfkf o] krGTofTdsf/0fft\ ..!#..
o1 jf sd{ u/]/ afFsL /x]sf] cGgsf] pkef]un] >]i7 k'?if ;a} k|sf/sf kfkx¿af6 d'Qm x'G5g\
/ h'g kfkLx¿ cfˆgf] z/L/sf] kf]if0fsf nflu cGg ksfpF5g\ ltgLx¿ kfk dfq ef]U5g\ ..
o1¿kL sfo{af6 lbJozlQmx¿ k|;Gg eP/ gdfu] klg ;a} s'/fx¿ lbG5g\ . hLjgsf
/x:ok"0f{ lg0f{ox¿ s] 5g\ eg] h] dfluG5 Tof] kfOFb}g / h] dfluFb}g ToxL dfq kfOG5 . h;sf
k5fl8 s]xL kfpg] bf}8 /xFb}g ToxL JolQmnfO{ ;a} s'/f k|fKt x'G5 . o; lgodnfO{ ga'em]sf] x'gfn]
hLjgdf e|d / b'vx¿ 5g\ . lbJo zlQmx¿af6 dfu]/ slxNo} klg s]xL k|fKt x'Fb}g a? pgLx¿nfO{
gdfuLsg Åbosf] åf/ vf]Ng'k5{ . Åbosf] åf/ v'Nnf x'g] lalQs} pgLx¿n] gdfuLsg g} kof{Kt
lbG5g\ . lh;;sf] Pp6f jrg 5– k|e'sf] /fHonfO{ klxn] vf]h, afFsL ;a} To;} k|fKt x'g] 5 (Seek
first the kingdom of God and all else will be added on to you) .

nf]suLtf– 88
 cWofo–#
>Ls[i0fsf] lbJozlQm / lh;;sf] k|e'sf] /fHosf] efj Pp6} xf] . xfdLn] s]xL dfUbf, OR5f ubf{
jf sfdgf /fVg]lalQs} xfd|f] Åbo v'lDrG5 / r]tgfsf] åf/ tTsfn aGb x'G5 . ha xfdL s]xL lbG5f}+,
ta xfd|f] dg v'N5 . k/dfTdf Pj+ lbJo zlQmx¿;Fu klg dfUg] lalQs} xfd|f] Åbosf] åf/ aGb x'G5
/ s]xL kfpg ;lsFb}g . o; Znf]ssf] cy{ h;n] afF8\5 To;n] emg\ a9L kfpF5 / hf] hDdf dfq u5{,
Tof] levf/L h:t} dfq x'G5 eGg] xf] . o:tf] hDdf ug]{ JolQmn] wgsf] pkof]u ub}{g / c¿nfO{
pkof]u ug{ klg lbFb}g s]jn hDdf dfq u5{ . xfdL klg clwsf+z levf/L g} 5f}+“ . eoeLt JolQm
k/dfTdf;Fu hf]l8g klg ;Sb}g, k/dfTdf;Fu t lge{o JolQmn] dfq ;DaGw /fVg ;S5 . xfdL
slxNo} klg ;xL s'/f dfu ub}{gf}+ lsgeg] xfdLnfO{ ;xLsf af/]df s]xL yfxf 5}g / xfdL To;}n] ;bf
unt g} dfUb5f}F . ;xL JolQmn] dfUg' g} kb}{g, p;nfO{ hLjgdf ;a} ;Dkbf cfk}m al;{g yfN5 .
unt JolQmn] ;bf unt g} dfU5, hf] k|fKt klg x'Fb}g .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] JolQm cfˆgf] hLjg o1¿kL sfo{df nufP/ afFRb5, p;n] gdfuLsg
g} lbJozlQmx¿n] ;a} s'/f lbG5g\ . xfd|f] dfusf sf/0f lbJozlQmx¿;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt x'g ;Sb}g
lsgeg] h'g k|fy{gf dfu;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5, Tof] k|fy{gf g} x'Fb}g . dfu/lxt k|fy{gf h;df wGojfb jf
cfkm"nfO{ h] k|fKt ePsf] 5 To;sf nflu s[t1tf 1fkg dfq ePdf Tof] jf:tjdf k|fy{gf x'G5 .
o:tf] k|fy{gf ug]{ JolQm;Fu lbJozlQmx¿ ljgf sf/0f k|;Gg x'G5g\ / grfx]sf s'/fx¿ k|bfg u5{g\ .
o1¿kL sfo{ eGg'sf] cy{ xfdLnfO{ k/dfTdfn] h] lbg'ePsf] 5 To;sf] k/d :jLsf/sf] efj xf] /
To;sf nflu k"0f{ :jLsf/;lxt s[t1tf ck{0f ug{' xf] . o:tf] JolQmn] cfˆgf nflu s]xL dfUg} kb}{g .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o;/L o1¿kL sd{åf/f k|fKt ePsf s'/fx¿nfO{ cfˆgf nflu dfq pkof]u
gu/L c¿sf nflu klg afF8 . hLjgsf] Ps csf]{ /x:o klg 5– xfdL hLjgdf hlt afF8\5f“}+, Tolt g}
kfpF5f}+ . cfgGbnfO{ hlt afF8\g ;Sof] Tolt g} cfgGb k|fKt x'G5 / hlt gafF8Lsg /fVof] Tolt g}
;8]/ hfG5 . hlt afF8\of] Tolt g} cfgGbsf] lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfG5 . JolQm hlt b'vL x'G5, Tolt g}
v'lDrP/ PSn} x'G5 . cfgGb hlt c¿;Fu afFl8G5 plt g} km}lnG5 . a'4, dxfjL/n] b'vL x''Fbf hËn
of kxf8df PsfGtdf ;do latfpg'eof] . cfglGbt x'g'x'Fbf Tof] cfgGbsf] cg'ej ;a};Fu afF8\gsf
nflu PsfGtjf;af6 kmls{g'eof] . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o1¿kL sfo{af6 ha lbJo zlQmx¿n]
gdfuLsg lbg yfN5g\ h;sf] k|flKtsf af/]df s;}n] sNkgf;d]t u/]sf] x'Fb}g, Tof] k|fKt ePkl5 slQ
klg sGh';L gu/L PSn} pkef]u gu/]/ To;nfO{ oyfzSo ljt/0f u/ lsgeg] ltdLn] hlt afF8\g] 5f}
Tof] Tolt g} a9\g] 5 . sf]7fdf :jR5 xfjf l5/f];\ eGgsf nflu b'O{j6f ‰ofn vf]n] h:t} hlt kfof]
Tolt g} afF8\of] eg] lg/Gt/ xfjf h:t} lbJozlQmx¿ cfO{ g} /xG5g\ . cfgGb klg xfjf h:t} xf],
hlt cfof] Tolt g} ‰ofn vf]n]/ aUg lbof] eg] lg/Gt/ kfO{ g} /lxG5 .
xfdL ;a} s]jn lng rfxG5f}+“ lbg hfGb}gf“}+ . hf] s]jn kfpg dfq rfxG5 lbg jf afF8\g
hfGb}g To:tfnfO{ >Ls[i0f rf]/ eGg'x'G5 . k/dfTdf Pj+ huTf\af6 hLjgdf h] hlt k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5
To;nfO{ cfˆgf nflu dfq h;n] k|of]u u5{ jf hDdf u5{ To:tf] JolQm rf]/ x'G5 . o:tf
JolQmx¿nfO{ Kn]6f] (Plato), PGhN; (Friedrich Engles), k|fpwf]F (P.J. Proudhon) / dfS;{ (Karl
Marx) x¿n] ga''e]m/ w]/}kl5 dfq rf]/ x'g\ eg] t/ >Ls[i0fn] t w]/} klxn] g} eGg'eof]– o:tf] JolQm
hf] hDdf dfq ub{5 / afF8\g hfGb}g, Tof] JolQm rf]/ xf] . Kn]6f], PGhN;, k|fpwf]F, dfS;{ / >Ls[i0fsf]
egfOdf 7'nf] leGgtf 5 . pgLx¿n] o:tf JolQm hf] k'FhLklt x'g≤\ cs't ;DklQ eP/ klg afF8\b}gg\
ltgLx¿;Fu vf];]/ lng'k5{ eG5g\ . >Ls[i0fsf] egfOdf o:tf JolQm hf] ;ª\u|x dfq u5{g\ logLx¿
cfˆg} b':dg x'g\ lsgeg] logLx¿n] gafF8]/ hDdf ugf{n] cem lbJo zlQmaf6 k|fKt ug]{ cgGt u'0ff

nf]suLtf– 89
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kmnx¿sf] åf/ cfkm“} ;bfsf nflu aGb ub{5g\ . To;}n] JolQmn] hlt afF8\5, Tolt g} cem a9L k|fKt
ub{5 . To:tf] JolQm hf] hDdf dfq u/]/ afF8\b}g Tof] cfTd3ftL x'G5 . h'g a]nf JolQm lg/Gt/ aUg]
gbL aGg ;S5, To;a]nf p;sf] hLjgdf cfgGbsf] lgTo lg/Gt/ jiff{ x'g yfN5 . gbLsf] kfgLsf]
Pp6f j[Q 5, kfgL hxfFaf6 cfpF5 ToxLF lkmtf{ x'G5 . gbL ;fu/df ldNgnfO{ bf}l8/x]sL l5g\,
;fu/df ldl;lG5g\ clg ;"o{sf ls/0fdf r9\l5g\ / afbndf p8\l5g\ clg lxdfnodf al;{lG5g\ .
To;kl5 km]l/ gbLdf cfpFl5g\ clg km]l/ ToxL ofqf rqmfsf/ ¿kdf rln/xG5 . hLjgsf ;a} ult
rqmfsf/ x'G5g\ . To:t} cfgGbsf] ult klg rqmfsf/ ¿kdf k/dfTdfaf6 cfP/ k/dfTdfdf g}
hfG5 . JolQmdf cfpg] lalQs} jl/kl/ k/dfTdfsf] ¿kdf ;a}nfO{ afF8\g' g} k/dfTdfdf k'Ug' xf] .
h:fn] gbLsf] k|jfxdf gauL lardf cj/f]w v8f ug{ vf]H5 To:tf] JolQm rf]/ x'G5 .
o1af6 ar]sf] j:t' jf lrhnfO{ u|x0f ug{'sf] cy{ xf] h;n] ;a}nfO{ afF8]/ dfq ar]sf] u|x0f
u5{ Tof] >]i7 k'?if xf] . hf] klxn] cfkm" vfG5 / aFr]sf] dfq afF8\5 Tof] lgs[i6 k'?if xf] . o;sf]
;xL JofVof df]xDdbn] ug{'ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] vfgfsf] ;'uGw hxfF;Dd k'U5, ToxfF;Dd vfgfsf]
lgdGq0ff x'G5 / ltgLx¿nfO{ v'jfP/ ar]sf] dfq vfg'k5{ eGg'ePsf] 5 . To;}n] hLjgdf k|fKt x'g]
1fg, wg, cGg, zlQm cflbnfO{ klxn] afF8]/ z]if ePkl5 dfq cfkm"n] pkof]u ug{'k5{ . afF8]/ vfg'df
h] cfgGb 5, Tof] s'g} cGo s'/fdf 5}g . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] afF8]/ afFsL /x]sf] dfq u|x0f u5{ Tof]
JolQm;Fu hLjgdf kof{Kt z]if /xG5 / o:tf] JolQm >]i7 x'G5 . b'vnfO{ afF8\g klg ;lsFb}g lsgeg]
sf]xL klg b'v lng g} rfxFb}g t/ cfgGb hf] klg u|x0f ug{ tof/ x'G5 . xfdL afF8\g g;Sg] s'/f
afF8\g rfxG5f“}+ / afF8\g'kg]{ s'/f hDdf ug{ rfxG5f}+“ . Pshgf sljn] n]v]sf 5Gf\– ha ltdL xfF:5f},
ta l;Ëf] wtL{ ltdL;Fu xfF:5 . ha ltdL ?G5f} ta ltdL PSn} x'G5f} (When you will laugh the
whole world will laugh with you and When you will weep you will weep alone) .
cGgf∫jlGt e"tflg kh{GofbGg;DejM .
o1f∫jlt kh{Gof] o1M sd{;d'∫jM ..!$..
cGgsf] k'li6 jf /;af6 lg;[t /h / jLo{sf] ;lDd>0faf6 k|f0fLsf] pTklQ x'G5 . cGgsf]
pTklQ j[li6af6 x'G5, j[li6 o1af6 pTkGg x'G5 / o1sf] pTklQ lgwf{l/t sd{af6 x'G5 ..
k"jL{o b[li6df ;b}j k|s[lt / dg'iolar d}qL ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 / klZrddf h:tf] zq'tf efj
5}g . To;}n] xfdLn] k|s[ltnfO{ cfdf eg]/ ;Daf]wg u¥of}+“ / ToxL ¿kdf cfTd;\ft\ u¥of“}+ . k[YjLnfO{
dftf / cfsfznfO{ lktfsf] ¿kdf xfdLn] cfb/ u¥of“}+ . of] ;du| hut\k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f xf] . t;y{
xfdL ;f/f hut\nfO{ Ps} kl/jf/ dfGb5f“}+ / k|s[ltnfO{ cfdf eGb5f}+“ . xfdLn] klZrdfsf] h:tf]
k|s[ltnfO{ lhTg] s'/f slxNo} ;f]r]gf“}+ lsgeg] cfdfnfO{ s;n] / s;/L lhTg ;S5 / Û klZrddf
dg'io / k|s[ltsf lar zq'tfsf] b[li6 ePsfn] k|s[ltnfO{ lhTg] xf]8 5 t/ k"j{df k|s[ltnfO{ x/fpg]
/ o;dfly ljho k|fKt ug]{ s'/f ;f]Rg klg ;lsFb}g .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– cGgaf6 k|f0fL aGb5g\ lsgeg] cGg klg kbfy{ xf]Og a|Xd xf] . cGg klg
hLjGt x'gfn] cGgaf6 dg'iosf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . cGg jiff{af6 aG5, jiff{ gePdf cGg lgld{t x'Fb}g .
oL egfOaf6 >Ls[i0f hLjg / k|s[ltnfO{ hf]l8/xg'ePsf] 5 . of] s;/L ;+o'Qm 5 eGg] :ki6 kfb}{
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– jiff{ o1af6 cfpF5 . t/ k|Zg ubf{ jiff{ afbnaf6, afbn ;d'›af6 / ;d'›
gbLaf6 aG5 eGg] pQ/ ;fwf/0ftof hf] s;}n] klg lbg ;S5 . >Ls[i0f dg'io tyf jiff{, afbn,
;d'› / gbLsf lardf ePsf] cGt/ª\u ;DaGw hf]8\g rfxg'x'G5 . olb jiff{ o1af6 cfpF5 eg] jiff{
/ dg'iosf lardf klg ulx/f] ;DaGw /x]sf] a'‰g ;lsG5 lsgeg] jiff{ xfd|f] hLjgsf] cl:tTj

nf]suLtf– 90
 cWofo–#
/fVgsf nflu cfpF5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o1dfkm{t xfd|f] k|fy{gf ;'g]/ To;nfO{ k"/f ug{sf nflu jiff{
x'G5 .
dg'io / k|s[ltsf lar cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw / ;+jfb 5 . ToxL ;+jfb Pj+ o1¿kL sd{sf]
kmn:j¿k cGg pTkfbgsf] nIok"lt{ ug{ / dg'iosf] rfxgf k"/f ug{ j[li6 x'G5 . >Ls[i0f dg'io /
hLjg, k|s[lt Pj+ huTf\;Fu cleGg cGt/;DaGw / ;+jfb /x]sf] s'/f atfpg'x'G5 . k|s[lt / dg'io–
hLjglar c6'6 ;DaGw 5 . klZrddf of] ;b\efj sfod x'g g;s]sfn] clxn] k|s[lt c:tJo:t
ag]sf] 5 / s'g} k|sf/sf] ;b\efj sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . clxn] jNn kl/l:ylt lj1fg (Ecology)
sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] 5 . Psk6s ltAatdf dn]l/of /f]usf] dR5/nfO{ gfz ug{ cf}ifwL
(DDT) 5l/of] . ToxfFsf nfdfx¿n] dR5/ / xfdL t ;lbof}+b]lv ;Fu;Fu} / Pscsf{;Fu kl/lrt Pj+
;DalGwt 5f}+“ eg] . pgLx¿n] o;nfO{ kfp8/ 5/]/ sxLF s]xL c;/ kg]{ kf] xf] ls eGg] cfzÍf JoQm
u/] t/ cf}ifwL 5l/of] / dR5/ ;vfk eP . dR5/sf ;fy} To;sf] c;/n] la/fnfx¿ d/] /
d';fx¿sf] laulauL eof] . h;sf] c;/ / k|sf]kaf6 ufpFe/L Kn]u km}lnof] . Kn]un] ;f/f ufpFx¿ g}
tx;gx; kf¥of] . clg nfdfx¿n] gofF cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u ug{ glbP/ k'/fg} Joj:yf cg';f/ c¿
ufpFx¿af6 la/fnfx¿ NofP/ 5f]8] kl5 la/fnfn] d";f dfg{ yfn] / dR5/ km]l/ lkmtf{ eP clg
k"j{Joj:yf cg'¿k g} /f]ux¿ dfly lgoGq0f ul/of] .
kl/l:ylt lj1fg (Ecology) sf] cy{ hLjg Ps kl/jf/ xf] eGg] xf] . To;df ;a} s'/f ;+o'Qm
kl/jf/df h:t} x'G5 . k|To]s lrh jf j:t' h:t} Pp6f ;fgf] 9''ª\uf klg kl/jf/sf] lx:;f xf] . ?v
sf6]sf] kl/0ffd cfh xfdL ef]lu/x]sf 5f}+ h;sf sf/0f afbn / jiff{ geP/ yk kL8f a9]sf] 5 .
?vx¿ afbnnfO{ lgdGq0ff ub{y] t/ ca ?v gePsf] x'Fbf afbnnfO{ s;}n] lgdGq0ff ub}{gg\ .
k[YjLsf] b'O{;o dfOndf hxfF xfjf ;dfKt x'G5, ToxfF /x]sf] Pp6f 7'nf] kqLo efu hf] cg]sf}+
UofF;x¿af6 lgld{t ePsf] 5 To;n] k[YjLnfO{ kvf{n em}+“ 3]/]sf] 5 . ToxL kqLo efu jf kvf{nsf
sf/0f ;"o{sf] lxts/ ls/0f dfq k[YjLdf cfpg ;S5, hf] k[YjLnfO{ lxts/ x'Fb}g Tof] kvf{neGbf
aflx/ /xG5 / k[YjLdf cfpg kfpFb}g . cfh hlt cGtl/If ofgx¿ cGtl/Iftkm{ k7fOPsf] 5 ltgn]
Tof] kqsf] kvf{nnfO{ tf]8]/ ‰ofnx¿ lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . ca ltg} ‰ofnaf6 ;"o{sf xflgsf/s
ls/0f klg k[YjLdf cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ hf] hLjgsf nflu cToGt vt/gfs 5g\ . >Ls[i0f ljZj
a|Xdf08sf af/] eGg'x'G5– hLjg Pp6f ;+o'Qm 36gf xf] . hxfF cfsfzsf] afbn klg xfd|f] hLjg;Fu
hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . ;"o{ Pjd\ rG›df klg xfdL;Fu ;+o'Qm ¿kdf hf]l8Psf 5g\ . ;"o{ xfdLaf6 !)
s/f]8 dfOn k/ 5 / ;"o{ lr;f] x'g] lalQs} xfdL klg ;a} ;dfKt x'G5f}+“ .
>Ls[i0fsf] cGgaf6 dg'io aG5 eGg] s'/fdf kbfy{ / r]tgfdf s'g} leGgtf 5}g / kbfy{af6
g} cfTdf aG5 eGg] xf] lsgeg] kbfy{ kbfy{ xf]Og, Tof] klg u'Kt ¿kdf /x]sf] r]tg cfTdf g} xf] .
To;}n] cGgaf6 /ut / x•Lx¿sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 clg r]tgf, xf]; / a''l4 aG5 h;af6 of] ;a} aG5
Tof] dxfhLjg cGTodf n's]sf] x'G5 . cGg jiff{af6 cfpF5 / jiff{ o1af6 cfpF5 . o1af6 eGgfn]
ha dg'io /fd|f] sfd ub{5 / dg'io ha k/dfTdfdf ;dlk{t eP/ afFRb5 ta k/dfTdf klg
dg'iosf] lkmqmL ub{5 . ;a}lt/af6 ;f/f k|s[ltn] lrGtf ub{5 . afbnn] jiff{ u/fpF5 / j[Ifx¿
kmnaf6 el/G5g\, cGg lgld{t x'G5, gbLx¿ aUb5g\, ;"o{ rlDsG5 / hLjgdf Pp6f pT;fx, v';L /
;'uGw kfOG5 . ha JolQm cxª\sf/n] el/G5 ta d}n] ;a} u/]F eGb} d efj /fVb5 ta hLjg
;a}lt/af6 ljs[t x'g yfN5 .

nf]suLtf– 91
cWofo–#
o1sf] cy{ k/dfTdfdf ;dk{0f xf] . k/dfTdfn] hLjgnfO{ o:tf] ;b\efj k|bfg u5{g\ ls ;f/f
k|s[lt cfkm"nfO{ rf/}lt/af6 n'6fpg tof/ x'lG5g\ . >Ls[i0fn] o1af6 jiff{ x'G5 eGg'ePsf] 5,
To;sf] cy{ xf] ha JolQmx¿ k[YjLdf lg/xª\sf/L eP/ afFRb5g\ ta hut\df ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx¿ ;+o'Qm
eP/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;b}j tof/ x'G5g\ . afbnn] klg jiff{ u5{g\, af]6 la?jfx¿ klg cGg
jf kmnn] el/G5g\ / cGg klg k|f0fnfO{ lnP/ cfpF5 . cfhsf] cj:yfsf] lhDd]jf/ xfdL :jod\ 5f}+“ .
dg'ioaf6 lxhf] h'g t/ª\u lgl:sGYof] Tof] lgl:sg aGb ePsf] 5 . cfh xfdL gbL, afbn;Fu ;+o'Qm
x'g lal;{;s]sf 5f}+“ . klxn] xfd|f] ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f cg';f/ xfdL gbL, cfsfzsf] afbn nufot
k|s[ltsf ljljw ¿knfO{ gd:sf/ u/]/ ;sf/fTds efj JoQm ub{Yof}+, hf] cfh ;dfKt g} ePsf] 5 .
o;sf] kl/0ffd xfd|f] ;fd' 5n{Ë 5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hxfF dg'io / k|s[lt cleGg ldqsf] ¿kdf
;+o'Qm x'G5g\ / Psfsf/ eP/ afFRb5g\ ToxfF xfd|f] ;Dk"0f{ hLjg o1do x'G5 . o; hut\df ;Dk"0f{
s'/f ;+o'Qm 5 cyf{t\ cnu 5}g . k/eGbf k/sf] tf/f klg xfdL;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . xfd|f] zAbsf]
Wjlgaf6 cgGt b"/Lsf] cfsfzsf s'/fx¿ klg k|ltWjlgt x'G5g\ / xfd|f] Åbo / pgLx¿sf] Åbo
emª\s[t x'G5 . hLjg Pp6f ;+o'Qm Joj:yf cyf{t\ kl/l:ylt lj1fg xf] .
sd{ a|Xdf]∫j+ ljl4 a|XdfIf/;d'4jd\ .
t:dfT;j{ut+ a|Xd lgTo+ o1] k|ltli7td\ ..!%..
sd{ ;d'bfonfO{ ltdL j]baf6 pTkGg / j]bnfO{ cljgfzL k/dfTdfaf6 pTkGg ePsf] hfg .
o;af6 ;j{JofkL k/d cIf/ k/dfTdf ;w}+ o1df k|ltli7t 5 eGg] l;4 x''G5 ..
>Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– sd{ ;d'bfonfO{ ltdL j]baf6 pTkGg ePsf] / j]bnfO{ cljgfzL
k/dfTdfaf6 pTkGg ePsf] eg]/ hfg . j]b zAbsf] cy{ 1fg xf] hf] s]jn ;+lxtfdf dfq lge{/ 5}g .
1fg ultzLn x'G5, cj?4 x'Fb}g . 1fg s/f]8f}+ ;+lxtfx¿df pNn]v u/]/ klg k"/f x'g ;Sb}g lsgeg]
1fg cgGt 5 . xfd|f] sd{ b'O{ k|sf/af6 pTkGg x'G5 . Pp6f sd{ c1fgaf6 pTkGg x'G5 hf] xfdL
;b}j u5f}{+, hxfF stf{ / cxª\sf/ pkl:yt x'G5 . h'g s'/f k/dfTdfn] u5{g\ eGg] efj pTkGg x'G5,
Tof] 1fgaf6 pTkGg sd{ xf] hxfF cxª\sf/ x'Fb}g . cxª\sf/ / c1fg ;+o'Qm 36gf xf] eg] 1fg /
lg/xª\sf/ klg ;+o'Qm 36gf xf] .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o1¿kL sd{ 1fgaf6 pTkGg sd{ xf] hf] k/dfTdfaf6 pTkGg ePsf] 5 .
xfdL j]b k/dfTdfn] /r]sf] xf] jf k/dfTdfsf] d'vsf] jf0fL xf] eG5f}+“ . of] k|tLsfTds syg xf] .
r]tgf ha lg/xª\sf/ x'G5, ta k/dfTdf ToxfF plqP/ cfkm}F k|j]z u5{ . oyfy{df ToxL lg/xª\sf/L
z'4 r]tgfn] j]b n]v]sf] xf] / o;nfO{ k/dfTdfn] n]v]sf] eGg' Ps k|sf/n] l7s} klg xf] lsgeg] ToxfF
JolQm cfkm" geO{ k/dfTdf g} eO;s]sf] x'G5 . pgLx¿n] ToxL n]v] hf] k/dfTdfn] pgLx¿leq /x]/
n]vfP . To;}n] of] n]Vg] JolQmx¿n] xfdL t s]jn dfWod xf}F jf:tjdf n]Vg t k/dfTdfn] g}
nufPsf] xf] eg]sf 5g\ . ha s'g} JolQmdf 1fg k|fKt x'G5, Tof] k/dfTdfaf6 dfq k|fKt x'G5 . 1fg
k/dfTdfsf] :jefj xf], hf] k|sfz h:tf] 5 . h'g sd{af6 b'v, aGwg, ;Gtfk–kL8f k|fKt x'G5 Tof]
c1fgaf6 pTkGg ePsf] sd{ xf] . h'g sd{af6 aGwg k}bf x'Fb}g, cfgGb Pjd\ lglZrGttf / d'lQm
kmlnt x'G5 Tof] 1fgaf6 k|fKt sd{ xf] eGg] hfGg'k5{ . cxª\sf/sf] cg'kl:ylt ePdf k/dfTdfsf]
pkl:ylt aG5 . To;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ;j{JofkL k/d cIf/ k/dfTdf ;w}+ o1df k|lti7t 5 .
xfdLdf stf{efjsf] cledfg x6]df k/dfTdf tTsfn xfdLdf k|j]z ug{'x'g] 5 .
Psk6s 6f]lsof] ljZjljBfnosf bz{gzf:qsf k|fWofks h}g kmls/ afs]O;Fu e]6\g uP .
;To hflg;s]sf JolQmaf6 oyfy{ kQf nufpg pgL 7'nf] si6;fy psfnf] r9]/ k'u]sf] x'Fbf ylst

nf]suLtf– 92
 cWofo–#
lyP . pgn] afs]OnfO{ e]6\gf;fy ;To s] xf], k/dfTdf s] xf] / wd{ s] xf], eGfL k|Zg u/] . afs]On]
Psl5g la>fd ug{ cfu|x ub}{ eg] d lrof lnP/ cfpF5' x'g ;S5 lrof lkpFbf lkpFb} tkfO{+n] cfˆgf]
k|Zgsf] pQ/ kfpg'x'g] 5 . k|fWofksn] pgnfO{ kfun ;lDemP . lrof / k|Zglar s'g} tfnd]n s;/L
x'g ;S5 eGg] pgnfO{ nfUof] . lrof lkpg'afx]s ljsNk klg lyPg . afs]On] lrof skdf vGofpg
yfn] . sk el/P/ kf]lvg yfn]kl5 klg pgL /f]lsPgg\ . Tof] b[Zo b]v]/ k|fWofksn] lrof kf]lvg
yfn]sf] tkfO{+n] b]Vg'ePg eg]/ afs]OnfO{ eg] . afs]On] tkfO+{ ;To, wd{ / k/dfTdfnfO{ hfGg cfpg'
ePsf] 5≤ t/ s] tkfO{+leq of] hfGgsf nflu clnslt klg 7fpF afFsL 5 eg]/ ;f]w] . of] ;'gL
k|fWofks x8a8fpFb} lrof klg glkP/ kmls{g nfu] . pgn] kmls{+bf afs]OnfO{ leq 7fpF vfnL agfP/
k'gM cfp5' eg] . ta afs]On] xfF:b} k|fWofksnfO{ hjfkm lbP– tkfO{n] leq 7fpF vfnL u/]kl5 oxfF
cfpg' g} kb}{g, k/dfTdf cfkm}+ tkfO{leq k|j]z ug]{ 5g\ . hxfF lg/xª\sfl/tf 36\5 ToxfF leq
vfnLkg x'G5 / k/dfTdf ToxfF :jod\ k|j]z ub{5g\ . o1¿kL sd{n] 1fgk"0f{ / d'lQmbfoL x'G5 .
Pj+ k|jlt{t+ rqm+ gfg'jt{otLx oM .
c3fo'l/lGb|of/fdf] df]3+ kfy{ ; hLjlt ..!^..
x] kfy{ Û h'g k''?ifn] nf]sdf j]bx¿åf/f :yflkt of] ;[li6rqmnfO{ u|x0f ub}{g jf lgb]{lzt sd{
ub}{g To:tf] OlG›ohGo ljifodf cf;Qm k'?if kfkk"0f{ hLjglt/ nfuL Joy{df g} afFRb5 ..
o:TjfTd/lt/]j :ofbfTdt[KtZr dfgjM .
cfTdGo]j r ;Gt'i6:t:o sfo{+ g ljBt] ..!&..
hf] cfkm“}+df cfglGbt 5, hf] :jo+ k|sflzt jf cfTd;\fIffTsf/af6 k"0f{ 5 / hf] leqL Åbob]lv
g} cfkm}+df k"0f{ ;Gt'i6 5 eg] To:tf] JolQmsf nflu s''g} st{Josd{ afFsL /xGg ..
g}j t:o s[t]gfyf]{ gfs[t]g]x sZrg .
g rf:o ;j{e"t]if' slZrby{Jokf>oM ..!*..
Tof] l;4 dxfk'?ifnfO{ o; ljZjdf g s'g} lgwf{l/t st{Jo ug{'kg]{ afWotf x'G5, g sd{ ug]{ s'g}
k|of]hg x'G5, g t st{Jo ;DkGg gug{'sf k5fl8 s'g} sf/0f g} x'G5 . ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLx¿df pgLx¿sf]
lsl~rt\dfq klg :jfy{sf] ;DaGw x'bF }g, a? logLx¿ nf]ssNof0fbfoL sd{df nfU5g\ ..
dflysf Znf]sdf >Ls[i0fn] ;[li6sf] qmdcg';f/ hLjg s;/L lgjf{x ug]{ ;DaGwdf atfpg'
ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ hLjg;[li6sf] qmdcg';f/ / ;[li6sf] qmdsf] k|lts"n klg afFRg ;lsG5 .
dg'iox¿ klg hLjgsf] wf/f;Fu aUg] jf hLjgsf] qmddf ;+3if{ u/]/ afFRg] x''G5g\ . hf] JolQm
;[li6sf] qmdcg';f/ hLjgsf] wf/fdf aUb5g\ ltgLx¿ k/dfTdfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]/ wfld{stfk"j{s
hLjglgjf{x ub{5g\ . of] wfld{s JolQmx¿sf] nIf0f xf] . k/dfTdfnfO{ gdfGg] JolQmx¿ ljk/Lt
wf/fdf aUb5g\ / hLjgnfO{ kfkk"0f{ agfP/ Joy{ g} afFRb5g\ . t;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5 x] kfy{ Û h'g
dg'ionf]sdf j]bx¿åf/f :yflkt of] ;[li6rqmnfO{ u|x0f ub}{g jf lglb{i6 sd{ ub}{g o:tf] dg'io
kfkk"0f{ hLjgdf nfu]/ Joy{ afFRb5 eg] hf] cfk}Fmdf cfglGbt, :jk|sflzt / k"0f{ ;Gt'i6 5 o:tf]
JolQmsf nflu s'g} st{Jo z]if /xFb}g . of] ;f/f hut\;Fu xfdL ;+o'Qm 5f}+“ / of] ;f/f hut\ xfdLaf6
leGg 5}g lsgeg] xfdL o;}df hlGdG5f}+“ / o;}df nLg x'G5f“}+ . To;}n] hf] JolQm hLjgsf] wf/f;Fu
n8\g vf]H5, Tof] ?U0f / ljlIfKt x'G5 . hLjgsf] qmddf aUg] JolQm dfq kl/k"0f{ / :j:y x'G5 . of]
hLjgsf] wf/fadf]lhd sd{ ug{ ;gftg wd{n] hLjgsf] kl/rfngsf] ;"q atfPsf] lyof] . k|ydtM
j0f{sf] cf–cfˆgf] :jwd{cg';f/sf] sd{ ug]{ Joj:yf ;gftg wd{n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] . bf];|f] ;[li6sf]
qmdcg';f/sf JolQmx¿n] pQm ;do;Dd hfg]sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ zf:q;Ddt sd{ ug]{ Joj:yf

nf]suLtf– 93
cWofo–#
lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . >Ls[i0f kbfy{ / r]tgfnfO{ v08df afF8\g] jf ljeflht ug]{ xf]Og, cv08 agfP/
afFRg] Joj:yfsf af/]df atfpg'x'G5 .
klxn] zf:qn] hLjgnfO{ rf/ lx:;fdf ljeflht ub}{ JolQmx¿nfO{ klg rf/ j0f{df ljeflht
u/]sf] lyof] . of] hLjgsf] wf/f;Fu ;DalGwt lyof] . klxnf] lx:;f hf] klRr; jif{;Ddsf] lyof],
h;nfO{ a|Xdrof{>d elgof] . bf];|f] krf; jif{;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ u[x:yf>d, t];|f] krxQ/ jif{;Ddsf]
cjlwnfO{ jfgk|:yf>d / rf}yf] ;o jif{;Ddsf] sfnnfO{ ;+Gof;f>d elgof] . klxnf] klRr; jif{
hLjgsf] k|eftsfn xf] hxfF hLjgsf] pmhf{ ljsl;t x'\G5 . z/L/ ;;Qm x'G5, OlG›ox¿ anzfnL
x'G5g\ . a'l4 t]h:jL x'G5 / of] hLjgsf] pHofnf] k|f/De x'g] a]nf xf] . of] k|eftsf] a]nfnfO{
a|Xdrof{>d elgG5 . a|Xdrof{>d ;+odsf] ;do xf] . h;;Fu zlQm ;~ro x'G5 p;}n] dfq ef]u
ug{ ;S5 / c;Qm JolQmn] hLjgsf] ef]uaf6 jl~rt x'g'k5{ . To;}n] klxnf] r/0f hLjgsf] tof/Lsf]
a]nf xf] . hf] JolQm k"0f{ ¿kdf ef]Ug ;S5 ToxL JolQmn] k"0f{ Tofu klg ug{ ;S5 . h;nfO{ hfGg
;lsG5 To;}af6 d'Qm klg x'g ;lsG5, oxL hLjgsf] clgjfo{ lgod xf] . klxnf] r/0fsf]
a|Xdro{kl5 bf];|f] klRr; jif{ cyf{t\ krf; jif{sf] cjlw;Dd sfdjf;gfsf] ef]udf ptfg]{ a]nf xf] .
dflg; u[x:yf>dsf a]nf sfdjf;gfsf] ulx/f] cg'ejaf6 u'lh|G5g\ . sfdjf;gfsf] ulx/f]
cg'ejaf6 g} JolQm To;af6 aflx/ lgl:sg ;S5 . h;n] o;nfO{ ulx/f] ¿kdf ef]u ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g
Tof] JolQm o;af6 lgl:sg klg ;Sb}g . cfh a'9f] JolQm klg sfdjf;gfsf] ulx/f] ef]u k"0f{ zlQmn]
gu/]sf sf/0f o;af6 lgl:sg / d'Qm x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . bf];|f] r/0fdf JolQmx¿sf] zlQmIfo ug]{ /
OlG›osf] ;'vnfO{ ef]Ug] ;do xf] / o; r/0fdf klg hLjgsf] qmdcg';f/ rNg'kb{5 .
of] bf];|f] r/0fdf zlQm;DkGg JolQm dfq sfdjf;gfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;S5g\ t/ sdhf]/ JolQm
;b}j o;df u|:t eP/ /xG5 . To;}n] ljutdf hlt zlQm;DkGg o'u lyof], Tof] sfdjf;gfaf6 d'Qm
lyof] . sfdjf;gfaf6 ?U0f ePsf] o'u sdhf]/ o''u xf] . sdhf]/ JolQm jf;gfdf hfg klg ;Sb}g,
s]jn jf;gfsf] lrGtg dfq u5{ . o:tf] JolQmsf] dl:tis sfd s]G›af6 x6]/ ultdfg\ x'G5 . To;}n]
klxnf] klRr; jif{ zlQm;~rosf] ¿kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . hlt zlQm;~ro eof], JolQm Tolt g}
OlG›ox¿sf] cg'ejdf ulx/f] hfg ;SYof] . JolQm hlt ulx/f] ¿kdf OlG›ox¿sf] ;'vdf hfG5 Tolt
g} OlG›ox¿af6 d'Qm klg x'g ;S5 . OlG›ox¿sf] cg'ejaf6 u'lh|P/ JolQmn] s] hfGg ;S5 eg]
OlG›ox¿af6 kfpgof]Uo s]xL klg 5}g . t/ OlG›oaf6 d'Qm x'gsf nflu OlG›ox¿sf] cg'ej ;'g]/
xf]Og cg'ej u/]/ dfq ;Dej x'G5 . hLjgsf] klxnf] qmd zlQm;~ro xf] / klxnf] r/0fsf] a|Xdro{
cf>ddf hLjgsf] dgf]j}1flgs If0f klg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . Tof] If0f s7f]/ >dsf] r/0f xf] . h'g
JolQmsf] afNofj:yf hlt >dk"0f{ x'G5, p;sf] kl5Nnf] hLjg Tolt g} ;'vk"0f{ x'G5 . afNofj:yfdf
;'vk"0f{ hLjg lhpg] JolQmsf] cufl8sf] hLjg Tolt g} ljiffbdo / b'vk"0f{ x'G5 . ;'v ;bf
;fk]Iftfdf x'G5 . klxnf] r/0fsf] cf>d >d / ;fwgfsf] lyof] . To;}n] ;f] cjlwsf] hLjgdf
?vf;'Svf /f]6L cflb kl/>dsf] h] sdfO kfOG5, Tof] ;'vk"0f{ x'GYof] . cfh l7s pN6f] Joj:yf ug{
vf]lhPsf] 5 To;}n] To;sf] b'ikl/0ffd eljiodf ef]Ug'kg]{ x'G5 .
klxnf] clws >dzlQm ePsf] a|Xdrof{>dsf] >dk"0f{ hLjg kl5 uP/ sd >dk"0f{ x'G5, hf]
hLjgsf] ;xL qmddf lyof] lsgeg] clws >dzlQm ePsf] cj:yfdf g} clws >d ug{' pko'Qm
x'G5 . cfh aRrf sd >d u5{g\ / a'9f JolQmx¿ clws >d u5{g\ . To;}sf] kl/0ffd cfh zlQm
ePsf JolQmx¿ pk›jL ePsf 5g\ . cfhsf a|Xdro{df /xg] cj:yfsf o'jfx¿ zlQmsf] ;xL
pkof]u ug{ gkfP/ ljZjljBfnodf tf]8kmf]8, cfuhgL nufotsf sfd ug{ plåUg ePsf 5g\ .

nf]suLtf– 94
 cWofo–#
a]sfd ePsf sf/0f logLx¿sf] zlQm unt lbzfdf k|jflxt ePsf] 5 . lxhf] o:t} zlQm ePsf
JolQmx¿ u'?s'ndf bfp/f sf6\y], hxfF pgsf] zlQm pkof]u x'GYof] / u'?s'ndf a|Xdro{sf] cj:yfdf
Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df pgLx¿ ;+nUg x'Gy] . oyfy{df pgLx¿sf] ;dodf lj>fd lyPg . klxnf] r/0fdf
k"0f{ >dsf] Joj:yf lyof] / clGtd r/0fdf k"0f{ lj>fdsf] Joj:yf lyof] . lardf b'O{ l;F9Lx¿ lyP .
klxnf] r/0fdf JolQmsf] ljsf; k"/f x'GYof] . pQm cjlwdf JolQmdf cGtlg{lxt ;Defjgfx¿nfO{
;~ro ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof], hxfF s'g} lj>fdsf] If0f x'Fb}gYof] . oxL s7f]/ Pjd\ cys >dsf
sf/0f cfˆgf] zlQmnfO{ cfˆgf] ;Defjgfsf] dfu{df n}hfg] Joj:yf lyof] . hLjgofqfdf cufl8 h]
h:tf pknlAw k|fKt x'Gy] lTfgn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;Gtf]if lbGYf] . lxhf] ;Gtf]ifsf] Joj:yf hLjgsf]
qmd;Fu hf]l8Psf] lyof], hf] cfh c:tJo:t ePsf] 5 . To;}n] t cfh ;Gtf]if s'g} klg s'/faf6
k|fKt x'Fb}g .
of] a|Xdro{sf] cj:yfdf csf]{ klg Joj:yf hLjgsf] lx:;fsf] ¿kdf lyof] . hLjg ;fDojfbL
lyof] . ;dfgtf / ;fd"lxstf (Commune) sf] Joj:yf lyof] . /fhf, wgL, ul/a ;a}nfO{ Ps}
lsl;dsf] Joj:yf lyof] . /fhfsf] 5f]/fn] klg hËnaf6 bfp/f sf6]/ Nofpg'kYof{], u'?sf] ;]jf ug{'
kYof]{ / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t hLjgJoj:yf latfpg''kb{Yof] . Tof] ;dfgtfsf] cjlw ePsfn] ;dfhdf
c;dfgtfsf afah'b JolQmsf Åbodf s'g} c;dfgtf lyPg . of] ;dfhsf] k|fylds cfwf/lznf
:yfkgf ug]{ sfn lyof] .
bf];|f] cf>d u[x:yf>d lyof] . klRr; jif{sf] a|Xdro{sf] lzIffkl5 ca p;nfO{ bf];|f ]
r/0fdf j}jflxs hLjgsf] yfngL;Fu} OlG›o ;'vdf k|j]z ug]{ df}sf k|fKt x'GYof] . p;nfO{ a|Xdro{sf]
p2]Zo / dd{af/] klxnf] r/0fdf l;sfOPsf sf/0f JolQmn] ca a|Xdro{ / u[x:yL hLjgnfO{ t'ngf
ug{ ;SYof] . casf] jf;gfsf] ef]uaf6 p;n] klxnf] r/0fsf] a|Xdro{nfO{ t'ngf ug{ ;SYof] / ha
a|Xdro{nfO{ jf;gf;Fu t'ngf g} ug{ g;lsg] kfpFYof], ta jf;gf p;sf nflu s]jn st{Jo dfq
/xg hfGYof] . p;sf] dgf]efj o; cfzfn] ls d s;/L a|Xdro{nfO{ pknAw x'g ;s""“ eg]/ csf]{
r/0fsf nflu k|tLIff ul//xGYof] . a|Xdro{ / jf;gfsf] t'ngf ug{ uf¥xf] x'G5 . of] t To; JolQmn]
dfq hfGb5, hf] JolQm a|Xdro{af6 u'lh|;s]sf] x'G5 cGoyf xfdLx¿n] t'ngf ubf{ t Ps :qL jf
k'?ifaf6 ;'v gkfP csf]{af6 kfpg ;lsG5 ls eg]/ dfq t'ngf ub{5f}+ . xfdL JolQm abn]/ ;'v
vf]H5f“}+ t/ cj:yf abn]/ ;'v vf]Hb}gf“}+ lsgeg] xfdLnfO{ cGo cj:yfsf] s'g} hfgsf/L g} 5}g .
To;}n] jf;gfsf] hut\df k|j]z ug{'cl3 a|Xdro{sf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|g' clgjfo{ x'G5 cGoyf jf;gfn]
xfdLnfO{ d[To'j/0f gu?Gh]n;Dd klg 5f]8\b}g .
a|Xdro{ cj:yf eGbf To;kl5sf] u[x:yf>dsf] cj:yf cToGt lg/; x'G5 / t'ngfof]Uo g}
x''Fb}g . bf];|f] r/0fsf] cj:yfdf olb t'ngfTds cWoog ul/P jf;gf s]jn st{Josd{ dfq x''G5 .
To;}n] hf] JolQm ;Gtfgk|flKtsf nflu sfdjf;gfdf plqG5 Tof] JolQm a|Xdrf/L h:t}
x'G5 . krf; jif{sf] pd]/df p;sf ;Gtfgx¿ cf>daf6 kmls{g] ;do x'G5 . Tof] pd]/ p;sf]
;Def]usf] pd]/ geO{ ca sfdjf;gfaf6 d'Qm x'g] cj:yf xf] . h'g lbg 5f]/f ljjflxt x'G5, ToxL
lbg afa'–cfdf ca hËn hfg] ;do cfof] eGg] k|:6 x'G5 . p;sf] u[x:yf>dsf cg'ejx¿
;Gtfgn] klg hfGg h?/L x'G5 . To;}n] olb pm hª\un uof] eg] p;sf] cg''ejaf6 p;sf
;Gtfgx¿ ljd''v x'g] 5g\ . 3/ Pjd\ cGo cg'ejx¿ k|fKt ug{ hf] ;Gtfgx¿ jl~rt 5g\,
pgLx¿nfO{ tL s'/f x:tfGt/0f gu/L pm hËn hfg' pko'Qm x'Fb}g . To;}n] pm jfgk|:yL eP/ Tof]
cg'ej cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ l;sfpF5 . p;sf gfltx¿ u'?s'naf6 pm krxQ/ jif{ x''Fbf 3/ cfpg] /

nf]suLtf– 95
cWofo–#
u[x:yf>ddf k|j]z ug]{ ;do x'G5 / p;sf 5f]/f cfˆgf 5f]/fnfO{ cfˆgf] cg'ej l;sfpg ;Sg]
cj:yfdf x'G5g\ . To;}n] krxQ/ jif{df JolQm ;a};Fu labfaf/L eP/ hËn k|:yfg ug]{ cToGt
j}1flgs Joj:yf hLjgsf] qmddf lyof] .
ca ;+;f/nfO{ x]g]{ s'/faf6 lgl:sP/ cfˆgf] hLjgnfO{ wGo agfpg] ;do Tof] JolQmnfO{
k|fKt x'G5 . To;}n] casf] klRr:f jif{sf] hLjg k|e':d/0fsf] hLjg x'g] 5 / o;/L hª\undf uPsf]
/ k|e':d/0f / lrGtgdf nfu]sf] JolQmn] g} klxnf] r/0fsf JolQmx¿nfO{ u'?sf] sd{ u/]/ lzIff k|bfg
ug]{ Joj:yf lyof] . h'g ;dfhdf a'9f / cg'ejL JolQm u'? x'Fb}gg\ Tof] ;dfhdf ;xL cy{df u'? g}
x'Fb}gg\ / o:tf] jf;gfz"Go JolQm g} k"hgLo u'? x'g ;S5 . To;}n] o:tf] lgjf{;gfo'Qm j[4 u'?nfO{ u'?
jf eujfg\ elgPsf] xf] . cfhsf u'?;Fu s]jn ;"rgf 5, t/ hLjgsf] d"No / uxg 1fg eg] 5}g .
o:tf] hLjgsf] qmlds Joj:yfcg';f/ zf:q;Ddt rf}yf] cf>d ;+Gof;f>d xf] . >Ls[i0f ch'{gnfO{
eGg'x'G5– hf] o;k|sf/sf] zf:q;Ddt cf>d Joj:yfdf k|j]z u5{, p;n] cg's"n hLjg afFRb5 .
p;nfO{ OlG›osf] ;'v t k|fKt x'G5 g}, cGttM cfTdfsf] cfgGb klg pknAw x'G5 . hLjgsf] qmddf
cGttM o:tf] cj:yfdf k'U5, hxfF ug{' / gug{'df s'g} e]b /xFb}g .
ch{'gnfO{ >Ls[i0f o; hLjg–qmdsf af/]df atfpg'x'G5– clxn] ltdL Tof] cj:yf / l:yltdf
5}gf} hxfFaf6 ltdL ;GGof;df hfg ;S5f} . ltdL hLjgsf] qmdcg';f/ ;GGof;L eP/ d'Qm x'g]
l:yltdf k'u]sf 5}gf} . clxn] ltdLn] 5gf]6 u¥of} eg] Tof] ltd|f] unt 5gf]6 x'g ;S5 . t/ hLjgdf
Pp6f o:tf] If0f cfpF5 hxfF cfˆgf] 5gf]6ljgf g} JolQm ug{' / gug{' a/fa/sf] l:yltdf k'u]/ p;df
;GGof; kmlnt x'G5 . >Ls[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ k|ydtM hf]8 lb“+b} pgsf] :jwd{ Iflqo wd{ xf] eg]/
atfpg'eof], hf] ;gftg ¿kdf vf]lhPsf] j}1flgs j0f{Joj:yfsf] hfgsf/L lyof] . j0ff{>d dg'io
hfltsf nflu ul/Psf] dxfg\ Joj:yf lyof] . ToxL zf:q;Ddt Joj:yf adf]lhd ltdL sd{ u/ .
ltdLn] zf:qx¿n] atfPcg';f/ cfr/0f u¥of} eg] Pslbg lglZrt ¿kdf ToxfF k'Ug] 5f}, hxfF ltdL
clxn] k'Ug vf]lh/x]sf 5f} cyf{t\ ;GGof;L x'g] 5f} / ltdL d'Qm klg x'g] 5f} . ltdL To;nfO{
:jefjtM cfpg b]pm cfˆgftkm{af6 cgfjZos efubf}8 gu/ . hLjgsf] 5fn;Fu n8\of}+“ eg] xfdL
plNemG5f}F . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hLjgsf] qmddf ;[li6sf] h] qmd 5 To;};Fu xtf/ gu/]/ w}o{
/fv]/ au . o;/L au]/ hf] cfk}Fmdf cfglGbt / ;Gt'i6 x'G5 To:tf] JolQmsf nflu s'g} st{Jo afFsL
x'Fb}g, g sd{ ug]{ s'g} k|of]hg x'G5, g t st{Josd{ ;DkGg gug'{sf k5fl8 s'g} sf/0f x'G5 .
p;nfO{ t s'g} c¿ hLjfTdfdfly lge{/ /xg] cfjZostf klg /xFb}g a? p cfkm}F nf]ssNof0fsf/L
sd{df nfUb5 . hLjgsf ;a} sd{ ubf{ub}{ klg stf{efj x6\g]lalQs}, ;'v–b'v, xf/–lht a/fa/ x'g]
cj:yf cfkm}+ cfpF5 .
t:dfb;QmM ;tt+ sfo{+ sd{ ;dfr/ .
c;Qmf] Xofr/Gsd{ k/dfKgf]lt k"?ifM ..!(..
t;y{ OlG›ohGo ef]uk|lt cf;lQm g/fvL lg/Gt/ cf;lQm/lxt eP/ sd{ u/ . cf;lQm/lxt
sd{åf/f dflg;n] k/dk'?ifnfO{ k|fKt ub{5 ..
sd{0f}j lx ;+l;l4dfl:ytf hgsfboM .
nf]s;ª\u|xd]jflk ;DkZoGst{'dx{l; ..@)..
lgisfd sd{åf/f g} hgs cflb /fhfx¿ klg cf;lQm/lxt sd{åf/f k/dl;l4df k|fKt eP .
To;}n] nf]s;ª\u|xnfO{ x]/]/ lzIff lbg] p2]Zon] klg ltdL lgisfd sd{ ug{ of]Uo 5f} ..

nf]suLtf– 96
 cWofo–#
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ltdL o;k|sf/ efUg gvf]h / efUg] s'/f klg g;f]r lsgeg] efUg' ;Dej
g} 5}g . h] ;Dej 5, ltdL ToxL u/ . x] ch{'g Û ltdL cgf;Qm sd{sf lglDt pknAw xf]pm .
cgf;Qm x'g' cf;Qm / lj/Qm x'g' xf]Og . xfdL s'g} lrhk|lt ls t cfslif{t of t ljslif{t x'G5f}+“ .
s'g} ;'Gb/ j:t' b]Vbf To;nfO{ kfpg] clenfiffsf sf/0f dgdf cf;lQm a9\5 / olb j:t' ;'Gb/
geP dgdf lj/lQm 5fpF5 . of] xfd|f] b'O{ k|sf/sf] cg'ej xf] . cgf;lQm cf;lQm / lj/lQmsf]
dWoljGb' xf], hxfF g cfsif{0fn], g ljsif{0fn] g} sfd ub{5 . hxfF s'g} klg lrhk|lt b[li6sf]0f g}
/xFb}g, xfdL s]jn ;fIfL dfq x'G5f“} . cf;lQm / lj/lQm Pp6} l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f x'g\ . xfdL h'g
s'/fdf cfslif{t x'G5f}+ ToxL s'/fdf ef]ln ljslif{t klg x'g ;S5f}+ . Pp6fk|ltsf] cf;lQm k"/f x'g]
lalQs} To;k|lt cfsif{0f ;dfKt eP/ csf]{ gofFk|ltsf] cf;lQm ;'? x'G5 .
cgf;Qmsf] cy{ xfdLnfO{ s'g} klg lrhn] g cfslif{t ub{5, g t ljslif{t g} ub{5, s]jn
;fIfL dfq aGb5 eGg] xf] . a'4n] cgf;lQmnfO{ cf;lQm / lj/lQm b'j}lt/af6 pk]Iff eGg'ePsf] 5 .
dxfjL/n] o;nfO{ jLt/fu eGg'ePsf] 5 . hxfF /fu / lj/fu b'j} xF'b}g Tof] g} jLt/fu xf] . cf;Qm /
lj/Qm b'j} sd{ u5{g\ / b'j}sf] sd{ ug]{ 9Ëdfq ljk/Lt x'G5 t/ logLx¿sf] lrQdf s'g} km/s x'Fb}g
/ u'0f wd{df klg s'g} kl/jt{g x'Fb}g . cgf;Qm JolQm ;fIfL Pjd\ k|ltlqmofljxLg cj:yfdf x'G5 .
cgf;Qm JolQm h] 5 ToxL x''G5 To;df p;sf tkm{af6 s'g} ;+nUgtf jf k|ltlqmof x'Fb}g . cgf;Qm
k'?if k/dfTdfn] hLjgdf h] h:tf] NofpF5g\ To;nfO{ ;fIfL efjn] s]jn r'gfj/lxt eP/ x]b{5 .
>Ls[i0fn] hgssf] pbfx/0f lbFb} eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ltdL t j}/fUosf] s'/f ug]{ hgs h:tf] 1fgL
klg 5}gf} . hgsh:tf 1fgLn] klg 5f]8]/ efu]gg\ . pgn] k/dfTdfnfO{ wGojfb k|bfg u/]/ cgf;Qm
eO{ r'krfk :jLsf/ efjn] hLjgofkg u/] .
hxfF xfdL b'O{ zlQm b]V5f“}+, ToxfF t];|f] zlQm klg x'G5 . b'O{ t xfdLn] ;bf b]V5f}+ t/ t];|f]
zlQm ;fdfGotM b]lvGg . cf;Qm / lj/Qm b'j}nfO{ b]Vg ;lsG5 . cgf;Qmn] hf] cfslif{t jf ljslif{t
eO/x]sf] 5 To;nfO{ klg / hf] b'j} b]lv/x]sf] 5 To;nfO{ klg b]Vb5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5–
ltdL o;}df k|ltli7t xf]pm . o;}df k|ltli7t x'g' ltd|f] nflu dËn Pjd\ lxtsf/L x'G5 . o;df
nf]sdËn klg 5 . cf;Qm / lj/Qm b'j} cfgGbdf hfg ;Sb}gg\, lsgeg] hf] :jod\ cfgGbdf 5}gg\
pgLx¿n] c¿nfO{ klg cfgGb k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] k|Zg g} p7\b}g . logLx¿ cf;lQm / lj/lQmsf
sf/0fn] ubf{ tgfjn] el/Psf x'G5g\ . Pp6f kf]v/Ldf 9'Ëf ˆofFSbf Tof] kfgL leq 8''A5 t/ To;sf]
t/Ë eg] k/;Dd kfgLdf km}nG5 . xfdL tgfjdf x'Fbf klg xfd|f] t/Ë o;} k|sf/n] s}og\
JolQmx¿nfO{ :kz{ u/]/ s}og\ JolQmx¿sf] hLjgdf cdËn k}bf u5{ .
s]jn cgf;Qm JolQmsf] lrQdf b'v, lrGtf, tgfj / kL8fsf ljs[t t/Ëx¿ k}bf x'Fb}gg\ .
logLx¿af6 p7\g] ;a} k|sf/sf t/ª\u dª\unsf/L x'G5g\ . To;}n] cgf;Qm JolQmsf] sd{nf]s dª\un
cyf{t\ sNof0fsf/L x'G5 . xfdL rf}la;} 306f xfdLn] ef]u]sf 36gfx¿ ljs]lG›t u5f}{+≤ k|To]s JolQm
x/kn kf]v/Ldf kTy/ ˆofFs]h:t} t/Ë p7fO/xG5 / To;nfO{ ˆofFls/xG5 . xfdLx¿n] p7fPsf] t/Ë
xfdLeGbf cgGt k/ /x]sf tf/fx¿;Dd klg k'Ub5 . j}1flgsx¿ eG5g\ %) xhf/ u|xx¿df hLjg
5 / pgLx¿n] rf/ ca{ tf/fx¿sf af/]df kQf nufPsf 5g\ . k|To]s JolQmaf6 p7]sf] t/Ë JolQm
;dfKt eP klg a|Xdf08df cgGt ¿kdf rln g} /xG5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– cgf;Qm JolQmleq h'g
u'0f ljsl;t x'G5, To;af6 cGhfgdf p;af6 p7]sf] t/Ën] dg'iox¿sf] nf]ssNof0f ub{5 . To;}n]
x] ch{'g Û ltdL nf]sdª\unsf nflu klg cgf;Qm xf]pm . cfˆgf nflu t of] cfgGbbfoL 5Fb} 5,
c¿sf nflu klg cfgGbbfoL x'G5 .

nf]suLtf– 97
cWofo–#
hgs cflb dxfg\ k'?ifx¿n] ;a} hfg]/ klg hLjgaf6 efUg] s'g} r]i6f u/]gg\ . ltdL klg
gefu . efu]/ slxn] klg sf]xL sxL+ st} k'Ug ;Sb}g . efUgfn] slxn] klg sf]xL ¿kfGtl/t klg
x'Fb}g . hfGg] JolQmx¿ efUb}gg\ s]jn ¿kfGtl/t x'G5g\ . lj/lQm cf;lQmaf6 efUg' xf] / hf] JolQm
cf;lQmdf afFRb5 p;sf] dgdf ;bf lj/lQmsf] efj cfO{ g} /xG5 lsgeg] hLjg w|'jLo (Polar) 5 .
oxfF k|To]s lrhsf] bf];|f] „'j 5 . lah'nLsf] Negative-Positive Pole h:t} cFWof/f]–pHofnf], hGd–
d[To', ;'v–b'v HfLjgsf b'O{ „'j 5g\ . hf] JolQm cf;lQmdf afFRb5 p;nfO{ ;os8f}+ k6s lj/lQmsf]
efj cfO/xG5 . slxn]sfxLF s'g} If0fdf ;a} a]sf/ 5≤ t;y{ oL ;a}nfO{ 5f]l8lbG5' h:tf] nfU5 t/
s]xL If0fdf Tof] efj ;dfKt eP/ k'gM ;a} ;fy{s nfUg yfN5 . cgf;Qm JolQmsf] hLjgdf dfq
o:tf] efj pTkGg x'Fb}g . pm l:y/ x'G5 lsgeg] p;df lj/lQm / cf;lQm b''j} x''Fb}g Pjd\ p;df s'g}
ljk/Lttf g} x''Fb}g . To;}n] cgf;Qm JolQm b]jTjdf cyf{t\ a|Xddf k|j]z u5{ . cgf;Qm efj sd{df
;fIfL aGg' xf] .
oBbfr/lt >]i7:tQb]j]t/f] hgM .
; oTk|df0f+ s'?t] nf]s:tbg'jt{t] ..@!..
>]i7 k'?ifx¿n] h:tf] h:tf] Jofjxfl/s cfr/0f ub{5g\ cGo ;fdfGo dflg;x¿n] To;sf]
cg';/0f ub{5g\ . dxfk'?ifx¿n] pbfx/0fLo sfo{ u/]/ h:tf] cfbz{ :yflkt ub{5g\, cGon] To;sf]
cg';/0f ub{5g\ ..
dg'iosf] lrQsf] Pp6f nIf0f gSsn ug{' xf] . (( k|ltzt JolQmx¿ k|fdfl0fs jf
cflwsfl/s x'Fb}gg\ . pgLx¿ s]jn gSsn dfq u5{g\ . ;fgf] afnsn] ;a} s'/fx¿ gSsn u/]/
l;s]h:t} clws JolQmx¿ afNofj:yfb]lv g} gSsn ug{ yfN5g\ . pgLx¿ pd]/ eP/ klg gSsn
u/]/ g} afFRb5g\ . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGb} x'g'x'G5– ltdL TfL k'?ifx¿dWo] >]i7 5f}, h;df cg]sf}+
JolQmx¿ ltdLnfO{ x]/]/ hLjg afFRg rfxG5g\ . ltdLn] h] ug]{ 5f}, pgLx¿ klg ToxL ug]{ 5g\ / olb
ltdL hLjgaf6 efUof} eg] pgLx¿ klg ltdL h:t} efUg] 5g\ . a'4n] ha ;GGof; lng'eof], ta
xhf/f“}+ JolQmx¿ klg ;GGof;L ag] . a'¢sf] ;GGof; t k|fdfl0fs lyof] t/ pxfFsf] gSsn ug]{
JolQmx¿ a'4sf] x}l;otsf lyPgg\ . dxfjL/sf nflu ;GGof; lgolt lyof], t/ pxfFsf
cg'ofoLx¿sf] Tof] x}l;ot lyPg .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– tL xhf/f“}+ JolQmx¿ ltdLnfO{ x]/]/ afFRb5g\ . x] ch{'g Û ltdL o; ;dodf
nfvf}F JolQmx¿sf cfbz{ k'?if xf} . ltdLnfO{ k5\ofpg] JolQmx¿ cTolws 5g\≤ To;}n] olb ltdL
hLjgaf6 efUof} eg] tL nfvf}+ JolQmx¿ klg ltdLnfO{ k5\ofpFb} efUg] 5g\ . ltdL lj/Qm eP/
knfog eof} eg] pgLx¿ klg knfog x'g] 5g\ . To;}n] ltdL cgf;Qm xf]pm tfls ltd|f
cg'ofoLx¿sf Åbodf klg km"n km'Ng ;sf];\ . ltdLnfO{ x]/]/ sltko JolQmx¿n] cfˆgf] uGtJo
agfpF5g\ . ltdL cgf;Qm eof} eg] pgLx¿sf] hLjg klg dª\undo x'g] 5 .
g d] kfyf{l:t st{Jo+ lqif' nf]s]if' ls~rg .
gfgjfKtdjfKtJo+ jt{ Pj r sd{l0f ..@@..
x] ch{'g Û d]/f nflu tLg} nf]sdf ug}{kg]{ s'g} st{Jo 5}g . d]/f nflu g s'g} k|fKt ug{ of]Uo
j:t' 5g\, g t OR5f u/]/ gkfOPsf s'/fx¿ 5g\ t/ klg d lg/Gt/ sd{df g} nflu/xG5' ..
olb Xox+ g jt]{o+ hft' sd{0otlGb|tM .
dd jTdf{g'jt{Gt] dg'iofM kfy{ ;j{zM ..@#..

nf]suLtf– 98
 cWofo–#
x] kfy{ Û olb d}n] lgwf{l/t sd{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s ;DkGg ul/gF eg] 7'nf] xflg x''g] 5 lsgeg]
;Dk"0f{ dflg;x¿ d]/f] dfu{sf] cg';/0f ub{5g\ ..
pT;Lb]o'l/d] nf]sf g s'of{+ sd{ r]bxd\ .
;Í/:o r stf{ :ofd'kxGoflddfM k|hfM ..@$..
olb d}n] lgwf{l/t cfˆgf st{Josd{ ul/gF eg] ;f/f dflg;x¿ gi6e|i6 x'g] 5g\ . o; l:yltdf
d cjfl~5t ;Gtfg -j0f{zª\s/_ sf] ;|i6f aGg] 5' clg oL ;a} k|f0fLsf] ljgfzsf] sf/0f aGg] 5' ..
>Ls[i0f oxfF k/dfTdfsf] ¿kdf oL s'/f eGb} x'g'x'G5– dnfO{ ca s]xL klg kfpg' 5}g
lsgeg] d}n] ;a} kfO;s]sf] 5' / ca s'g} klg sd{ d]/f nflu afFsL 5}g lsgeg] d}n] ;a} sd{
ul/;s]sf] 5' / hf] kfpg' lyof] Tof] kfO;s]sf] 5' / h] ug{' lyof] Tof] klg ul/;s]sf] 5' . To;}n] ca
d]/f nflu s'g} st{Jo sd{ af“sL 5}g . k/dfTdfn] dfq o:tf] eGg ;S5g\ . /fd o;/L ;fx;k"j{s
eGg'x'Gg, To;}n] lxGb'x¿n] /fdnfO{ k"0f{ cjtf/ dfg]sf 5}gg\ . >Ls[i0f h:tf] lg/xª\sf/LnfO{ dfq
oqf] ;fx; pknAw 5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– dnfO{ sd{ ug'{ s'g} cfjZostf 5}g tyflk …dÚ sd{
ul//x]sf] 5' . d ;a} sd{ 5f]8\g klg ;S5' t/ d}n] o;f] u/]+ eg] nfvf}+ JolQmx¿ h;nfO{ cem w]/}
kfpg afFsL 5 pgLx¿ klg sd{ ug{ 5f]l8lbG5g\ . k/dfTdfsf] ;fIffTsf/ ug{ gkfPsf JolQmx¿n]
ug{'kg]{ w]/} s'/fx¿ afFsL 5g\ lsgeg] pgLx¿n] s'g} d"Nojfg\ j:t' kfPs} 5}gg\ . To;}n] >Ls[i0f
h:tf] k"0f{ JolQmn] sd{ ug{ 5f]8\g] xf] eg] xfdL h:tf] JolQm g 3/sf] g 3f6sf] x'G5f}+“ . xfdLn]
kfpgof]Uo kfPsf 5}gf}+ / hfGg of]Uo klg hfg]sf 5}gf}+“ . ToxL hfGg / kfpgof]Uo 5, hf] kfPkl5 jf
hfg]kl5 s]xL kfpg / hfGg z]if /xFb}g . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– g d]/f] s'g} eljio 5 g t cfsfª\Iff g}
5 tyflk d sd{ ub}{ 5' . JolQmx¿ hf] csf/0f /f]lsPsf 5g\ ltgLx¿nfO{ s]xL kfpg] / hfGg]
lbzfdf cufl8 a9fpg >Ls[i0f h:tf] JolQmn] s?0ffk"j{s rNg'kl//x]sf] 5 .
>Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– olb ltdL /f]lsof} eg] ltd|f nflu klg lxts/ x'g] 5}g lsgeg]
ltdLn] klg Tof] Hof]ltwf{d k|fKt u/]sf 5}gf} . To;}n] ltdLn] clxn] >d / ;fwgf ug{'kg]{ 5 . olb
/f]lsof} eg] ltdLnfO{ cfˆgf] cfb{z dfg]/ lxF8\g] nfvf“}+ JolQmx¿ klg /f]lsG5g\, hf] pgLx¿sf nflu
klg vt/gfs x'G5 . s[i0fsf] ;f/f ;lqmotf / s?0ff Hof]ltwf{d k'Ug afFsL JolQmx¿k|lt xf] . pxfFsf]
of] k|of; xfdL ;a}df ult cfcf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] xf] . >Ls[i0f k"0ff{jtf/ x'g'x'G5 . cjtf/ k'?if xfdL
Tof] JolQmnfO{ eG5f}+ h;nfO{ kfpg' s]xL klg 5}g, tyflk kfpg] JolQmx¿sf] lardf pkl:yt 5 .
cjtf/ xfdL To; JolQmnfO{ eG5f}+ h;nfO{ hfGg' s]xL z]if 5}g, tyflk hfGg] JolQmx¿sf]
kf7zfnfdf ;Fu} /xG5 . cjtf/ xfdL lhGbuLsf] 3gfkgdf plePsf] Tof] JolQmnfO{ eG5f}+, h;nfO{
ca lng' s]xL klg 5}g . cjtf/sf] cy{ Tof] JolQm h;n] k|fKt ug]{ s]xL s'/f z]if 5}g t/ klg
af6fdf k|tLIff/t 5 eGg] xf] .
a'4sf] hLjgsf af/]df Pp6f egfO 5≤ a'4sf] dxfkl/lgjf{0f ePkl5 pxfF df]Ifsf] åf/df
pleg' ePsf] 5 / åf/kfnn] pxfFnfO{ efjk"j{s :jfut u/]/ leq k|j]z ug{ laGtL u5{ . t/ a'4 leq
k|j]z ug{'x'Gg . åf/kfn ;ljgo cg'/f]w ub}{ eG5– nfdf] ;dob]lv xfdL xh'/sf] k|tLIffdf 5f}+ .
rfln; jif{ cl3 g} a'4sf] df]Ifsf] ofqf ;dfKt eO;s]sf] lyof] / h] kfpg'kg]{ xf] Tof] pxfFn]
kfO;Sg'ePsf] lyof] . df]Ifsf] åf/ rfln; jif{b]lv g} a'4sf nflu v'Nnf lyof] t/ clxn] klg k|j]z
gu/L pxfF åf/df pleg' ePsf] 5 . pxfF eGg'x'G5– ha;Dd Ps hgf JolQm dfq klg d]/f kl5 x'g]
5g\, ltgn] df]If k|fKt gu/Lsg d leq k|j]z ulb{gF / d clGtd JolQm x'g rfxG5' . leIf' dxfkfq

nf]suLtf– 99
cWofo–#
eGg'x'G5– a'4 clxn] klg df]Ifsf] åf/df pleP/ k|tLIff ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . o; syfsf] clek|fo
ulx/f] / ;To 5 .
>Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ ;DemfpFb} eGg'x'G5– cfˆgf nflu dfq sd{ ug{' kof{Kt x'Fb}g / oyfy{df
sd{ t ;'? g} ta x'G5, ha of] csf{sf nflu x'G5 . cfˆgf nflu afFRg] JolQm af]emk"j{s afFR5 . ha
JolQm c¿sf nflu klg afFRb5, ta p;df k|e'sf] k|;fbsf] jiff{ x'g yfN5 . hLjgdf c¿sf nflu
afFRbf cfgGb k|fKt x'G5 . cfdf ha ;Gtfgsf nflu afFRbl5g\ ta pgL cfgGbn] el/lG5g\ .
If0fe/sf nflu klg c¿sf nflu afFRbf hLjg cfgGbn] el/G5 . h;n] ;a} kfO;Sof] pm c¿sf
nflu g} afFRb5 lsgeg] cfˆgf nflu afFRg] t s'g} sf/0f g} z]if /xFb}g . To;}n] >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{
eGg'x'G5– ltdL cfˆgf nflu ljrf/ u/ lsgeg] ltd|f] ofqf afFsL 5 / hf] ltdLnfO{ k5\ofO/x]sf 5g\
pgLx¿sf] af/]df ljrf/ u/ lsgeg] pgLx¿sf] t nfdf] ofqf g} afFsL 5 . >Ls[i0f k'gM eGg'x'G5–
d}n] klg lglb{i6 sd{ ul/gF eg] dg'iox¿ gi6 e|i6 x'g] 5g\ . o; :yltdf d cjfl~5t ;Gtfgsf]
;|i6f aGg] 5' / ;a} k|f0fLsf] ljgfzsf] sf/0f aGg] 5' .
;QmfM sd{0oljåf+;f] oyf s'j{lGt ef/t .
s'of{lååf+:tyf;QmlZrsLif{'nf]{s;ª\u|xd\ ..@%..
x] ef/t Û sd{sf] kmndf cf;Qm ePsf c1fgL hgx¿ h;/L sd{ ub{5g\, To;/L g} cgf;Qm
/x]/ ljåfg\hgn] nf]s;ª\u|x ug{] p2]Zon] sd{ ug{'k5{ ..
sd{df cf;Qm, c1fgL hgn] cf;lQmsf sf/0f sd{ ub{5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ wg, kb, k|lti7fsf]
cf;lQmn] g} sd{ u/fpF5 t/ cgf;Qm JolQmsf] s'g} o:tf] pTk|]/0ff (Motivation) x'Fb}g . To;}n]
p;sf] sd{ cf;Qm JolQm h:tf] x'Fb}g . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sd{df cf;Qm JolQm h;/L sd{ ub{5g\
To;/L g} cgf;Qm JolQm klg cf;lQm/lxt eP/ sd{ u?g\ . To;f] ugf{n] sd{ Pp6f clego dfq
x'G5 . Pp6f cleg]tf Pj+ cleg]qLn] h;/L cfˆgf] gf6ssf] kf7 k"0f{tof g} u5{g\, To:t} cgf;Qm
JolQmn] klg sd{ ug{'k5{ t/ of] clego dfq xf] eg]/ hfGg'k5{ / o;f] ugf{n] p;sf] k"0f{tfn]
ul/Psf] clego cf;lQm/lxt x'G5 . >Ls[i0fnfO{ xfdL nLnfwf/L eG5f}+“ . pgsf] ;Dk"0f{ hLjg
nLnfx¿n] el/Psf] 5 . pgnfO{ xfdL k"0f{ cjtf/ dfGb5f}+ t/ /fdsf] hLjgnfO{ xfdL nLnfdo
dfGb}gf}+ . /fdsf] lhGbuLdf v]n x'Fb}g, ToxfF ufDeLo{ Pj+ st{Jon] el/Psf] hLjg 5 . t/ >Ls[i0fsf]
hLjg Pp6f v]ndo 5 tyflk pxfF k"0f{tfn] ;a} s'/f ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] leq kljqtfn]
el/Psf] PsfGtkg 5 . To;}n] /fdsf] hLjg rl/qdo ePsf] 5 / >Ls[i0fsf] hLjgdf nLnf dfq
5 . rl/qdf hLjg ;+o'Qm / nLnfdf hLjg ljo'Qm x'G5 . s[Todf >Ls[i0f sd{eGbf aflx/ x'g'x'G5 .
>Ls[i0fsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ k[YjL g} gf6ssf] d~rl;jfo s]xL klg xf]Og .
>Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– ltdL sd{ t c1fgLx¿n] cf;lQmk"j{s u/]h:t} u/ t/ jf:tjdf
ltdL cgf;Qm xf]pm, cyf{t\ clego u/ . ltdL o'4 ul//x]sf 5f} eGg] g;f]r . ltdL clego
ul//x]sf 5f} eGg] ;f]r . /Ëd~rdf ltdL o'4df ljleGg JolQmnfO{ df5{' eg]/ g;f]r, of] clegodf
ul/g] xTof dfq xf] eGg] ;f]r . c1fgLhg hf] cfkm"nfO{ stf{ 7fG5g\ pgLx¿ cf;lQmdo sd{ u5{g\ .
ltdLn] sd{ c1fgL h:t} u/] klg x'G5 t/ stf{kg dfq Tofu . ltdL aflx/af6 xf]Og, leq}af6 of]
efj hufpm .Æ s[i0fsf] ;f/f hf]8 leqsf] efjnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{' eGg] xf] . leqaf6 stf{kg ablng]
lalQs} JolQm cleg]tf dfq /xG5 . sd{ cf;Qm JolQm h:tf] t/ lrQ cgf;Qm JolQm h:tf] u/ .
o;n] ltd|f] / nf]ssf] klg sNof0f x'G5 . cgf;Qm JolQmsf] hLjg / sd{ s'g} ;t{df afFlwFb}g . Tof]
lg;t{ x'G5 / p;sf nflu ;f/f hut\ g} nLnf x'G5 ;fy} Tof] nf]ssNof0fsf nflu klg x'G5 . ch{'g

nf]suLtf– 100
 cWofo–#
t clxn] cf;Qm g} 5g\, cgf;Qm eO;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;}n] ch{'gnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ >Ls[i0fn] c¿sf]
lxtsf nflu ltdL cgf;Qm eP/ sd{ u/ eGg'ePsf] xf] . Iflqosf] dgdf nf]sdËnsf] efjgf x'G5 .
g a'l4e]b+ hgo]b1fgf+ sd{;lËgfd\ .
hf]ifo]T;j{sdf{l0f ljåfGo'QmM ;dfr/g\ ..@^..
1fgL k'?ifn] ;sfd sd{df cf;Qm ePsf c1fgLx¿sf] a'l4nfO{ e|ldt jf ljrlnt gu/fcf];\≤
k/dfTdf:j¿k 1fgL k'?ifn] zf:qljlxt sd{df cf;lQm /fVg] dg'iox¿nfO{ lglb{i6 ;a} sd{ /fd|/L ug{
/ pgLx¿nfO{ klg cfˆg} af6f]df lxF8\g k|]l/t u/f];\ ..
of] dxŒjk"0f{ ;"qdf >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– 1fgL hgx¿n] c1fgL hgx¿nfO{ sd{k|lt c>4f
pTkGg u/fpg' x'Fb}g . c1fgLx¿sf] hLjgdf s'g} pTkft jf e|d gxf];\ eg]/ 1fgLx¿n] ljrf/
ug{'k5{ . 1fgLx¿sf] hLjg cToGt sf]dn Pj+ gfh's x'G5 . 1fgLsf] cj:yf kfunvfgfdf /x]sf] Tof]
JolQm h:t} x'G5, hf] kfun 5}g t/ kfunx¿sf lar /xg'k/]sf] 5 . 1fgLn] olb cfˆgf] cfr/0f
cfkm"n] hfg]sf] 1fgsf] cfwf/df u¥of] eg] Tof] s}og\ c1fgLx¿nfO{ e8\sfpg] sf/0f aGg ;S5 .
1fgLn] cfˆgf] :t/af6 hfg]sf] s'/f c1fgLnfO{ eGof] eg] c1fgLsf nflu Tof] vt/gfs ;flat x'g
;S5 . >Ls[i0f ;TonfO{ p¢fl6t ubf{ ;To ;f]em} eGg'x'Gg, xfd|f] cj:yf / :t/nfO{ klg ljrf/ u/]/
dfq eGg'x'G5 .
To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– cgf;Qm JolQmn] c1fgLnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ sd{ ug{'k5{ . p;sf]
sd{nfO{ g} ga'‰g] JolQmn] p;nfO{ cg';/0f ubf{ xflg dfq k|fKt u5{ . ltdL o'4af6 efUof} eg]
ltdLnfO{ cg';/0f ug]{ JolQmn] klg ltdL h:t} ug]{ 5g\ . c1fgL JolQmn] x/]s sd{df ;Tosf]
b'?kof]u / c;Tosf] pkof]u u5{ . 1fgLn] o;sf/0f 5f]8\5 ls p;sf nflu ca kqmg' / gkqmg'
a/fa/ eO;s]sf] x'G5 . kfs]sf] kmn j[Ifaf6 em/]h:t} p;af6 sd{ :jtM 5'6\5 t/ sfFrf] kmnn] klg
kfs]sf] kmnsf] cg';/0f ub}{ emg{ vf]Hof] eg] Tof] kmn a]sf/ x'G5 . To;}n] kx]+lnPsf] kQf j[Ifaf6
em¥of] eg] Tof] s'lxFb}g t/ sfFrf] kft em¥of] eg] Tof] ;8\5 . c1fgL JolQmsf] cj:yf sfFrf] sf7nfO{
hnfpFbfsf] l:yltsf] x'G5, w'Fjf dfq a9L lgl:sG5 . hf] JolQm hLjgaf6 hfg]/ 5'6\5 Tof] JolQm
;'s]sf] bfp/f h:tf] x'G5 / OGwg aG5 t/ hf] JolQm ghfg]/ 5'6\g vf]H5, Tof] sfFrf] bfp/f h:tf]
x'G5 . 1fgLsf] hLjg t/jf/sf] wf/df lxF8]h:tf] x'G5 . p;n] cfˆgf] 1fgsf] klg Vofn /fVg'k5{ /
rf/}lt/ ePsf c1fgLx¿sf] klg Vofn /fVg'k5{ . p;n] o:tf] sd{ ug{'k5{ hxfF p;sf s[Ton] s'g}
c1fgLsf] >4fnfO{ rf]6 gk'¥ofcf];\ / hLjgnfO{ clezfk gagfcf];\ . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ltdL o;/L
a; ls ltd|f sf/0f s'g} c1fgL hgsf] >4fnfO{ cf3ft gk'uf];\ / o:tf] k|of; u/ ls ltd|f]
cgf;lQmsf] ;'efifn] pgLx¿sf] hLjg klg ;'eflift x'g ;sf];\ . pgLx¿ klg hLjgdf /xFbf /xFb}
cgf;Qm x'g ;s"g\ . o:ff] u¥of} eg] z'edª\un x'g] 5, cGoyf cdª\un dfq k|fKt x'g] 5 .
k|s[t]M lqmodf0fflg u'0f}M sdf{l0f ;j{zM .
cxÍf/ljd"9fTdf stf{xldlt dGot] ..@&..
cxª\sf/n] df]lxt ePsf] hLjfTdfn] k|s[ltsf u'0fx¿af6 ePsf jf ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ sd{df klg
d g} …stf{ x'FÚ eGg] 7fGb5 ..
;d:t sd{ k|s[ltaf6 pTkGg ePsf] u'0fsf cfwf/df x'G5, t/ cxª\sf/n] jf c1fgn]
el/Psf] k'?if …d stf{ x'FÚ eg]/ dfGb5 . ;Dk"0f{ sd{ k|s[ltaf6 ul/Psf] x'G5 t/ h;nfO{ d ub{5'
eGg] nfUb5 Tof] p;sf] e|d dfq xf] Tof] sd{ klg k|s[ltaf6 g} ul/Psf] x'G5 . xfdLnfO{ s'g} cg'xf/
k|Llts/ nfU5 eg] Tof] nfUg'df xfd|f] 5gf]6 x'G5 t/ Tof] cg'xf/ /fd|f] nfUg'df of] d]/f] cfFvf /

nf]suLtf– 101
cWofo–#
k|s[ltsf] cfFvfdf tfnd]n eP/ /fd|f] nfu]sf] xf], s'g} ef]hg ld7f] nfUg'df k|s[ltsf] /; / ef]hgsf]
/;df tfnd]n x'gfn] :jflbi6 nfu]sf] xf] / To;df d sxfF 5' eg]/ hfGg'k5{ . olb xfdLn] sd{ /
cxª\sf/df ulDe/ ¿kdf 8'a]/ x]¥of}+ eg] cxª\sf/ Pp6f e|flGt dfq xf] . jf:tjdf ;a} s'/f hLjgn]
ul//x]sf] 5 . h] xfdLnfO{ ;'vb nfU5 Tof] klg k|s[ltsf] Pp6f u'0fwd{ xf] / b'v nfUg' klg To:t}
xf] . ;'v / b'v Pp6f tfnd]n xf] t/ d ;'vL of b'vL x'G5' eg]/ ;f]Rg' Pp6f e|flGt dfq xf] . hGd–
d[To', hjfgL–a''9\of}nL Pjd\ xf/–lht klg dleqsf] k|s[lt / aflx/sf] k|s[lt larsf] ;DaGw xf] .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– 1fgL k'?if d stf{ x'F eGg] c1fg, cxª\sf/ / e|ddf kb}{g . p;n] of] ;a}
k|s[ltn] ul//x]sf] 5 eGg] hfGb5 . of] ;a} k|s[ltn] ul//x]sf] 5 eGg] hfGgf;fy ;a} ;'v–b'v ;dfKt
x'G5g\ . of] ;a} k|s[ltsf] u'0fwd{sf] lj:tf/ xf] / xfdL o;df p7]sf] Ps nx/ jf c+z dfq xf}+ eGg]
p;nfO{ yfxf x'G5 . of] a'‰g] lalQs} hLjgdf cf;lQm–lj/lQm ;dfKt x'G5 / dg'ionfO{ 1fg k|fKt
x'G5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– ltdL cfkm" nl8/x]sf] 5' eGg] g;f]r . of] t k|s[lt nl8/x]sf] 5 .
sf}/jx¿sf] cfˆgf] k|s[lt / u'0fwd{ 5 eg] kf08jx¿sf] cfˆgf] k|s[lt / u'0fwd{ 5 . oL b'j}sf lar
tfnd]n 5}g, To;}n] ;ª\3if{ eO/x]sf] 5 . >Ls[i0fsf] lx;fan] t of] wd{ / cwd{sf] n8fOF xf] /
k|s[ltsf b'O{ cnu wf/x¿ larsf] ;ª\3if{ xf] . o;df ch{'gsf] s'g} klg e"ldsf 5}g, s]jn e|flGt
dfq 5 . ch{'g d lhT5', d xf5{', d df5{' eGg] e|ddf 5g\ . of] ;a} t ;d'›sf] nx/df b]lvg] lkFmh
h:tf] dfq xf] . lkFmhnfO{ nfUg ;S5 d t nx/ / ;d'›dfly 5' t/ ;d'›sf] nx/sf] ;ª\3if{af6
pTkGg ePsf] lkFmh csf]{ nx/af6 x6]/ hfG5 . ch{'g / b'of]{wg b'j} ToxL lkFmhh:t} nx/ x'g\ . ;a}
s'/f k|s[ltn] lgwf{/0f ul5{g\ . ha s'g} JolQm cxª\sf/af6 d'Qm x'G5, ta p;sf lglDt ;'v–b'vsf]
s'g} cy{ klg z]if /xFb}g .
1fgL sd{ u/]/ klg stf{ aGb}g . 1fgL aflx/af6 x]bf{ ;a} s'/f u/] h:tf] x'G5 t/ leqaf6
z"Go x'G5 . 1fgLdf k|s[ltsf] u'0fwd{ aflx/ dfq x'G5 leq t klxnf] hGddf h:tf] lyof] To:t}
/xG5 . hjfg a'9f] x'G5, t/ leq pm ToxL /xG5 . 1fgL leq c:klz{t /xG5 t/ xfdL cxª\sf/sf]
sf/0fn] :klz{t x'G5f}+ . >Ls[i0f olt dfq eGg'x'G5– 1fgL sd{ u/]/ klg stf{ aGb}g / hf] stf{
aGb}g, p;n] hLjgsf] k/d ;TonfO{ hfGb5 .
tŒjljQ' dxfafxf] u'0fsd{ljefuof]M .
u'0ff u'0f]if' jt{Gt Olt dTjf g ;Hht] ..@*..
x] dxfafx' Û u'0f ljefu / sd{ ljefunfO{ hfGg]jfnf 1fgof]uLx¿n] ;Dk"0f{ u'0f u'0fdf g}
lqmofzLn 5g\ eGGf] ;DemG5g\ / pgLx¿df cf;lQm x'bF }g ..
hLjgnfO{ b'O{ k|sf/n] x]g{ ;lsG5 . Pp6f b[li6sf]0f hLjgnfO{ d s]Gb| x'F eg]/ dfGg' / bf];|f]
;f/f hLjg kl/lw xf] eg]/ 7fGg' xf] . klxnf] b[li6sf]0f cfkm"nfO{ hLjg¿kL 3'Dg] rqmsf] s]G› dfGg'
xf] h'g c1fg¿kL dgf]bzf xf] . c1fgL cfkm"nfO{ s]G› dfg]/ ;a} s'/f cfkm"af6 g} ePsf] 7fGb5 . g
pm k|s[ltsf] u'0fsf af/]df / g k/dfTdfsf] ;du|tfsf af/]df s]xL hfGb5 . pm s]jn cfkm"nfO{ stf{
dfq 7fGb5 . t;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] dxfafx' Û u'0f ljefu / sd{ ljefunfO{ hfGg]jfnf 1fgof]uL
;Dk"0f{ u'0f u'0fdf g} lqmofzLn 5g\ eGg] ;Dem]/ pgLx¿df cf;lQm x'Fb}g . cfheGbf #)) jif{
cl3sf] ;do;Dd dflg;x¿ k[YjL g} s]G› xf] / ;f/f ;"o{, rG›df nufotsf u|x k[YjLnfO{ kl/qmdf
u5{g\ egL ;f]Rby] . kf]NofG8sf lgsf]n; sf]klg{s; (Nicolaus Copernicus) n] k[YjLn] g} ;"o{sf]
kl/qmdf u5{, ;"o{n] k[YjLsf] xf]Og eGg] /x:o klxnf] k6s p4fl6t u/] . of] hfgsf/Ln] dg'iosf]

nf]suLtf– 102
 cWofo–#
cxª\sf/df rf]6 k'Uof] . c1fgLn] hut\sf] s]G› cfkm"nfO{ 7fGb5 / p;n] ;f/f hut\ p;}sf] kl/lwdf
3'Db5 eGg] ;f]Rb5 .
s]G› hxfF eP klg cfk""m kl/lwdf x'g kfpg' klg k/dfTdfsf] s[kfn] ;Dej ePsf] xf] eGg]
1fgL 7fGb5 . 1fgL eGb5– s]G› d xf]Og, s]G› t s]jn k/dfTdf dfq x'g'x'G5 . d t kl/lwdf
p7]sf] Pp6f nx/ dfq x'F . ha s;}n] p7fpF5, ta p7\5' / ha s;}n] lu/fpF5 ta lu5'{ . ha
s;}n] u/fpF5 jf /f]S5 ta 1fgL To;} cg';f/ g} u5{ . xfdLnfO{ hGd / d[To'sf] klg 1fg 5}g .
xfdLnfO{ Zjf; lsg leq hfG5, Tof] klg yfxf 5}g . jf:tjdf xfdL hut\df lsg 5f}+ eGg] klg yfxf
5}g . To;}n] 1fgL eG5– of] t lj/f6\sf] sd{ xf] / cfkm" To;sf] nx/sf] Pp6f 5]peGbf a9L xf]Og .
sd{ k/dfTdfsf] xf] / xf/–lht, ;'v–b'v cflb h] klg kmlnt x'G5g\ oL ;a} k|s[ltsf u'0f–bf]ifsf
kl/0ffd x'g\ . o:tf] hfGg] JolQmsf] hLjgdf cgf;lQm pTkGg x'G5 / p;n] hLjgdf 36\g] ;Dk"0f{
36gfx¿ qmf]w, 3[0ff, k|]d cflb k|s[ltsf] u'0fbf]ifaf6 pTkGg x'G5g\ eg]/ hfGb5 .
a'4sf] d[To' x'g] lbg pxfFnfO{ Pp6f cToGt ul/a JolQmn] ef]hgsf nflu af]nfP . pgn]
sf7df pld|Psf] hª\unL Rofpsf] t/sf/L / eft a'4nfO{ kl:sP . Tof] Rofp ljiffn' lyof] / a'4n]
vfg]lalQs} yfxf kfpg'eof] t/ tL ul/a JolQm a8f] k|]dn] a'4nfO{ kª\vf xlDs/x]sf lyP . a'4sf]
z/L/df ljif km}lnP/ pxfFnfO{ a]xf]; agfof] . Tof] ul/a JolQmn] Tof] Rofp laiffn' ePsf] yfxf
kfPkl5 a'4nfO{ xft hf]8]/ tkfO{+n] lsg o:tf] ljiffn' Rofp vfg'ePsf] egL ;f]w] . k|To'Q/df a'4n]
eGg'eof] d}n] Tof] Rofpsf] ljiffn'kg hfg]+, z/L/df ljif km}ln/x]sf] klg b]v]+,“ ;fy} d]/f] d[To'nfO{ klg
;lGgs6 cfO/x]sf] b]v]+ t/ d}n] ltd|f] cfFvfdf Tof] kljq >4f / cfgGbkg klg b]v+]“ . ltd|f] v';L /
cfgGb hf] d}n] b]v]F To;sf cufl8 lglZrt ¿kdf cfpg] d[To'sf nflu afws aGg d}n] pko'Qm
7flggF . ljif / z/L/n] cfˆgf] u'0fwd{ adf]lhd sfd u/] klg To;n] dnfO{ dfg{ ;Sb}g lsgeg] d t
s]jn x]g]{jfnf ;fIfL dfq x'F .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] JolQm cfˆgf] u'0fwd{ / k|s[ltsf] u'0fwd{sf] af/]df hfGb5 p;nfO{
b'vn] b'vL agfpFb}g ;'vn] ;'vL klg agfpFb}g . o:tf] JolQmsf nflu ;kmntf–c;kmntf, oz–
ckoz a/fa/ x'G5g\ . hLjg / d[To'df klg o:tf] JolQmnfO{ leGgtfsf] cg'e"lt x'Fb}g . o:tf]
lrQbzfdf g} k/dfTdfsf] cjt/0f x'G5 / JolQm d'Qm x'G5, cyf{t\ cgf;Qm x'G5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f
ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– ltdL gefu . k/dfTdfnfO{ e/f];f u/ / h] eO/x]sf] 5 Tof] x'g b]pm . ltdL
lardf cfpg gvf]h / eO/x]sf] 36gfnfO{ cgf;Qm eP/ x]/ . olb ltdL cgf;Qm x'g ;Sof} eg]
o'4 klg zflGt x'g] 5 / olb ltdL cgf;Qm x'g ;s]gf} eg] zflGt klg o'4 x'g]5 .
k|s[t]u{'0f;Dd"9fM ;HhGt] u'0fsd{;' .
tfgs[T:gljbf] dGbfGs[T:gljGg ljrfno]t\ ..@(..
k|s[ltsf u'0fx¿af6 df]lxt ePsf k'?ifx¿ ef}lts lqmofsnfkdf jf b]x / OlG›on] ug]{ sd{df
g} cf;Qm x'G5g\ . tL cNk1fgL cfTd\;fIffTsf/sf] s'/f ga'‰g] c1fgLnfO{ k""0f{tof hfGg] 1fgL
k'?ifx¿n] ljrlnt gu/fpmg\ ..
o;sf] cy{ ef}ltstfdf /d]sfx¿nfO{ cfWoflTdstfdf nfu]sf JolQmn] pQ]lht jf lbUe|ldt
t'Nofpg'x'Gg . >Ls[i0f pko{'Qm Znf]sdf eGg'x'G5– k|s[ltsf] u'0faf6 df]lxt ePsf k'?if ;Ddf]lxt
x'G5g\ . h:f/L l;+xsf cufl8 s'g} l;sf/ pkl:yt eof] eg] Tof] efUg ;Sb}g, ;Ddf]lxt x'G5 .
cfsfzdf pl8/x]sf] kIfL clhË/sf] d'vdf cfkm}“ lvlrP/ cfpF5 . h;/L kf;f]df k/]sf] kz' aGwgdf
a:g afWo x'G5, To;/L g} k|To]s dg'io k|s[ltsf] u'0fcg';f/ df]lxt eP/ sd{ ug{ afWo x'G5 . :qL

nf]suLtf– 103
cWofo–#
/ k'?if Pscsf{nfO{ ;'Gb/ nfUg' klg k|s[ltsf] df]x xf] / of] xfd|f] cr]tgdf hGd]b]lv knfPsf]
jf;gfsf] lap xf] . aRrfsf] ;a}eGbf klxnf] kl/ro cfdfsf] :tg;Fu x'G5 . k|s[ltsf] u'0fdf df]lxt
x'g' ;a}eGbf 7'nf] b'vsf] sf/0f xf] . dg'io j:t'x¿sf] cfsif{0fk|lt ljlIfKt x'G5 . k|s[ltsf] u'0fnfO{
ga'‰gfn] / k|s[lt;Fu ;Ddf]xg x'gfn] dg'io c1fg, df]x, cf;lQm / b'v cflbdf kb{5 . hut\ o:t}
JolQmx¿n] el/Psf] 5 . dg'io j:t'x¿;Fu klg df]lxt eP/ afFRb5g\ . lrQsf] l:yltaf6 hf] hfUb}g
p;n] slxNo} klg wd{sf] ;TonfO{ hfGg ;Sb}g / k|s[ltsf] u'0fdf dfq e8\ls/xG5 .
o'4e"lddf ch'{gsf] ;'ema'em x/fof] / uf08Lj xftaf6 em¥of] lsgeg] pgdf oL d]/f lk|ohg,
cfkmGt eGg] ;f]r cfof] . of] klg kfunkg / ;Ddf]xg xf] . ch{'g h:tf axfb'/ JolQm o'4sf]
d}bfgdf zlQmxLg eP . afNofj:yfaf6 g} h;nfO{ cfˆgf 7fg], cfh pgLx¿;Fu} o'4 ug{'kg]{ cj:yf
cfPsf] sf/0fn] pgsf] ufy lzlyn eP/ zlQmxLg ePsf] xf] . ch{'gnfO{ cfkmGtsf lj?4 xft
p7fpg] lxDdt h'6fpg ufx|f] ePsf] 5 . ch{'g ¿kfGtl/t eP/ clx+;|s klg ePsf 5}gg\ . olb
o'4df oL cfkmGtx¿ gePsf eP logLx¿nfO{ pgL ;d"n gi6 ug{ ;Sy] . k|s[ltsf u'0fx¿df
dg'iox¿ df]lxt eP/ afFRb5g\ / ToxL df]xn] pgLx¿nfO{ cGwsf/df ws]ln/xG5 . 1fgL k'?ifx¿
of] ;Ddf]xgaf6 d'Qm x'G5g\ . 1fgL k'?ifsf] cy{ ;Ddf]xgd'Qm JolQm xf] . ;Ddf]lxt JolQm ;kgf,
cfsfª\Iff of rfxgfsf] ;+;f/df e6\lsG5 eg] 1fgL k'?if ;Ddf]xgaf6 d'Qm x'G5g\ .
>Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– o'4df ePsf nfvf“}+ JolQmx¿ s;}nfO{ klg o'4 Joy{ 5 eGg]
hfgsf/L 5}g . To;}n] olb ltdL oxfFaf6 efUof} eg] 8/kf]ssf] ¿kdf bl/g] 5f} . ltdLnfO{ o'4 Joy{
5 eGg] nfu]df klg o'4 /f]lsFb}g . h'g wd{ / ;Tosf nflu ltdL nl8/x]sf lyof}, To;sf] k/fho
eg] cjZo x'g ;S5 . of] rf/}lt/ ePsf nfvf}+ JolQmx¿ o'4;Fu ;Ddf]lxt eP/ o'4 ug{ tTk/ 5g\
/ logLx¿nfO{ s]xL klg yfxf 5}g . oL k|s[ltaf6 ;Ddf]lxt c1fgLx¿sf lar ltdL o:tf] Jojxf/
gu/ h;af6 logLx¿sf] hLjg c:tJo:t agf];\ . ltdL PSn} efu]/ klg o'4nfO{ /f]Sg ;Sb}gf} . olb
ltdLnfO{ xf]; cfPsf] 5 eg] ltdL olt dfq hfg ls lhGbuLdf ;'v–b'v, lht–xf/ ;a} ;dfg 5g\ /
TfL k/dfTdfsf] xftdf 5g\ . k/dfTdf dfq stf{ xf] ltdL stf{ xf]Ogf} . To;}n] ltdL ljgf stf{ eP/
o'4df pq .
dlo ;jf{l0f sdf{l0f ;GGo:ofWofTdr]t;f .
lg/fzLlg{d{df] e"Tjf o'Wo:j ljutHj/M ..#)..
cfTd1fgn] o'Qm ePsf] r]tgfn] ;Dk"0f{ st{Jo sd{ d s[i0fdf ck{0f u/]/ cfzf/lxt,
ddtf/lxt / d]/f] eGg] efjgf/lxt Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{ ;Gtfk/lxt eP/ o'4 u/ ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ltdL cfzf / ddtf/lxt eP/ ;Gtfk gu/L ddf ;dk{0f u/]/ sd{ u/ .
>Ls[i0fn] oxfF æddf ;dk{0f u/Æ eGg'sf] cy{ ;dli6df ;dk{0f u/ eGg'ePsf] xf] . >Ls[i0f h:tf]
cxª\sf/z"Go JolQm g} k/dfTdf xf] . To;}n] >Ls[i0f ha ;a} …dÚ s[i0fdf ;dk{0f u/ eGg'x'G5, ta
sd{sf] kmn, kl/0ffd ;a} ;dlk{t u/]/ ltdL o'4df pq eGg''ePsf] xf] . ;dk{0f h:tf] sl7g s'/f c¿
s]xL klg x'Fb}g . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– Hj/u|:t lrQn] ;dk{0f ug{ ;Sb}g≤ t;y{ Hj/ljxLg /
;Gtfk/lxt eP/ ltdL ;dlk{t xf]pm . hLjgdf Hj/, pTkft ePg eg] dfq ;dk{0f x'g ;S5 .
Hj/u|:t lrQ cxª\sf/sf] ef]hg xf] / hlt hLjgdf qmf]w, nf]e / sfd x'G5 Tolt g} JolQmdf
cxª\sf/ x'G5 / cxª\sf/n] ;dk{0f ug{ lbFb}g . xfdLn] u/]sf] ;dk{0f ;dk{0f g} xf]Og, lsgeg] ToxfF
ug]{jfnf pkl:yt x'G5 / ToxL ug]{jfnf g} ;dk{0fsf nflu afwf xf] . ha;Dd …dÚ efj 5, ta;Dd

nf]suLtf– 104
 cWofo–#
;dk{0f x'g ;Sb}g / ha …dÚ efj /xFb}g, ta dfq ;dk{0f x'G5 . Hj/x¿sf] hf]8 g} cxª\sf/
ePsfn] o;sf] lj;h{g geO{sg cxª\sf/ ;dfKt x'Fb}g .
cfgGb gbLdf pRr axfjsf] af9L cfPh:tf] cj:yf xf] . s'g} ?vdf cfjZostfeGbf a9L
zlQm geO{ km"n km'Ng ;Sb}g . ha ToxfF pRr axfj x'G5 clg km"n km'N5 . s'g} r/fn] ta;Dd s'g}
uLt ufpFb}g, ha;Dd p;df cfjZostfeGbf a9L zlQm x'Fb}g / zlQm pRrt/ ePsf l:yltdf kIfL
uLt ufpg yfN5, do"/ gfRg yfNb5 . of] ;a} cfgGb k|fKt u/L cfgGb alu/x]sf] cj:yf xf] . of]
;a} cj:yf xfdL Hj/u|:t ePsfn] yfxf g} kfpFb}gf}+ . of] ;a} cj:yfdf xfd|f] clws zlQm Joo x'G5
h;n] ubf{ cfgGb k|fKt ug{sf nflu xfdLdf zlQm z]if /xFb}g . To;}n] xfd|f] hLjg pbf;Lg ePsf]
5 . xfd|f] afNofj:yfb]lv a'9];sfn;Dd cgfjZos xNnf dfq 5 / cGTodf pknlAw z"Go x'G5 .
o;sf] d"n sf/0f xfd|f] hLjgpmhf{ Hj/af6 alu/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] hLjgsf] ;ª\uLt / km"n km'Ngsf
nflu pmhf{ k|fKt g} x'Fb}g / pgLx¿ o;af6 jl~rt g} /xG5g\ . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û
;Gtfk/lxt eP/ ltdL ddf ;dlk{t xf]pm . ;dlk{t s]jn zlQmzfnL JolQm dfq x'g ;S5, sdhf]/
JolQm ;dlk{t x'g ;Sb}g .
cl:6«ofsf dgf]lrlsT;s cnk|m]8 P8n/ (Alfred Adler) n] o; ztfAbLdf a8f] dxTjk"0f{
dgf]j}1flgs zf]w u/]sf 5g\ / To;sf] lgisif{ s] /x]sf] 5 eg] JolQm hlt xLgtfdf x'G5, Tolt g}
cxª\sf/L x'G5 lsgeg] zlQmzfnL JolQmn] cxª\sf/ ug{' cfjZos x'Fb}g . ;"o{n] pbfpg s'g} va/
ug{'kb}{g . km"n kmqmG5, kIfL uLt ufpF5, ;fu/df nx/ rN5, xfjf jxG5, ToxfF s'g} cxª\sf/ x'Fb}g .
xfd|f] cxª\sf/n] xfdLleqsf] sdhf]/LnfO{ n'sfpF5 . wg, kb / k|lti7faf6 cxª\sf/ hgfpg vf]H5 .
xfdL cfkm" s]xL x'Fbfsf] t s'/f 5f]8f}+ s]xL gx'Fbf klg cfkm" s]xL xf}+ eGg] ldYof cxª\sf/ k|bz{g ug{
vf]H5fF} . dxfjL/ gfËf] lxF8\bf / a'4 leIffsf] kfq lnP/ lxF8\bf klg pxfFx¿sf af/]df s]xL atfpg
cfjZos kb{}g, :jtM pxfFx¿sf] cl:tTjsf] af]w x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– ltdL cfzf/lxt ddtf/lxt / d]/f] eGg] efj/lxt eP/ k"0f{
¿kdf …dÚ df ;dlk{t xf]pm / ltd|f cfsfª\Iff, ddtf, cfzf / ck]Iffx¿ ;a} dnfO{ 5f]8 . c¿sf]
ef/ lngnfO{ JolQm k"0f{tof ;Ifd x'g'k5{ . /f]u lngsf nflu /f]ud'Qm / s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;xf/f
cfjZos gePsf] x'g'k5{ . ;a} dnfO{ 5f]8 eg]/ t k/dfTdf >Ls[i0fn] dfq eGg ;Sg'x'G5 .
ch{'gleqsf ;Dk"0f{ /f]usf] pQ/ uLtf xf] . cg]s dfu{af6 ch{'gn] ToxL /f]usf] s'/f ;f]w] klg pgL
pQ/ jf dfu{ vf]lh/x]sf 5}gg\ cGoyf o;eGbf pko'Qm dfu{ s] x'g ;S5 . hxfF >Ls[i0f o'4sf]
lht–xf/ / kl/0ffd cflb ;a} ddf 5f]8 d x]g]{ 5', ltdL s]jn stf{efj dfq 5f]8]/ o'4df pq
eGg'x'G5 t/ ch{'g 5f8\g] lxDdt h'6fpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ltdL ;f/f cfsfª\Iff / ddtf dnfO{ 5f]l8b]pm . d ltd|f] af]em lng tof/
5' . d ;a} ug]{ 5', ltdL s]jn axfgf dfq ag . ch{'g s]jn cfˆgf JolQmx¿;Fu n8\g grfx]/
efUgsf nflu ;a} ts{ h'6fpg vf]H5g\ . ch{'gdf …dÚ / …d]/f]Ú eGg] efj x6]sf] 5}g . …t]/f]Ú jf …k/fO{Ú
;Fu ePsf] eP pgnfO{ n8\g s'g} ;d:of x'g] lyPg . wd{sf] egfO xfdL dfWod eP/ k/dfTdfnfO{
ug{ lbcf}+“ / cfk""m stf{ geP/ k/dfTdfsf] oGq dfq agf}+ eGg] xf] . sla/n] eGg'ePsf] 5– uLt t
k/dfTdfsf] xf] d]/f] xf]Og≤ d t s]jn afF;'/L cyf{t\ afF;sf] …kf}+u|LÚ dfq x'F≤ oxL g} hfGg] JolQmsf]
nIf0f xf] . uLtf k9\g] eQmnfO{ uLtfsf] jrg eujfg\sf] jf0fL g} nfU5 . t/ sltko ljrf/sx¿nfO{
>Ls[i0f Psflt/ ch{'gnfO{ cxª\sf/ 5f]8 eGg'x'G5, csf{lt/ …dÚ df ;dk{0f u/ eGg'x'G5 eGg] nfUg
;S5 . s[i0fsf] olt ;/ntfo'Qm egfOdf cxª\sf/ x'g} ;Sb}g . cxÍf/n] olt ;xh / l;wf eGb}g /

nf]suLtf– 105
cWofo–#
of] ;bf 5nsk6df afFRb5 . cxª\sf/ rft'o{af6 cfˆgf] t[lKt vf]H5 . cxª\sf/n] h] JoQm ug{
vf]H5, Tof] csf{af6 JoQm u/fpg rfxG5 .
>Ls[i0f cb\e't lg/xÍf/L JolQm x'g'x'G5, pxfF ;/n efjn] eGg'x'G5– ;a} dnfO{ 5f]8≤ o;df
s'g} cxª\sf/sf] efj 5}g . To;}n] s''g} sf/0f g} glbO{ …dÚ dfly ;a} 5f]8 eGg''x'G5 . of] l;wfkg g}
pxfFsf] lg/xª\sf/ ePsf] nIf0f xf] . ha >Ls[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ eGg'eof]– ;a dnfO{ 5f]8, ddf ;dk{0f
u/, To; a]nf >Ls[i0fsf cfFvf, xft, d'xf/ / ;f/f z/L/af6 >Ls[i0fsf] pkl:yltsf] ;'uGwn]
ch{'gnfO{ rf/}lt/af6 3]/]sf] x'g'k5{ . s[i0fsf] pkl:ylt, pxfFsf] k|sfz, k|]d / cfgGbn] ch{'gnfO{
;a}lt/ e/]sf] x'g'k5{ cGoyf ch{'gn] klg s] ;f]Ry] eg] tkfO{+ d]/f ldq, ;f/yL eP/ dnfO{ ;dlk{t
x'g eGg'x'G5 . t/ s[i0fsf] dxfg\ pkl:ylt / pkb]zn] ch{'gnfO{ Tof] ;f]Rg] cj;/ g} lbPg . To;
;dodf s[i0fsf] cfefn] ;a} 3]l/Psf] x'Fbf ToxfF s'g} cxª\sf/sf] /]vf klg lyPg . s[i0f ch{'gnfO{ of]
pkb]z lbFbf Pp6f åf/ aGg'ePsf] 5 . Toltv]/ ch{'gnfO{ lgZro g} s] nfUof] xf]nf eg] of] eGg]jfnf
c¿ sf]xL geP/ :jod\ k/dfTdf x'g'x'G5 .
o] d] dtldb+ lgTodg'lti7lGt dfgjfM .
>4fjGtf]˜g;"oGtf] d'RoGt] t]˜lk sd{leM ..#!..
h'g s'g} dg'io bf]ifb[li6n] /lxt clg >4fn] o'Qm eP/ d]/f oL pkb]zx¿ lgTo st{Jo sd{sf
¿kdf kfngf ub}{ O{iof{/lxt eP/ >4fk"j{s cg';/0f ub{5g\ tL ;a} dflg; ;sfd sd{sf aGwgaf6
;d]t d'Qm x'G5g\ ..
o] Tj]tbEo;"oGtf] gfg'lti7lGt d] dtd\ .
;j{1fgljd"9f+:tflGjl4 gi6fgr]t;M ..#@..
h''g dg''io dnfO{ bf]iff/f]k0f ub}{ d]/f] dt jf pkb]znfO{ O{iof{jz pk]Iff ub{5g\ / kfngf ub}{gg\
tL d""v{x¿, tL ljk/Lt a'l4 ePsf cljj]sLx¿nfO{ ltdL gi6 ePsf] hfg . oyfy{df ltgLx¿sf] ktg
lglZrt 5 ..
;b[z+ r]i6t] :j:ofM k|s[t]1f{gjfglk .
k|s[lt+ oflGt e"tflg lgu|xM ls+ sl/iolt ..##..
;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLx¿ k|s[ltsf u'0f of cf–cfˆgf :jefj cg';f/ sd{ u5{g\ . :jod\ 1fgLhgx¿
klg cfˆg} k|s[ltcg';f/ g} sd{ ub{5g\ . cfˆgf lgwf{l/t st{JonfO{ s;}n] klg kl/Tofu ug{'x'bF }g .
o;df s;}sf] x7n] s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h] d}n] eg]sf] 5', To;nfO{ >4fk"j{s Åbon] cª\uLsf/ u/]/ hf] afFRb5 /
sd{ ub{5, pm ;Dk"0f{ sd{ Pj+ sd{aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'G5 . s}og\ JolQmn] >4fsf] cy{ ljZjf; xf] eGg]
7fg]sf 5g\ t/ Tof] unt xf] . >4fsf] cy{ ;To / ljZjf; oL b'j} xf]Ogg\ . ljZjf; ug]{ JolQmsf]
leq cljZjf; ;bf pkl:yt /xG5 . cljZjf;L lrQnfO{ ljZjf;sf] h?/t kb{5 . leq cljZjf;sf]
;Gb]x 5 eg] To;nfO{ bafpg ljZjf; rflxG5 . leq cljZjf;z"Go ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq >4f
kmlnt x'G5 . >4fsf] cy{ cljZjf; gi6 x'g' xf] cyf{t\ >4f cljZjf;sf] cefj xf] . Pshgf JolQm
cfTdf cd/ 5 eGb5, t/ dg{ 8/fpF5 eg] To;sf k5fl8 cljZjf; /x]sf] x'G5 . jf:tjdf leq dg]{
8/ ePsfn] aflx/ dgnfO{ xfdL cfTdf cd/ 5 eg]/ ;DemfpF5f“} . xfd|f] ;a} ljZjf; o:t} k|sf/sf]
5 . >4fsf] cy{ To:tf] Åbo hxfF lj/f]wdf s'g} :j/ z]if 5}g / h;sf ljk/Lt sf]xL 5}g . >4fsf]
cy{ Åbosf] ;du|tf xf] . cljZjf;L t a? s'g} a]nf >4fdf k'Ug ;S5, ljZjf;L slxNo} klg >4fdf

nf]suLtf– 106
 cWofo–#
k'Ug ;Sb}g . ljZjf; ;bf c¿af6 kfOG5 / >4f :joDf\af6 cfpF5 . >4f hlxn] klg hLjGt x'G5 /
ljZjf;sf] ;bf d[To' x'G5 .
ljZjf;L / cljZjf;L b'j} ts{af6 afFRb5g\ . cfl:tssf] ts{ O{Zj/ 5 eGg] x'G5 /
gfl:tssf] ts{ O{Zj/ 5}g eGg] x'\G5, t/ b'j}sf] e/f];f ts{df x'G5 . j:t'tM >4fdf ts{ x'Fb}g
lsgeg] ts{sf] klg ;Ldf 5 / hLjg ts{sf] ;LdfeGbf w]/} cufl8 pkl:yt 5 . hLjg ts{/lxt
x'G5 / k|]d clg k|fy{gf klg ts{/lxt x'G5 . hLjgsf] ulx/f] /x:o hlxn] klg ctSo{ g} x'G5 . hLjg
hlxn] klg ts{eGbf aflx/ ePsf] cg'ej s;}df eof] eg] >4ftkm{ sbd a9\b5 . hLjgdf hlt hfg]
klg cGtdf s]xL c1fgtf z]if /xG5 . h] xfdL hfGb5f}+ Tof] cToGt 5'› x'G5 / hf] z]if x'G5 Tof]
ljzfn / /x:ok"0f{ x'G5 .
!* cf}F ztfAbLsf j}1flgsdf b'lgofFdf ;a} s'/f hfGg ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]r lyof] . !)) jif{
cl3 klg j}1flgsnfO{ yfxf kfpg g;lsg] s'/f s]xL 5}g eGg] e|d lyof] t/ cfh j}1flgsx¿
eG5g\– xfdLn] h] hfg]sf 5f}+ Tof] t s]xL klg xf]Og . hlt xfdLn] hfGg] sf]l;; u¥of}+“, To;af6
xhf/f}+ u'0ff /x:odo / hfGGf g;lsg] lrh k|s6 ePsfn] ca j}1flgsx¿ xfdL ;a} hfGg] 5f}+“ egL
lxDdtk"j{s eGg ;Sb}gg\ . lj1fgn] ljut ;o jif{df xf/ vfg'k/]sf] 5 . bfz{lgsx¿ klg xhf/f}+
jif{b]lvsf] k|of;af6 sf]xL t 5 hf] ljrf/eGbf aflx/ /xG5 eGg yfn]sf 5g\ . h;nfO{ hLjg Ps
/x:on] el/Psf] cg'ej x'G5, ToxfF >4f k|s6 x'G5 . /x:o >4fsf] åf/ xf] eg] ts{, k|df0f, ul0ft
ljZjf;sf åf/ x'g\ . ha JolQmnfO{ xfdL t s]xL klg hfGb}gf}+“ eGg] nfU5, ta dfq >4f hlGdG5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] >4fk"j{s hLjgsf tYo, /x:onfO{ cª\uLsf/ ub{5, p;df s'g} ;Gb]x /xFb}g .
/x:osf] e"lddf >4fsf] lap cª\s'l/t x'G5 / >4fjfg\ JolQmn] k/dfTdfåf/f elgPsf] dfu{nfO{
canDjg u¥of] eg] pm sd{aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'G5 / hf] dg'io O{iof{jz d]/f] pkb]zsf] pk]Iff ub{5g\
tL ljk/Lt a'l4 dg'ionfO{ ltdL gi6 ePsf] hfg . oyfy{df ltgLx¿sf] ktg lglZrt 5 .
/x:o ;du| x'G5 eg] ljZjf; v08–v08df ljeflht x'G5 . /x:osf] cg'ej ePdf k"/f
cg'ej x'g ;S5 . ;fgf aRrfx¿ hLjgsf k|To]s /x:odf cfglGbt x'g] ePsfn] pgLx¿nfO{
k/dfTdfsf] c+z elgPsf] xf] . k'tnL pl8/x]sf] 5 eg] afns cfglGbt x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ c;Ld
cfgGbdf pl8/x]sf] cg'ej u5{g\ . kTy/sf 6'qmfx¿ xL/f, hjfx/ft ePsf] cfgGb k|fKt u5{g\ . gbL
alu/x]sf] 5, ToxfF pgLx¿ s'a]/sf] vhfgfaf6 /Tgx¿ alu/x]sf] dx;'; u5{g\ . hLjg hf] Pp6f
/x:o xf]≤ To;df aRrfx¿ Ps Ps c+zaf6 cfgGb k|fKt ub}{ rlst x'G5g\ . lh;;nfO{ s;}n]
;f]Wof], ltd|f k|e'sf] /fHo s;n] k|fKt ug{ ;S5 < ta pxfFn] eGg'eof]– hf] k'gM aRrf h:tf] x'g
;S5, To;n] g} k|e'sf] /fHo k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . afnaflnsfx¿ >4fn' x'G5g\ . aRrf ha afa'sf] xft
;dft]/ lxF8\5g\, To; a]nf pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf afa'k|lt 7'nf] e/f];f x'G5 . cfdfsf] sfvdf ;'Tbf
pgLx¿n] cfkm"x¿ ;+;f/sf ;f/f b'vaf6 d'Qm ePsf] wf/0ff /fV5g\, e/f];fdf lglZrGttf x'G5 .
cfdfsf] sfv / afa'sf] xft aRrfsf] lglZrGttfdf eujfg\ h:t} x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] o:t}
>4fk"j{s d]/f] egfO dfg]/ rNb5 pm ;a} sd{af6 d'Qm x'g] 5 . >Ls[i0fn] d]/f] syg eGg' g}F
k/dfTdfsf] syg xf] . lh;;n] klg eGg'ePsf] 5– d dfu{ x'F, d ;To x'F (I am the way, I am the
truth) o;sf] cy{ klg oxL xf] .Æ
>Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ ;dlk{t x''gsf nflu ;DemfpFb} x'g'x'G5– ha JolQmn] cfkm"nfO{ 5f]8]/
k/dfTdf k|fKt ub{5 ta pm k|s[ltsf] u'0fdf k|j]z eP/ sfd ub{5 . 1fgL klg To:t} u/L sd{
ub{5 . c1fgL / 1fgL b'j} d[To'nfO{ k|fKt u5{g≤\ of] z/L/sf] u'0fwd{ xf] . hGd / d[To' hLjgsf b'O6f

nf]suLtf– 107
cWofo–#
lsgf/f x'g\ . c1fgL x7k"j{s k|s[ltsf] u'0f;Fu n8]/ xfb{5 t/ klg nl8/xG5 . 1fgL of] k|s[ltsf]
u'0fwd{ xf] eGg] hfg]/ ;fIfL efjn] afFRb5 . c1fgL gdg]{ k|of; ub{5 / 1fgL d[To' :jfefljs xf]
eGg] hfg]/ d[To'nfO{ cflnª\ug u5{ . To;}n] c1fgL dg]{ kL8f ef]U5 t/ 1fgL s'g} kL8f geO{ db{5 .
k|s[ltsf] u'0fbf]if 1fgL tyf c1fgL b'j}sf] hLjgdf ;dfg ¿kdf 36\b5 . c1fgLnfO{ nfUb5 d
hjfg x'F t/ 1fgLn] hfGb5 of] ofqfsf] Pp6f lj>fd dfq xf] . c1fgL hjfgL 5'6]kl5 b'vL x'G5 t/
1fgLsf nflu of] k|s[ltsf] :jfefljs 36gf h:t} cg'e"lt x'G5 . c1fgL cjZoDefjL 36\g] 36gfsf
nflu klg n8]/ lrlGtt x'G5 / 1fgL To;nfO{ ;xh :jLsf/ ub{5 . k|s[ltsf] u'0f b'j}df Ps} k|sf/n]
sfd ub{5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ x7 ug{' Joy{ 5 egL ;Demfpg'x'G5 .
ch{'g cfˆgf] :jefjsf ljk/Lt cfkmGtnfO{ gdfg]{ x7 ub}{ 5g\ . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h;nfO{
dg{' 5, Tof] lglZrt dg]{ 5 . ltdL Joy{df x7L eP/ lsg d dflb{gF eG5f} . hf] d5{ Tof] s;}n]
/f]s]/ afFRb}g / s;}n] rfx]/ klg db}{g . ltdL Joy{df x7 gu/ . ltdL s]jn Pp6f kfq dfq ag /
hf] k/dfTdfn] ug{ rfxG5, To;nfO{ x'g b]pm . k|s[ltn] h] ub}{ 5 To;nfO{ klg x'g b]pm, ltdL
lardf gcfpm . 1fgL / c1fgLsf lar ;dfg 36gfdf klg b[li6 leGg x'G5 . /f]u nfUbf c1fgL
5ftL lk6]/ ?G5 t/ 1fgLn] o;nfO{ z/L/sf] u'0fwd{ :jLsf/ u/]/ afFRb5 . x7Lkg Pp6f ;d:of xf]
hf] cGttM ;Gtfkdf ablnG5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– of] x7Lkgdf s'g} ;f/ 5}g . x] ch{'g Û h] x'G5
Tof] eP/} 5f]8\5 eGg] s'/f hfg . lh;;nfO{ h'g /ft kqmfp ul/“+b} lyof] Tof] a]nf s;}n] pxfFnfO{
tkfO{+ kqmfp kb}{ x'g'x'G5, tkfO{“ oxfFaf6 efUg'xf];\ eg] . lh;;n] eGg'eof]– h] x'g]jfnf 5, Tof]
eO{sg 5f]8\5 . pxfF gefuL ToxL Gatesman sf] au}+rfdf a:g'eof] . of] 1fgLsf] nIf0f xf] .
;f]qm]l6hnfO{ cbfntn] ljif lbg pbL{ hf/L ub}{ eGof]– ltdL Py]G; 5f]8]/ hfpm, ltdLnfO{
;hfo x'Fb}g / dfkmL kfpg] 5f} . olb Py]G;df /x]/ ;To af]Ng 5f]8\of} eg] klg ltdLnfO{ d'Qm
ul/lbg] 5f}+ . ;f]qm]l6hn] eg]– ;To af]Ng'kg]{ 5 eg] af]lnG5 / ;To gaf]Ng'kg]{ 5 eg] af]lnFb}g t/
o;a]nf d s]xL eGg ;lSbgF . d ef]lnsf nflu s;/L clxn] eGg ;S5' lsgeg] ef]ln t x'G5 ls
x'Fb}g dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . ef]ln h] x'G5 To;sf af/]df d s;/L cfh eGg ;S5'' . pxfFsf ldqx¿n]
h]nsf JolQmx¿nfO{ 3'; v'jfP/ tkfO{+nfO{ lgsfn]/ n}hfFG5f} eg] t/ ;f]qm]l6hn] eg]– d]/f] d[To'
ef]ln x'G5 eg] ltdL dnfO{ d[To'af6 s;/L lgsfNg ;S5f}, To;}n] ltdLx¿ x7 gu/ . d[To' cfpg] 5
eg] efu]/ sf]xL sxLF hfg ;Sb}g . of] u}/ x7wd{sf] Jojxf/ g} 1fgsf] Jojxf/ xf] .
OlGb|o:o]lGb|o:ofy]{ /fuå]iff} Jojl:ytf} .
tof]g{ jzdfuR5]Qf} Xo:o kl/klGygf} ..#$..
OlG›o / OlG›osf ljifoef]udf /fu / å]if l:yt 5g\ . oL /fu / å]ifnfO{ Jojl:yt u/fpg]
s]xL zf:qLo lgodx¿ 5g\ . oL /fu / å]ifsf jzdf dflg; x''g'x'bF }g lsgeg] oL b''j} cfTd\;fIffTsf/sf
dfu{df cj/f]ws x'G5g\ cyf{t\ oL sNof0fsf] dfu{sf dxfg\ zq' x'g\ ..
hLjgsf] ;f/f cg'ej åGåsf] cg'ej xf] / o;sf] ;f/f la:tf/ g} åGå / å}tsf] la:tf/ xf] .
oxfF x/]s s'/fsf] ljk/Lt 5 lsgeg] ;f/f hut\sf] cl:tTj w|'jLo 5 . hLjgsf] ;f/f ejg pN6f]
OF§fdf l6s]sf] 5 . oxfF ;'v–b'v, /fu–j}/fu / k|]d–3[0ffsf] klg pN6f] OF§f 5 . hut\df k|]dsf] OF§faf6
dfq ejg lgdf{0f x'g ;Sb}g, oxfF 3[0ffsf] OF§f klg Tolt g} h?/L x'G5 . oxfF ldq–zq' klg Tolt g}
h?/L x'G5 . oxfF k|To]s pN6f] s'/f h?/L 5 lsgeg] k|To]s pN6f]sf] cfwf/df hLjg plePsf] x'G5 .
;f/f hut\ ljk/Lt cyf{t\ å}tdf lge{/ 5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ ;DemfpFb} eGg'x'G5– OlG›osf ;a}
cg'ej b'lawfu|:t 5g\ . o;sf] ljifoef]udf /fu / å]if l:yt 5g\ . o;nfO{ Jojl:yt u/fpg] s]xL

nf]suLtf– 108
 cWofo–#
zf:qLo lgodx¿ 5g\ . oxfF ;'v cfpg] lalQs} b'v klg åf/df cfpF5 . b'v cfpFbf ;'v klg
k|tLIff/t /xG5 . h;/L kxf8sf] k5fl8 ;dtn x'G5, To:t} k|To]s s'/fsf k5fl8 ljk/Lt x'G5 .
j[Ifsf h/f hldgd'lg x'G5g\ / h/f tn uP eg] dfq j[If dfly clUnG5 .
dgf]j}1flgsx¿ eG5g\– 3[0ff ug{ g;Sg] JolQmn] k|]d ug{ ;Sb}g t/ tyfslyt wfld{s
JolQmx¿ k|]d u/, 3[0ff gu/, ;a}nfO{ ldq dfg, zq' gdfg egL ;DemfpF5g\ . zq' gagfpg] JolQmn]
ldq klg agfpg ;Sb}g . of] hLjgsf] s7f]/ ;To xf] . qmf]w ug{ g;Sg] JolQmn] Ifdf ug{ klg
;Sb}g . hLjg ljk/Lttfdf lge{/ x'G5 . 1fgLn] b'j}nfO{ :jLsf/ u5{ eg] c1fgL Pp6fnfO{ dfq
arfpg vf]H5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ ltdL hGd–d[To', ;'v–b'v, ;kmntf–c;kmntf b'j}nfO{ Ps;fy
:jLsf/ u/ eGg'x'G5 . OlG›ox¿n] /fd|f]–g/fd|f], k|Llts/–ck|Llts/ Pjd\ ;'v–b'v hGdfpF5g\ . 1fgL
b'j} åGåaf6 aflx/ eP/ ;fIfL x'G5 . 1fgLsf nflu ;'v–b'v b'j} p:t} x'G5g\ lsgeg] p;nfO{ oL b'j}
hLjgdf cfpg] / hfg] 5g\ eGg] yfxf x'G5 . To;}n] p;n] Pp6fnfO{ 5f]8\g] / csf]{nfO{ arfpg]
uNtL ub}{g . c1fgLn] oxL tYonfO{ ghfGgfn] a]r}g x'G5 . 1fgLnfO{ klg ;'v–b'v t cfpF5 t/ pm
;'vL of b'vL x'Fb}g . 1fgL d of] ;a}eGbf cnu 5' eg]/ hfGb5 . ddf ;'v–b'v cfof] t/ dnfO{ b'v
jf ;'v ePsf] 5}g, lsgeg] d b'j}eGbf cnu / x]g]{jfnf ;fIfL x'F eg]/ hfGb5 . ;fu/df nx/x¿
p7\5g\ t/ ;fu/ nx/ x'Fb}g . To:t} JolQmsf] hLjgdf klg 36gfx¿ 36\5g\ t/ JolQm Tof] 36gf
x'Fb}g . 1fgL hLjgdf cfpg] 36gfx¿;Fu tfbfTDo :yflkt ub}{g lsgeg] pm cfkm"nfO{ ;fIfL ePsf]
hfGb5 . o:tf] cgf;Qm JolQm /fu–å]ifsf] jzdf x'Fb}g / ;f/f aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'G5 .
>]ofG:jwdf]{ lju'0fM k/wdf{T:jg'li7tft\ .
:jwd]{ lgwg+ >]oM k/wdf]{ eofjxM ..#%..
/fd|f] tl/sfn] cfr/0f u/L NofOPsf] c¿sf nflu tf]lsPsf] k/wd{ eGbf u'0f/lxt eP klg
cfˆgf nflu lgwf{l/t :jwd{ jf sd{>]i7 x'G5 . k/wd{df nfUg'eGbf cfˆg} wd{df /x]/ dg{' a?
sNof0fsf/L x'G5 lsgeg] k/wd{n] 8/ jf qf; lbG5 ..
k|To]s JolQmsf] cfˆgf] lghTj x'G5, hf] p;sf] cfTdf xf] / ToxL lghTjdf afFRg' cfgGb xf] .
Tof] lghTjaf6 el6\sg' b'v xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– :jwd{df dg{' / e'nr'sn] el8\sg' klg >]o:s/
x'G5 . To:t} k/wd{df ;kmn x'g'eGbf :jwd{df c;kmn x'g' >]o:s/ x'G5 . k|To]s JolQmsf] cfˆgf]
:jwd{ x'G5 . afa' of u'?sf] wd{ klg :jwd{ xf]Og . wd{sf] cy{ :jefj xf] . k|To]s JolQmsf] cfˆgf]
cGt:y k|s[lt cljsl;t Pjd\ uf]Ko cj:yfdf /xG5 / ha;Dd lap k"0f{ ¿kdf km'6\b}g, ta;Dd
JolQm a]r}g x'G5 . h;/L km"n km'n]kl5 lapn] cfgGbsf] cg'ej u5{ To:t} :joDf\sf] lghTj :jwd{df
x'g' Tof] km"n kmqm]h:t} cj:yf xf] . k/dfTdfsf] r/0fdf :joDf\sf] lghTjsf] km"n dfq r9fpg
;lsG5 . o;afx]s xfdL;Fu k/dfTdfdf r9fpg nfos c¿ s]xL klg 5}g . ha;Dd xfdLleqsf]
km"n kmqmFb}g, ta;Dd xfdL ;Gtfk, b'v, a]r}gL Pjd\ tgfjdf afFRb5f}+ . To;}n] hf] JolQm k/wd{nfO{
cª\uLsf/ ug{ vf]H5, Tof] JolQm cfˆgf] :jefjeGbf leGg k|s[ltsf] sfo{ ug]{ b'ik|of; u/]/ c;Dej
b'v–si6df dfq kb{5 . u'nfkmsf] km"n sdnsf] km"n x'g vf]h]h:t} a]r}gL / ljkmntf k/wd{nfO{
k5\ofpg vf]Hg] JolQmdf x'G5, To;}n] pm c;kmntfdf kb{5 .
>Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– :jwd{df h] ltd|f] :jefj xf] To;sf] vf]hL u/ . clg ToxL
:jwd{ adf]lhd x'g k|oTg/t xf]pm, ta dfq ltdL ;Gt[lKtsf] ;fu/df k'Ug ;Sg] 5f}+ . ha;Dd
:jwd{¿kL km"n k"0f{¿kdf kmqmFb}g, ta;Dd xfdL k/wd{ cª\uLsf/ u5f}{+, lsgeg] :jwd{af/] xfdLnfO{
yfxf klg x'Fb}g . k/wd{sf] k|nf]eg rf/}lt/ ePsf sf/0fn] klg xfdLnfO{ :jwd{sf af/]df yfxf x'Fb}g .

nf]suLtf– 109
cWofo–#
a'4, dxfjL/sf] glhsaf6 xfdL u'lh|of}F eg] xfdL klg ToxL x'g rfxG5f}+ . qmfO:6nfO{ b]Vof}+ eg] d
s;/L qmfO:6 x'g ;S5' eGg] k|nf]eg k}bf x'G5 . >Ls[i0fnfO{ b]Vof}+ eg] t xfd|f] k|f0f g} gfRg yfN5
/ s;/L s[i0f ag"F eGg] nfUg yfN5 . xfdLnfO{ t d sf] x'g ;S5' eGg] :jod\sf af/]df s'g}
hfgsf/L 5}g t/ cf;kf;df pbLodfg JolQmTjx¿ b]Vbf dgdf e6\sfp x'G5 . o; k[YjLdf Ps
s[i0fsf] l;jfo csf]{ s[i0f x'g} ;Sb}g . nfvf}+“ JolQmx¿n] a'4, qmfO:6 x'g] sf]l;; u/] t/ sf]xL klg
a'4, qmfO:6 x'g ;s]gg\ . k/dfTdfdf ;[hgfsf] zlQm c;Ld ePsfn] oxfF s'g} k'g?lQm x'Fb}g .
k/dfTdf;Fu c;ª\Vo ;[hgzlQm ePsf] x'gfn] pxfF Ps k6s agfPsf] s'/f bf];|f] k6s agfpg'x'Gg .
t/ xfd|f] dg c¿h:t} aGg rfxG5 . k/wd{n] nf]e b]vfpF5 / csf{sf] wd{ hlxn] klg /fd|f] h:tf]
nfU5 . :jwd{sf af/]df s'g} klg hfgsf/L g} x'Fb}g lsgeg] Tof] eljiodf x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– k/wd{ hlt;'s} aflx/af6 /fd|f] jf cfsif{s b]lvP klg Tof] cËLsf/ ug{'
x'Fb}g . :jwd{ hlt;'s} ;fdfGo eP klg k/wd{eGbf w]/} /fd|f] x'G5 . oyfy{df k/wd{ eofjx x'G5 .
c¿h:tf] x'g vf]Hg' unt xf], t/ xfdL t c¿nfO{ cfbz{ dfg]/ pgLh:t} aGg vf]H5f}+ . k/wd{ t
d[To'eGbf klg eofjx / vt/gfs 5 . o;n] t cfˆgf] df}lnstf g} ;dfKt kf5{ . csf]{ JolQmsf]
gSsn u/]/ p:t} x'g rfx]df klg aflx/L cfj/0f dfq ablng ;S5 t/ leqsf] cfTdf t cfˆgf]
df}lns / k[ys\ g} /xG5 . To;}n] k/wd{df hfg vf]Hg' cfTdbfx u/]h:t} x'G5 . csf{sf] wd{;Fu
;fjwfg eP/ cfˆgf] wd{sf] dfu{df rNg'k5{ . :jwd{sf] ofqf ;a}eGbf 7'nf] b':;fx; xf] lsgeg] of]
ofqf klxnf] k6s :jod\n] ug{'k5{ t/ k/wd{sf] ofqf c¿x¿n] ul/;s]sf] x'gfn] Tof] cfsif{s /
;'/lIft h:tf] nfU5 . cfˆgf] vf]hdf el6\sg', lug{' clg p7\g' klg plrt x'G5 t/ c¿sf] wd{df
hlt;'s} cfsif{0f b]lvP klg To;sf] cg'';/0f ug{' unt x'G5 . k/wd{n] :jod\nfO{ uGtJo;Dd klg
k'¥ofpFb}g . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– :jwd{df JolQm el6\sg ;S5 t/ k/wd{df t pm uGtJodf k'Ug}
;Sb}g . x/]s JolQm cfˆgf] df}lns :jefj lnP/ cfPsf] x'G5, h;sf] cfˆg} :j/ Pjd\ afFRg] 9ª\u
x'G5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ hf]8 lbFb} eGg'x'G5– ltdL /fd|f];Fu :jwd{nfO{ hfg . ch{'gn] cfFvf lrlDnP/
lrGtg u/] eg]] :jwd{sf af/]df hfGg ;Sg] 5g\ .
hut\df b'O{ 9'ª\uf t Ps} cfsf/ / Ps} lsl;dsf x'Fb}gg\ eg] b'O{ JolQm Ps h:tf] x'g ;Sg]
k|Zg g} p7\b}g . ltdL cfkm"nfO{ s] x'g ;S5f} eg]/ vf]h / ltdL s] x'g rflx/x]sf 5f} eg]/ klg
ljrf/ u/ . gbLx¿ s}og\ 5g\, em/gfx¿ y'k|} 5g\ t/ ;d'› Pp6} x'G5 . To:t} km"nx¿ cg]sf}+ x'G5g\
t/ ;'uGw Pp6} x'G5 . To;}n] :jwd{¿kL :jsd{ cnu–cnu x'G5 t/ wd{ Pp6} x'G5 . xfdL ;a}sf]
af6f] cnu cnu 5 t/ wfd of dlGb/ Pp6} 5 . Pp6f slj cfˆgf] uLt ufP/ Tolt g} cfglGbt
x'G5, hlt Pp6f ul0ft1 cfˆgf] k|Zg xn ug{ ;Ifd ePsf] cj:yfdf x'G5 . lrqsf/, gt{sL, ufos,
slj, ul0ft1 ;a}sf] af6f] cnu 5, t/ k|fKt x'g] cfgGb Pp6} x'G5 . :jwd{ cnu cnu x'G5g\ t/
dxfwd{ Pp6} x'G5 . >Ls[i0f dxfwd{sf] s'/f cGtdf ug{'x'G5 . clxn] t :jwd{sf af/]df g} ch{'gnfO{
eGb} x'g'x'G5 . ha;Dd k/dfTdf¿kL dxfwd{ k|fKt x'Fb}g ta;Dd :jwd{¿kL cfTdfsf] g} vf]h ug{'k5{ .
ha k/dfTdf k|fKt x'G5 ta dxf;fu/df nLg x'g'kb{5 .
k/wd{, :jwd{ / wd{ oL wd{sf tLg k|sf/ x''g\ . xfdL k/wd{df afFRb5f}+, ch{'g k/wd{sf nflu
nfnflot x'Fb} 5g\ . pgsf] :jwd{ Iflqo xf] t/ pgL a|fXd0f x'g vf]Hb} 5g\ . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5–
k/wd{sf] dfu{af6 ltdL slxNo} klg cfˆgf] lbJoHof]lt jf wfd kfpg ;Sb}gf}+ . To;}n] :jwd{nfO{
hfg . klxn] k/nfO{ 5f]8, clg ;do cfPkl5 :jnfO{ 5f]8\g" / To;f] u¥of} eg] ltdLnfO{ wd{ k|fKt
x'g]5 . :jwd{ k/wd{sf] ljk/Lt x'G5 / wd{ cwd{sf] ljk/Lt x'G5 . k/wd{af6 ofqf :jwd{;Dd /

nf]suLtf– 110
 cWofo–#
cwd{af6 ofqf wd{;Dd ug{'k5{ . hf] JolQm k/wd{sf] dfu{af6 lx+“8\5, Tof] cwd{df k'U5 / hf]
:jwd{sf] af6f]df rN5 Tof] wd{df k'Ug] 5 .
ch{'g pjfr
cy s]g k|o'Qmf]˜o+ kfk+ r/lt k"?ifM .
clgR5Gglk jfi0f]{o anflbj lgof]lhtM ..#^..
ch{'gn] eg]– x] >Ls[i0f Û dflg;n] grfxFbf grfxFb} klg ank"j{s s;af6 lgof]lht eP/ lsg
kfk sd{ u5{ <
>Leujfg'jfr
sfd Pif qmf]w Pif /hf]u'0f;d'∫jM .
dxfzgf] dxfkfKdf lj4Ø]gldx j}l/0fd\ ..#&..
eujfg\n] eGg'eof]– /hf]u'0faf6 pTkGg x'g] sfd g}+ qmf]w xf] . of] ljifo jf;gf jf sfd, qmf]w
slxNo} gc3fpg] 7'nf] kfkL ePsfn] o;nfO{ k/d zq' hfg ..
ch{'gn] Pp6f ulx/f] k|Zg eujfGf\;Fu ;f]w]– olb ;a} s'/f k/dfTdfn] ul//x]sf 5g\, ;a} s'/f
k|s[ltsf] u'0fwd{n] g} eO/x]sf] 5 / JolQm lhDd]jf/ 5}g eg] dg'ion] grfx]/ klg kfksd{ anft\
s;/L ub{5 / s;n] u/fpF5 . olb k/dfTdfn] g} ;a} s'/f rnfO/x]sf] 5 eg] dnfO{ x7ft\ g/fd|f]
sd{df s;n] ws]lnlbG5 . ch{'gn] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ k|Zg p7fPsf 5g\, h'g ;du| dg'io hflts} k|Zg
xf] . ;a} wd{sf] ulx/f] k|Zg klg oxL xf] . k/dfTdfn] g} ;a} s'/f ;~rfng ub{5g\ eg] grfxFbf
grfxFb} klg of] g/fd|f] sd{ sxfFaf6 cfpF5 / s;af6 ;~rflnt x'G5 <
o; ;DaGwdf cnu–cnu lrGtsx¿n] cnu–cnu pQ/ vf]h]sf 5g\ . hf] w]/} ulx/fOdf
hfg / a'‰g ;s]sf 5}gg\ pgLx¿n] /fIf;, b'i6 jf v/fa cfTdfn] g} g/fd|f] sd{ u/fpF5 cyf{t\
kfkfTdfn] g} ;a} u/fpF5 eg]sf 5g\ . t/ of] ulx/f] pQ/ xf]Og lsgeg] o;f] eGbf k/dfTdfn] Tof]
kfkfTdfnfO{ lsg s]xL ub}{g < s] kfkfTdf k/dfTdfeGbf zlQmzfnL 5 < olb kfkfTdf k/dfTdfeGbf
zlQmzfnL 5 eg] k/dfTdfnfO{ lsg k"hf ug{' < o;f] eP k/dfTdfsf] ;§f kfkfTdfnfO{ g} k|fy{gf u/]
eOxfN5 eGg] h:tf yk k|Zgx¿ p7\g ;S5g\ . lrGtsx¿n] csf]{ k|sf/sf] pQ/ vf]Hg] k|of; klg
u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf ljrf/df k/dfTdfafx]s csf]{ s'g} cl:tTj klg 5 h;n] kfksd{df k|j[Q
u/fpg vf]H5 . t/ of] pQ/ dgf]j}1flgs / wfld{s b[li6sf]0fsf] klg 5}g . o; ;DaGwdf eujfg\
>Ls[i0fsf] pQ/ dgf]j}1flgs, wfld{s / jf:tljs 5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ k|s[ltsf tLg u'0f ;Œj, /h /
td 5g\ . s[i0fn] o;f] eGbfeGb} klg cfw'lgs lrGtsx¿n] k|f/Dedf k|s[lt lqu'0ffTds 5 eGg]
s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/]gg\ . clxn] aNn lj1fgn] k|s[lt lqu'0ffTds 5 eGg yfn]sf] 5 . ha k/df0f' tLg
lx:;fdf 6'6\of] ta lj1fgn] klg k|s[lt lqu'0ffTds 5 eGg] :jLsf/ u¥of] .
tdf]u'0f cj/f]wsf] / l:y/tfsf] tŒj xf] . olb tdf]u'0f geP hut\df s'g} klg lrh l:y/
/xg ;Sb}g . Pp6f 9'¨fnfO{ dflylt/ ˆofFSbf olb tdf]u'0f ePg eg] Tof] slxn]=klg tn emb}{g .
k[YjLn] u'?Œjsf] ef/ tdf]u'0fsf] ¿kdf tflg/x]sf] 5 . k[YjLsf] @)) ld6/ kf/ hxfF u'?Œjfsif{0f
;dfKt x'G5 ToxfF tdf]u'0f cfslif{t x'Fb}g . cj/f]ws zlQm geP ult klg ;Dej x'Fb}g, sf/df a|]s
ePg eg] ult klg ;Dej x'Fb}g . sf/sf] PlS;n]6/ (Accelerator) ult xf] / a|]s cj/f]ws xf] .
hLjgdf /f]Sg] ult ePg eg] ljWj+; x'g ;S5 . t]h ult ;~rfngsf] zlQm xf] / ;Œj lqe'h
(Triangle) sf] t];|f] sf]0f xf] . ;Œj ;Gt'ng xf] . ult klg 5, /f]Sg]jfnf klg 5 t/ ;Gt'ng 5}g

nf]suLtf– 111
cWofo–#
eg] ToxfF b'3{6gf klg x'g ;S5 . uf8Lsf] 8«fOe/ ;Œj xf] hf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ult klg lbG5 /
a|]s nufP/ ultnfO{ lgoGq0f cyf{t\ /f]Sg] sfd klg ub{5 .
oL tLg u'0fnfO{ lj1fgn] On]S6«f]g, Go'6«f]g / k|f]6f]g gfd lbPsf] 5 . hLjgsf] clGtd
ljZn]if0f tLg zAbdf 6'6\b5, o;nfO{ k|tLsfTds ¿kdf a|Xdf, lji0f' / dx]zsf] gfd klg lbOPsf]
5 h;sf] sfd klg ;Œj, /h / td h:t} g} 5 . o;df On]S6«f]g g]u]l6e tŒj td xf] h;n] l7s
lzj h:t} gi6 ug]{, tf]8\g] sfd ub{5 . k|f]6f]g a|Xdf h:t} kf]h]l6e /h xf] . Tof] lawfos zlQm xf]
hf] lgdf{0f u5{ / Go'6«f]g g g]u]l6e g kf]h]l6e 5 . Tof] lardf ;Gt'lnt eP/ ;XDffNg] cyf{t\
;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{ u5{ . dg'io leq / aflx/ h] h:tf 36gf 36\5g\ tL ;a} dflysf tLg u'0fsf
zlQmsf] v]nsf] sf/0fn] g} 36]sf x'g\ . JolQm hGdg', x's{g' of afFRg' / dg{' oL ;a} tLg zlQmsf
v]n x'g\ . k/dfTdfsf tLg ¿k ;Œj, /h / td Pjd\ lj1fgsf tLg zlQm On]S6«f]g, k|f]6f]g /
Go'6«f]gsf sf/0fn] hLjgsf] ;[hgf / ;~rfng x'G5 .
ch{'gsf] lh1f;f 5– xfdLn] grfx]/ klg ank"j{s xfdLnfO{ s'sd{lt/ ws]Ng] sfd s;n]
ub{5 . xfdL slxNo} klg cwf]ult pGd'v x'g rfxFb}gf} t/ clnslt Wofg gk'Ug] lalQs} hldgdf
k5fl/G5f}+ . of] xfdLnfO{ s'g} /fIf;L tŒjn] n8fPsf] xf]Og . of] k[YjLsf] u'?Œjfsif{0f xf] h;n]
xfdLnfO{ hldglt/ tflg/x]sf] x'G5 . v'§f lrKng]lalQs} nl8G5 . n8\g] rfxgf geP klg olb
l7s;Fu kfOnf rfn]gf}+ eg] kSs} n8\g] 5f}+ . >Ls[i0f l7s oxL eGg'x'G5– k|s[ltsf u'0f ;Œj, /h /
td cg'¿k xfdL rn]gf}+ eg] To;sf] kl/0ffd xfdLn] ef]Ug'kg]{ x'G5 . k|To]s zlQmsf] pkof]u cg's"n
/ k|lts"n x'g ;S5 . hLjgsf zlQmx¿n] cfˆgf] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . dflg; leq qmf]w 5, Tof] klg
clgjfo{ tŒj xf] . qmf]w xfdL leqsf] gsf/fTds zlQm lzj of On]S6«f]g xf] . oyfy{df eGg] xf] eg]
xfdLleq g} ljgfzs zlQm lzj, td of On]S6«f]g /x]sf] 5 . k|]d, bof, s?0ff cflb klg xfdL leq}
5g\, hf] lgdf{0fsf] zlQm a|Xdf, /h of k|f]6f]g x'g\ / ljj]s lji0f', ;Œj of Go'6«f]g klg xfdL leq} 5
h;n] ;Gt'ngsf] sfd u5{ .
xfd|f] hLjgsf] clGtd kl/0fltsf tLg cj:yfx¿ :ju{, gs{ / df]If x'g\ . cfkm" leqsf]
zlQmnfO{ lglb{i6 lbzfdf lnP/ hfg] of hLjgdf ;sf/fTds wf/0ff /fVb} ;f/f zlQm k|]d, bof /
s?0ff¿kL ;]jfdf nufpFb} cl3 a9\g] JolQm :ju{df cyf{t\ cTolws ;'vdf hfG5 . cfkm"leq
ljgfzs zlQm qmf]w, lx+;f lnP/ lxF8\g] JolQm gs{df cyf{t\ b'vdf hfG5 / b'j} zlQm k|]d / qmf]waf6
kf/ eP/ of To;nfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fv]/ ljj]sk"0f{ 9ª\un] cl3 a9\g] JolQm df]Ifdf hfG5 . >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– oL tLg zlQmljgf hLjg x'g} ;Sb}g . To;}n] /fd|f] / g/fd|f] sd{ jf s[To ug{sf nflu
s;}n] wSsf lbg] xf]Og, leq ltdLdf s'g zlQmn] sfd ul//x]sf] 5, To;}n] ltd|f] s[To jf sd{
lgwf{l/t x'G5 .
qmf]w / sfd cxª\sf/k|lt ltdL clws ¿kdf ;+nUg eof} eg] ltdL h] rfxFb}gf} Tof] klg
ltdLn] ug{' g} k5{ . h:tf] ls zAb d'vaf6 lgl:sPkl5 To;nfO{ /f]Sg ;lsGg . Pp6f ;Ldf
gfl3;s]kl5 Tof] lkmtf{ x'g ;Sb}g . To:t} sfdjf;gfnfO{ dgn] rfx]sf] cj:yfdf /f]Sg ;lsG5 .
To:t} qmf]w klg Pp6f tx;Ddaf6 lkmtf{ ug{ ;lsG5 t/ ;Ldf gf3]kl5 lkmtf{ x'g ;Dej x'Fb}g .
ha;Dd sfd, qmf]w kmsf{pg ;lsg] cj:yf lyof] Tof] tx;Dd xfdL logLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u u5f}{+ / ha
;Ldfaflx/ x'G5 / kmls{g c;Dej x'G5 clg xfdL o:tf] s[To cfkm"nfO{ s;n] u/fof] eG5f}+ . x/]s
j[lQ Pp6f ;Ldf;Dd xfd|f] xftdf x'G5 t/ ha xfd|f] ;xof]uaf6 To;n] cfˆgf] cflwkTo hdfpF5

nf]suLtf– 112
 cWofo–#
To;a]nf xfd|f] a'l4 aflx/ x'G5 . clg xfdLn] grfx]/ klg of] :jtM 3l6t x'G5, clg bf]if xfdL
c¿nfO{ yf]kg{ vf]H5f}+“ .
jf:tjdf hLjgdf ;a} s'/fx¿ zlQmn] ub{5g\ t/ leq ulx/fOdf logLx¿n] ug]{ s[To xfd|f]
;xof]uaf6 dfq} x'G5 . s'g} JolQm jf zlQmn] xfdLnfO{ sfd, qmf]w, nf]esf] j[lQdf lnP/ hfg] xf]Og,
xfd|f] leqL ;xof]uaf6} of] ;Dej x'G5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'g;Fu eGg'x'G5– k|s[ltsf] cfˆg} lgod 5,
To;nfO{ a'em]/ ;dtf jf ;Gt'ngdf /xL ljj]s / >4f /fvL ;fIfL efjdf pknAw x'g ;s]df
lrGtfsf] laifo g} x'Fb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf h] x'G5 Tof] ;a} k/dfTdfn] u/]sf] 7fg] x'G5 t/ ha;Dd
ltdL ;dtf / ljj]sdf pknAw x'Fb}gf} / leq cf;lQmnfO{ kf]if0f lbP/ To;nfO{ hGdfO/fV5f} eg]
To;sf] lhDd]jf/L ltd|f] cfˆg} x'G5 .
/l;og n]vs ˆof]bf/ bf]:tf]Jf:sL (Fyodar Dostoevsky) sf] pkGof; Crime and
Punishment df /f];s'lng gfdsf] Pp6f kfq 5, h;n] x/]s lbg cfˆgf] 3/ cufl8sL Pp6L
a'9LnfO{ b]VYof] . tL dlxnf cfˆgf ufpF7fpFsf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;fdfg aGwsL /fv]/ Aofhdf k};f
lblGyg\ . pgsf sf]xL klg cfkmGt lyPgg\ . pgL b'i6 k|j[lQsL lyOg\ / cfkm"n] lbPsf] k};fsf] Aofh
r';]/ lnlGyg\ . /f]:s'lng hf] Pp6f ljBfyL{ xf] pm cfˆgf] ‰ofnaf6 tL dlxnfn] u/]sf] Jojxf/
x]l//xGYof] . ul/a ?Gy], lrRofpFy], cg'/f]w uy]{ t/ tL dlxnfdf s'g} bof efj hfUb}gYof] . tL ;a}
36gfx¿nfO{ nfdf] ;dob]lv b]Vb} cfPsf] /f]:s'lngnfO{ of] a'9LnfO{ lsg s;}n] dfb}{g eGg] nfUYof] .
of] d/L eg] ;os8f}+ JolQm h;n] logL;Fu k};f lnPsf 5g\, pgLx¿nfO{ /fxt jf d'lQm t x'GYof] .
/f]:s'lngnfO{ sltko cj:yfdf cfkm}+ uP/ a'9Lsf] uw{g lgdf]l7lbpmF ls h:tf] klg nfUbYof] . t/
km]l/ pm ;f]RYof]– dnfO{ s] dtnj p;n] d]/f] s] lauf/]sL 5 / Û of] b[Zo jiff}{+;Dd rln/Xof] .
Pslbg /f]:s'lngnfO{ klg k/LIffsf nflu sn]hdf k};f hDdf ug{'kg]{ ;do cfof] t/ p;;Fu k};f
lyPg . To;}n] pm klg tL dlxnf;Fu Aofhdf k};f lng uof] . p;n] hdfgtdf cfˆgf] 38L tL
a'9LnfO{ lbof] . a'9Lsf cfFvf sdhf]/ lyP . To;}n] 3fddf uP/ Tof] 38L x]b}{ lyOg\, crfgs
/f]:s'lngsf] dgdf qmf]w p7\of] / p;n] tL a'9Lsf] 3fF6L lgdf]7]/ xTof u¥of] . p;nfO{ of] 36gf
s;/L 36\of] yfxf klg ePg . xTof ul/;s]kl5 p;nfO{ cfk""mn] gug''{kg]{ sfd u/]sf] dx;''; eof] .
To;kl5 pm ToxfFaf6 efu]/ uof] clg /ftel/ d}n] pgsf] xTof s;/L u/“]+ eGb} ;f]Rg yfNof] .
o:t} ch{'g >Ls[i0fnfO{ ;f]lw/x]sf 5g\– grfxFbf grfxFb} anft\ s;}n] g/fd|f] sd{df s;/L
wSsf lbG5 . /f];s'lngn] u/]sf] of] xTof s;}n] u/fPsf] xf]Og, of] t ljut b'O{ jif{b]lv p;n] cfˆgf]
qmf]w, lx+;f¿kL zlQmnfO{ /; k|bfg u¥of], qmf]wsf] ljif km}nfof] / xTofsf] tof/L lapsf] ¿kdf
cfkm"leq tof/ u¥of]≤ of] To;}sf] kl/0ffd xf] . lap 5bf{v]l/ olt 7'nf] j[If aG5 eg]/ s;}nfO{ klg
yfxf x'Fb}g . dgdf qmf]w, sfdjf;gf xfdL cfkm“}+ /f]K5f}+“, zlQmx¿ ltgnfO{ klqmG5g\ clg tLg
zlQmx¿ ;Œj, /h / tdn] cf–cfˆgf sfo{ ;'? ub{5g\ . xfdLn] oxfF qmf]wsf] lap /f]Kof“}+ eg] ;f/f
hut\af6 qmf]wnfO{ ;fy lbg] tdf]u'0fsf zlQmx¿ xfdLlt/ aUg yfN5g\ . xfdLn] k|]d /f]Kof}+“ eg] ;f/f
hut\af6 z'e zlQmx¿ xfdLlt/ aUg yfN5g\ . xfdLn] ;fIfLefj /fVg]lalQs} ;f/f hut\sf zlQmx¿
;Gt'ngdf x'G5g\ . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o; hLjgdf t s]jn tLg zlQmx¿ 5g\ . x] ch{'g Û ltdL
cfkm"leq h;sf] lap /f]K5f}, ToxL zlQm ;lqmo eP/ sfd ug{ yfN5 . /hf]u'0faf6 pTkGg sfd g}
qmf]w xf] . o;nfO{ ltdL k/d zq' hfg .
k/dfTdfn] cfˆgf] cfgGbsf nflu hut\ agfpF5g\ / To;df lg?2]Zo efjaf6 ;f/f s'/fx¿
lgwf{/0f eP/ ;~rflnt x'G5g\ . cfgGb ;bf p2]ZoljxLg x'G5 . k/dfTdfsf] ;[li6 cfgGbsf nflu

nf]suLtf– 113
cWofo–#
x'G5 . k|To]s u'0fsf] cfˆgf] ljz]iftf x'G5 . cd[t klg dfqfeGbf a9L vfP d[To' x'g ;S5 . hLjgsf]
lgoddf td;\\ cj/f]ws zlQm geP s]xL klg /f]lsFb+}g . t/ s'g} JolQm cj/f]ws zlQmdf dfq lge{/
ePdf vt/f x'G5 lsgeg] c¿ b'O{ zlQmx¿ klg Tolt g} cfjZos x'G5g\ . hxfF tLgj6f zlQm
;Gt'ngdf x'G5g\, To;} If0fdf JolQm u'0faf6 aflxl/G5 / k/dfTdfsf] cg'e"lt ub{5 . >Ls[i0fsf] k"/f
of]u ;dtf of]u xf] lsgeg] hLjg Pp6f ulx/f] ;Gt'ng xf] / o;df tndfly x'Fbf To;sf] ;Gt'ng
lalu|G5 . k|s[ltn] cfˆgf] lx;fan] sfd ul/ g} /xG5 . oL tLg u'0fljgf ;[li6 /xFb}g . xfdL leqsf
td / /hf] u'0fnfO{ a/fa/ ¿kdf /fVg] k|of; ug{'k5{ . ha b'j} u'0fdf ;Gt'ng x'G5 clg ;Œjtkm{
xfd|f] ofqf ;'? x'G5 . b'O{sf] larsf] ;fwgfn] JolQm ;Œjdf k'Ub5 . ;fw' b'O{ u'0fnfO{ lht]/ ;Œjdf
k'Ub5 . h;n] /hf]u'0f / ;Œjsf larsf] ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;S5 Tof] ;Gt x'G5 / hf] k|s[ltsf oL
tLg} u'0fsf] ;Gt'ng u/]/ logaf6 kf/ x'G5 ta pm u'0fftLt x'G5 / k/dfTdfdf k|j]z ub{5 . To;}n]
k|s[lt lqu'0ffTds 5 / k/dfTdf u'0fftLt 5 .
w"d]gflj|ot] jlXgo{yfbzf]{ dn]g r .
oyf]Na]gfj[tf] ue{:tyf t]g]bdfj[td\ ..#*..
h;/L w'jfFn] cfuf], dn of w'nf]n] P]gf, uef{zo of ;fngfnn] e|"0f 9flsPsf] x'G5, To;/L g}
of] hLjfTdfsf] 1fg klg ljifo–jf;gf¿kL sfdn] 9flsPsf] x'G5 ..
cfj[t+ 1fgd]t]g 1flggf] lgToj}l/0ff .
sfd¿k]0f sf}Gt]o b'ik"/]0ffgn]g r ..#(..
x] sf}Gt]o Û 1fgLhgx¿sf] ljj]s Pjd\ z'4 r]tgfnfO{ klg slxNo} t[Kt gx'g] cfuf] h:t}
OlG›ohGo sfdjf;gf¿kL zq'n] lgTo 9fs]sf] x'G5 ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h;/L w'jfFn] clUg 9flsPsf] x'G5, w'nf]n] P]gf 9flsPsf] x'G5, lap cfˆgf]
vf]nn] 5f]lkPsf] x'G5, o:t} dg'iosf] r]tgf p;sf] jf;gfn] 9flsPsf] x'G5 . h;/L ue{ lemNnLn]
9flsPsf] x'G5 To;} u/L dg'iosf] cfTdf p;sf] sfdgfn] 9flsPsf] x'G5 . 1fg dg'iosf] :jefj xf]
hf] oxLF / clxn] ljBdfg 5 . 1fg s'g} pknlAw xf]Og / xfdL;Fu geP/ ef]ln kfOg] klg xf]Og .
xfdL;Fu h] 5}g, Tof] xfdLn] slxNo} klg kfpg ;Sb}gf}+“ . xfdL;Fu ePsf] s'/f dfq xfdLn] kfpg
;S5f}+ . h;/L w'jfFdf cfuf] n's]sf] 5, w'jfF x6\g] lalQs} cfuf] k|s6 x'G5 . ;"o{nfO{ afbnn] 9fs] klg
afbn x6\g] lalQs} ;"o{ k|s6 x'G5 / ;"o{nfO{ kfpg'kb}{g s]jn afbn x6\g' dfq k5{, ;"o{ t k|s6 g}
5 . h:tf] lap vf]nn] 9flsPsf] x'G5 t/ To;sf] cGto{df j[If ToxfF n's]sf] x'G5, hf] ck|s6 5 /
ef]ln Tof] k|s6 x'G5 . To:t} 1fg s]jn ck|s6 5, hf] ef]ln k|s6 x'G5 .
o;sf] cy{ c1fgL JolQm klg Tolt g} 1fgn] el/Psf] x'G5 hlt k/d 1fgL x'G5 . c1fgL;Fu
1fgLsf] eGbf a9L 1fg x'G5 . cfuf] t hlt 1fgL;Fu 5, Tolt g} c1fgL;Fu klg x'G5 t/ p;Fu w'jfF
klg x'G5 . h'g lbg c1fgLnfO{ 1fg pknAw x'G5 ToxL lbg oxL cfuf]nfO{ 9fSg] w'jfF jf ;"o{nfO{
9fSg] afbn x6] h:tf] 1fg dfq afFsL x'G5 / c1fg x6\5 . aflx/L cfj/0f ha x6\5, ta leqsf]
Hof]lt k|s6 x'G5 . c1fgL JolQmdf klg 1fgsf] cl:tTj 5, To:t} xfdLdf cxª\sf/ x'Fbf klg
k/dfTdf xfdL leq l:yt x'G5 . JolQm hlt g} e8lsP klg 1fg hf] p;sf] leq 5 To;af6 e8lsg
;Sb}g . hlt;'s} kfkL JolQm eP klg p;leq /x]sf] k/dfTdf slxNo} klg x6\b}g . O{Zj/ o:tf]
tŒjsf] gfd xf] h;nfO{ xfdLn] x6fpg rfXof}+ eg] klg x6fpg ;Sb}gf}+ . cfuf]n] tfk x6fpg ;Sb}g
Tof] p;sf] :jefj xf] . To;}n] dg'io 1fgnfO{ x6fpg ;Sb}g lsgeg] Tof] dg'iosf] :jefj xf] .

nf]suLtf– 114
 cWofo–#
1fgsf] cefj c1fg xf]Og . c1fg¿kL afbnn] 1fg 9flsg' c1fg xf] . c1fg 1fgsf]
ck|s6 cj:yf xf] . >Ls[i0fsf] egfOdf c1fg 1fgsf] cefj xf]Og, c1fg 1fg 9flsPsf] cj:yf xf] .
w'jfF t ljgf cfuf]sf] klg x'g ;S5 t/ cfuf] ljgf w'jfF x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] 1fgLnfO{ cxª\sf/L x'g
h?/L 5}g / c1fgLnfO{ klg xtf; x'g cfjZos 5}g . hf] 1fgLdf k|s6 5, Tof] c1fgLdf ck|s6
x'G5 . h;/L w'jfFn] cfuf]nfO{ 3]5{ / 5]S5 To;/L g} hLjfTdfnfO{ jf;gfn] 3]5{ . jf;gf g} 1fgdf
afws x'G5 h;n] k|s6 x'g lbFb}g . jf;gf g} leh]sf] bfp/f xf] h;af6 w'jfF p7\5 .
jf;gfd'Qm JolQm ;'Svf bfp/f] xf] . ;'kmL kmls/ kml/b;Fu Pshgfn] ;f]w]– dG;'/sf] xft v'§f
sfl6Fbf klg pgnfO{ lsg b'v ePg, lh;;nfO{ z"nL r9fOFbf pxfFnfO{ s;/L si6 ePg, kml/bn]
Pp6f gl/jn lbP/ o;nfO{ u'bL arfP/ l7s;Fu kmf]8]/ Nofpm eGg''eof] . p;n] eGof]– of] t ;Dej
5}g lsgeg] gl/jn sfFrf] ePsf] / va6f;Fuhf]l8Psf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ ;Unf] ¿kdf cnu ug{ ;lsFb}g .
clg kml/bn] p;nfO{ csf]{ gl/jn lbFb} cnu cnu u/]/ kmf]8]/ Nofpm eGg'eof] . Tof] JolQmn] of]
;'Svf gl/jn rflx ;lhn};Fu cnu–cnu u/]/ Nofpg ;S5' eGof] . kml/bn] ;f]Wg'eof]– ltdL ;'Svf
gl/jn s;/L cnu–cnu kmf]8]/ NofpF5f} < ;'Svf gl/jn ;'s]/ u'bL / vf]n cnu eO;Sg] x'gfn]
cnu ug{ ;lsG5 t/ sfFrf] gl/jnsf] u'bL / vf]n hf]l8Psfn] ;Un} 5'6\6\ofpg ufx|f] x'G5≤ Tof]
JolQmn] eGof] . kml/bn] eGg'eof]– ltd|f] k|Zgsf] pQ/ d}n] lbPF . dG;'/ / lh;; ;'Svf gl/jn x'g\ .
pgLx¿sf] z/L/nfO{ s;}n] rf]6 k'¥ofof] eg] Tof] rf]6 z/L/;Dd dfq k'U5, cfTdf;Dd rf]6 k'Ub}g
t/ xfdLx¿ ;a} sfFrf] gl/jn xf}+, z/L/df rf]6 nfUg]lalQs} xfdLnfO{ klg rf]6 nfluxfN5 .
jf;gfsf] dfGotf h] dnfO{ rflxPsf] 5, Tof] kfOof];\ eGg] x'G5 / ef]ln Tof] lrh kfOof] eg]
jf;gfn] c¿ g} lrhsf] vf]hL u5{ . bz nfvsf] jf;gf ePdf bz nfv k|fKt u/]kl5 Ps s/f]8sf]
jf;gf aG5 . Ps s/f]8 klg k|fKt eof] eg] b; s/f]8sf] jf;gf x'G5 . Tof] klg k|fKt eof] eg]
jf;gf cgGt x'G5 . jf;gfdf h] 5}g To;sf] dfu x'G5 / jf;gf ;bf l/Qm x'G5 hf] slxNo} klg
el/Fb}g . jf;gf slxNo} klg gel/g] x'gfn] xfd|f] cfTdf hf] ck|s6 5, Tof] slxNo} k|s6 g} x'g
kfpFb}g . jf;gf ;bf eljiodf 5 / cfTdf oxLF / clxn] jt{dfgdf g} 5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5–
hf] JolQmsf] lrQ jf;gfdf c8\ls/xG5, To;sf] cfTdf slxNo} k|s6 x'g kfpFb}g . jf;gf lIflth
h:t} x'G5, hf] k/ hldg;Fu hf]l8Psf] h:tf] b]lvG5 / glhsaf6 x]bf{ km]l/ cem k/ h:tf] nfU5 .
hlt k/ uP klg 5'g ;lsGg . jf;gfn] hlxn] klg bf}8fpF5 / ca t k"/f x'G5 eGg] Hf:tf] nfU5
t/ slxNo} klg k"/f x'Fb}g . To;}n] k|fKt gx'g] jf;gfsf] kl5kl5 JolQm bf}l8/xG5 h;n] ubf{
k/dfTdfn] lbPsf] cd"No s'/f hf] p;;Fu 5 To;nfO{ hfGgaf6 pm jl~rt x'G5 .
oxL jf;gfsf] bf}8df 1fg x/fpF5 . of] bf}8df ;bf cfkm";Fu ePsf] s'/f lal;{G5 . jf;gf g}
c1fg xf] . cfTdfsf] :d/0f ug]{ xf] eg] jf;gfsf] lj:d/0f x'g}k5{ . OR5fk|lt Wofg hfg' :jod\k|lt
Wofgaf6 r'Sg' xf] . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– 1fg s;}sf] klg x/fpFb}g, s]jn 1fg lj:d/0f dfq
x'G5 . k/dfTdf xfd|f] k'gM :d/0f xf], k/dfTdf xfdLleq ;b}j x'g'x'G5 . k/dfTdf eGbf glhs xfd|f]
sf]xL klg 5}g . Zjf; hf] aGb eof] eg] k|f0f lgl:sG5 To;eGbf klg glhs k/dfTdf x'g'x'G5 .
xfd|f] ;f/f kL8f, b'v ulx/fOdf Pp6} 5 lsgeg] xfdLn] xfd|f] s]G›df /x]sf] k/dfTdfnfO{ lal;{Psf
5f}+ . w'jfFn] cfuf]nfO{ 5f]k]sf] 5, p;sf] s'g} cl:tTj g} 5}g hf] laNfs'n gePsf] h:tf] 5 . To;nfO{
g t sf6\g ;lsG5 g aflx/ 7]n]/ lgsfNg ;lsG5 . tŒjljgfsf] w'jfFn] cfuf] h:tf] tŒjnfO{ klg
n'sfpg ;S5 . cfufn] ;a} s'/f v/fgL agfpg ;S5 t/ w'jfFnfO{ hnfpg ;Sb}g lsgeg] w'jfF s]xL
klg xf]Og . To:t} dg'ioleqsf] 1fgnfO{ p;sf] jf;gfn] 3]b{5 . jf;gf olb s]xL ePsf] eP 1fgn]

nf]suLtf– 115
cWofo–#
To;nfO{ sfl6lbGYof] t/ of] klg w'jfF h:t} xf] . jf;gf xfdLdf k}bf ePkl5 To;n] xfdLnfO{ k"/f
3]b{5 .
>Ls[i0fn] Pp6f csf]{ k|tLs klg k|:t't ug{'ePsf] 5 . h:t}– P]gfdf dn hDb5 t/ w'nf],
dn hd]/ P]gfnfO{ k6Ss} km/s kb}{g . w'nfsf] y'k|f] g} P]gfdf hd] klg P]gfsf] cl:tTj ;dfKt x'Fb}g,
pm P]gf g} /xG5 . w'nfn] P]gfnfO{ 9fs]h:t} jf;gfn] r]tgfnfO{ 9fs]sf] 5 . >Ls[i0fn] dn zAbsf]
k|of]u ug{'ePsf] 5, dnsf] cy{ kmf]x/ jf w'nf] xf] . jf;gf dn of kmf]x/ h:tf] b'u{lGwt x'gfsf
sf/0f jf;gf slxn] klg gofF j:t' k|fKt gu/Lsg k"/f x'Fb}g . hLjgsf ;f/f b'u{Gw k/tGqtfaf6
cfpF5 . hLjgsf] ;f/f ;'uGw :jtGqtfaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . jf;gfn] k/tGq agfpF5 . olb s'g} k'?if
:qLdf df]lxt eof] eg] pm :qLsf] bf; x'G5 . olb wgk|lt df]lxt eP jf;gf wgsf] bf; x'G5 To:t}
kbk|lt df]lxt eP kbsf] bf; x'G5 . jf;gfn] el/Psf] JolQm slxNo} klg ;'ulGwt x'Fb}g . jf;gf
k"/f ePkl5 klg lrQ b'vL x'G5 / ;Gt'i6 x'Fb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf r]tgf b'u{Gwn] el/Psf] dnaf6
9flsG5 / xfdLnfO{ kmf]x/sf] kqsf af/]df yfxf x'Fb}g lsgeg] xfdL Tof] b'u{Gwsf] klx/f] x'G5f“}+ . olb
jf;gf ;'uGw xf] eg] To;af6 b'v k|fKt gx'g'kg]{ xf] t/ jf;gfaf6 b'v g} b'v kfOG5, To;}n] of]
;'uGw xf]Og, b'u{Gw xf] .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– b'u{Gwo'Qm dnn] P]gf 9fs]h:t} jf;gfn] r]tgfnfO{ 9fs]sf] x'G5 . P]gfsf]
pbfx/0f lbg'sf] sf/0f P]gfsf] cl3 hf] cfpF5 ToxfF lrq lgdf{0f x'G5, ToxfF sf]xL gePdf s'g} tl:a/
aGb}g / Sofd]/fdf h:tf] lrq e08f/0f klg x'Fb}g . hf] JolQm jf;gfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;S5 p;sf] lrq
P]gfh:t} x'G5 . sf]xL cufl8 cfP tl:a/ b]lvG5, gcfPdf vfnL b]lvG5 . s;}nfO{ cufl8 cfpg
klg eGb}g / s;}sf] lrqnfO{ hDdf u/]/ klg /fVb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] JolQmnfO{ s'g} klg
s'/fn] kljF|mb}g jf 5'Fb}g . lrqx¿ cfpF5g\ / hfG5g\ . P]gf cfˆgf] z'4tfdf eP h:t} JolQm klg
To:t} z'4tfdf x'G5 . xfd|f] lrQ eg] Sofd]/fdf lrq lnPh:t} cj:yfdf x/bd /xG5 . s;}n]
dlxgflbg cl3 ufnL u/]/ lal;{P klg lrQdf Tof] ufnL e08f/0f eP/ /x]sf] x'G5 / u'lGh/xG5 .
P]gfh:tf] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] JolQm g} cgf;Qm x'g ;S5 / To;a]nf lrqx¿ cfpF5g\, hfG5g\ t/
p;nfO{ s]xL km/s kb}{g . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ ToxL eGb} x'g'x'G5– ltdL P]gfh:t} 1fgsf lglDt
pknAw xf]pm, w'nf]nfO{ x6fpm, w'jfFnfO{ x6fP/ 1fgsf] Hof]ltsf] bz{g u/ . cfˆgf] lrQnfO{ P]gf
h:t} agfpm, hxfF lrqx¿ cfpmg\ / hfpmg\ t/ ltd|f] lrQdf af;gfn] s'g} k|df0f gagfcf];\ /
ltdL vfnL xf]pm .
OlGb|ofl0f dgf] a'l4/:oflwi7fgd'Rot] .
Pt}lj{df]xoTo]if 1fgdfj[To b]lxgd\ ..$)..
OlG›ox¿, dg / a'l4 g} sfd, jf;gf, OR5f cflbsf cf>o:yn x'g\ . To;}n] hLjfTdfsf]
1fgnfO{ g} logLx¿n] cfR5flbt u/]/ df]lxt u/fpF5g\ ..
t:dfŒjldlGb|of0ofbf} lgoDo e/tif{e .
kfKdfg+ k|hlx Xo]g+ 1fglj1fggfzgd\ ..$!..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û klxn] ltdL OlG›ox¿nfO{ jzdf /fv]/ 1fg / lj1fg -cfTd1fg_
nfO{ gfz ug]{jfnf dxfg\ kfkL of] sfdnfO{ ank"j{s df/ ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û OlG›ox¿ dg, sfdgf / jf;gfsf d"n;|f]t x'g\ . log}sf sf/0f
jf;gfsf] ;Ddf]xg p7\5 / hLjfTdfnfO{ 3]b{5 . oxL ljiffQm em/gf km'6\g] ;|f]t xf] / log}n]
hLjfTdfnfO{ e8\sfpF5 . ltdL klxn] o;nfO{ jz u/ . ltdL o;nfO{ df/ of o;nfO{ ;dfKt

nf]suLtf– 116
 cWofo–#
ul/b]pm . of] df/ jf ;dfKt ul/b]pm eGg] zAbsf sf/0f e|flGt pTkGg ePsf] 5 . OlG›o / dgnfO{
df/ eGg] egfOaf6 sltko JolQmx¿nfO{ s] nfUof] eg] OlG›onfO{ sf6 cyf{t\ cfFvf kmf]8, v'§f
sfl6b]pm, h;sf sf/0f jf;gfsf] k5fl8 bf}l8g' gk/f];\ t/ OlG›ox¿nfO{ jf;gfsf nflu v'§f, cfFvf
/ cGo OlG›ox¿sf] s'g} h?/t x'Fb}g eGg] yfx} 5}g . nFu8f / cGwf JolQm klg jf;gfdf Tolt g}
hf]8n] kl5 nfU5g\ h:tf] ls ;anfª\u JolQm bf}l8P/ efUg ;S5g\, cfFvfn] b]Vg g;s]sf] ;'Gb/tf
leqL cfFvf jf sNkgfaf6 b]Vg ;S5g\ . v'Nnf cfFvfn] x]g]{ JolQm a? jf;gfaf6 p7\g ;S5 t/
cfFvf ljgfsf] JolQm slxNo} klg jf;gfd'Qm x'Fb}g .
k|s[ltnfO{ s'lNrof] eg] ljs[lt k}bf x'G5 / k|s[ltnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f u¥of] eg] To;af6 h]
hlGdG5 Tof] ;+:s[lt aG5 . OlG›osf] lj/f]wL s[i0feGbf sd JolQm vf]Hg ;lsGg . >Ls[i0f pbf; /
?Gr] JolQm x'g'x'Gg . >Ls[i0f h:tf] xF;d'v / gfRg] JolQmTj k[YjLdf vf]Hg sl7g 5 . To;}n]
>Ls[i0f OlG›onfO{ s'lNrg] s'/f eGg ;Sg'x'Gg . of] >Ls[i0fsf] JolQmTjsf] l7s ljk/Lt x'G5 . hf]
JolQm afF;'/L ahfpFb} gfRb5 / grfpF5, hf] h'g]nL /ftdf gfRb} 5 o:tf] JolQmsf] d'vaf6
OlG›onfO{ s'lNrg] s'/f cfpg c;Dej 5 . of] do"/d's'6df ;';lHht k|]daf6 el/k"0f{ JolQmTj h;n]
hLjgnfO{ ;jf{ª\utfdf :jLsf/ ub{5 o:tf] lrQjfnf JolQmn] dfg{' eg]sf] s'lNrP/ dfg{' cjZo
eg]sf] xf]Og .
OlG›ox¿n] b'vdf lnP/ hfG5g\ Tof] ;fFrf] xf] / of] b'vdf cxª\sf/ n's]sf] x'G5 . of] yfxf
gkfpg] tyfslyt JolQmx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ g} of] ;'g]/ lx+;f ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] t ¿kfGt/0f xf]Og, z'4
lx+;f xf] . >Ls[i0fsf] egfO OlG›osf] ¿kfGt/0f xf], lx+;f ug{' xf]Og . s'g} klg OlG›o df/]/ db}{g
s]jn ¿kfGt/0faf6 dfq d5{ . OlG›onfO{ dfg{ vf]Hof] eg] To;n] s}og\ u'0ff ljs[lt / ljlIfKttf
hGdfpF5 . OlG›o df/]/ slxNo} klg db}{g, h'g OlG›onfO{ dfg{ vf]h]sf] xf] Tof] OlG›o s}og\ u'0ff
zlQmzfnL eP/ cem k|antfk"j{s xfdLnfO{ rnfpF5 . OlG›o :jod\ ;an eP/ dflns gagL 5fof
h:tf] eP/ cf1fn] rNg'k5{ . ;fIfL JolQmsf OlG›ox¿ 5fof eP/ cfb]zdf rN5g\ . hf] cfkm"nfO{
stf{ ;lDemG5, pm g} OlG›ox¿sf] jzdf x'G5 . hf] cfkm"nfO{ OlG›osf] dflns ;lDemG5, pm
OlG›ox¿sf] jzeGbf aflx/ x'G5 clg ;f/f OlG›ox¿n] :jtM ;dk{0f ub{5g\ .
OlGb|ofl0f k/f0ofx'l/lGb|o]EoM k/+ dgM .
dg;:t' k/f a'l4of]{ a'4]M k/t:t' ;M ..$@..
OlG›ox¿nfO{ :y"n z/L/eGbf >]i7, anjfg\ / ;"Id dflgPsf] 5 . tL OlG›ox¿eGbf >]i7 dg,
dgeGbf >]i7 a'l4 / a'l4eGbf cToGt >]i7 cfTdf 5 ..
olb xfdL OlG›ox¿nfO{ jzdf /fVg' xfd|f] zlQmeGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf] eGg] ;f]R5f} eg] Tof]
unt x'g] 5 / dxfg\ e'n klg x'g] 5 . OlG›ox¿nfO{ jzdf ug{' sl7g 5 t/ c;Dej eg] 5}g .
xfdL k"0f{ xf}+ / xfd|f] OlG›o xfd|f] Pp6f lx:;f dfq xf] . cfFvf ljgf xfdL x'g ;S5f}+ t/ xfdLljgf
cfFvf x'g ;Sb}g . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– OlG›ox¿df ltd|f] jz t 5 t/ ltdLn] slxNo} To;nfO{ :d/0f
u/]sf 5}gf} . ltdL OlG›osf dflns xf} t/ ltdL cfkm}F p;sf] bf; ag]sf 5f} . OlG›oeGbf 6f9f /
;an Pjd\ >]i7 dg 5, dgeGbf k/ ;an Pjd\ >]i7 a'l4 5, a'l4eGbf k/ ;an Pjd\ >]i7 cfTdf
5 . hf] hlt k/ of 6f9f 5, Tof] Tolt g} zlQmzfnL x'G5 . zlQmzfnL hlxn] klg cGTodf x'G5,
lsgeg] p;n] ;a} s'/fnfO{ ;XDffN5 h:tf] ls j[Ifsf] tnsf] h/fn] ;f/f j[IfnfO{ ;XDffn]sf] x'G5 .
x] ch{'g Û dg OlG›oeGbf zlQmzfnL 5 / dgn] rfXof] eg] s'g} klg OlG›onfO{ tTsfn /f]Sg
;S5 . dg ;lqmo eof] eg] OlG›o tTsfn /f]lsG5≤ hxfF dg x'G5 ToxfF OlG›o hfG5 . OlG›osf]

nf]suLtf– 117
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zlQm dgaf6 cfpF5 . dgeGbf kl5 a'l4 5, a'l4 hxfF 5 ToxfF dg hfg'k5{ . xfdL a'l4nfO{ dgsf]
;dy{gdf k|of]u u5f}{+ . a'l4 dgeGbf k/ / dfly 5 . /ftL k|uf9 lg›fdf hxfF dg /xFb}g ToxfF klg
a'l4 l:yt x'G5 . dg t ljrf/x¿sf] hf]8 xf] . laxfg p7]/ xfdL eG5f}+– /ftL /fd|f] lg›f cfof] . of]
ld7f] / cfgGbbfos lg›f k¥of] eg]/ a'l4n] hfGb5 . ;dy{ JolQmsf] a'l4n] dgnfO{ rnfpF5 .
a'l4eGbf k/ cfTdf 5 . a'l4n] cfTdfsf] s'/f dfg]df JolQm kf/ x'g ;S5 .
Pj+ a'4]M k/+ a'b\Wjf ;+:tEofTdfgdfTdgf .
hlx zq'+ dxfafxf] sfd¿k+ b'/f;bd\ ..$#..
x] dxfafx' Û a'l4eGbf >]i7 cyf{t\ ;"Id, anjfg\ / cToGt >]i7 cfTdfnfO{ hfg]/ / a'l4åf/f
dgnfO{ jzdf /fvL ltdL of] sfd¿k b'h]{o zq'nfO{ df/ ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– cfˆgf] k/d pmhf{ zlQmnfO{ lrg]/ cyf{t\ cfˆgf] k/d pmhf{ zlQm
k/dfTdfsf] g} zlQm xf] eGg] hfg]/ OlG›onfO{ jzdf /fv . dgnfO{ a'l4n] jzdf /fv, a'l4sf]
afu8f]/ k/dfTdfsf] xftdf b]pm . o;f] u¥of} eg] ltdL of] b'h]{o jf;gfaf6 aflx/ x'g] 5f} . hf] hlt
ulx/fOdf 5 Tof] TolQ g} zlQmzfnL x'G5 . ulx/fOdf ePsf] cfTdf ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL x'G5 . To;}n]
x] ch{'g Û ltdL ulx/fOdf ePsfnfO{ g} ;~rfng ug{ b]pm, dflysf] cfj/0fnfO{ ;~rfns gagfpm .
OlG›o ;fwf/0ftof oflGqs ¿kdf cfbtcg';f/ rNb5g\ lsgeg] xfdLn] dgåf/f ltgnfO{ ;~rfng
u/]sf xF'b}gf}+“ . xfdLn] OlG›onfO{ cfˆgf] ;Qf x:tfGt/0f u/]sf 5f}+ . o; l:yltdf xfdLn] dgnfO{
lardf Nofpg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;r]tgfk"j{s, xf]l;of/ eP/ sfo{ u¥of“}+ eg] OlG›osf] zlQm dgdf sdhf]/
x'G5 / dgsf] zlQm OlG›odf a9\g yfN5 .
km]l/ a'l4n] dgnfO{ ;~rflnt u/f}+“ . xfdL t a'l4sf] k|of]u dgn] s'g} lrhnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{
g;Sbf dfq u5f}{+ . uf8L rnfpFbf dg cfˆgf] ofqf ul//x]sf] x'G5 t/ Od/h]G;Ldf a|]s nufpg'
k/]df eg] dg tTsfn aGb x'G5 / a'l4sf] sfd ;'? x'G5 . xfdL a'l4nfO{ ha p;sf] ;]jfsf] h?/t
x'G5, ta dfq af]nfpF5f}+ cGoyf dgn] cfˆgf] sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5 . a'l4n] dgnfO{ ;~rfng ug{'k5{ .
ha dgn] ;kgfsf] dxn agfpg yfN5, ta a'l4nfO{ lardf NofP/ dg s] ;f]lr/x]sf] 5 eg]/
b]vfpg'k5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf dgsf hfnf]x¿ 6'6\5g\ . a'l4 lardf cfpFbf dgsf] cj:yf lzIfs
sIffdf cfpFbf ljBfyL{x¿sf] eP h:t} x'G5 / dg 8/fpg yfN5 . dg s]jn ;kgf b]Vg ;S5,
p;;Fu s'g} ljj]s / ljrf/sf] zlQm x'Fb}g . ljrf/sf] zlQm a'l4;Fu x'G5 . To;}n] a'l4nfO{ lardf
Nofpg cfjZos x'G5 / dgsf sfdx¿nfO{ a'l4n] hfu?s eP/ ug{ nufpg'k5{ . o;f] ug]{lalQs}
dg bLg x'G5 .
a'l4 klg k/d xf]Og . To;}n] o;nfO{ klg ;a} s'/fx¿ ;'lDkg x'Fb}g . a'l4sf] jzdf JolQm
eof] eg] cxª\sf/L x'G5 . a'l4df 7'nf] cxª\sf/ cfpF5 . a'l4 ;f]Rg ljrf/ ug{ ;S5 t/ hLjgsf]
;To cuDo / a'l4sf] lgoGq0feGbf aflx/ 5 . hLjg o:tf] /x:ok"0f{ 5, h;nfO{ a'l4n] dfq vf]Ng
;lsFb}g . a'l4 klg ha ;d:ofdf k5{, ta dfq k/dfTdfnfO{ ofb u5{ . ha;Dd a'l4 b'vdf kb}{g,
ta;Dd k/dfTdfnfO{ ofb ub}{g . Pp6f JolQmsf] pkrf/ ubf{ ub}{ ha p;sf] :jf:Yo cj:yfaf/]
8fS6/n] hjfkm lbG5, ta dfq p;nfO{ eujfg\sf] ofb cfpF5 . To;}n] x] eujg\ Û dnfO{ af6f]
b]vfpm eGg yfN5 . a'l4 ha xfb{5, ta ;dk{0f ug{'sf] s'g} cy{ x'Fb}g . ha ;kmntf / ;'vn] ;fy
lbO/x]sf] x'G5 To; a]nfdf g} s'g} JolQmn] k/dfTdfsf] :d/0f ub}{ a'l4nfO{ ;dk{0f u¥of] eg] Tof]
a]nf a'l4sf] ;xL ;dk{0f x'G5 / a'l4 k/dfTdfsf] xftdf x'G5 . OlG›onfO{ dgsf] xftdf ;'Dkf}F,
dgnfO{ a'l4df / a'l4nfO{ k/dfTdfsf] r/0fdf ;dk{0f u/f}F . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– h;n]

nf]suLtf– 118
 cWofo–#
cfkm"nfO{ ;dlk{t ub{5 Tof] JolQm b'h]{o sfdgfaf6 kf/ x'G5, cyf{t\ p;nfO{ k/dfTdf pknAw
x'G5 .
ç tT;lblt >Ld∫ujb\uLtf;"klgifT;' a|XdljBfof+ of]uzf:q]
>Ls[i0ffh{'g;+jfb] sd{of]uf] gfd
t[tLof]›WofoM ..#..

nf]suLtf– 119
cWofo–#

nf]suLtf– 120
 cWofo–$
ç >Lk/dfTdg] gdM
rf}yf] cWofo
1fgsd{;GGof;of]uM

>L eujfg'jfr .
Od+ ljj:jt] of]u+ k|f]QmjfgxdJood\ .
ljj:jfGdgj] k|fx dg'l/Ijfsj]˜a|jLt\ ..!..
eujfg\n] eGg'eof]– of] cljgfzL Pjd\ hLjfTdf / k/dfTdflarsf] ;DaGw a'emfpg] ljlzi6
1fg d}n] ;j{k|yd ;"o{nfO{ lbPsf] lyPF, ;"o{n] j}j:jt dg'nfO{ / j}j:jt dg'n] cfˆgf lk|o k'q /fhf
OIjfs'nfO{ lbP ..
;To ;doeGbf ;gftg 5 . ;Tosf] hGd / d[To' x'Fb}g To;}n] ;To gofF jf k'/fgf] x'Fb}g .
;dosf ;Ldfleq x'g] ;a} kl/jt{gLo x'G5 eg] ;dosf ;Ldfaflx/ x'g] dfq ckl/jt{gLo x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û d}n] ltdLnfO{ h] eGb} 5' ToxL s'/f d}n] ;"o{nfO{ klg ;[li6sf] k|f/Dedf
eg]sf] lyPF . ;a} k|f/De ;doleq} x'G5 ;doaflx/ s'g} k|f/De x'g ;Sb}g . To:t} ;a} cGt klg
;doleq g} x'G5 . >Ls[i0fsf] egfOsf] tfTko{ ;To ;doeGbf aflx/ 5 / ToxL ;To ;"o{nfO{ klg
pxfFn] eGg'ePsf] lyof] .
Wofgsf] ulx/fOdf JolQmx¿n] ;j{k|yd k|sfzsf] cg'ej ub{5g\ . JolQmsf] cxª\sf/ ha
ljnLg eP/ z"Go x''G5, ta k|sfz dfq z]if /xG5 / JolQm ;doeGbf klxn]sf] cj:yfdf k'U5 .
s[i0fsf] cy{ oxL ;To d}n] k|sfz cyf{t\ ;"o{nfO{ klxn] eg]sf] lyPF eGg] xf] . o; hut\sf] k|f/Desf]
klxnf] 36gf / clGtd 36gf klg k|sfz g} xf] . >Ls[i0f oxfF k|sfznfO{ ;"o{ eGg'x'G5 . pxfF eGg'
x'G5– d}n] ;"o{nfO{ klxn] eg]sf] lyPF lsgeg]] k|sfz ;a}eGbf klxn] x'G5 . ;"o{kl5 k|sfzsf k'q
j}j:jt dg'nfO{ ;"o{n] eg]sf lyP clg pgsf k'q /fhf OIjfs'nfO{ dg'n] eg]sf lyP . >Ls[i0f d}n]
eg]sf] lyPF eGg'x'G5 . >Ls[i0fsf] z/L/ hf] ch{'gsf] cufl8 5 Tof] z/L/ t clxn]sf] pkb]zeGbf
s]xL jif{cufl8 dfq hlGdPsf] xf] / s]xL jif{kl5 labf x'g] 5 . s[i0fsf] egfOsf] cy{ c¿ g} …dÚ xf] .
lh;;nfO{ Pshgfn] k|Zg u/]– ca|fxdsf ;DaGwdf tkfO{+sf] s] ljrf/ 5, ca|fxd lh;;eGbf w]/}
cl3sf ox'bLx¿sf] k}uDa/ x'g'x'G5 . lh;; eGg'x'G5– ca|fxdeGbf klg cl3 d lyPF . of]
dl/odsf 5f]/f lh;;sf] af/]df elgPsf] xf]Og, ca|fxd t lh;;eGbf xhf/f}F jif{ cl3 x'g'x'GYof] .
lh;;n] z/L/sf] xf]Og, k/dfTdtŒjsf] s'/f ug{'ePsf] xf] .
>Ls[i0f ;f}o{ huTf\sf] ToxL klxnf] 36gf eGg] qmddf dg' Pjd\ OIjfs'sf af/]df klg
eGg'x'G5, hf] xhf/fF} jif{cl3 x'g'x'GYof] . >Ls[i0fn] d}n] ;"o{nfO{ eg]sf] lyPF eGg'sf] cy{ oxfF s[i0f
JolQmsf] ¿kdf xf]Og ;dli6sf] ¿kdf af]Nb} x'g'x'G5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ ;dosf] aflx/ 36]sf]
36gfsf af/]df k/dfTdfsf] ¿kdf eGb} x'g'x'G5 . s[i0f k"/f ;do b'O{ w/ftndf pleP/ s'/f
ug'{x'G5 . hf] jQmJo ;doeGbf aflx/ 5, ToxfF s[i0f k/dfTdf h:t} eP/ af]Ng'x'G5 / hf] jQmJo
;dosf ;Ldfleq 5 ToxfF s[i0f ch{'gsf] ldqsf ¿kdf af]Ng'x'G5 . pko'{Qm Znf]sdf >Ls[i0fn]
;"o{nfO{ eg]sf] eGg] egfO hLjgsf] k/d ;To, k/d pmhf{åf/f elgPsf] xf] / oxL ;To ;"o{n]
dg'nfO{, dg'n] cfˆgf k'qnfO{ eGg'sf] tfTko{ ;do cnu cnu x'Fb}g eGg] xf] . oxfF eGg] JolQm /

nf]suLtf– 121
cWofo–$
;'Gg] JolQm cnu x'g ;S5g\ t/ ;To ToxL x'G5 . ;Tosf ;DaGwdf cg]s hfGg] JolQmx¿n] cf–
cfˆgf] z}nLdf cf–cfˆgf] tl/sfaf6 cg]s k|sf/n] Pp6} s'/f eg]sf 5g\ .
pklgifb\n] h] eG5, a'4 ToxL s'/f eGg'x'G5 t/ leGg s'/f elgPsf] h:tf] nfU5 . oxfF af]Ng]
JolQm / ;'Gg] JolQmx¿ ablnP/ o'u;Fu} efiff klg ablnof] . dxfjL/n] h] eGg'x'G5, Tof] j]bdf
elgPsf] s'/f g} eGg'x'G5 t/ efiff ablnof] . af]Ng] JolQm / ;'Gg] JolQmx¿ ablnP / slxn]sfxLF
efiffsf] kl/jt{gn] b'O{ JolQmx¿n] eg]sf] egfO ljk/Lt h:tf] klg nfUb5 . dg'io hfltsf] hLjgdf
o;af6 7'nf] b'3{6gf 3l6t ePsf] 5 . lxGb", O:nfd, O;fO{, af}4, h}g, l;v cflb wd{ Ps csf{sf
lj/f]wL / zq' x'g\ h:tf] nfUb5 . oL cnu–cnu wd{x¿sf ;To klg cnu–cnu 5g\ h:tf] k|tLt
x'G5 t/ ;To Pp6} 5≤ o;df s'g} leGgtf 5}g . cnu–cnu o'udf cnu–cnu JolQmnfO{ elgPsf]
x'Fbf leGgh:tf] efg dfq ePsf] xf] . wfld{s JolQm ToxL x'G5 h;n] oL ;a} lj/f]wx¿df klg
;TonfO{ hfGb5, cGoyf k/:k/df lj/f]wL ;To b]Vg] JolQm wfld{s x'g ;Sb}g .
>Ls[i0f oxfF l7s oxL ;To klxn] klg elgPsf] lyof] eGg'x'G5 . pxfF df}lns x'g] bfaf klg
ug{'x'Gg / d}n] g} klxnf]k6s eg]sf] lyPF klg eGg'x'Gg / ch{'gnfO{ klg ;To klxnf] k6s ;'lg/x]sf
5f} klg eGg'x'Gg . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– of] s'/f gofF xf]Og t/ df}lns xf], h'g d"n;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
of] s'/f hxfFaf6 ;a} hlGdPsf 5g\, ToxLF;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . ;Tosf] cg'ej x'g] JolQmnfO{ ;To
klxn] s;}n] hfg]sf] 5}g / d}n] dfq hfg]sf] 5' eGg] k|tLlt x'g ;S5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– oxL s'/f
xhf/f}+“ k6s cgGt JolQmx¿n] eg]sf 5g\ . ;Tosf ;DaGwdf s[i0f k"jf{u|x/lxt x'g'x'G5 . s[i0fsf]
hf]8 ;Todf 5≤ To;}n] pxfF eGg'x'G5– hf] ;To xf] ToxL d ltdLnfO{ eG5' . dxfjL/ klg eGg'x'G5–
deGbf klxn] kf/;gfy, Cifegfyn] / g}ldgfyn] klg oxL eg]sf lyP . a'4 eGg'x'G5– deGbf klxn]
hf] a'4 eP, h;n] hfg] / b]v], pgLx¿n] klg oxL eg] . oL ;a} JolQmx¿ gofF tyf k'/fgf] eg]/
bfaf ul//xg'ePsf] 5}g s]jn ;To, ;To g} x'G5 elg/xg'ePsf] 5 . ;"o{ xfdL gx'Fbf klg lyof], xfdL
;dfKt ePkl5 klg x'G5 . To;}n] of] ;"o{ gofF / k'/fgf] xf]Og . xfdL gofF / k'/fgf x'G5f“}+, cfpF5f“}+ /
hfG5f“}+ t/ ;To cfˆgf] 7fpFdf c6n x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ;"o{nfO{ eGbf klg ;To ToxL lyof] /
h'g lbg ;"o{n] cfˆgf 5f]/f dg'nfO{ eg] To; a]nfdf klg ;To ToxL lyof] / dg'n] cfˆgf 5f]/f
OIjfs'nfO{ eGbf klg ;To ToxL lyof] . s[i0fn] ch{'gnfO{ eGbf klg ;To ToxL 5 . lxhf] ;To hxfF
lyof], cfh klg ToxLF 5 / ef]ln xfdL sf]xL gx'Fbf klg ;To ToxL c6n ¿kdf /xG5 .
Pj+ k/Dk/fk|fKtldd+ /fhif{of] ljb'M .
; sfn]g]x dxtf of]uf] gi6M k/Gtk ..@..
x] k/Gtk Û ;+;f/df of] k/dlj1fg u'?–lzio k/Dk/fsf dfWodaf6 /fhlif{x¿n] hfg] . nfdf]
;dosf] cGt/fndf of] of]u gi6 xf]Og n'Ktk|foM eof] ..
of] k/dlj1fg u'?–lzio k/Dk/faf6 /fhlif{x¿n] hfg] h'g k[YjLaf6 nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fndf
n'Kt k|foM eof] . k/Dk/fsf] cy{ 6«]l8;g (Tradition) xf]Og . 6«]l8;gsf] cy{ /Lt Pjd\ k|rlnt
Joj:yf xf] t/ k/Dk/fsf] cy{ km/s 5 . k/Dk/fsf] cy{ c+u|]hLdf Continum x'g ;S5 . ;Gtlt
k|jfx cyf{t\ l;nl;nf g} k/Dk/fsf] cy{ xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– k/Dk/f cGtu{t g} Clifx¿n] of]
;TonfO{ Ps csf{sf dfWodaf6 hfg] . >Ls[i0f h'g k/Dk/fsf] s'/f ub}{ x'g'x'G5 Tof] zf:qsf] geP/
hfGg] JolQmx¿sf] k/Dk/f xf] . >Ls[i0fn] ;"o{nfO{ zf:qsf dfWodaf6 xf]Og l;w} eGg'ePsf] xf] .
;To ;b}j k/dfTdfaf6 JolQm;Fusf] l;wf ;+jfb xf] . xfdLn] k/Dk/fsf af/]df a'‰g] u/]sf] cy{ unt
xf] . k/Dk/fsf] cy{ ;To x:tfGt/0f / cfˆgf] hfgsf/L c¿nfO{ lbP/ hfgsf/ agfpg' klg xf]Og .

nf]suLtf– 122
 cWofo–$
k/Dk/fsf] cy{ hfGg] JolQmx¿sf] lardf Pp6f s8L x'g' xf], h;nfO{ cl3 klg w]/}n] hflg;s]sf 5g\
/ kl5 klg c¿x¿n] hfGg ;Sg] 5g\ . ;To ;"o{h:tf] ;bf rlDs/x]sf] x'G5 h;n] cfFvf vf]n]/ x]¥of]
To;n] ;TonfO{ hfGg ;S5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– Tof] ;Tosf] k/Dk/f n'Ktk|foM eof] . ;To n'Kt of gi6 x'g ;Sb}g To;}n]
>Ls[i0f n'Kt eof] eGg'x'Gg s]jn n'Ktk|foM eof] eGg'x'G5 . ;To olb n'Kt g} eof] eg] To;sf] k'gM
cfljisf/ ;Dej x'Fb}g / To;nfO{ vf]Hg klg ;lsFb}g . ;To ;b}j n'Ktk|foM x'G5 t/ of] n'Kt g} eg]
x'Fb}g . Pp6f ls/0f dfq eP klg cGwsf/n] el/Psf] xfd|f] dgdf of] l:yt /xG5 . h:tf] ls 3/sf
‰ofn 9f]sf aGb u/] klg Pp6f ;fgf] Kjfnaf6 ;"o{sf] ls/0f cfPh:tf] ;To;Fu xfd|f] ;DaGw alg g}
/xG5 / To;} ls/0fsf] k|sfzaf6 xfdL ;"o{nfO{ k'gM vf]Hg ;S5f}+“ . x/]s sfnv08df ;Tosf] Pp6f
ls/0f df}h'b g} /xG5 h;af6 xfdL n'Ktk|foM ;TonfO{ vf]Hg ;S5f“}+ t/ olb of] ls/0f klg ljnLg
eof] eg] o;nfO{ vf]Hg] s'g} pkfo g} /xFb}g . l7s o;}u/L hfg]sf] ;Tosf] k/Dk/f ;'g]sf] ;Tosf]
k/Dk/fdf x/fpF5 . ›i6fsf] k/Dk/f ;|i6fsf] k/Dk/fdf x/fpF5 . la:tf/} zf:qsf] ;d"x hDdf x'G5 /
1fgsf] ls/0f o;df 8'a]/ x/fpF5 . xfdL zf:qnfO{ g} s07:y ug{ yfN5f}+“ clg zf:qaf6 g} xfdLnfO{
1fg k|fKt x'g] 5 eGg] nfUg yfN5 . o; l:yltdf ;Tosf] l;wf vf]h aGb x'G5 / xfdL pwf/f]
;Todf afFRg yfN5f“}+ .
zf:qx¿sf] ;fd"lxs d?e"lddf klg ;To n'Kt x'g ;Sb}g s]jn n'Ktk|foM dfq x'G5 . olb
s;}n] zf:qsf] y'k|f]df klg ;To vf]h]/ kfpg ;Sof] eg] ToxfF klg ;To pknAw x'g ;S5 . t/
To;nfO{ lrGg sl7g 5 lsgeg]] xfdL ;To;Fu kl/lrt g} 5}gf}+“ . To;}n] Tof] zf:qx¿sf] y'k|f]nfO{
vg]/ lgsfNg] sfo{ sl7g x'G5 / xfdL ;To gkfP/ e8lsg klg ;S5f“}+ . cfh o:t} cj:yf ljBdfg
5, lxGb" lxGb"sf] zf:qdf x/fPsf] 5, d';ndfg, O;fO{ pgLx¿s} zf:qdf x/fPsf 5g\ . ha
df]xDdb, lh;;, dxfjL/, a'4nfO{ 1fg eof], ta pxfFx¿;Fu s'g} zf:q g} lyPg . hfGg] k|lqmof ;bf
cFWof/f], df}g clg zflGtdf pknAw x'G5 . xfdLx¿ hfGgsf nflu zAbsf] dfu{af6 ofqf u5f“}{+ .
JolQmn] zf:qaf6 vf]Hbfvf]Hb} ylst eP/ o;nfO{ aGb u/]/ l;wf ;Tosf] dfu{af6 lglSnPdf ;To
k|fKt x'g ;S5 . JolQmn] ha zAbnfO{ df}gdf ¿kfGt/0f u5{ ta dfq ;Tosf] l;wf vf]h k|f/De x'g]
5.
;To n'Kt x'g] csf]{ sf/0f Pp6f ;To hfGg] JolQmn] csf]{ ;To hfGg] JolQmnfO{ eGb}gg\
lsgeg] To;sf] s'g} k|of]hg g} x'Fb}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu dxfjL/n] hfg]sf] ;To ghfg]sf] JolQmnfO{
eGg'kg]{ x'G5 / ToxfFaf6 ;d:of plAhG5 . ghfGg] JolQmn] hfGg] JolQmaf6 elgPsf] s'/f p;n]
a'√b}g / cfkm"n] cy{ nufPsf] s'/f ;'g]/ a'‰5 . xfdL ToxL ;'Gg ;S5f}+“, hf] xfdL hfGb5f“}+ / leqsf]
dgn] ;Tosf] s'/f ;'g]/ klg a'‰b}g . >Ls[i0fn] eg]sf] s'/f ch{'gn] ;'g]/ a'em]sf eP s[i0fnfO{ ca
af]Ng s]xL afFsL g} /xg] lyPg . hfGg] JolQmx¿n] ghfGg] JolQmx¿;Fu af]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 / pgLx¿n]
;'g]/ cfˆgf] cy{ lgsfN5g\ hf] pgLx¿sf] cfˆgf] cy{ x'G5 oxL :jfefljs sl7gfOsf sf/0f ;To
n'Ktk|foM x'G5 .
P8dG8 js{ (Edmund Burke) ljZjsf] ;fdflhs Pjd\ /fhg}lts Oltxf; n]Vb} lyP .
Oltxf; n]Vg] qmddf pgsf] kGw| jif{ lalt;s]sf] lyof] h;cGtu{t sl/a Oltxf; n]Vg] cfwf sfd
;DkGg eO;s]sf] lyof] . cxf]/fq k9\g] / n]Vg] sfd dfq pgL ub{y] . Pslbg pgsf] 3/sf] 5]pdf
xNnfvNnf ;'? eof] . klxn] t js{n] Wofg lbPgg\ t/ xNnf a9]kl5 pgL aflx/ s] ePsf] xf] eg]/
a'‰g lg:s] . glhs} Ps JolQmsf] xTof ePsf] lyof] . Tof] xTofsf ;DaGwdf ;fIfLx¿ ljleGg s'/f

nf]suLtf– 123
cWofo–$
ub}{ lyP . sf]xL eGb} lyP xTof ug]{n] l7s u¥of]– of] t unt JolQm lyof] . sf]xL eGb} lyP xTof/f
unt lyof]– of] JolQm t /fd|} lyof] . xTofsf] ljj/0fdf klg JolQmx¿sf] cnu–cnu ljrf/ jf
aofg lyof] . sf]xL eGb} lyP xTof/f lhDd]jf/ 5 / sf]xL eGb} lyP xTof/fn] afWo eP/ xTof u/]sf]
xf] . P8dG8 js{n] kGw| jif{ sfd u/]sf] lstfadf cfuf] nufP / n]v]– d]/f] 3/sf] k5fl8 s;}sf]
xTof x'Fbf cfFvfn] b]Vg] 36gfsf k|ToIfbzL{x¿sf] egfO t olt km/s 5 eg] kfFr xhf/ jif{cl3 s]
ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f kfFr xhf/ jif{kl5 ;To n]Vg ;lsFb}g≤ t;y{ of] Joy{sf] sfd xf] . js{n]
n]v]sf 5g\ Oltxf; ;/f;/ em'6f] syf xf] / ;To Oltxf; n]Vg g} ;lsFb}g .
>Ls[i0fn] af]Ng] lalQs} ;To ablng nfUof] / csf]{ JolQm sxfF k'Ug] lalQs} o;sf] ¿k
ablnP/ n'Kt x'g ;'? eof] . ;To af]Ng] lalQs} ;'Gg] JolQmsf] Ifdtfsf] cefjsf] sf/0f n'Kt x'g
yfNb5 ;fy} af]Ng] k|lqmofdf klg ;To n'Kt x'G5 . ;To clt lj/f6\ 5 / zAb ;ÍL0f{ 5 . ;TonfO{
ha zAbdf /fVg] r]i6f x'G5, ToxfFaf6 sl7gfO ;'? x'G5 . To;}n] x/]s hfGg]jfnfx¿ eG5g\– ;To
;a} eGg ;lsFb}g . hf] eGg rfx]sf] xf] Tof] eGbfeGb} 5'6\b5 . laxfg ;"o{ pbfPsf] ;'Gb/tfsf]
cj:yf, r/fr'?ËLx¿n] uLt ufPsf], j[Ifx¿df km"n km'Nb} u/]sf] / k|;Gg b]lvPsf] s'/f zAbdf
s;}nfO{ j0f{g ug{'k¥of] eg] cfkm"n] cg'ej u/]sf] wldnf] tl:a/ klg eGg ;lsFb}g lsgeg]] xfdL h]
eG5f}+“, ToxfF ;"o{sf] ls/0f / tfk x'g] 5}g . ToxfF kIfLx¿sf] uLtsf] ;ËLt x'g] 5}g, ToxfF j[Ifsf]
xl/ofnL klg x'g] 5}g / ToxfF laxfgsf] xfjfsf] :jR5kg x'g] 5}g . To;df km"nx¿ km'Ng] efjx¿
klg x'Fb}g . laxfgsf] WofgdUg ;dflw:y ¿ksf] j0f{g zAbdf ug}{ ;lsFb}g . clg of] j0f{g ;'Gg]
JolQmn] ha c¿nfO{ To;sf af/]df atfpg yfN5g\ To;a]nf ;To n'Kt x'g ;'? x'G5 . s]xL t eGg]
k|lqmofdf g} n'Kt x'G5 . clg Tof] ;'Gg] JolQmn] ;'g]sf] e/df c¿nfO{ ;'gfpF5 clg ;To n'Kt x'g
yfN5 .
To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ;To n'Ktk|foM 5 t/ ;To olt t lglZrt ¿kdf afFRb5 ls
To;sf] k|Tole1f ug{ ;lsof];\ . ;To ;bf n'Ktk|foM x'G5 t/ n'Ktk|foM eP/ klg ;To ljBdfg
x'G5 . ;fy} ;To hlt;'s} n'Ktk|foM eP klg c;To x'Fb}g . ;bf ;Tosf] wldnf] k|ltWjlg z]if g}
/xG5 . hfGg] JolQmn] Tof] k|ltWjlgnfO{ lrGg ;S5g\ / Tof] k|ltWjlgsf] k|Tole1f ug{ ;S5g\ . ;To
bz{g xf] / of]u To;sf] åf/ xf] . ;To hfGg ;lsG5 / h;af6 ;TonfO{ hfGg ;lsG5 Tof] dfu{ of]u
xf] .
/fhlif{sf] cy{ Clift'No /fhf eGg] xf] . Clif Tofusf] k|tLs xf] / /fhf TofuL eP /fhlif{
sxnfpF5 . Clif geO{sg t /fhf /fhlif{ x'g ;Sb}g . /fhfdf Tofusf] zlQm x'g}k5{ . :jfdL /fdn]
cd]l/sfsf tTsfnLg /fi6«klt hf] pxfFnfO{ e]6\g cfPsf lyP, pgnfO{ cfkm" afbzfx ePsf] atfpg'
eof] / eGg'eof] d afbzfx x'F lsgeg]] ddf s'g} rfxgf / dfu ca afFsL 5}g . dnfO{ ca s'g}
s'/fn] klg nf]e pTkGg x'Fb}g . o;sf/0f klg afbzfx h:tf] nfU5 ls hab]lv cfˆgf ljrf/x¿
5f]8]+, To;kl5 ;a} cfˆgf] dfq nfU5 / ;f/f b'lgofF / a|Xdf08 d]/f] xf] eGg] nfU5 . ha cfkm"leq
x]5{' clg cgGt ;DklQ jf sf]if / ;fd|fHo kfpF5' . o:tf] k|j[lQ ePsf] JolQm /fhlif{ x'G5 . /fhlif{
s]xL gu/L ;a} s'/f k|fKt ub{5g\ / kfpgsf nflu s]xL ub}{gg\ . s]xL gug{' eGbf sl7g sfo{ s'g}
klg 5}g . /fhlif{ jt{dfgdf k"0f{ lj>fd / ;dk{0f efjn] afFRb5 .
; Pjfo+ dof t]˜B of]uM k|f]QmM k'/ftgM .
eQmf]˜l; d] ;vf r]lt /x:o+ Xo]tb'Qdd\ ..#..

nf]suLtf– 124
 cWofo–$
eujfg\ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ToxL k'/ftg of]u Pjd\ ljlzi6 1fg hf] cflbsfndf d}n] g} atfPsf]
lyPF . ;dosf] nfdf] cGt/fndf l5GgleGg ePsf] jf cb[Zo ePsf] ToxL /x:odo / pQd 1fg cfh
d}n] ltdLnfO{ eg]+ lsgeg]] ltdL d]/f lk|o eQm Pjd\ ldq klg xf} ..
hLjg Ct'x¿ h:t} kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . uf8Lsf] kfª\u|f h:t} Pp6f l:y/ g3'Dg] lsnfdf
c8]/ rSsf 3'ld/xG5 . cyf{t\ ;f/f kl/jt{g s'g} ckl/jt{gdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . b[Zo cb[Zodf, d[To'
cd[tdf, kbfy{ k/dfTdfdf Pjd\ 3'Dg]jfnf ;+;f/ g3'Dg] ckl/jt{gzLn ;+;f/df lge{/ x'G5 . ;f/f
s'/f ljk/Ltdf lge{/ x'G5 . To;}n] hf] b]lvG5, To;df dfq sf]xL /f]lsof] eg] pm /x:oaf6 jl~rt
x'G5 . b[Zodf hf] cb[ZonfO{ vf]Hg ;S5 pm /x:o;Fu kl/lrt x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ToxL k'/ftg
of]u ;To xf] hf] ;bfaf6 rlncfPsf] 5 . of] ToxL ;To xf] hf] Clifx¿n] hfg] . hf] ltdLnfO{ d k'gM
eG5' . d ltdLnfO{ ToxL eG5' hf] ;bfb]lv 5 . ;Todf cfˆgftkm{af6 s]xL hf]8\g klg ;lsFb}g /
gofF klg agfpg ;lsFb}g . ;TonfO{ ls t xfdL hfGg ;S5f}+“ of t ghfGg] lh2L u/]/ c1fgtfdf
/xG5f}+“ . xfdLn] hfg] jf ghfg] klg ;To ablnFb}g . xfdL eg] cjZo ablnG5f“}+ . c;To xfd|f]
cfljisf/ xf] t/ ;To c6n 5 hf] slxn] klg ablnFb}g . s[i0f x'Fbf klg ;To lyof] / s[i0f gx'Fbf
klg ;To /xG5 .
;To lgTo 5 / oxL lgTo ;Toaf/] >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– d k'gM ltdLnfO{ eG5'
lsgeg]] ltdL d]/f lk|o ;vf / eQm xf} . s[i0f ;To klg ldq, eQm / ;vfnfO{ dfq atfpg'x'G5,
cGoyf s]xL atfpg'x'Gg h:tf] nfU5 / aflx/af6 em§ x]bf{ s[i0f klg kIfkftL b]lvg'x'G5 . jf:tjdf
>Ls[i0fn] o;f] eGg' k5fl8sf] sf/0f olb ;To ldq, ;vf jf eQm eg]/ atfOPg eg] p;n] ;TonfO{
a'‰g] r]i6f g} ub}{g . o;sf] tfTko{ s[i0fn] eg]sf s'/fnfO{ Wofg b]cf];\ eg]/ s[i0fn] of] ljZn]if0f
hf]8\g'ePsf] xf] . ;TonfO{ hfGg] / a'‰g] tof/L d}qL efjdf ;Dej x'G5 . s[i0fn] t zq'nfO{ klg
atfpg'x'G5 t/ p;n] o;nfO{ Wofg glbg klg ;S5 . ;"o{nfO{ x]g{ cfFvf t vf]Ng'k5{ . ;To hfGgsf
nflu u|x0fzLntfsf] efj cfjZos x'G5 lsgeg]] ;To cgGt Pjd\ ;"Id 5 . ;To hfGgsf nflu
JolQmsf ;a} åf/ v'Nnf x'g'k5{ / e/f];f / >4f cfjZos x'G5 . of] geP ;TonfO{ a'‰g ;lsFb}g .
;To ;bf lgTo, lr/:yfoL / ;gftg 5 . To;}n] ch{'gn] s[i0fsf] s'/f v'Nnf ¿kdf >4fk"j{s ;'g"g\
eg]/ g} >Ls[i0fn] æltdL d]/f lk|o ;vf xf}, To;}n] d ltdLnfO{ km]l/ ;To s'/f eG5'Æ eGg'ePsf] xf] .
xfdLnfO{ lg/Gt/ ofb lbnfOPg eg] xfdL sltko s'/fx¿sf] ofb;Dd ub}{gf}F lsgeg]] xfdL
ulx/f] lj:d/0fsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf 5f}+“ . xfd|f] :d[lt clt bLg 5 / xfd|f] ljj]s cToGt ?U0f 5 . xfdL
ldq, lk|o, cfkmGt ;a}nfO{ e'N5f“}+, c¿nfO{ e'Ng t sl7g 5}g t/ xfdL t cfkm"nfO{ klg e'N5f“}+ /
sl/a sl/a a]xf];Lsf] cj:yfdf x/kn /xG5f“}+ . Psk|sf/n] xfdL ;b}j lg›fdf /xG5f}+“ . qmf]w
ul/;s]kl5 xfdLnfO{ aNn yfxf x'G5, ta;Dd l9nf eO;s]sf] x'G5 sf/0f qmf]w kmsf{pg jf zfGt
ug{ klg ;lsFb}g . ch{'g ;TonfO{ lgs6af6 Åbo vf]n]/ ;'g"g\ / a'em"g\ eg]/ s[i0f k|of; ug{'x'G5 .
olb cfTdLo efj xfdLdf ;[hgf eof] eg] xfd|f] r]tgfsf] tn g} ablnG5 . ;Tosf] bz{g t r]tgfsf]
lzv/af6 dfq x'g ;S5 . s[i0fsf s'/f ch{'gn] cfˆgf] :t/af6 t a'‰g ;Sb}gg\ . o;sf nflu
s[i0fsf] k|of; pgnfO{ r]tgfsf] dflyNnf] :t/df k'¥ofpg' g} xf] . s[i0fn] ldqsf] ;Daf]wg ug'{ ch{'g
s[i0fsf] :t/df cfP/ ;TonfO{ hfGg ;s"g\ eg]/ xf] .
of] rrf{ lzv/ / vf8nsf lar eO/x]sf] 5 / oyfy{df ch'{g g8/fpmg\ eg]/ >Ls[i0f ;a}
k|sf/sf e/f];f lbnfpg] k|of; ug{'x'G5 . s[i0f ch{'gsf] åf/ v'nfpg x/k|of; ug{'x'G5 / ch{'gnfO{
cfˆgf] r]tgf;Fu tfbfTDo u/fpg] k|of; ug{'x'G5 . ha ch{'g s[i0fsf] tn\ jf glhs k'U5g\, ta

nf]suLtf– 125
cWofo–$
dxfjfSo af]Ng'x'G5 . To;eGbf cl3 ljleGg tl/sfaf6 pgnfO{ tof/ kfg]{ k|of; ub}{ x'g'x'G5 .
s[i0fnfO{ h:tf] ;To l;sfpg'kg]{ r'gf}tL c¿ dxfk'?ifx¿nfO{ slxNo} cfPg lsgeg]] o'4sf] d}bfgdf
hxfF ;Í6sf] If0f 5, ToxfF l;sfpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ / ;jf{lws sl7g sfo{ xf] . To;}n] >Ls[i0f w]/}k6s
ch{'gnfO{ cfˆgf] lgs6 Nofpg] r]i6f ug{'x'G5 tfls pgnfO{ cfZj:t kfg{ ;lsof];\ . uLtfdf w]/} sd
dxfjfSo 5g\, afFsL ;a} ltg}sf lj:tf/ dfq x'g\ .
ch{'g pjfr
ck/+ ejtf] hGd k/+ hGd ljj:jtM .
syd]tlåhfgLof+ Tjdfbf} k|f]Qmjflglt ..$..
ch{'gn] eg]– x] eujg\ Û xh'/sf] hGd clxn] ePsf] 5 / ;"o{b]jsf] hGd klxNo} ePsf] lyof] .
o;y{ xh'/n] g} ;"o{b]jnfO{ of] lj1fg klxn] g} atfpg' ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/fnfO{ d s;/L a'em"F ..
>Ls[i0fn] ;[li6sf] k"j{;GWofdf d}n] ;"o{nfO{ oxL s'/f eg]sf] lyPF eGg'ePsf] lyof] . To;}n]
ch{'gsf] dgdf k|Zg p7\g' l7s} xf] . s[i0f t ev{/} hlGdg'ePsf] xf] / s;/L pxfFn] ;"o{nfO{ eGg'eof]
xf]nf eg]/ ch{'gn] s[i0f;Fu o:tf] lh1f;f /fVg' klg :jfefljs xf] . >Ls[i0f rfxg'x'G5– ch{'g 5nfª
dfb}{ lzv/df k'u"g\ t/ ch{'g k'gM cfˆg} tn\df cfP/ g} k|Zg u5{g\ . ch{'g cem ;lGbUw x'Fb} k|Zg
u5{g\ . ch{'g s[i0f;Fu xh'/n] ;"o{nfO{ s'g ;To eGg'ePsf] lyof] eGg] k|Zg p7fpFb}gg\ . pgL nfvf}“
s/f]8f}+“ jif{ k'/fgf ;"o{nfO{ xh'/ hf] ev{/} hlGdg'ePsf] 5 To:tf] JolQmn] s;/L eGg'eof] eg]/
;f]Wb5g\ . ch{'gsf] k|Zg k|]dk"0f{ 5}g lsgeg]] k|]ddf k|Zg/lxt e/f];f x'G5 .
>Ls[i0fnfO{ klg yfxf 5– pgsf] Tof] z/L/ t ev{/} hlGdPsf] xf] . ch{'gn] ;f]w]kl5 dfq
yfxf ePsf] xf]Og t/ ch{'gn] s[i0fsf] leqL tŒjnfO{ hfGg] s'g} k|of; u/]sf] kfOFb}g . >Ls[i0f h'g
z/L/sf] s'/f ub}{ x'g'x'G5 Tof] ch{'gsf cufl8 pkl:yt eP/ af]n]sf] z/L/ xf]Og . of] t Tof]
cfTdfsf af/]df eGg'ePsf] xf] h;n] j:qsf] efFtL s}of}+“ z/L/ wf/0f ul/;s]sf] / 5f]l8;s]sf] 5 .
>Ls[i0f To; cfTdfsf] s'/f ub}{ x'g'x'G5 hf] k/dfTdf;Fu d"ntM Psfsf/ 5 / Tof] cfTdf ;"o{eGbf
klxn] klg lyof] / ;"o{ ;dfKt ePkl5 klg /xg] 5 . hxfF;Dd z/L/sf] k|Zg 5 Tof] ;"o{n] xfdL
h:tf nfvf}+“ z/L/nfO{ c:t u/fP/ klg k|sflzt ul//xG5 t/ hxfF cfTdfsf] k|Zg 5 cfTdfn] o:tf
nfvf}+ ;"o{nfO{ ;dfKt kf/]/ klg /lx/xG5 / Tof] tŒj slxn] klg lgEb}g . t/ To;af/] ch{'gnfO{ s'g}
af]w g} 5}g . To;}n] pgL z/L/sf] txsf] g} k|Zg p7fpF5g\ . pgsf] k|Zg >Ls[i0fsf] txaf6 x]bf{
d"v{tfk"0f{ nfU5 .
>L eujfg'jfr
ax"lg d] JotLtflg hGdflg tj rfh{'g .
tfGox+ j]b ;jf{l0f g Tj+ j]Ty k/Gtk ..%..
eujfg\ eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û d]/f / ltd|f w]/} w]/} hGdx¿ eO;s]sf 5g\ . tL ;a} hGdsf af/]
d /fd|/L hfGb5' t/ ltdL hfGb}gf} ..
x] k/Gtk Û ltd|f] / d]/f] cg]s hGd eO;s]sf] 5, ltdL To;nfO{ hfGb}gf} t/ d hfGb5' .
ch{'gnfO{ yfxf gePsf] w]/} s'/f x'g ;S5 t/ JolQmx¿nfO{ eg] h'g xfdL cfkm" hfGb}gf}+, Tof] x'Fb}g
eGg] nfU5 . >Ls[i0f a8f] ;/ntfk"j{s eGg'x'G5– h] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g Tof] dnfO{ yfxf 5 . pxfF
olt k|fdfl0fstfsf ;fy eGg'x'G5≤ pxfFsf] jrg k"/f ;To k|tLt x'G5 . >Ls[i0fh:tf JolQmsf] jrg
bfz{lgssf] h:tf] jrg xf]Og hf] olb o:tf] eP jf olb p:tf] eP eg]/ hf]8]/ eGg ;lsG5 .
>Ls[i0fsf] jrg ;To / k/d x'G5 .

nf]suLtf– 126
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xfd|f k|frLg pklgifb\x¿sf] ha cg'jfb eof] ta klZrdsf JolQmx¿ a8f] ;d:ofdf k/] .
pklgifb\df Clifx¿sf] …a|Xd 5Ú eGg] ;/n jQmJo 5 . klZrdsf bfz{lgsx¿nfO{ olb o:tf] ePdf
jf p:tf] ePdf k/dfTdf x'G5 eGg] ;'Gg] u/]sfn] pgLx¿nfO{ pklgifb\sf] jQmJo crDdsf] nfUof]
h:fdf s'g} bnLn / k|df0f geP/ l;wf jQmJo 5 . klZrddf o:tf] x'gfsf] sf/0f ToxfF Clifx¿ w]/}
sd k}bf eP/ xf] . bfz{lgsx¿n] ts{af6 eGb} cfPsf] x'Fbf pgLx¿nfO{ o:tf] l;wf jQmJonfO{ dfGg
jf :jLsf/ ug{ sl7g ePsf] xf] . ax; / ts{n] cg'ejljgfsf] Pp6f lgisif{ lgsfN5, t/ wd{n]
cg'ejaf6 lgisif{ lgsfN5 . pklgifb\sf Clifx¿n] cfˆgf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df o:tf jQmJo lbPsf
x'g\ .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ha d}n] ltdLnfO{ of] k/dlj1fg ;[li6sf] k|f/Dedf ;"o{nfO{ eg]sf] lyPF
eg]+“ Tof] c¿ g} hGdsf] s'/f xf], of] o; hGdsf] s'/f xf]Og . >Ls[i0fsf ;dodf 1fg cfˆgf]
cg'ejsf] cfwf/df lyof], t;y{ ;fx;L lyof] . cfhsf] 1fg pgfG;o k|ltzt cfˆgf] cg'ejsf] 1fg
xf]Og . c¿af6 ;'g]sf] jf hfg]sf] cfwf/sf] 1fg xf], To;}n] of] ;fx;L 5}g . h;n] zf:qaf6 1fg
l;Sof] Tof] sfuhsf] 8'Ëfdf ofqf ug{' h:t} xf] . cfh c1fg a8f] ;fx;L 5 . c1fg olt ;fx;L t
slxn] klg lyPg . rf?jfs\nfO{ O{Zj/ 5}g eGgsf nflu klg xhf/f}+“ k|df0fx¿ k]; ug{' kb{Yof] To;
pk/fGt dfq Pp6f lgiklQ cfpFYof] . cfh gfl:tsn] ;lhn};Fu ljgf blnn cfTdf / O{Zj/ 5}g
eg]/ eGg ;S5g\ .
>Ls[i0f s'g} k|df0f lbg'x'Gg / ;xh ¿kdf eGg'x'G5– ch{'g ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g t/ dnfO{
yfxf 5 . ch{'g k|df0f dflu/x]sf 5g\ / s[i0f s'g} k|df0f lbg'x'Gg . ch{'gsf] ;f/f b[li6sf]0f
z/L/s]lG›t 5 . pgL eG5g\– oL d]/f lk|ohg dg]{ 5g\ t/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5 logLx¿ sf]xL klg
db}{gg\ . logLx¿ klxn] klg lyP / ef]ln klg x'g] 5g\ . ch{'gsf] k|Zg z/L/;Fu ;DalGwt 5, hf]
af/Daf/ cg]s ¿kdf cfpF5 . >Ls[i0fn] d[To'sf] ;DaGwdf olt u'Xo s'/f atfO;Sg' ePkl5 ch{'g
km]l/ To:t} z/L/;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zg ;f]W5g\ . xh'/sf] hGd t ev{/ ePsf] xf]≤ ;"o{ t cgflb
sfnb]lv x'g'x'G5 . o;y{ xh'/n] klxn] ;"o{nfO{ s;/L eGg'eof] . >Ls[i0f k|df0f lbg t ;Sg'x'GYof] t/
l;wf pQ/ lbg'x'G5– xfd|f cg]s cg]s hGdsf af/]df …dÚ /fd|f];Fu hfGb5' t/ ltdL hfGb}gf}, cg'ej
ePsf] JolQmn] jQmJo klxn] lbP/ k|df0f kl5 dfq lbG5 t/ cg'ej gePsf] JolQmn] eg] k|df0f
klxn] lbP/ cfk"m hfGb5' h:tf] b]vfpg vf]H5 . s[i0fsf] egfO cg';f/ Pp6f cGwfnfO{ cfFvf ePsf]
JolQmn] ;"o{sf ;DaGwdf ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g, t/ d ;"o{nfO{ b]V5' / dnfO{ yfxf 5 eg] h:t} xf] .
chf]˜lk ;GgJoofTdf e"tfgfdLZj/f]˜lk ;g\ .
k|s[lt+ :jfdlwi7fo ;DejfDofTddfoof ..^..
d chGdf, cljgfzL x'F / ;Dk"0f{ a|Xdf08df l:yt k|f0fLx¿sf] O{Zj/ klg x'F t/ klg k|s[ltnfO{
cwLgdf /fv]/ cfˆg} of]udfofsf dfWodaf6 lbJo ¿kdf cjtl/t x'G5' ..
>Ls[i0fn] o; Znf]sdf r]tgf kbfy{df s;/L k|s6 x'G5, k/dfTdf s;/L k|s[ltdf cfljef{j
x'G5, cb[Zo s;/L z/L/x¿nfO{ u|x0f u5{, cnf}lss s;/L nf}lss aG5 / c1ft s;/L 1ft aG5
eGg] af/]df atfpg'x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– d c¿ h:t} hGd]sf] xf]Og . o;sf] dtna …dÚ eujfg\
x'F eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] egL ts{ ug]{ JolQmx¿ w]/} 5g\ . d cjtf/ x'F eg]/ s[i0fn] eGg rfx]sf] egL
ts{ ub{5g\ . t/ >Ls[i0f oxfF eGg'x'G5– oxfF hGdg t sf]xL klg hlGdFb}gg\ t/ c¿x¿ hlGdG5f}+
eGg] 7fGb5g\ . ha;Dd hlGdG5g\ eGg] dfGb5g\ ta;Dd d[To'df k|fKt x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf] dfGotf g}
pgLx¿sf] ;Ldf xf] . oxfF >Ls[i0f d c¿h:t} hGd]sf] xf]Og“ eGg'x'G5 . pxfFsf] egfOsf] k|of]hg hf]

nf]suLtf– 127
cWofo–$
c¿ hfGb}gg\ Tof] d /fd|f];Fu hfGb5' eGg] xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– d chGdf x'F, d]/f] slxn] klg hGd
ePsf] 5}g . hlt k|of; u/] klg xfdL dg]{ 5f} eGg] sNkgf;Dd klg leq cfpFb}g . hlGdPsf ;a}
JolQmx¿ d/]sf] b]Vbf klg Ps lbg d klg dg]{ 5' eGg] ljrf/ xfdLdf cfpFb}g . leq d[To'sf af/]df
s'g} ;DaGw g} hf]l8Fb}g lsgeg] leqsf] tŒj d/0fwdf{ xf]Og chGdf xf] . c;ndf hf] hGdG5, ToxL
db{5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– d chGdf / c1ft x'F≤ To;}n] cd/0fzLn klg x'F . c¿ t hGdG5' /
d[To'df k|fKt x'G5' eg]/ dfGb5g\ t/ d c¿h:tf] xf]Og lsgeg] …dÚ s] hfGb5' eg] d chGdf x'F /
c¿n] klg h'g lbg xfdL chGdf xf} egL hfGg] 5g\ To; lbg pgLx¿ klg d h:t} x'g] 5g\ . s[i0f
h'g chGdf …dÚ sf af/]df eGb} x'g'x'G5 Tof] …dÚ k/d k/dfTdfsf] xf] . cfTdfsf] s'g} hGd 5}g t/
klg z/L/df plqg' eg]sf] of]udfofåf/f k|s6 x'Gf' xf] . of]udfofsf] cy{ olb cfTdfn] rfx]df jf
cfsfª\Iff u/]df s'g} klg z/L/df k|j]z ug{ ;S5 eGg] xf] . cfTdfn] cfsfª\Iff u/]df s'g} klg
z/L/;Fu ;+o'Qm x'g ;S5 . of] ;ÍNkaf6 g} x'G5 . k/dfTdf :jod\ cfkm"nfO{ ;Ddf]xg u/]/ dfq
hldgdf plqg ;S5 . ;Ddf]xgdf leq xfd|f] r]tgfn] h] dfUof] ToxL 3l6t x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– …dÚ k/dfTdf cfˆgf] of]udfofn] z/L/df plqG5' . of] k|s[of t ;bf
;Ddf]xgaf6 g} x'G5 t/ olb sf]xL hfg]/ ;r]t z/L/df plqof] eg] Tof] JolQm cjtf/ k'?ifsf] ¿kdf
lrlgG5 . olb ghfg]/ z/L/df sf]xL plqof] eg] Tof] ;fwf/0f JolQm x'G5 . ;Ddf]xgn] b'j}df sfd
u5{ / Pp6f l:yltdf JolQm k|s[lt;Fu ;Ddf]lxt x'G5 / csf]{ l:ylt hf] cjtf/ k'?ifsf] x'G5 pm
:jod\ ;Ddf]xg eP/ z/L/df plqG5 . ToxfF k|s[ltn] s'g} ;Ddf]xg ug{ ;Sb}g . ;fwf/0ftof xfd|f]
hGd OR5fx¿sf] ;Ddf]xgdf x'G5 . xfdL dbf{ xhf/f“}+ OR5fn] xfdLnfO{ kqm]sf] x'G5 h'g k"/f x'g
kfpFb}gg\ . ltg} sfdgfn] xfd|f] dg k|f0fdf cfˆgf] 3/ agfP/ a;]sf] x'G5 / dgn] k|f0fnfO{ c¿ z/L/
dfu eG5 . zL3| z/L/ n]pm lsgeg]] xfdL ct[Kt 5f“}+, xfdLnfO{ t[lKt rflxof] eg]/ dfu u5{ . dg]{
a]nfsf] clGtd ljrf/ hGdsf] klxnf] ljrf/ x'G5, lardf lg›fsf] s]xL If0f x'G5 / Tof] OR5fn]
xfdLnfO{ ;Ddf]lxt u/]/ csf]{ hGd u/fpF5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– d c¿h:tf] xf]Og . o;sf] cy{ c¿x¿ ;a} OR5f, jf;gfdf ;Ddf]lxt
eP/ z/L/df k|j]z u/]sf x'g,\ pgLx¿nfO{ s]xL klg yfxf 5}g . pgLx¿ hgfj/sf] 3fF6Ldf afFlwPsf]
l;qmLh:t} OR5faf6 afFlwPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ OR5fsf] kf;f]df afFlwPsf kz'sf efFtL 5g\ . a]xf];,
d"l5{t cj:yfdf g} gofF hGddf k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ g d/0fsf] g t gofF hGdsf] g} s'g}
;Demgf 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ s]jn cGwf] OR5fsf] dfq ;Demgf 5 / pgLx¿ z/L/ k|fKt ug]{lalQs} lTfg}
OR5fx¿nfO{ k"/f ug{df nfU5g\ . hGd–hGdfGt/sf] OR5f hf] k"/f x'g ;s]sf] lyPg To;}nfO{ pgLx¿
k"/f ug{ nfU5g\ . s[i0f hfg]/ g} hlGdg' ePsf] xf], s'g} OR5fsf sf/0f hlGdg'ePsf] xf]Og . s[i0f
h:tf JolQm h;df OR5f cGt eO;s]sf] 5, To:tf JolQmdf s?0ffsf] hGd x'G5 . s[i0f h:tf
JolQm s?0ffsf] sf/0f h] pxfF;+“u 5 To;nfO{ afF8\gsf nflu hGd lnG5g\ . To;}n] pxfFsf] xf];k"0f{ /
r]tg hGd x'G5 / pxfFsf] d[To' klg xf];df hfg]/ x'G5 . hf] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] hGd / d[To'sf]
hfgsf/L x'G5 p;n] cfˆgf] ;d:t hGdsf af/]df klg hfGb5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ltdLnfO{
cl3Nnf] hGdsf af/]df yfxf 5}g t/ dnfO{ yfxf 5 / d c¿x¿ h:t} d"l5{t ¿kdf xf]Og, ;r]i6
¿kdf cfˆg} of]udfofn] cfkm"nfO{ g} hGdfpg] zlQmsf] k|of]u u/]/ z/L/df pkl:yt ePsf] 5' .
>Ls[i0f Pp6f u'Xo lj1fgsf af/]df atfpFb} x'g'x'G5 .

nf]suLtf– 128
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obf obf lx wd{:o Unflge{jlt ef/t .
cEo'Tyfgdwd{:o tbfTdfg+ ;[hfDoxd\ ..&..
x] ef/t Û ha ha wd{ Pjd\ ;fdflhs sd{–st{Josf] xflg / cwd{ Pjd\ c;fdflhs
lqmofsnfksf] j[l4 x'G5, ta ta d cfkm"nfO{ ;fsf/ ¿kdf dg''io;fd'' k|s6 u5{' ..
kl/qf0ffo ;fw"gf+ ljgfzfo r b'is[tfd\ .
wd{;+:yfkgfyf{o ;Dejfld o'u] o'u] ..*..
;fw' ;Gt dxfk'?ifx¿sf] /Iff / b'i6 Pjd\ c;fdflhs tŒjx¿sf] ljgfzsf nflu / wd{ tyf
;fdflhs dof{bfsf] k'gM :yfkg ug{sf nflu d x/]s o'udf k|s6 x'G5' ..
>Ls[i0f h:tf] JolQm jf;gfn] xf]Og s?0ffn] hlGdg' x'G5 . jf;gf cfˆgf nflu x'G5 eg]
s?0ff c¿sf nflu x'G5 . jf;gf cxª\sf/s]lG›t x'G5 t/ s?0ff cxª\sf/ ljs]lG›t x'G5 . km"nn]
cfˆgf] jf;gf rf/}tkm{ km}nfPh:t} s?0ff klg Pp6f km}nfj6 xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ha ha wd{
gi6 x'G5, ta wd{sf] ;+:yfkgfsf nflu d o'uo'udf k|s6 x'G5' . ha cwd{sf] k|efj a9\5, ta
cwd{nfO{ x6fpgsf nflu d k|s6 x'G5' . s[i0fsf] …dÚ df ljleGg cjtf/x¿ a'4, dxfjL/, lh;;,
df]xDdb cflb ;a} ;dflji6 5g\ . of] …dÚ JolQmjfbL xf]Og, pxfF eGg'x'G5– wd{sf] :yfkgfsf nflu /
cwd{sf] gfz ug{sf nflu hf] sf]xL cfP klg …dÚ g} cfpF5' . olb cGwsf/af6 k|sfzsf] cg'e"lt
u/fpg sf]xL cfpF5 eg] Tof] …dÚ g} cfPsf] x'G5' . of] …dÚ k/d r]tgf;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . ha s[i0f
h:tf] JolQm jf;gfz"Go x'G5 ta pm s?0ffsf sf/0f km]l/ cfpg ;S5 . o'uo'udf ha s'g} s?0ffsf]
h?/t x'G5, k/dfTdfsf] ¿ksf] s'g} JolQm kmls{P/ cfpF5 t/ To; JolQmsf] s'g} gfd x'Fb}g lsgeg]]
ha;Dd jf;gf x'G5, ta;Dd dfq gfd x'G5 .
df]xDdbn] eg]sf 5g\– deGbf cufl8 klg k/dfTdfn] k7fPsf JolQmx¿ cfPsf 5g\ / d
klg ToxL cw'/f] sd{ ug{ cfPsf] 5' . ha lh;;sf] hGd eof], ta ;f/f b'lgofFaf6 a'l4dfg\
JolQmx¿ k[YjLdf s?0ffn] Ps csf]{ JolQmsf] hGd ePsf] yfxf kfP/ lh;;sf] ufpFdf xhf/f}F
dfOnsf] ofqf u/]/ k'u] . ha a'4sf] hGd eof], To;a]nf lxdfnoaf6 Ps hgf dxfof]uL cl;td'lg
a'4sf] bz{g ug{ cfpg'eof] . a'4sf lktfn] cl;td'lgsf r/0fdf a'4nfO{ /fv]/ cfzLjf{b dfUg'eof]
t/ cl;td'lg ?g yfNg'eof] / eGg'eof]– d]/f] ?g] sf/0f cs}{ 5 . o:tf] JolQmsf] k'gh{Gd ePsf] 5
h;df s'g} jf;gf 5}g . hf] s?0ffn] cfPsf] 5 p;sf] r/0fdf a:gaf6 d jl~rt x'g] 5' lsgeg]]
d]/f] t hfg] a]nf eO;Sof] . d t cfˆg} b'ef{Uosf nflu /f]O/x]sf] 5' . To;}n] clxn] g} b08jt\ u5{' .
ha cwd{ a9\5, wd{sf] gfz x'g yfN5, To;sf] /Iffsf nflu hf] hGd] klg Tof] >Ls[i0f g} x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f s'g} JolQm xf]Og Tof] s?0ffaf6 cfPsf] k|sfz Pjd\ k/dfTdf:j¿k xf] .
k[YjLdf o:tf] s?0ffsf] cfjZostf ;bf 5 lsgeg]] k[YjL cGwsf/ / cwd{n] el/Psf] 5 .
t;y{ oxfF kljq cfTdf s?0ffn] kmls{g' g} k5{ . >Ls[i0f c;fw' / b'i6sf] ljgfzsf nflu / ;fw'sf]
p4f/sf nflu d}n] hGd lnPsf] eGg'x'G5 . b'i6sf] ljgfzsf nflusf] cy{ b'i6nfO{ xTof ug{sf nflu
xf]Og≤ b'i6nfO{ b'i6tfaf6 d'lQm k|bfg u/L b'i6tfsf] gfz ug{sf nflu xf] . b'i6efj x6]df b'i6tfsf]
ljgfz x'G5 . ;fw'sf] p4f/sf nflusf] cy{ h'g o'udf b'i6 x'G5g\, ToxfF ;fw' klg ;fw' x'Fb}gg\ .
;fw'n] cfˆgf] /Iff klg ug{ ;s]g eg] Tof] ;fw'sf] s'g} cy{ x''Fb}g . b'i6tfn] el/Psf] o'udf ;fw'x¿
kfv08L x'G5g\ . ;fw'sf] p4f/sf] cy{ kfv08af6 p4f/ ug'{ xf] . b'i6tfsf] ljgfz x'g ;S5 t/
kfv08 hf] s]jn 9f]+u xf] To;af6 p4f/ dfq ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fw' olb ;fFRr} ;fw' ePdf p;n]
b'i6tfnfO{ :jtM gi6 u5{ . wd{sf] ljgfz ePsf] 7fpFdf ;fw' x'g ;Sb}g . wd{sf] ljgfz ;fw'

nf]suLtf– 129
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gePkl5 dfq x'G5 / ha wd{sf] ljgfz x'G5 ta cwd{sf] k|efj a9\5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
>Ls[i0fh:tf] r]tgf ;fw'sf] p4f/ / b'i6sf] ljgfzsf nflu s?0ffn] k|s6 x'G5g\ .
hGd sd{ r d] lbJod]j+ of] j]lQ tŒjtM .
ToSTjf b]x+ k'gh{Gd g}lt dfd]lt ;f]˜h{'gM ..(..
x] ch{'g Û h;n] d]/f cnf}lss hGd / sd{sf af/]df /fd|/L hfGb5, To;n] of] z/L/ Tofu
u/]kl5 k'gM o; ;+;f/df ef}lts b]x k|fKt ub}{g, a? d]/} lbJowfd k|fKt u5{g\ . oyfy{df To:tf hLjx¿
d]/} :j¿kdf k|fKt x'G5g\ ..
hLjgdf k|To]s lrh cfˆgf] ljk/Lt;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . cFWof/f];Fu k|sfz / hGd;Fu d[To'
hf]l8Psf] 5 / h] xfd|f OlG›ox¿n] b]Vg ;S5g\ TfL nf}lss dfq 5g\ . xfd|f OlG›ox¿sf] hut\sf]
gfd nf]s xf] t/ OlG›on] b]Vg ;Sg] eGbf aflx/sf] hut\sf] gfd cnf}lss xf] . OlG›on] kqmg ;Sg]
eGbf aflx/ klg s]xL ;bf cl:tTjjfg\ x'G5 / Tof] cnf}lss ;bf nf]ssf ;fy hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . hf]
JolQm OlG›osf] txdf dfq afFRb5 To; JolQmnfO{ cnf}lsssf af/]df s]xL 1fg x'Fb}g . OlG›ox¿nfO{
g} ;a} xf] eGg] JolQm cnf}lss zlQmsf] a'emfOaf6 jl~rt x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– d]/f] of] hLjg
cnf}lss 5 . hLjg t ;a}sf] cnf}lss x'G5 . >Ls[i0f Tof] leqsf] tŒj hf] cnf}lss / ;"Id 5
To;nfO{ hfGg'x'G5 t/ xfdL Tof] cnf}lss tŒjnfO{ hfGb}gf}F . hGd / d[To' b'j} nf}lss x'G5g\ t/
To;leqsf] hLjgwf/f cnf}lss x'G5 . km"ndf ;f}Gbo{, lbof]df Hof]lt Pjd\ z/L/df hLjg ePh:tf]
x''G5 . z/L/df hLjg 5 t/ z/L/ hLjg xf]Og . km"ndf ;f}Gbo{ x'G5 t/ ;f}Gbo{ km"n xf]Og . lbof]df
Hof]lt 5 t/ Hof]lt lbof] xf]Og . >Ls[i0f h'g lbg s'g} JolQmn] cfkm"leqsf] cnf}lss hLjgnfO{
hfGg] 5 ta Tof] JolQm …dh:t}Ú x'g] 5 / …d;FuÚ Psfsf/ g} x'Gf] 5 eGg'x'G5 . of] hfGg] JolQmsf]
hLjg p:fsf] xf]Og k/dfTdfsf] g} x'G5 .
ha kfgLsf] yf]kfn] ;fu/;Fu ldl;P/ ;fu/ ePsf] hfGb5, ta yf]kf yf]kf /xFb}g ;fu/ g}
x'G5 . To:t} ha JolQmn] cfkm"leqsf] c;LdnfO{ hfGb5 To;} kn pm JolQm /xFb}g, c;Ld x'G5 .
To;}n] s[i0fn] hfg]/ g} cfk"mleq c;Ld ePsfn] cfˆgf] hLjg cnf}lss ePsf] eGg'ePsf] xf] .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h;n] Tof] cnf}lsssf] bz{g ug]{ 5 Tof] JolQmn] dnfO{ g} kfpg] 5 cyf{t\ …dÚ g}
x'g] 5 / d/]/ klg Tof] JolQmn] gofF hGd kfpg] 5}g a? …dÚ df g} pknAw x'g] 5 . xfdLn]
clxn];Dd ljB't\ b]v]sf 5}gf“}+, ljB't\sf] kl/0ffd dfq b]v]sf 5f} . xfdL h;af6 pks/0fx¿ rnfpF5f}+“
Tof] ljB't\ xf]Og ljB'Tf\sf] kl/0ffd xf] . olb xfdLn] aNa kmf]8\of}+“ eg] ljB't\ km'6\b}g ljB't\ k|s6 ug]{
pks/0f aNa dfq km'6\5≤ ljB''t\ t cb[Zo 5 . To:t} lah'nLaf6 em8\sf nfu]sf] cg'ej klg
ljB't\sf] kl/0ffd xf] ljB't\ xf]Og . o:t} xfdLn] hLjgnfO{ vf]Hof}+“ eg] xfdL kl/0ffd;Fu dfq kl/lrt
x'G5f“}+ . d"n sf/0f leq 5 hf];Fu xfdL cgle1 5f“}+ . j[If hf] b]lvG5 Tof] nf}lss / To;sf] h/f hf]
hldgd'lg /xG5 / b]lv“+b}g Tof] gb]lvg] tŒjsf] gfd cnf}lss xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– of]
cnf}lssnfO{ h;n] hfGb5 Tof] km]l/ z/L/df lkmtf{ x'Fb}g lsgeg]] pm lj/f6\ z/L/;Fu Psfsf/ x'G5 .
km]l/ p;nfO{ ;;fgf z/L/df hGd lng] cfjZostf x'Fb}g . To;}n] o:tf] JolQm …dÚ df g} ;dflxt
eP/ Ps x'G5 . cnf}lssnfO{ lrGg] JolQmsf] ;f/f cl:tTj g} cfˆgf] 3/ x'G5 clg p;nfO{ ;fgf 3/
agfO/xg cfjZos kb}{g . To;}n] of] ;TonfO{ hfGg] JolQmsf] hLjg d]/} h:tf] lbJo / cnf}lss
x'G5 .
lh;; klg s[i0f h:t} eGg'x'G5 t/ ga'‰g] JolQmn] pxfFnfO{ z"nLdf r9fP . To;a]nf pxfFn]
eGg'eof]– d / cfsfzdf a:g] k/dfTdf b'j} Ps} xf}+ t/ ga'‰g]x¿n] pxfFn] cfkm"nfO{ O{Zj/ 7fg]sf]

nf]suLtf– 130
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cf/f]k nufP . pgLx¿n] lh;;nfO{ lrGg ;s]gg\ . pxfFn] elg/xg'ePsf] lyof]– ca t …dÚ sxfF
afFsL 5', k/dfTdf g} …dÚdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . ox'bL hut\df lh;; klxnf] JolQm x'g'x'GYof] h;n]
3f]if0ff ug{'eof] …dÚ / …k/dfTdfÚ Ps} xf}+“ . To;}n] pgLx¿n] o;nfO{ clt¿k dfg]/ pxfFnfO{ z"nLdf
r9fP . dG;'/nfO{ klg d';ndfgx¿n] s'/} ga'emL sf6]/ df/] . pxfFn] cgn xs …dÚ g} k/dfTdf x'F
eGg'eof] / d';ndfgx¿n] of] t HofbtL eof] eGg] 7fg]/ pxfFnfO{ d[To'b08 lbP . >Ls[i0fsf]
jrgnfO{ hfg]/ xf]Og kl/kfngf u/]/ xfdLn] pxfFnfO{ eujfg\sf] ¿k 7fg]/ k"hf u¥of“}+ . lh;;sf]
jrg klg oxL lyof] t/ To;sf] cfzo ga'em]/ pxfFnfO{ kmfF;Ldf r9fOof] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– …dÚ
ltd|f] eljio x'F / ltdL ef]ln h] x'g ;S5f} Tof] …dÚ cfh eO;s]sf] 5' . t/ xfdLn] of] s'/f a'‰g
;s]gf}+ . xfdLnfO{ nfUof] s[i0f cfkm"nfO{ g} eujfg\ eGb} x'g'x'G5 . To;}n] ga'em] klg xfdL pxfFsf]
k"hf u5f}{+ . …dÚ aLhaf6 k|s6 eP/ j[If eO;s]sf] 5', h'g aLh ltdLdf klg 5 / olb ltdLn] Tof]
aLhsf af/]df hfGof} eg] ltdL klg …dÚ h:t} j[If x'g ;S5f} / ;TonfO{ hfGg] JolQmsf] hLjg
d]/}h:tf] lbJo / cnf}lss x'G5 eg]/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5 .
jLt/fueoqmf]wf dGdof dfd'kfl>tfM .
axjf] 1fgtk;f k"tf d∫fjdfutfM ..!)..
cf;lQm, eo / qmf]waf6 d'Qm ePsf, …dÚ df g} tNnLg ePsf, 1fg / tk:ofaf6 kljq
ePsf jLt/fuL d]/} :j¿kdf k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . oyfy{tM d]/f elQmdf tNnLg ltgLx¿ d]/} lbJowfddf
cfPsf 5g\ ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– klxn] klg /fueGbf dfly p7]sf, qmf]waf6 d'Qm ePsf, df]xkfzaf6
aflxl/Psf, tk:ofaf6 kljq ePsf Pjd\ jLt/fu eP/ …dÚ df l:yt x'g] k'?if d]/f] z/L/df pknAw
eO;s]sf 5g\ . …jLt/fuÚ sf] cy{ j}/fUo xf]Og . j}/fUosf] cy{ /fusf] ljk/Lt ePsf] JolQm /
jLt/fusf] cy{ /fu / lj/fuaf6 kf/ jf d'Qm ePsf] JolQm eGg] xf] . /fusf] cy{ rfxgf xf], lj/fusf]
cy{ j:t'k|ltsf] pk]Iff xf] . jLt/fu g /fu g lj/fusf] t];|f] cj:yf xf] . oL b'j}af6 kf/ ePsf]
JolQm jLt/fuL x'G5 . wgdf cf;Qm / wgsf] Tofu ug]{ b'j}sf] s]G› wgk|ltsf] ks8 g} x'G5 .
jLt/fu Tof] cj:yf xf] h;n] g t wg ;dfTg vf]H5 g t 5f]8\g g} vf]H5 cyf{t\ h;sf nflu wgsf]
s'g} cy{ g} /xFb}g .
3/ 5f]8]/ hfgnfUg' ePsf ;dodf of1jNSon] cfˆgf b'j} kTgLx¿ ufuL{ / d}q]oLnfO{
af]nfP/ cfˆgf wg–;Dkbf cfwf cfwf afFl8lbg] jrg lbg'eof] . d ca ;a} Tofu u/]/ k|e'sf]
vf]hdf hfFb} 5'≤ To;}n] of] wg cfwfcfwf afF8]/ lng eGg'eof] . d}q]oL /fhL x'g'eof] t/ ufuL{n] Pp6f
k|Zg ;f]Wg'eof] . h'g wg tkfO+{sf nflu Joy{ eof] Tof] wgsf] af]em dnfO{ lsg af]sfpg'x'G5 . olb
wg Joy{ 5 eg] of] dnfO{ lbP/ lsg uf}/jflGjt x'g'x'G5 / olb wg ;fy{s 5 eg] 5f]8]/ sxfF
hfg'x'G5 . dnfO{ klg Tof] wgsf af/]df atfpg'xf];\ h;sf] vf]hdf tkfO{+ hfFb} x'g'x'G5 . of1jNSo
clxn] s]jn lj/fudf hfFb} x'g'x'GYof] t/ ufuL{n] pxfFnfO{ jLt/fusf cfofdlt/ pGd'v ul/lbg'eof] .
of1jNSosf] dg dl:tisn] wgnfO{ ;fy{s 7fg]sf sf/0fn] g} pxfF afF8\g pT;'s x'g'x'GYof] . >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– hf] /fu / lj/fuaf6 kf/ x'G5 Tof] jLt/fusf] cj:yfdf k'U5 . cf;lQmsf] cltqmd0f jf
o;af6 kf/ x'g' lj/Qm x'g' xf]Og . jLt/fuL k'?if x/bd Ps /;df pknAw x'G5 . hf] jLt/fu,
jLtdo / jLtqmf]wdf pknAw x'G5, pm …dÚ df pknAw x'G5 / d]/f] :j¿knfO{ k|fKt ub{5 . jLt/fuL
k'?ifdf s'g} eo / nf]e z]if g/xgfn] p cfkm"df cfZj:t x'G5 .

nf]suLtf– 131
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a'4sf Pshgf leIf'nfO{ jiff{sfndf Ps j]Zofn] cfkm";Fu rf/ dlxgf a:g] cfdGq0f lbOg\ .
pgL cToGt} ;'Gb/L / k|ltefzfnL lyOg\ . leIf'n] a'4;Fu cf1f lng] atfP . cGo leIf'x¿n] lj/f]w
u/] klg pgLdfly ePsf] k"0f{ ljZjf;n] a'4n] cf1f lbg'eof] . rf/ dlxgf pgn] j]Zof;Fu ;do
JotLt u/] . j]Zofn] ef]hg lbP vfGy], g[To u/] x]y]{, ufpFbf ;'Gby] . leIf'sf] s'g} k|Zg, k|z+;f,
lj/f]w, /;, lj/;, kIf, ljkIf / s'g} dfu g} lyPg s]jn t6:y, sDkg/lxt, cljrlnt ¿kdf leIf'
/x] . aflx/L s'g} tŒjn] pgnfO{ km/s kf/]s} lyPg . pgn] cf>ddf em} j]Zofu[xdf of] rf/ dlxgf
JotLt u/] . j]Zofn] leIf'nfO{ tkfO{+sf] s'g} k|Zg klg 5}g / kIf jf ljkIfdf klg af]Ng'x'Gg eg]/
cGtdf yfs]/ ;f]]lwg\ . leIf'n] d ækIfdf klg 5}g“, ljkIfdf klg 5}g“ d t lgikIf 5', ltdL cfˆgf]
sfd u/ d cfˆgf] u5{'Æ eg]/ pQ/ lbP . leIf'sf] zfGt, csDk / cfgGbsf] cj:yf b]v]/ leIf'
cf>d kmls{bf pgL klg ToxL vf]Hg ;Fu} kmls{Og\ . To;kl5 a'4n] cGo leIf'x¿nfO{ tL leIf'
jLt/fuL ePsf sf/0f lht]/ cfP t/ ltdLx¿ ePsf] eP cfpg] lyPgf} lsgeg] ltdLx¿ lj/fuL xf}
eGg''eof] .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– jLt/fuL g} d]/f] z/L/df pknAw x'g] 5 . of] a|Xdf08 k/dfTdfsf] z/L/ xf]
/ of] ;f/f b[Zo gIfq, h"g, tf/f, ;"o{ / ;Dk"0f{ ;[li6sf] lj:tf/ g} k/dfTdfsf] :j¿k xf] . a|Xdsf]
cy{ cgGt 5 h;sf] lj:tf/sf] s'g} cGt g} 5}g . jLt/fuL k/dfTdfsf] z/L/df l:yt x'g] 5
lsgeg]] JolQm cfTdfdf t pknAw g} 5 . cfTdfdf t JolQm clxn] klg pknAw 5 t/ pm cfˆgf]
z/L/df cfkm"nfO{ aGb dflg/x]sf] 5, hf] p;sf] e"n xf] . To;}n] >Ls[i0f cfTdfsf] s'/f g} ug{'x'Gg,
s]jn xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] z/L/ xf] eGg] ljZjf; x6fpg vf]Hb} x'g'x'G5 . cfTdf t xfd|f] c1fgsf] If0fdf
klg xfd|f] lx:;f g} 5 t/ xfd|f] e|flGt zf/Ll/s ;Ldfdf 5 / of] e|flGt 6'6]df xfdL >Ls[i0fsf] z/L/
cyf{t\ a|Xdf08sf] lx:;f x'g] 5f}+ . o;}nfO{ >Ls[i0fn] d]/f] z/L/df pknAw x'g] 5g\ eGg'ePsf] xf] .
z/L/ cfTdfsf] cfj/0f xf] . xfdLnfO{ d]/f] z/L/ eGg] nfUgfsf] sf/0f /fu / lj/fu xf] . /fu
/ lj/fu b'j} 5'6]df d]/f] z/L/ eGg] nfUb}g, ta ;a}sf] z/L/ d]/f] x'G5 . rG›df / tf/fx¿ ;a} d]/f]
z/L/leq x'G5g\ . /fu / lj/fuaf6 d'Qm x'g]lalQs} JolQm a|Xdsf] z/L/nfO{ pknAw x'G5 . d]/f] eGg]
efj g} z/L/ xf] . xfdL z/L/nfO{ x8\8L, df;' / 5fnfsf] ;Ldfleq dfGb5f}+ . xfjfljgf xfd|f] z/L/
Psl5g klg rNg ;Sb}g . To;}n] Ps cy{df xfjf klg xfd|f] z/L/sf] kq xf] . xfd|f] gfs dfq Zjf;
lnO/x]sf] 5}g z/L/sf nfvf}“ /f}+“ klg Zjf; lnO/x]sf 5g\ . olb xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ Knfl:6sn] a]/]/ xfjf
l5g{ glbO{ aGb u¥of] eg] hlt;'s} gfsaf6 Zjf; lnP klg xfdL !) ldg]6 eGbf a9L afFRg ;Sb}gf“}+
lsgeg]] k"/f z/L/n] g} Zjf; lnO/x]sf] x'G5 . rf/}lt/ ePsf] xfjfsf] kq klg xfd|f] z/L/sf] lx:;f
xf] . @)) dfOn;Dd k[YjLdf xfjfsf] kq jf lemNnL x'G5 / Tof] xfjfsf] kq klg ;"o{sf] ls/0f ljgf
afFRg ;Sb}g . clg !) s/f]8 dfOn;Dd ;"o{sf] ls/0fsf] hfn 5 Tof] klg xfd|f] z/L/sf] lx:;f xf]
h'gljgf xfdL afFRg ;Sb}gf“}+ . ;"o{ hf] !) s/f]8 dfOn k/ 5 To;sf] udL{ klg xfd|f] z/L/sf] kq
x'G5 . xfdL ;"o{sf] udL{leq ;d]l6Psf 5f}+ / ;"o{ klg olb dxf;"o{af6 lbg/ft zlQm gkfpg] xf] eg]
afFRg ;Sb}g . xfdLn] b]Vg] ;"o{ Psbd ;fgf] 5 . x'g t k[YjLeGbf ^) xhf/ u'0ff 7'nf] 5 t/ c¿
;"o{x¿sf] t'ngfdf ;fgf] 5 . /ftL b]lvg] tf/fx¿ dxf;"o{ x'g\ / xfd|f] ;"o{ $ c/a dxf;"o{x¿sf]
lardf Pp6f ;fgf] ;"o{ dfq xf] . ;"o{df lbg/ft pmhf{ k|bfg ug]{ tf/fx¿ klg xfd|f z/L/ x'g\ . xfd|f]
z/L/ hxfF a|Xdf08 ;dfKt x'G5 ToxfF dfq ;dfKt x'G5 . Pp6f ;fgf] eGbf ;fgf] km"n km'Ng klg
;f/f a|Xdf08 ;xof]uL x'G5 .

nf]suLtf– 132
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>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] jLt/fuL x'G5 pm …d]/f] / t]/f]Ú efjaf6 d'Qm x'G5 . cfsif{0f /
ljsif{0faf6 hf] kf/ x'G5 Tof] …dÚ df pknAw x'G5 . ha z/L/ a|Xdf08 aG5 ta dfq xfdLnfO{
a|Xdsf af/]df hfgsf/L x'G5 . hf] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] z/L/sf] klg hfgsf/L 5}g p;nfO{ cfTdfsf]
hfgsf/L x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ltdLeGbf klxn] klg h;n] of] ;To tYo
hfGg ;s] pgLx¿ d]/f] z/L/df Ps ePsf 5g\ . cgGosf] cy{ hf] cfkm"nfO{ …dÚ eGbf cnu dfGb}g
/ …dÚ ;Fu Ps ePsf] 5 eGg] xf] . h'g lbg …dÚ eGbf k[ys\ g7fg]/ d]/f] z/0fdf cfpg] 5f}+ ToxL lbg
z/0ffult kmlnt x'g] 5 . z/0fsf] cy{ ;dk{0f xf] / ha;Dd …dÚ afFRb5, ta;Dd ;dk{0f x'Fb}g .
cgGo efj jLt/fusf] cj:yfdf kmlnt x'G5 clg z/0ffult x'G5 . h'g lbg JolQm jLt/fuL x'G5
Tof] lbg d]/f] z/L/df pknAw x'G5 .
csf]{ s'/f 1fg¿kL tk:ofn] kljq ePsf] JolQm d]/f] :j¿kdf g} k|fKt x'G5 . c1fgL /
cxª\sf/Lsf] tk:of x7k"j{s x'g ;S5 . cxª\sf/L JolQm klg ;lhn};Fu tk:jL x'g ;S5 . t/ h'g
tk cxª\sf/sf] cfwf/df x'G5 To;af6 cfTdf kljq x'g ;Sb}g / ckljq g} /xG5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0fn]
1fg¿kL tk:ofsf] s'/f ug{'ePsf] xf] . tk dfq kof{Kt 5}g Tof] 1fg¿kL tk:of cyf{t\
cxª\sf/ljgfsf] x'g'k5{ . c1fg¿kL tk cxÍf/df lge{/ x'G5 / 1fg¿kL tk ;dk{0fdf lge{/ x'G5 .
>Ls[i0fn] k|ydtM cgGo ¿kn] d]/f] z/0fdf cfpm To;kl5 1fg¿kL tkaf6 z'4 ePsf 1fgLx¿sf]
tk ;dlk{t x'G5 eGg'eof] . o;f] ugf{n] d tk ub}{ 5' eGg] efj /xFb}g, a? k/dfTdfn] h] u/fp+b} 5
d Tof] ub}{ 5' eGg] x'G5 . k/dfTdfn] b'v of ;'v lbof] eg] klg :jLsf/ ug{' / k/dfTdfsf] xftdf
/x]/ afFRg' 1fg¿kL tk xf] . ;aeGbf 7'nf] cz'l4 cxª\sf/ xf] / afFsL ;a} To;s} ;x pTkfbg x'g\ .
cxª\sf/ d"n /f]u xf] . sfd, qmf]w, nf]e ;a} cxª\sf/sf kQfx¿ x'g\ . ;dk{0f d'lQmsf] d"n ;|f]t
xf] . hxfF stf{ k/dfTdf eP/ JolQm dfWod dfq x'G5 ToxfF d'lQm kmlnt x'G5 .
o] oyf df+ k|kBGt] tf+:ty}j ehfDoxd\ .
dd jTdf{g'jt{Gt] dg'iofM kfy{ ;j{zM ..!!..
x] ch{'g Û hf] h;/L, h'g efjn] d]/f] pkf;gf ub{5g\ jf z/0f kb{5g\, ltgLx¿nfO{ d ToxL
cg'¿ksf] kmn lbG5' jf eHb5' lsgeg]] ;a} dflg; d]/f] dfu{s} cg';/0f ub{5g\ ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] dnfO{ h'g efFtLn] eH5g\ d klg pgLx¿nfO{ To;} efFtLn] eH5' .
a'l4dfg\ k'?if o;nfO{ hfg]/ d]/f] dfu{s} cg';/0f ub{5g\ . k/dfTdf klg k|ltWjlg lbG5 . xfdLn]
k/dfTdfnfO{ u/]adf]lhd k/dfTdf klg xfdLnfO{ k|ltWjlg jf k|ltkmn lbG5 . xfd|f rf/}lt/ pxL
ljBdfg 5 / xfdL leq h] kmlnt x'G5 k/dfTdf p;df tTsfn k|j]z u/]/ P]gf h:t} xfdLnfO{
k|ltljlDa lkmtf{ u5{ . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] h;/L h'g efFtLn] d]/f] P]gfsf] cufl8 cfpF5
To;} efFtL p;sf] k|ltljDa p;nfO{ g} tTsfn d kmsf{pF5' . k/dfTdf hLjGt ;To xf] . pm Åbok"0f{
/ k|f0fsf] :kGbgn] el/Psf] cl:tTj xf] . ha xfd|f] k|f0fdf s'g} k|fy{gf cfP/ xfdL k/dfTdftkm{ aUg
yfN5f}+“, ta ofqf PstkmL{ dfq geP/ bf]xf]/f] x'G5 . ha xfdL Ps sbd p7fpF5f}+“, ta k/dfTdf klg
xfdLlt/ sbd p7fpF5 . xfdL hLjgsf] 5'›tfdf olt Jo:t 5f}+“ ls xfdL k/dfTdfsf] ulx/f]
k|ltWjlgnfO{ lrGg ;Sb}gf“}+ . xfdL cfˆgf] sf]7fdf a;]/ ljrf/df olt Jo:t x'G5f}+ ls aflx/L kIfsf]
cfjfh xfdL ;'Gg ;Sb}gf“}+ t/ Wofg lbP/ ;'Gof} eg] ;'Gg ;Sg] 5f}+ . xfdL lj/f6\sf] ;Ggf6fsf]
WjlgnfO{ klg ;'Gg ;Sb}gf}+, To:t} k/dfTdf k|ltkn xfdLnfO{ k|ltWjlgt u5{ t/ p;sf] cfjfh ;"Id
x'G5 hf] xfd|f] lgoGq0feGbf aflx/ x'G5 To;}n] xfdL p;nfO{ ;'Gg ;Sb}gf“} . PsfGt, df}gtf jf
Psfu|tfdf dfq p;sf] Wjlg ;'Gg ;lsG5 .

nf]suLtf– 133
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ulx/f] df}gdf >Ls[i0fn] eg]sf s'/f a'‰g ;lsG5 . k/dfTdfn] klg xfd|f] k|fy{gfsf] k|ltWjlg
;"Id ¿kdf kmsf{pF5 . h'g lsl;dn] xfdL xfd|f] cl:tTjnfO{ k'sf/ u5f}{+ ToxL g} xfdLnfO{ cgGt
u'gf eP/ lkmtf{ x'G5 . k/dfTdfn] xfdLnfO{ ToxL k|ltkmn lbG5 hf] xfdL p;nfO{ r9fpF5f}+ . xfdLn]
km"n r9fP km"n, 9'Ëf ˆofFs] 9'Ëf g} lkmtf{ x'G5 . xfdLn] ehgsf] Wjlg r9fP ToxL lkmtf{ x'G5 . qmf]w,
ufnL, 3[0ff ˆofFs] ToxL lkmtf{ x'G5 . olb hLjgdf b'v 5 eg] xfdL g} lhDd]jf/ 5f}+ . xfdLn] g}
rf/}lt/ r9fPsf] b'vsf] kmn lkmtf{ kfPsf] xf] . olb hLjgdf k|]d kfOFb}g eg] xfdLn] slxNo} klg
k|]dsf] cfjfh g} r9fPsf 5}gf“}+ eGg] a'√g'k5{ . hLjgsf] dxflgod g} s] xf] eg] xfdLn] h] lbG5f}+
ToxL lkmtf{ x'G5 . >Ls[i0f ToxL s'/f k|:t't Znf]sdf eGg'x'G5 . hf] dnfO{ h'g ¿kdf eH5g\ d klg
p;nfO{ p;} ¿kdf eH5' cyf{t\ d p;nfO{ ToxL lkmtf{ ul/lbG5' . xfdLnfO{ lbFbf xfdLn] s] lbof}+
eGg] yfxf x'Fb}g t/ ha lkmtf{ x'G5 ta dfq xfdLn] s] lbPsf /x]5f}+ eg]/ yfxf x'G5 . h:tf] aLh
/f]Kbf yfxf x'Fb}g t/ kmn k|fKt ePkl5 yfxf x'G5 . xfdLn] h] klg kfpF5f}+“, Tof] xfd|f] sd{sf] kmn xf]
cyf{t\ xfdLn] h] u¥of“}+ To;}sf] kl/0ffd xf] . slxn]sfxLF k|ltWjlgt x'g ;do dfq nfU5, To;}n]
xfdLnfO{ cg'ej gx'g] dfq xf] .
o; hut\df s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ slxn] klg cGofo x'Fb}g . olb s'g} JolQmn] hut\nfO{ kbfy{
dfGof] eg] k/dfTdf To;} ¿kdf kmsf{OlbG5 / olb s;}n] k/dfTdf dfGof] eg] ;f/f hut\ g}
k/dfTdfdo x'G5 . s'g} JolQm hLjg;Fu s'g} ;+jfb g} ub}{g eg] hLjg klg p;k|lt df}g Pjd\ h8
9'Ëfh:tf] x'G5 . h'g ¿kdf xfdL cl:tTj;Fu Jojxf/ u5f“}+, ToxL Jojxf/ xfdLnfO{ lkmtf{ x'G5 .
k/dfTdf k|ltkn k|lt;+jflbt x'G5 lsgeg] pm hjfkmb]xLaf]wn] cf]tk|f]t 5 . cGttM xfdL h] 5f}+
ToxL xfd|f] lhGbuLdf xfdLnfO{ pknAw x'G5 . O{Zj/ 5}g eGg] JolQmsf] cfFvf 9'Ëfsf] 5 / 9'Ëfsf]
cfFvfaf6 O{Zj/nfO{ kfpg ;lsGg . p;nfO{ x]g{ r]tg jf ;hLj cfFvf rflxG5 . k|fy{gf, cr{gf xfd|f ]
tkm{af6 k/dfTdfnfO{ k'sf/ xf] / ha JolQm Åbok"j{s k|fy{gfn] el/G5 ta Tof] k|fy{gf lgZro g}
lkmtf{ x'G5 . slxn] klg s'g} k'sf/ vfnL hfFb}g t/ k'sf/ Åbok"j{s ul/Psf] eP dfq ;'lgG5 .
zAbn] bf]xf]¥ofpg] levf/Lsf] h:tf] dfu k|fy{gf xf]Og . k|fy{gfsf] kmn wg dfq xf] eGg] ;f]r /fVg]
JolQmeGbf 7'nf] levf/L sf]xL klg x'Fb}g . k/dfTdfnfO{ elQmk"j{s Åbosf] uLt, gfr ;'gfP/ afFsL
p;nfO{ g} 5f]l8lbg''k5{ . olb JolQm k/dfTdf;fd' pNnf;k"j{s gfR5 / ufpF5 eg] k/dfTdf klg
ToxL ¿kdf g} cfpg] 5 . >Ls[i0f oxL cfZjf;g ch{'gnfO{ lbg'x'G5 .
sfª\IfGtM sd{0ff+ l;l4+ ohGt Ox b]jtfM .
lIfk|+ lx dfg'if] nf]s] l;l4e{jlt sd{hf ..!@..
o; ;+;f/df sd{sf] kmn jf l;l4 k|fKt ug{ rfxg] dflg;x¿ b]jtfsf] k"hf ub{5g\ lsgeg]
dflg;x¿nfO{ ;sfd sd{af6 pTkGg x'g] l;l4 tTsfn k|fKt x'G5 ..
hLjgsf] k/d zlQmsf] klxrfg ug{ g;Sg] JolQmx¿ klg z'e zlQmx¿af6 nfeflGjt x'g
;S5g\ . k/dfTdf k/d zlQm xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] d]/f] :j¿kdf pknAw x'G5g\, pgLx¿
hGd–d/0faf6 d'Qm x'G5g\ . t/ hf] dnfO{ jf k/d;|f]t pmhf{;Fu l;wf pknAw x'Fb}gg\, pgLx¿ klg
b}jLzlQmsf] k"hf u/]/ pgLx¿sf] ;flGgWodf cfO{ z'edf pknAw x'G5g\ . ;fwf/0ftof k/dzlQm
kfpgnfO{ clt sl7g x'G5 . k/dzlQmnfO{ k|fKt ug{ 7'nf] km8\sf] dfg{'sf ;fy} ;fx;sf] klg
cfjZostf k5{ . k/dzlQm;Dd'v k'Ugsf nflu cfkm"nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;dfKt ug]{ ;fx; rflxG5 /
hf] cfˆgf] cxª\sf/nfO{ arfpg rfxG5 p;n] k/dzlQmnfO{ sbflk kfpg ;Sb}g . k/dzlQmnfO{

nf]suLtf– 134
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kfpgsf nflu cfkm"nfO{ k"0f{¿kdf x6fpg ;Sg'k5{ clg dfq kfpg ;lsG5 . To;}n] of] k/d
;fx;sf] sfo{ xf] . wfld{s JolQm k/d ;fx;L x'G5 .
cxª\sf/L JolQm k"0f{ ;fx;L x'Fb}g t/ ;"o{sf cufl8 hfg] zlQm geP klg cGwsf/df a:g t
sf]xL klg rfxFb}gg\ . ;fgf] lbof]n] klg cGwsf/nfO{ d]6fpg ;S5 . b]jtfx¿ klg k/dzlQmsf]
cufl8 lbof]sf] aQL h:tf x'G5g\ . b]jtf z'4 cfTdfsf] gfd xf] . c;n sfo{ ug]{ cfTdfx¿ klg w]/}
c;n x'G5g\ . pgLx¿n] klg pko'Qm ue{sf] k|tLIff ug{'k5{ . o:tf] c;n, z'e / z'4 cfTdfsf] gfd
b]jtf xf] . hf] l;w} k/dfTdf;Fu ;DalGwt x'g ;Sb}gg\ pgLx¿n] rfx]df b]jtf;Fu ;Dks{ x'g ;S5 .
g/fd|f cfTdfx¿ g/fd|f] ug{ cft'/ x'G5g\ . z/L/ geP klg /fd|f z'e cfTdfx¿ z'esd{ ug{ cft'/
x'G5g\ . z/L/ljgf klg z'e cfTdfx¿sf] ;fy k|fKt x'g ;S5 . o:tf cfTdfx¿;Fu cfXjfg
(Invocation) af6 ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;Dk"0f{ o1flb sd{ z'e cfTdfx¿;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{
dgf]j}1flgs ;"q x'g\ eg] v/fa Pjd\ rdTsf/k"0f{ s'sd{ g/fd|f cfTdfx¿;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{ ;"q x'g\ .
;+;f/df w]/} s'/fx¿ z'e cfTdfx¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . n]agfgsf]
/fhwfgL a]?t (Beirut) df cf7 ;o jif{cl3sf] k[YjLsf] gS;f kfOof] . ;a} hfFra'emaf6 Tof] cf7
;o jif{ k'/fgf] ePsf] kl'i6 eof] . of] gS;f xjfO{ hxfhsf] ;xof]uljgf agfpg} ;lsGg . t/ To;
;dodf xjfO{hxfh lyPg . t;y{ of] gS;f b]jtfsf] ;xof]udf pgLx¿nfO{ cfdGq0f u/]/ tof/
kfl/Psf] x''g ;S5 . k[YjL uf]n 5 eGg]] s'/f #)) jif{cl3 dfq yfxf ePsf] xf] t/ e"uf]nsf] 1fg
k|frLg 5 . dg'iosf] 1fgsf w]/} s'/fx¿ z''4 cfTdfx¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 k|fKt ePsf x'g ;S5g\ .
xlsd n'sdfg;Fu s'g} k|of]uzfnf lyPg t/ pgnfO{ nfvf}F ?v–af]6–cf}iflw–la?jfx¿sf af/]df
hfgsf/L lyof] . of] klg z'4 cfTdfsf] ;xof]uaf6 n'sdfgnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] x'g ;S5 . cfo'j]{bsf]
vf]h k|of]uzfnfdf ePsf] xf]Og tyflk of] k|efjsf/L 5 . of] klg b]jtfx¿af6 lbOPsf] ;"rgfsf
cfwf/df atfOPsf] x'g ;S5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] l;w} d]/f] :j¿kdf k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g, pm klg b]jtfx¿sf] k"hf, cr{gfn]
z'esd{ ub}{ z'enfO{ pknAw x'g ;S5 . hf] k/dzlQmdf pknAw x'g ;Sb}g, pm z'e zlQmdf
pknAw x'g ;S5 . z'esd{ ug]{ JolQmx¿n] o:tf] z'e cfTdfnfO{ k|fKt u/]/ b}jL zlQm jf ;xof]u
k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . z'esd{ klg JolQm PSn}n] ug{ sl7g x'G5 / rf/}lt/ hf] z'e cfTdfx¿ 5g\
pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u lnP/ z'esd{ ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} /fd|f] sfd ubf{ o:tf z'e zlQmx¿n] ;xof]u
u/]sf] s'/f kl/0ffdaf6 cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . o:t} cz'e sd{ ug]{ rfxgf x'Fbf klg crfgs g/fd|f]
sd{ 3l6t ePsf] dxz'; ug{ klg ;lsG5 . o:tf :yfgx¿ klg 5g\ hxfF dg'iosf] Åbodf z'e
kmlnt x'G5 . xfdL h;nfO{ tLy{ eG5f}+, TfL tLy{x¿ z'e cg'ej u/fpg] ynf x'g\ / hxfF z'e
cfTdfsf ;d"x x'G5g\ ToxfF JolQmn] g;f]r]sf] z'e sd{ ug{ klg ;kmn x'G5 . xfdL PSn} 5}gf“}+, xfd|f
rf/}lt/ w]/} zlQmx¿ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . ha xfdL g/fd|f] x'g rfxG5f}+“, xfdL;Fu g/fd|f zlQmx¿sf]
;fy k|fKt x'G5 / xfd|f] zlQm a9\5 . ha /fd|f] ug{ rfxG5f}+“, ta klg /fd|fx¿sf] ;fy k|fKt x'G5 /
ltgn] xfdLnfO{ an k|bfg u5{g\ . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– /fd|f] sd{ cr{gf, k|fy{gf, k"hfn] hf] JolQm l;wf
…dÚ ;dIf k'Ug ;Sb}g pm klg b}jL zlQmx¿sf] cf/fwgf u/]/ z'edf pknAw x'G5 .
rft'j{0o{+ dof ;[i6+ u'0fsd{ljefuzM .
t:o stf{/dlk df+ lj4Østf{/dJood\ ..!#..
k|s[ltsf tLg u'0f / To;sf u'0f;“u ;DalGwt sd{sf] ljefhg cg';f/ d}n] rf/ j0f{x¿sf]
;[li6 u/“]+ . of] ;[li6 /rgflb ;a}sf] stf{ eP klg dnfO{ cstf{ / cljgfzL g} 7fg ..

nf]suLtf– 135
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j0f{sf] Joj:yf cToGt j}1flgs / dg'io hfltsf] u'0f / sd{sf] cfwf/df lgdf{0f ePsf] xf]
tfklg kl5Nnf sfnv08df o;sf] pkof]u unt 9Ën] ul/Psf] / j0f{nfO{ pr / gLrsf] cfwf/
agfOPsf sf/0f o;df ljs[lt l;h{gf ePsf] xf] . j0f{Joj:yfsf] pkof]u ug]{ ;dfh / cfkm"nfO{
dfly / c¿nfO{ tn /fVg vf]Hg] k|j[lQ ePsf JolQmx¿sf sf/0f of] dgf]j}1flgs, ;fdflhs /
dg'iosf] cfˆg} :jwd{;Fu hf]l8Psf] j0f{Joj:yfnfO{ xfn b"lift agfOPsf] eP tfklg o;sf]
lhDd]jf/L j0f{Joj:yfsf] lrGtgdf geO{ b'?kof]u ug]{ JolQmx¿df x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– u'0f /
sd{ cg';f/ d}n] rf/ j0f{ /r]sf] xF' . k|To]s JolQmdf u'0f / sd{sf] e]b x'G5, ;dfgtfsf] s'g} pkfo
x'Fb}g . hlt;'s} ;fDojfbL Joj:yf nfu" u/] klg u'0f, e]bnfO{ x6fpg c;Dej x'G5 . wgnfO{ a/fa/
afFl8lbP klg, n'uf Pp6} nufP klg, 3/ Ps} k|sf/sf] agfP klg JolQmsf] u'0f leGg g} x'G5 . u'0fsf]
cGt/ sbflk x6fpg ;lsGg .
u'0f JolQmsf] cfTdfsf] lx:;f xf], afXo ;dfhsf] lx:;f xf]Og . >Ls[i0f JolQmsf] cfGtl/s
u'0fwd{sf] rrf{ ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . k|To]s JolQmdf u'0f / sd{sf] e]b x'G5 . u'0f lgld{t x'Fb}g of] hGdhft
g} x'G5 . hGdgsf nflu dftf–lktfaf6 k|fKt /hf]jLo{¿kL s0fdf g} ;a} u'0f n's]sf] x'G5 .
klxnf] c0f'df g} hLjgsf] ;a} cj:yf / Joj:yf n's]sf] x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– d}n] ToxL u'0fnfO{
rf/ j0f{df ljeflht u/“]+ . hut\df hxfF, h;n] dg'ionfO{ ljefhg ug{ vf]h]sf 5g\ ltgn] rf/
k|sf/df g} u/]sf 5g\ . sfn{ u':tfkm h'+un] klg dg'iosf] u'0fnfO{ rf/ efudf ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ .
dg'iodf cGtlg{lxt u'0fsf k|sf/ d'VotM rf/j6} /x]sf 5g\ .
h;sf] 1fgsf] pmhf{ ;b}j dflylt/ aUb5, hf] hfGgnfO{ cft'/ 5g\, tL a|fXd0f x'g\ . Pp6f
j}1flgs ljifsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ qmddf ljifn] hLjg ;dfKt x'G5 eGg] yfxf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg hfGgsf nflu
ljifnfO{ lha|fdf /fv]/ k/LIf0f ub{5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] hfGg] lh1f;' a|fXd0f xf] . j}1flgsx¿ hf]
/ftlbg hfGg a'‰g nfu]sf 5g\ pgLx¿sf] JolQmut s'g} :jfy{ 5}g s]jn hfGg' Psdfq cfsfª\Iff
5, ltgLx¿ ;a} a|fXd0f x'g\ . ;Gtx¿ hf] hËndf /x]/ hLjgsf] /x:osf] vf]h ul//x]sf lyP /
cfh klg hf] ;Gtx¿ 1fgsf] vf]hsf] dfu{df 5g\ pgLx¿nfO{ wg, zlQm cflbsf] s'g} cy{ x'Fb}g .
pgLx¿ lgw{gtfdf klg cfˆgf] vf]hdf cfglGbt 5g\ .
Clif s0ffbsf ;DaGwdf Pp6f syf 5– s0ffb a|fXd0f ju{sf JolQm x'g\ . hLjgdf ;w}+“ s0f
s0f vf]h]/ vfg] ePsfn] pgsf] gfd s0ffb /x]sf] lyof] . pgsf 3/df ;w“}+ s0f s0f a6'n]/ vfg]
ePsfn] ToxfF s'g} ;ª\u|x x'g] s'/} lyPg . pgL k|To]s lbg v]tdf s0f s0f a6'n]/ cfˆgf] k]6 eg]{
ub{y] . ;d|f6\nfO{ s0ffbsf af/]df yfxf eof] / pgL /ydf wg, xL/f, hjfx/ft lnP/ s0ffb;dIf uP
/ wgwfGo u|x0f ug{ cfu|x ub}{ eg]– d]/f] /fHodf tkfO“{h:tf] dxlif{n] s0f vf]h]/ vfg'kg]{ s'/f ;'Gbf
dnfO{ cToGt b'v nfUof]≤ To;}n] of] ;DklQ u|x0f ug{'xf];\ . s0fftn] hjfkm lbFb} eg]– d cfˆgf]
;Tosf] vf]hdf olt Jo:t / cfglGbt 5' ls d of] ;DklQ lnP/ s] u¿F, o;sf] /Iff ug{sf nflu d
sf] JolQm vf]h"F, tkfO+{ olb d]/f sf/0fn] b'vL x'g'x'G5 eg] d of] /fHo 5f]8]/ hfG5' . hf] JolQm cfˆgf]
vf]hsf qmddf s0f vf]h]/ vfg tof/ 5, p;nfO{ c¿ wg–;Dkbfsf] cfjZostf g} kb}{g s]jn vf]h
cg';Gwfg / 1fgsf] lrGtg g} p;sf] cd"No ;Dkbf aGb5 . of] a|fXd0fsf] u'0f xf], h;sf nflu wg,
zlQm ;a} Joy{ 5 p;sf nflu s]jn 1fgsf] vf]h g} ;a} s'/f x'G5 .
bf];|f] u'0fsf JolQmx¿ zlQms]lG›t jf zlQmpGd'v x'G5g\ . logLx¿ zlQm kfpgsf nflu
cft'/ x'G5g\ . zlQmk"hs JolQmx¿ g} Iflqo u'0fsf JolQm x'g\ . ch{'g o;} u'0fsf k|ltlglw kfq x'g\ .
>Ls[i0fn] o;} l;nl;nfdf u'0f / sd{sf] ljefhgsf af/]df ch{'gnfO{ a'emfpg vf]Hg'ePsf] xf] .

nf]suLtf– 136
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>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ltdL cfˆgf] u'0fnfO{ lrg . ltdL cfˆgf] lghTjnfO{ klxrfg u/ /
;f]xLcg';f/ cfr/0f u/ cGoyf ltdL d'l:sndf kg]{ 5f} . ha s'g} JolQm cfˆgf] u'0fnfO{ 5f]8]/
c¿sf] u'0f cg';f/ Jojxf/ ug{ vf]H5 ta pm 7'nf] c8\rgdf k5{ lsgeg]] pm Tof] sfd ug{ vf]H5,
hf] pm ug{ ;Sb}g / Tof] sfdnfO{ 5f]l8/x]sf] 5 hf] sd{ p;n] ;xhtfsf ;fy ug{ ;SYof] . hLjgsf
;d:t cfgGb cfˆgf] lgoltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sd{adf]lhdsf] cfr/0f ug{'df x'G5 . k/dfTdfn] h]
ug{sf nflu lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 tbg';f/ ug{'k5{ cGoyf hLjg czfGt aG5 . ch{'g Iflqo eP/
a|fXd0fh:tf s'/f ub}{ 5g\ / a|fXd0f aGg vf]Hb} 5g\ hf] pgsf nflu ;Dej g} 5}g .
hf] JolQm wgsf] ;ª\u|xdf g} cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ pmhf{ nufpF5 Tof] j}Zo ju{sf]] JolQm xf] . o;
ju{nfO{ 1fg / zlQmsf] s'g} cfjZostf x'Fb}g, s]jn wgsf] ;ª\u|x g} p;sf] hLjgsf] Ps dfq Wo]o
x'G5 . o:f k|sf/sf JolQmn] 1fg / zlQm wgaf6 g} k|fKt ug{ vf]H5g\ . hf] JolQmsf] cfsfª\Iff >d
x'G5 Tof] z"›sf] ju{df kb{5 . o; ju{sf JolQmn] s]xL sfd ug{ kfPgg\ eg] logLx¿sf] hLjg
dxfb'vbfoL x'G5 . h;nfO{ s]xL g s]xL ul//xg'k5{, hf] sfd gu/L vfnL /xg ;Sb}gg\ tL z"›ju{df
kb{5g\ .
;+;f/df dflg;x¿ oL rf/ u'0fdf ljeflht x'G5g\ . hut\nfO{ oL rf/} k|sf/sf JolQmsf]
cfjZostf x'G5 . olb ;a} JolQmn] 1fgsf] vf]hL ug]{ xf] eg] hut\sf] cl:tTj g} ;dfKt x'G5 /
;a} JolQmx¿n] zlQm vf]h] eg] o'4l;jfo c¿ s]xL klg x'Fb}g . ;a} JolQmn] wg dfq vf]h] eg]
JolQm d/]kl5 klg wgsf] ;ª\u|x dfq z]if /xg] 5 . ;a} JolQmx¿n] >d dfq ug]{ xf] eg] s'g}
;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, snf, lj1fg, bz{g, wd{ s]xL klg afFsL /xg] 5}g . oL rf/} j0f{ Ps csf{sf k"/s
x'g\ / oL cfjZos klg 5g\ . oL rf/ j0f{ljgf hut\ x'g klg ;Sb}g . To;}n] >Ls[i0fn] eGg'eof]– oL
rf/ j0f{, u'0f / sd{sf cfwf/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] . leq u'0f 5, Tof] u'0f;Fu hf]l8Psf] ;+o'Qm sd{
5 / ToxL u'0f g} aflx/ k|s6 eP/ sd{ aG5 . leq h;sf] gfd u'0f xf] ToxL aflx/ sd{ aG5 .
lapdf /xFbf u'0f eP/ /xG5 / z/L/ k|fKt u/]kl5 u'0f sd{df ¿kfGtl/t x'G5 . oL rf/ j0f{ Pjd\
u'0fsf] ljefhg >Ls[i0fsf b[li6df dfly / tnsf] ljefhg xf]Og cyf{t\ pr / gLrsf] b[li6n] o;df
s'g} e]befj ul/Psf] 5}g . oL rf/ j0f{ z/L/sf rf/ cË x'g\ . ;dfg d"Nosf ePsfn] logLx¿ Ps–
csf{sf kl/k"/s 5g\ . Pssf] ljgf tLgj6fs} cl:tTj x'g ;Sb}g .
j0f{Joj:yfdf ha xfdLn] tn dflysf] b[li6sf]0f agfof}+ ta ljs[lt ;'? eof] . >d klg Tolt
g} pRr x'G5 hlt 1fg pRr x'G5 . of] t cf–cfˆgf If]qdf ;+nUg eP/ vf]h ug]{ / sd{ ug]{ dfq
xf] . 1fg / >d b'j} xfdLnfO{ lj/f6\af6 k|fKt ePsf] u'0f xf] . To;df tndfly eGg] t k|Zg g}
cfpFb}g . 1fgsf] vf]h ug]{ sd{ csf]{ sd{eGbf uf}/j af]w ug{'kg]{ ljlzi6tf ePsf] sd{ xf]Og .
To;}n] sf]xL klg tndfly x'Fb}g, of] t hGdhft k/dfTdfaf6 k|fKt j/bfg xf] . Pp6f j0f{df x'g'
JolQmsf] lgolt (Destiny) xf] . k/dfTdfsf] s[kf / b[li6 ;a}df a/fa/ x'G5 . pgn] ;"o{, rG›df,
xfjf, a|Xdf08 / k|s[lt ;a}df a/fa/ b[li6 k|bfg u5{g≤\ ToxfF s'g} e]befj 5}g . hut\sf] cl:tTjdf
s'g} kIfkft 5}g . u'0fdf e]b 5 t/ e]befj 5}g, ljefhg 5 t/ zq'tf / ;ª\3if{ 5}g . >Ls[i0fn]
agfPsf] j0f{Joj:yfdf Pp6f z/L/ ;DaGw (Organic unity) 5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0fn] rf/ j0f{sf]
z/L/;Fu t'ngf klg ug{'ePsf] 5 . sf]xL 6fpsf], sf]xL v'§f, sf]xL k]6 / sf]xL 5ftL 5 . oL t
cËsf efFtL ;f/f j0f{x¿ x'g\ . sf]xL tn dfly 5}g cyf{t\ dof{bfqmd 5}g . of] cËsf] tn dflysf]
cj:yf zf/Ll/s dfq xf], of] g} d"Nofª\sg xf]Og . ;a}sf] cf–cfˆgf] pkof]lutf 5 / Ps ljgf csf]{
x'g} ;Sb}gg\ . u'0f leqL Ifdtf / sd{ aflx/L cleJolQm dfq xf] ;fy} u'0f sd{ ag]kl5 dfq c¿nfO{

nf]suLtf– 137
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hfgsf/L x'G5 / u'0f u'0f g} /Xof] eg] c¿nfO{ dfq xf]Og :jod\ cfkm"nfO{ klg yfxf x'Fb}g . ha
JolQm sd{df k|s6 x'G5 clg dfq p;nfO{ klg cfˆgf] j0f{sf af/]df yfxf x'G5 .
u'0f / ju{sf] e]b :jefjut lgolt adf]lhd x'G5 . of] :jefjut e]bnfO{ >Ls[i0fn] lgdf{0f
u/]sf] s'/f pxfF atfpg'x'G5 . of] k/dfTdfaf6 hGdhft k|fKt ljefhg xf] . >Ls[i0f ch{'gsf] u'0f
sd{ s] xf] eg]/ atfpFb} x'g'x'G5 . ch{'g cfˆgf u'0f, sd{nfO{ :d/0f ub}{ cfˆgf] sd{df ;lqmo x'g
;s"g\ eGg] cfzfn] u''0f / sd{sf af/]df eGb} x'g'x'G5 . u'0f / sd{sf] ldng eof] eg] hLjgdf Pp6f
;'vb\ ;dGjo (Harmony) df cfwf/lt cGt;{DaGw sfod x'G5 / u'0f Pjd\ sd{sf larsf] e]b
6'6\of] eg] JolQmsf hLjgdf c;Ëlt k}bf x'G5 .
a|fXd0fsf] r]tgf z"›sf] r]tgfeGbf dfly x'Fb}g . b'j}sf] r]tgfdf s'g} km/s x'Fb}g . r]tgf
s;}sf] klg >]i7 x'Fb}g . r]tgfn] cfˆgf] u'0f k"/f u¥of] eg] dfq >]i7 x'G5 / s'g} klg u'0fsf]
JolQmsf] r]tgf cfˆgf] u'0fnfO{ k"/f u/]df dfq >]i7 x'G5 . olb a|fDx0f 1fgdf cfTd;\ft\ x'g ;Sof]
eg] p;sf] r]tgf >]i7 x'G5 . To;}u/L Iflqo zlQm;Fu cfTd;\ft\ x'g ;Sof] eg] Iflqosf] r]tgf >]i7
x'G5 . ch{'gn] af0f rnfpFbf af0f / ch{'g cnu cnu g/x"g\ . ch{'gn] t/jf/ lnFbf xft / t/jf/sf]
cGt/ /x]g jf tL Psfsf/ eP eg] a|fXd0f Wofgdf nLg eP/ a|Xd;Fu Psfsf/ ePem}+ ToxL
cg'ejnfO{ ch{'gsf] r]tgfn] klg cg'ej ug{ ;S5 . ha ch{'g t/jf/ / cfkm"larsf] cGt/ d]6fP/
Ps x'g ;S5g\, ch{'gsf nflu ToxL pgsf] Wofg aG5 . hfkfgdf Iflqox¿sf] Ps ;d"x ;fd'/fO{
5 . dlGb/df logLx¿sf] t/jf/ em'lG8Psf] x'G5 / dlGb/leq t/jf/o'4 l;sfpg] ljBfno klg x'G5 .
;fd'/fO{ eG5g\ xfdL Iflqo xf}+ / xfdL t/jf/sf] rdsdf Ps x'G5f}+ . ha t/jf/ / xfdL lar s'g}
km/s x'g] 5}g / t/jf/sf] g[To g} xfd|f] k|f0fsf] g[To x'g] 5, ToxL xfd|f] Wofg / ;dflw xf] .
>dsf nflu cft'/ JolQm cfˆgf] >ddf olt 8'af];\ ls k5fl8 sf]xL klg garf];\ . sf]bfnfn]
hldg vGbf p7\g] / lug]{ qmddf p;df / sf]bfnf]df olt tfbfTDo xf];\ ls pm klg ;Fu;Fu} p7f];\ /
lu/f];\ . o:tf] tNnLgtf xf];\ ls stf{ leqaf6} x6f];\ . sf]bfnf] / p;sf lar s'g} cGt/ g/xf];\ .
ta pm ToxL WofgnfO{ pknAw x'G5, hf] a|fxd0f cfˆgf] Wofgaf6 pknAw x'G5 . Wofgaf6 rf/}
j0f{sf JolQmx¿ cf–cfˆgf tj/af6 pknAw x'g ;S5g\ / h'g klg r]tgf Wofgdf pknAw x'G5
ToxL r]tgf >]i7 x'G5 . >]i7tfsf] ;DaGw j0f{;Fu xf]Og, Wofg;Fu x'G5 . hf] r]tgf Wofgdf pknAw
x'G5 Tof] r]tgf s'g} klg dfu{af6 >]i7tfdf k'U5 . o:tf] tNnLgtf xf];\ ls leqaf6 stf{ g} x6f];\ /
sd{;Fu Ps x'g ;sf];\ . j}1flgs k|of]uzfnfdf, gt{s gfRbf gfRb} g[Todf, jfBjfbs jfBjfbgdf,
lzIfs k9fpFbf k9fpb} k9fOdf, 9'Ëf kmf]8\g] 9'Ëf kmf]8\g] sfddf ha Wofgsf] tNnLgtfdf k|fKt
x'G5g\, ToxLF r]tgfsf] >]i7tf kmlnt x'G5 .
r]tgfsf] >]i7tf j0f{df xf]Og sd{sf] tNnLgtfdf jf Wofgdf lge{/ x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5–
of] ;[li6 /rgflb ;a}sf] stf{ eP klg dnfO{ cstf{ / cljgfzL g} hfg . klxnf] s'/f t sd{df
stf{kg x'Fb}g . stf{ leq pkl:yt eP dfq stf{efj sd{df ;jf/ x'G5 . sd{df cfkm}+“ stf{efj
x'Fb}g . xfdL klg sd{ ubf{ ub}{ cstf{ x'g ;S5f}+“ . stf{sf] lgdf{tf cxª\sf/sf] efj xf] . af6fdf
lxF8\bf xfdLn] Wofg lbP/ x]¥of}+“ eg] leq crn g} x'G5 / rNg] lqmof aflx/ dfq x'G5 . cxª\sf/sf]]
efj ha rNg'df ;jf/ x'G5, ta p;n] d lxF8\b} 5' eG5 . x/]s lqmofsf leq vf]Hof“}+ eg] xfdLn]
stf{nfO{ sxL+ klg kfpFb}gf}+ s]jn lqmof dfq kfpF5f“}+ . leqsf] tŒj t stf{ xf]Og ›i6f, ;fIfL xf]
h;n] s]jn b]Vb5 . r]tgfsf] txdf s'g} klg kL8f x'Fb}g . s]jn r]tgfnfO{ yfxf dfq x'G5 . r]tgf
s]jn 1ftf, ;fIfL dfq xf] . To;}n] xfdL klg lqmofsf] leq stf{ xf]Ogf}+ . stf{ xfd|f] e|d dfq xf] .

nf]suLtf– 138
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k/dfTdfnfO{ xfdL h:tf] e|d x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– of] ;a} ubf{ ub}{ klg …dÚ cstf{
x'F .
csf]{ cy{df klg s[i0fsf] egfOnfO{ a'‰g ;lsG5 . k/dfTdfdf s'g} cxª\sf/ x'Fb}g lsgeg]
huTf\df k/dfTdf Pp6} dfq 5 . cxª\sf/sf] efj hlxn] klg ltdLdf lge{/ x'G5 / olb …ltdLÚ /x]g
eg] …dÚ klg /xFb}g . le8df JolQm cxª\sf/L x'G5 / PsfGtdf cxª\sf/ lt/f]lxt x'G5 . k/dfTdfsf
nflu s'g} …ltdLÚ 5}g To;}n] …dÚ aGg] k|Zg g} p7\b}g . o;}sf/0f >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– …dÚ ;a} ubf{ub}{
klg cstf{ x'F / …dÚ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg geP h:tf] 5', csf]{ cy{df klg o;nfO{ hfGg ;lsG5 ls cl:tTj
k/dfTdfsf] lj:tf/ xf] . d cfˆgf] xftnfO{ ltdL elGbgF d g} eG5' . d]/f] z/L/df xft, v'§f, 6fpsf]
cflb ;a} z/L/sf lj:tf/ x'g\ . To:t} k/dfTdfsf nflu ;d:t cl:tTj p;s} lj:tf/ xf] . To;}n]
k/dfTdfn] s'g} gofF ;[hgf klg u¥of] eg] Tof] k/dfTdfsf] g} ;[hgf xf] s'g} csf]{ JolQmsf] xf]Og .
s'g} klg g[To gt{s ljgf x'g} ;Sb}g . k/dfTdfnfO{ xfdLn] g6/fh eg]sf 5f}+“ lsgeg]] g[To / gt{s
Ps} x'G5 . olb gt{s ePg eg] g[To x'g ;Sb}g / g[To /f]lsof] eg] gt{s x'g} ;Sb}g . gt{s / g[To
Ps} ePh:tf] k/dfTdf / ;[li6sf] klg ;DaGw To:t} 5 . k/dfTdf ;[li6nfO{ aGb u/]/ ;|i6f aGg
;Sb}g / ;[li6 aGb g} x'Fb}g . k/dfTdf / ;[li6 Ps x'g\ h:t} gt{s / g[To Ps x'g\ . To;}n] >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– ;a} ubf{ub}{ klg …dÚ cstf{ x'F / stf{n] dnfO{ klqmg ;Sb}g . rf/}lt/ k/dfTdfsf] lgldQ
cl:tTj dfq 5 hxfF k/dfTdf nLnf ul//xG5 . nLnf v]n xf] / v]ndf cxª\sf/ x'Fb}g . v]n ta;Dd
v]n /xG5 ha;Dd ToxfF d /xFb}g . k/dfTdfsf nflu hut\ Pp6f v]n xf] . o:tf] lg/xª\sf/
jrgsf] 3f]if0ff >Ls[i0fn] o; Znf]sdf ug{'ePsf] xf] .
g df+ sdf{l0f lnDklGt g d] sd{kmn] :k[xf .
Olt df+ of]˜lehfgflt sd{leg{ ; aWot] ..!$..
dnfO{ s'g} sd{sf] kmnk|lt slQ klg clenfiff 5}g, To;}n] sd{x¿n] klg dnfO{ lnKt ub}{gg\ .
o;k|sf/ h;n] dnfO{ tŒjk"j{s a'‰b5, Tof] ;sfd sd{df afFlwFb}g jf km:b}g ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sd{sf] kmndf d]/f] k|lt:kwf{ g} 5}g, To;}n] sd{n] dnfO{ lnKt ub}{g . hf]
dnfO{ o:f ¿kdf hfGb5 pm klg sd{df lnKt x'Fb}g / p;df sd{sf] kmnsf] cfsfª\Iff klg x'Fb}g .
v]n / sd{df oxL km/s x'G5 . kmnsf] cfsfª\Iff ePdf v]n klg sd{ aG5 / kmnsf] cfsfª\Iff
gePdf sd{ klg v]n aG5 . k/dfTdf lg?2]Zo 5, p;sf] sxLF k'Ug] nIo Pjd\ p2]Zo klg 5}g .
r/fx¿ uLt ufpF5g\, h"g tf/fx¿ rN5g\, km"nx¿ km'N5g\, xfjf aU5, hLjg k}bf x'G5 / ljnLg
x'G5 . logLx¿ ;a} lg?2]Zo g} s[To ub}{ 5g\ t/ dg'iosf] dg p2]Zoljgf s]xL klg a'‰g ;Sb}g .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– d h] u5{' cfgGbk"j{s u5{' . d]/f nflu s'g} p2]Zo 5}g s]jn cfgGb 5 .
;f/f cl:tTj cfgGbdUg 5 . o;} sf/0fn] s[i0fsf] hLjgnfO{ nLnf elgPsf] xf] . s[i0fsf] hLjg
lg?2]Zo 5 . >Ls[i0fnfO{ xfdL k"0f{ cjtf/ dfGb5f}+ lsgeg]] k/dfTdf h;/L lg?2]Zo 5 s[i0f klg
To:t} x'g'x'G5 . s[i0fsf Ps Ps s[To nLnf h:t} 5g\, sfd h:tf] xf]Og . To:t} s[i0fnfO{
kmnk|flKtsf] k|lt:kwf{ 5}g . xfd|f] hLjg ;bf eljiodf cfwfl/t / kmnsf] cfzfdf x'G5 . xfdL ;bf
ef]lnsf] cfzfdf afFR5f“}+ . cfh t s]jn sd{ dfq x'G5 kmn t ;bf ef]ln k|fKt x'G5 . cl:tTj t
s]jn sd{sf] x'G5 kmnsf] s'g} cl:tTj g} 5}g . k/dfTdf sNkgf / eljiodf afFRb}g . k/dfTdf
k|ltkn cfgGbdUg 5 . h'g lbg JolQmn] ;a} s'/f Pjd\ cfgGb oxLF jt{dfgdf 5 / eljiodf s]xL
5}g eg]/ a'‰5 ToxL ;do pm kmnft'/ eP/ eljiodf afFRg 5f]8\5 . b'vL JolQm kmnft'/ x'G5 /
kmnft'/ JolQm klg b'vL x'G5 . oL b'j} s'/f hf]l8Psf 5g\ . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– d cfh / oxLF

nf]suLtf– 139
cWofo–$
afFRb5' . To;}n] dnfO{ kmnsf] k|lt:kwf{ 5}g . ef]lnsf] cfsfª\Iff 5}g, cfh g} kof{Kt 5 . cfgGbdUg
lrQ cfh, oxLF x'G5 / o;/L afFRbf cgGt cfgGb k|fKt x'G5 .
k/dfTdf If0fhLjL x'G5 t/ p;sf] If0f cgGt x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] d]/f] of]
:j¿knfO{ hfGb5 pm klg d h:t} x'g] 5 . ;To / cfgGbsf] vf]h ug]{ JolQmn] eljionfO{ labf
ul/lbg'k5{ . h;nfO{ b'v k|Llts/ nfU5 p;n] eljionfO{ vf]h] x'G5 . eljio vf]Hg] JolQmnfO{
gs{sf] åf/ k|fKt x'G5 / jt{dfgdf afFRg] JolQmnfO{ :ju{sf] åf/ k|fKt x'G5 . ha kmnsf] k|lt:kwf{
x'Fb}g, sd{ dfq ug{' kof{Kt x'G5 ta sd{ v]n / nLnf aG5 . t;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– To:tf] JolQm
d h:t} x'g] 5 . hLjg gf6s ag]df sd{ v]n x'G5 . s[i0fsf egfOdf of] k"/f hLjg g} gf6s xf] .
>Ls[i0f Pp6f s'zn cleg]tf x'g'x'G5 . pxfF afF;'/L klg ahfpg'x'G5, ;'bz{g rqm klg
rnfpg' x'G5 . k/d 1fgsf] s'/f klg ug{'x'G5 . hg;fwf/0f Ujfnfx¿;Fu gfrufg klg ug{
;Sg'x'G5, uLtfsf] pkb]z klg lbg ;Sg'x'G5, uf]lkgLx¿sf] j:q n'sfP/ j[Ifdf klg a:g ;Sg'x'G5 .
›f}kbLsf] rL/x/0f x'Fbf pgsf] nHhf arfpg pgsf] z/L/df cb[Zo ¿kdf j:q klg pknAw
u/fpg'x'G5 . o:tf] c;Ët JolQm k[YjLdf sf]xL klg 5}g t/ of] c;Ëltdf Pp6f /x:o 5– o:tf]
c;ª\ut ToxL JolQm x'g ;S5 hf] JolQm uDeL/ x'Fb}g . hLjgnfO{ v]n dfg]/ nLnf ug]{ s[i0fsf]
kmndf s'g} k|lt:kwf{ 5}g . >Ls[i0f hf] k/d cl:tTj x'g'x'G5 pxfFsf nflu t ;Dk"0f{ s'/f v]n dfq
xf] .
dg'iosf] dgn] ;donfO{ e"t, eljio / jt{dfgdf afF8\5 . t/ k/dfTdfsf nflu ;do s]jn
jt{dfg x'G5 . xfdLnfO{ s]jn e"t / eljiosf] dfq hfgsf/L x'G5 . jt{dfgsf af/]df xfdLnfO{ s]xL
hfgsf/L g} 5}g . k/dfTdfsf nflu sfo{ / sf/0f x'Fb}g, xfd|f nflu dfq x'G5≤ cl:tTjdf s]jn
jt{dfg dfq 5 ctLt / eljio 5}g . k/dfTdfsf nflu eljio g} geP kl5 kmnsf] k|lt:kwf{ x'g]
;jfn} ePg . of] hfGg] JolQm klg pxL cj:yfdf k'Ub5 . k/dfTdfnfO{ kfpgsf nflu kmn jf
cfsfª\Iffsf] Tofu g} k|d'v ;t{ xf] . olb xfd|f] dfu pkl:yt x'G5 eg] xfdLnfO{ k/dfTdfsf] xf]Og,
pgsf ;]jfx¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5 .
Pj+ 1fTjf s[t+ sd{ k"j}{/lk d'd'If'leM .
s'? sd}{j t:dfŒj+ k"j}{M k"j{t/+ s[td\ ..!%..
d'lQmsf] sfdgf ug]{ k"j{jtL{x¿n] d]/f] lbJo k|s[ltnfO{ hfg]/ g} st{Jo sd{ u/]sf lyP . To;}n]
k|frLg k'vf{x¿n] h'g sd{ u/], To;}sf] cg';/0f ub}{ ltdL st{Jo sd{ u/ ..
sd{sf] kmnfsfª\Iff k/dfTdfdf ;dlk{t u/L stf{kg / cxª\sf/af6 d'Qm eP/ klxn] klg k"j{
k'?ifx¿n] o:tf] sd{ u/]sf 5g\ . o:t} ltdL klg k"j{k'?ifx¿ h:t} sd{ u/ . /fhf hgsn] klg sd{
ug{ 5f]8]gg\ a? stf{kgaf6 d'Qm eP . xfdL kmnsf] k|lt:kwf{sf sf/0f sd{ u5f}{+ / ha kmnsf]
k|lt:kwf{ x'Fb}g, ta xfdL sd{ gu/L csd{ u5f}{+ . o:tf] sd{ ubf{ kmnsf] cfsfª\Iff /fVg] jf kmnsf]
cfsfª\Iff g/fvL sd{ g} gu/L csd{ ug]{ b'O{ k|sf/sf gf;dem JolQmx¿ k[YjLdf /x]sf 5g\ . kmnsf]
cfzf /fv]/ sd{ ug]{ u[x:y / kmnsf] cfzf 5f]l8lbg] ;GGof;L oL Ps} lrhsf b'O{ kf6f x'g\ . >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ltdL sd{ gul//xg} ;Sb}gf} . To;}n] sd{af6 gefu / sd{ u/, s]jn kmnsf]
cfsfª\Iff 5f]l8b]pm . sd{ ltdL u/, s]jn stf{ dfq gag . u[x:ydf /x]/ ltdL ;GGof;L ag hf]
klxn] klg k"j{k'?ifx¿n] u/]sf 5g\ . s[i0f ch{'gnfO{ klxn] klg o:tf] ul/Psf] 5 eg]/ cfZjf;g /
e/f];f lbg'x'G5 . cxª\sf/d'Qm / stf{xLg sd{ ub}{ ;a} stf{kg k/dfTdfdf 5f]8\g' l7s ;GGof; xf] .
>Ls[i0f o; Znf]sdf ch{'gnfO{ ;Dos\ ;GGof;sf af/]df atfpg'x'G5 .

nf]suLtf– 140
 cWofo–$
ls+ sd{ lsdsd]{lt sjof]˜Koq df]lxtfM .
tQ] sd{ k|jIofld oH1fTjf df]Io;]˜z'eft\ ..!^..
sd{ s] xf] / csd{ s] xf] eGg] ljifodf a'l4dfg\ JolQmx¿ klg cNdlnG5g\ jf df]lxt x'G5g\ .
o;y{ s'g sd{ xf] / s'g csd{ xf] eGg] s'/f d ltdLnfO{ eGb5' . oL s'/fx¿ hfg]/ g} ltdL hGd–
d[To'¿kL aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'g] 5f} ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sd{ s] xf] csd{ s] xf] eGg] s'/f a'l4dfg\ JolQmn] klg hfGg ;Sb}gg\ .
Tof] u'0ftŒj d ltdLnfO{ eGb5' h;nfO{ hfg]/ JolQm d'Qm x'G5 . o;f] em§ x]bf{ of] s'/f c;Ët
nfUb5 lsgeg]] xfd|f] dgdf sd{ / csd{ s] xf] Tof] t d"v{n] klg hfGb5 eGg] nfU5 . t/ of] s'/f
a'l4dfg\ JolQmn] klg hfGb}g . of] t cToGt u"9 tŒj xf] .
xfdL k|ltsd{nfO{ sd{ 7fGb5f}F . xfdLnfO{ s;}n] ufnL u/]df pQ/df xfdLn] klg ufnL u¥of}+
eg] Tof] k|ltsd{ (Reaction) x'G5 . s;}n] k|z+;f ubf{ cfglGbt eof}+ eg] Tof] cfglGbt x'g' klg sd{
geP/ k|ltsd{ g} xf] . hGdb]lv d[To'ko{Gt k|ltkn xfdL sd{ xf]Og k|ltsd{ g} ub{5fF} . xfdL k|ltsd{
dfq u5f}{+ lsgeg]] xfd|f] k|To]s sd{ aflx/af6 pTkflbt x'G5, leq}af6 :j:km"t{ ¿kdf cfPsf] x'Fb}g .
s;}n] wSsf lbFbf qmf]w pTkGg x'G5 / s;}n] km"ndfnf nufOlbof] eg] cxª\sf/ pTkGg x'G5 . s;}n]
ufnL ubf{ k|ltpQ/df ufnL g} lgl:sG5 / s;}n] k|]dk"j{s s'g} zAb eGof] eg] To:t} k|]dk"0f{ efj
pTkGg x'G5 . j:t'tM oL ;a} sd{ xf]Og k|ltsd{ x'g\ . of] k|ltsd{ l:jr bafP/ aQL afNg] / l:jr
bafP/ aQL lgEg] h:tf] x'G5 . s;}n] ufnL ubf{ tTsfn l:jr lyr]h:tf] ufnL p7]g eg] xfdL eGg
;S5f}F d}n] ufnL gug]{ sd{ u/]+ . sd{sf] cy{ ;xhtfk"j{s x'g] s'/f xf] eg] k|ltsd{sf] cy{ k|]l/t eP/
ug]{ Jojxf/ xf] . sd{ leqaf6 cfpFbf aflx/ s'g} klg sf/0f 5 eg] Tof] sd{ xf]Og, k|ltsd{ xf] . a'4,
dxfjL/, qmfO:6 h:tf JolQm k|ltsd{df xf]Og, sd{df afFRb5g\ .
a'4nfO{ Pslbg Ps JolQmn] d'vdf y'lslbP t/ a'4n] ?dfnn] d'v k'5\g'eof] / ;f]Wg'eof]–
c¿ s]xL eGg' 5 < a'4n] olb s'g} k|ltsd{ ug{'ePsf] eP Tof] JolQm pQ/ lnP/ cfPsf] lyof] . a'4n]
olb lsg y's]sf] dfq ;f]Wg'ePsf] eP p;;Fu k"j{tof/ pQ/ lyof] . a'4 h:tf] sd{ t ;os8f}F
jif{kl5 s'g} 1fgL JolQmn] u5{, cGoyf ;a}n] t k|ltsd{ g} u5{g\ . pm a'4;Fu k|ltsd{sf] tof/Ldf
cfPsf] lyof] t/ pN6} pxfFn] æc¿ s]xL eGg' 5 ls ÛÆ eGg] k|Zg ug{'eof] hf] To; JolQmsf nflu
ck|Toflzt lyof] . Tof] y'Sg] JolQm 5Ss k¥of] / eGof]– tkfO+{ klg s] ;f]Wg'x'G5, d}n] t tkfO{+sf]
d'vdf y's]sf] 5' . pxfFn] hjfkm lbg'eof]– ltdLn] y'sfOsf dfWodaf6 ltd|f] dgdf ba]sf eofgs
qmf]w h'g ltdL zAbn] JoQm ug{ ;Sb}gf} To;}nfO{ ;fob y's]/ JoQm u¥of} .
a'4n] eGg'eof]– JolQm s}of}+ k6s zAbaf6 efj JoQm ug{ c;dy{ x'G5 . d klg s}of}+ k6s
sltko s'/fx¿ eGg rfxG5', ha eGg c;dy{ x'G5', ta O;f/faf6 eG5' . ltdLn] klg O;f/fdf
s]xL eGof}, d}n] a'em]+ . TfL JolQmn] a'4;Fu eg]– tkfO{ klg ddfly lsg qmf]w ug{'x'Gg, a'4n]
eGg'eof]– ltdLn] qmf]w ub}{df d}n] klg qmf]w ug{' h?/L 5}g . pQm JolQm csf]{ lbg a'4;Fu Ifdf
dfUg cfof] / a'4sf] r/0fdf 9f]u]/ ?Fb} Ifdf dfUg yfNof] . a'4n] km]l/ ;f]Wg'eof]– s]xL eGg' 5, d}n]
a'em]F ltd|f] dgdf s'g} ulx/f] efj 5 hf] ltdL zAbdf eGg c;dy{ 5f} . tL efjnfO{ ltdL lz/nfO{
v'§fdf /fv]/ cfF;'n] eGb} 5f} Pjd\ efj d'›fx¿af6 JoQm ub}{ 5f} . lxhf] klg s]xL eGg rfxGYof}
eGg ;s]gf}, cfh klg s]xL eGg vf]lh/x]sf 5f} t/ eGg ;ls/x]sf 5}gf} . a'4sf] jrg ;'g]sf] To;
JolQmn] eGof]– d tkfO+{;Fu Ifdf dfUg cfPsf] 5', dnfO{ Ifdf ul/lbg'xf];\ . a'4n] eGg'eof]– d}n]
ltdL;Fu qmf]w g} u/]sf] 5}g, To;}n] Ifdf ug]{ t s'g} k|Zg g} p7\b}g .

nf]suLtf– 141
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k|ltsd{ bf; xf] hf] c¿n] xfdLaf6 u/fpF5 . a'l4dfg\n] klg sd{ / k|ltsd{nfO{ 5'6\6\ofpg
;Sb}gg\ . sd{ g} a'‰g sl7g 5 eg] csd{nfO{ hfGg t emg\ sl7g x'G5 . k|ltsd{nfO{ xfdL sd{
7fGb5f}+ / csd{0otfnfO{ xfdL csd{ 7fGb5f“}+ . cN5Lkgn] a;]/ s]xL gug{'nfO{ xfdL csd{ ;DemG5f}+ .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– csd{sf] bzf t ha leq ulx/fOdf sd{sf] s'g} jf;gf /xFb}g, ta dfq kmlnt
x'G5 . ha leq dg z"Go cj:yf eP/ leq ulx/f]df dgn] sd{sf ;"Id t/Ëx¿ p7fpFb}g, ta dfq
csd{ kmlnt x'G5 . h;sf] leq csd{ x'G5 p;sf] aflx/ slxNo} klg k|ltsd{ x'Fb}g . h;sf] leq
csd{ kmlnt x'G5 p;sf] aflx/ sd{ kmlnt x'G5 . c¿sf] k|ltlqmofdf geO{ sd{ h'g cfkm“}+ leqaf6
hlGdPsf] x'G5 Tof] ;xh ¿kdf kmlnt x'G5 .
of] s'/f u"9, uxg / /x:ok"0f{ 5 . To;}n] a'l4dfg\ JolQmx¿n] klg sd{ / csd{ s] xf] to
ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . x] ch{'g Û ltdLnfO{ Tof] u"9 /x:o d eG5' lsgeg]] h;n] Tof] /x:onfO{ hfGb5 pm
d'Qm x'g] 5 . h'g JolQmn] sd{ / csd{sf larsf] ;"Idtd cj:yfnfO{ hfGb5 Tof] JolQmn]
d'lQmdfu{sf] ofqf ug]{ 5 . To:tf] JolQmnfO{ hut\df c¿ s'g} ;"Id u'Xo s'/f hfGg z]if x'Fb}g .
To;}n] xfdL h;nfO{ sd{ 7fG5f}+“ Tof] k|ltsd{ xf] sd{ xf]Og . xfdL h;nfO{ csd{ 7fG5f}+ Tof]
csd{0otf xf] . >Ls[i0f h;nfO{ csd{ eGg'x'G5 Tof] cfGtl/s df}gtf / leq sd{sf] t/Ësf] cefj
xf] . ha cGt/df sd{sf] t/Ë x/fpF5, ta stf{ klg /xFb}g lsgeg]] stf{sf] lgdf{0f leqsf] sd{sf]
t/Ëaf6 pTkfbg x'g] hf]8 xf] . leqsf] sd{sf] jf;gf g} ;+o'Qm eP/ stf{ aG5 . olb leq s'g}
stf{sf] t/Ë 5}g eg] aflx/ klg stf{kg afFsL /xFb}g . hf] o;sf] dWo/]vfnfO{ hfGb5 Tof] JolQm
d'Qm x'G5 . To;}n] x] ch{'g Û d ltdLnfO{ sd{ / csd{sf] ljefhg /]vfsf af/]df atfpF5' .
sd{0ff] Xolk af]4Jo+ af]4Jo+ r ljsd{0fM .
csd{0fZr af]4Jo+ uxgf sd{0ff] ultM ..!&..
sd{ s] xf] < ljsd{ jf jlh{t sd{ s] xf] < csd{ jf o;sf] :j¿k s] xf] < oL ;a} s'/f
a'‰g'kb{5 lsgeg]] sd{sf] af6f] jf ult uxg 5 cyf{t\ a'‰g cToGt sl7g 5 ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sd{, csd{ / lglif4 sd{sf] :j¿k hfGg'k5{ lsgeg]] sd{sf] ult uxg,
;"Id / /x:ok"0f{ 5 . lglif4 sd{ Tof] sd{ xf] hf] ug{of]Uo 5}g≤ To;}n] To;sf] :j¿k klg hfGg'k5{ .
sd{ slxn] sd{ x'G5, slxn] csd{ x'G5 of] hfGg sl7g 5 . sd{ slxn]sfxLF lglif4 klg x'G5, ta t
hfGg emg\ ufx|f] x'G5 . lglif4 sd{nfO{ b'O{ k|sf/n] ljrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}– s'g} sd{ hf] ug{of]Uo
5}g To;nfO{ lglif4sd{sf] sf]l6df /fVg ;lsG5 . h:tf] sfg'gL km};nf cbfntn] u5{ . rf]/L, xTof,
cfTdxTof ug{ lglif4 x'G5 . s]xL sd{ sfg'gn] to u/]sf] 5 hf] ug{ kfOFb}g t/ sfg'g w]/} ;"Id x'g
;Sb}g . wd{n] w]/} ;"Idtd vf]h u5{ . wd{df s'g} sd{ s'g} kl/l:yltdf lglif4 eP klg csf]{
kl/l:yltdf lglif4 gx'g klg ;S5 . xTof ;fwf/0ftof lglif4 5 t/ o'4df of] lglif4 x'Fb}g . lglif4
s'g} jl0f{t s'/f xf]Og . of] kl/l:yltsf cfwf/df kl/jt{g x'g ;S5 / slxn]sfxLF t b'O{ lglif4sfo{sf]
lardf ;Í6 klg k}bf x'G5 . PsnfO{ arfpg] ls csf]{nfO{ arfpg] cyf{t\ lx+;f arfpg ;fFrf] af]Ng]
ls em''7f] af]Ng] . slxn]sfxLF b'O{ lglif4 sd{ pN6f] klg x'g ;S5 .
Pp6f l;wf;fbf a|fXd0f ;8sdf lxFl8/x]sf] x'G5 . ToxfF Pp6f s;fO{ xftdf v's'/L lnP/
bf}l8P/ cfpF5 . pm cfˆgf] ufO{ hf] p;af6 5'6]/ efu]sf] 5, To;nfO{ vf]Hb} cfPsf] 5 . Tof] s;fO{
xftdf wfl/nf] v''s'/L lnP/ a|fXd0fnfO{ ;f]W5– ltdLn] oxfFaf6 Pp6f ufO{ uPsf] b]Vof} < a|fXd0f
s;fO{sf] k|of]hg / p2]Zo s] xf] eg]/ x]b{5 . em'6f] af]Ng' lglif4 sfo{ xf] eg]/ zf:qdf k9]sf] 5
To;}n] pm wd{;Í6df k5{ . em'6f] af]Ng' zf:q;Ddt 5}g / ;To af]lnof] eg] s;fO{n] ufO{sf] lglZrt

nf]suLtf– 142
 cWofo–$
xTof ug]{jfnf 5, h'g lxGb" wd{ ljk/Lt 5 h;sf] eflubf/ d klg x'g] 5' . xTofdf eflubf/ x'g' klg
lglif4 sfo{ xf] . oxfF ;To / em'6 h] af]n] klg Tof] lglif4 sfo{ x'G5 .
lhGbuL hl6n x'G5, of] zf:qdf n]v]h:tf] x'Fb}g . zf:q ;/n x'G5 . zf:qsf ;a} k|Zg
lgl0f{t x'G5g\ t/ hLjgsf ;a} k|Zg clgl0f{t x'G5g\ . hLjgdf k|ltkn s] ug]{ eg]/ to ug{'k5{ .
o:tf] If0f k|ltlbg cfpF5, ha zf:qn] s'g} sfd ub}{g ToxfF :jod\ g} lg0f{o ug{'k5{ . To;}n] >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– sd{sf] ult uxg / hl6n 5 . of] sd{sf] ultnfO{ hfGgsf nflu sd{, csd{ / lglif4
sd{nfO{ klg hfGg'k5{ . lglif4 sd{ b}lgs ¿kdf ug{'kg]{ x'Fbf of] k|Zg cfpg] lalQs} s] ug]{ eg]/ to
ug{'k5{ . dxfjL/sf] sygcg';f/ /ftdf sf]N6] km]g{' lglif4 5 . To;}n] dxfjL/ /ftL ;'Tbf sf]N6f] k/]/
;'Tg'x'GYof] tfls sdeGbf sd lx+;f xf];\ . dxfjL/ hldgdf v'§f klg ljrf/ u/]/ dfq /fVg'x'GYof] .
;'Svf hldgdf dfq lxF8\g'x'GYof], jiff{df pxfF lxF8\g'x'GgYof] lsgeg]] lxnf] hldgdf sL6f0f'x¿ dg{
;S5g\ . kfgL k/]sf] hldgdf jiff{df lxF8\g' lglif4 sfo{ xf] .
lglif4 sd{af/] ljleGg JolQmx¿sf s'/f ;'Gg] xf] eg] JolQm xlNng klg kfpFb}g / Zjf; klg
lng kfpFb}g . hLjg g} hl6n / clglZrt 5 . ToxfF k|ltkn ;a} ablnG5 . dxfjL/n] eGg'eof]–
v]tL gug{" lsgeg]] v]tLdf lx+;f x'G5 . pgsf cg'ofoLx¿n] v]tL ug{ aGb u/] t/ v]tL gu/L x'g
;Sg] lx+;fsf] ;§fdf Jofkf/L j}Zo eP/ pgLx¿n] olt w]/} lx+;f u/] hf] pgLx¿ ls;fg ePsf] eP
slxNo} klg ub}{gy] . k};fdf hlt lx+;f of /utsf] 5fk x'G5 Tof] c¿ s'g} klg s'/fdf x'Fb}g t/ Tof]
aflx/af6 ;kmf b]lvG5 . wg sdfpg' :jR5 lx+;f xf] . sltsf] k|f0f lnP/, sltsf] hldg lasfO
3/af/ p7fP/, sltnfO{ d[To'sf] d'vdf k'¥ofP/ lx+;f ul/Psf] x'G5, Tof] yfxf x'Fb}g . ;a} k|sf/sf
/ut / ck/fwaf6 u'lh|P/ dfq wg sdfpg ;lsG5, t/ Tof] ;b}j tfhf b]lvG5 . xfd|f] xftdf
cfpFbf wgsf] s'g} Oltxf; aRb}g / xft ;kmf b]lvG5 . dxfjL/nfO{ tyf pxfFnfO{ dfGg] JolQmx¿n]
slxNo} ;f]r]sf lyPgg\ xf]nf ls ;a}eGbf w]/} wg pg}sf h}gLx¿;Fu ;Ílnt x'g] 5 . dxfjL/ hf]
:jod\ ;f/f wgTofu u/]/ gUg x'g'eof] t/ pxfFsf cg'ofoLx¿ wgsf] bf; ag]≤ of] ;a} lglif4
sd{åf/f kmlnt eof] . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sd{sf] ult uxg 5 . oxfFaf6 5f]8\of] ptfaf6
klqmG5, ptfaf6 5f]8\of] otfaf6 klqmG5 . To;}n] lglif4 sd{af/] ghfGg] JolQmx¿ o;}df hLjgnfO{
u'dfpF5g\ . hLjgsf] af6f] Ogf/ / vf8n h:tf] 5 / lardf lxF8\g' t/jf/sf] wf/df lxF8\g' h:t}
sl7g x'G5 .
sd{0osd{ oM kZo]bsd{l0f r sd{ oM .
; a'l4dfGdg'io]if' ; o'QmM s[T:gsd{s[t\ ..!*..
h;n] sd{df csd{ / csd{df sd{ b]Vb5 jf sd{ u/]/ klg kmnsf] cfzf /fVb}g Tof] JolQm
dflg;x¿df a'l4dfg\ xf] . o:tf] JolQm zf:qljlxt sd{ u/]/ lbJo l:yltdf k'u]sf] dflgG5 ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h;n] sd{df csd{ b]V5 / csd{df sd{nfO{ b]V5 Tof] JolQm 1fgjfg\ xf] .
sd{df csd{nfO{ b]Vg'sf] cy{ JolQm sd{ ubf{ub}{ klg hfgf];\ ls d stf{ xf]Og . sd{ ubf{ klg d
stf{ xf]Og eGg] hfGgsf nflu ;fIfLefj x'g'kb{5 . ;fIfLefj ePdf ef]hg ubf{ klg hfGg ;lsG5
ls d ef]hg ul//x]sf] 5}g, ToxfF d s]jn ef]s nfu]sf] hflg dfq /x]sf] 5' . ef]s t z/L/nfO{ nfU5
/ z/L/ g} ef]hg ul//x]sf] x'G5 . ef]s nfUbf / qmf]w cfpFbf k5fl8 kms]{/ x]g]{ snfn] g} sd{nfO{
csd{ agfpF5 . To;a]nf JolQm sd{ ubf{ klg gu/] h:tf] cstf{ x'G5 . ;fIfL efj ePdf JolQm
stf{ x'Fbf klg cstf{ x'g ;S5 . hf] JolQm leqaf6 d stf{ xf]Og d s]jn ;fIfL x'F eGg] hfGb5
tTsfn pm k/dfTdf;Fu Ps x'G5 . clg cl:tTjdf 36\g] k|To]s 36gfdf pm ;+nUg x'G5 /

nf]suLtf– 143
cWofo–$
k/dfTdfsf k|To]s s[Todf p;sf] ;xeflutf x'G5 . hut\df h] klg eO/x]sf] 5, Tof] p;}n] ul//x]sf]
x'G5 .
k|ydtM sd{df csd{sf] cg'ej ePkl5 csd{df sd{sf] cg'ej :jtM x'G5 / h;nfO{ of]
uxg k|tLlt pknAw x'G5 p;nfO{ 1fg / ;Tosf] cg'ej pknAw x'G5 . ;fIfL x'g] JolQmnfO{ lglif4
sd{ s] xf] eg]/ klxn]af6 to ug{'kb}{g . pm ;fIfL ePkl5 p;nfO{ lglif4 / cfjZos sd{ s] xf]
eGg] cg'ej x'G5 / To;sf af/]df klxn]b]lv p;n] ;f]Rg'kb}{g . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o:tf] JolQm
zf:qljlxt sd{ u/]/ lbJo l:yltdf k'u]sf] dflgG5 . p;nfO{ s] unt, s] l7s, s] ug{' x'G5 / s]
ug{' x'Fb}g eg]/ :ki6 af]w x'G5 / p;n] s;}nfO{ ;f]Wg'kb}{g . lglif4 sd{ p;af6 x''Fb}g lsgeg] lglif4
sd{ s] xf] eGg] p;nfO{ cfkm} af]w x''G5 / h] lglif4 5}g Tof] g} p;n] ub{5 . t;y{ ;fIfL efj
leqsf] b[li6 aG5 .
o:o ;j]{ ;df/DefM sfd;ÍNkjlh{tfM .
1fgflUgbUwsdf{0f+ tdfx'M kl08t+ a'wfM ..!(..
h;sf ;Dk"0f{ zf:q;Ddt sd{x¿ sfdgf/lxt / ;ª\sNk/lxt x'G5g\, To:tf 1fg¿kL clUgn]
sd{kmn e:d ePsf dxfk''?ifx¿nfO{ 1fgLx¿ kl08t eGb5g\ ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sfdgf / ;ª\sNkaf6 IfL0f ePsf] r]tgfsf] bzfdf hf] 1fg pknAw x'G5
To:tf] JolQmnfO{ 1fgLhg kl08t eGb5g\ . c1fgLx¿ t a9LeGbf a9L ;"rgfsf] ;ª\u|x ug]{
JolQmnfO{ kl08t eGb5g\, hf] ts{o'Qm ljrf/ ug{df s'zn x'G5g\ . t/ 1fgLhg ;ª\sNk /
sfdgfnfO{ 5f]8]/ r]tgfsf] Tof] z'4 cj:yfdf pknAw x'g] JolQmnfO{ kl08t eG5g\, hxfF 1fgsf]
;fIffTsf/ x'G5 . 1fgL To;nfO{ kl08t eG5g\ h;sf] ;To;Fu l;wf ;Dks{ 5 . o:tf] ;Dks{
k/dfTdf;Fu To;sf] dfq x'G5, h;sf] r]tgfdf sfdgf / ;ª\sNk afFsL /xFb}g . s'g} OR5f g/x]sf]
cj:yf g} sfdgf / jf;gf IfL0f ePsf] cj:yf xf] . sfdgf dgsf] bf}8 xf] . cfk"m ePsf] 7fpFdf
cfgGb 5}g / c¿ ePsf] 7fpFdf cfgGb xf]nf eg]/ ;f]Rg'n] g} sfdgfsf] hGd x'G5 . cfgGb
sfdgfaf6 d'lQmsf] cj:yf xf] . h] x''Fbf / hxfF h'g cj:yfdf x'Fbf klg d k"0f{ 5' eGg] ;Gt[lKtsf]
k/fsfi7f sfdgfaf6 d'lQm xf] .
k|To]s JolQm lbUbf/ 5 . wgsf] ofqfdf / kbsf] ofqfdf u[x:yL klg sxLF k'Ug rfxG5 .
;GGof;L klg lbSs 5g\, pgLx¿ ;GGof; / df]Ifsf] ofqfdf sxLF cGoq k'Ug rfxG5g\ . hf] sxLF
k'Ug rfxG5g\ pgLx¿ tgfj / czflGtdf x'G5g\ . jf;gf / sfdgf /x'Gh]n df]If kfpg c;Dej 5 .
k/dfTdf t sfdgf cGt ePsf] JolQmnfO{ dfq k|fKt x'G5 . ha;Dd JolQm p2]Zo / nIo lnP/ sxL
k''Ug rfxG5 ta;Dd pm sfdgfsf] aflx/ x'Fb}g . ;a} JolQmnfO{ cfkm"eGbf b'vL c¿ sf]xL klg 5}g
eGg] nfU5 lsgeg]] xfdL cfk"m leqsf] b'vsf] sfF8f b]V5f}+“ t/ c¿sf] Åbosf] sfF8f b]Vb}gf“}+ . xfdL
c¿sf] cg'xf/ dfq b]V5f} Åbo;Dd k'Ug g} ;Sb}gf}+“ . cg'xf/eGbf wf]vf lbg] c¿ s'g} s'/f g} x'Fb}g /
df}lns cg'xf/ cToGt sd JolQmx¿;Fu x'G5 . s[i0f, a'4, qmfO:6x¿ h:tf JolQmx¿;Fu dfq
cfˆgf] df}lns cg'xf/ x'G5 . sfdgfsf] lap g} c¿h:tf] x'g vf]Hg' xf] lsgeg]] c¿ ;'vL 5g\ /
xfdL b'vL 5f}+“ h:tf] nfU5 . hf] JolQm cfTdfnfO{ hfGg ;dy{ x'G5, pxL sfdgfaf6 d'Qm x'G5 cGoyf
d'Qm x'g ;Sb}g .
>Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ æca ;ª\sNk klg TofuÆ eGg'x'G5 . ;ª\sNksf] pkof]u klg sfdgf
xf]OGh]n;Dd xf] / ha sfdgf z]if /xFb}g ta ;ª\sNksf] s'g} pkof]u x'Fb}g . ha;Dd OR5f k"/f ug{'
5, ta;Dd OR5fzlQmsf] cfjZostf x'G5 =/ ha OR5f g} afFsL /xFb}g, ta OR5fzlQmsf] s'g} sfd

nf]suLtf– 144
 cWofo–$
g} /xFb}g, Tof] af]em x'G5 . xfdLnfO{ ;ª\sNk cfjZos 5 lsgeg]] xfdLnfO{ OR5f k"/f ug{' 5 t/
OR5f g} afFsL g/x]sf] JolQmnfO{ OR5fzlQmsf] s'g} pkof]lutf g} /xFb}g . zlQm olb k|of]u ePg eg]
To;n] :jod\s} ljgfz u5{ . To;}n] >Ls[i0f qmdcg';f/ eGg'x'G5– klxn] sfdgfaf6 clg jf;gfaf6
d'Qm xf]pm . sfdgf / jf;gfsf] cGTo ePkl5 ;ª\sNknfO{ IfL0f u/ lsgeg]] ToxfF ;ª\sNksf] h?/t
g} kb}{g . zlQm olb IfL0f eO{ cg'kof]uL eP To;n] ljgfz ub}{g cGoyf To;n] :jod\nfO{ ljgfz
u5{ . olb s'g} JolQmn] jf;gf Tofu gu/L ;ª\sNk dfq 5f]8\of] eg] p;nfO{ 7'nf] sl7gfO kg{
;S5 . To;a]nf pm a8f] bLgxLg x'g] 5 / jf;gfnfO{ Tofu ul/;s]kl5 ;ª\sNk hLljt /xg'
vt/gfs x'G5 lsgeg]] jf;gf g} g/x]kl5 zlQmsf] pkof]lutf g} x''Fb}g . olb zlQm aflx/ Tofu]g eg]
To;n] leq cfˆgf] ;lqmotf a9fP/ leq g} bf}l8g yfN5 . zlQm leq bf}l8Pkl5 JolQm ljlIfKt
x'G5 . zlQmsf b'O{ ¿kx¿ 5g\, jf;gflt/ bf}l8of] eg] k|f0fL eP/ ;[hgf u5{ . sfdgf, ;kgflt/
bf}l8of] eg] To;n] :jod\sf] ljgfz u5{ .
To;}n] hf] JolQm jf;gfaf6 d'Qm x'G5 p;n] sfdgf klg 5f]8\5, dlGb/ klg 5f]8\5 / ofqL x'F
eGg] efj klg 5f]8\5 . o:tf] sfdgfz"Go / ;ª\sNkaf6 l/Qm ePsf] JolQm 1fgdf pknAw x'G5 .
o:tf] JolQm bk{0fh:tf] lgd{n eP/ l:yt x'G5 . h:tf] zfGt cj:yfsf] hnfzodf ;"o{, rG›df
k|ltljlDat x'G5g\ To;/L g} lrQsf] sfdjf;gf zfGt ePkl5 lrQ klg hnfzosf] h:t} df}g
bk{0fsf] cj:yfdf x'G5 . Tof] bk{0fdf JolQmsf] ;fgf] Åbodf lj/f6\ k/dfTdf k|ltkmlnt x'G5 . lj/f6\
t cgGt / c;Ld 5 t/ eQmsf] ;fgf] Åbo klg sfdgf/lxt x'g] lalQs} pm ToxfF tTsfn
k|ltkmlnt x'G5 . o:tf] sfdgf / jf;gf/lxt Åbo ePsf] eQm h;n] cg'ejaf6 hfg]sf] 5, To:tf]
JolQmnfO{ kl08t elgG5 t/ s]xL ghfGg]x¿ cfkm"eGbf a9L ;"rgf ;ª\u|x ug]{ JolQmnfO{ kl08t
7fGb5g\ . >Ls[i0fsf] o; egfOn] kl08tnfO{ b'O{ txdf ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . Pp6f ;"rgf ;ª\sng
u/]/ 1fgL ePsf] ldYof kl08t h;;Fu afFlwPsf] pQ/ dfq 5 . o:tf] kl08t;“+u cfˆgf] cg'ejsf]
pQ/ geP/ s]jn j]b, pklgifb\, s[i0f, a'4sf jrgnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg] sfd dfq ub{5g\ . bf];|f] k|sf/sf
kl08t cfˆgf] cg'ejaf6 k/dfTdfnfO{ hfg]/ p;sf] ;+:kz{ ub}{ s[i0f / ;TonfO{ hfGb5g\ . To:tf
JolQmnfO{ 1fgLhg kl08t eGb5g\ .
ToSTjf sd{kmnf;Ë+ lgTot[Ktf] lg/f>oM .
sd{0olek|j[Qf]˜lk g}j lsl~rTs/f]lt ;M ..@)..
h'g k'?if ;d:t sd{df / To;sf] kmndf cf;lQmnfO{ ;b}j Tofu u/]/ ;+;f/sf] cf>o/lxt
ePsf] 5 / k/dfTdf lgTo lrQ 5, pm sd{df nfu]/ klg sd{ ul//x]sf] x'bF }g ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o:tf] r]tgf k|fKt k'?if ;+;f/sf] cf>odf cfglGbt x'Fb}g / o:tf] JolQmsf]
cfgGbsf] ;|f]t k/dfTdf dfq x'G5 . o:tf] JolQm ;+;f/sf sf/0f ;'vL geP/ csf/0f g} ;'vL x'G5 .
xfd|f] d:tL ;w}+ sf/0f;lxt cfpF5 . xfd|f] ;'v aflx/af6 cfpg] x'Fbf s]xL If0f klg gl6s]/ of] b'v
aGb5 . ;+;f/df cfl>t ;'v If0fe/ eGbf a9L x'Fb}g lsgeg]] ;+;f/ g} If0fe/eGbf Hofbf x'Fb}g .
;+;f/df ;'v cfPsf] x'Fb}g, labf eOxfN5 . Pshgf sljn] cfˆgf sljtfsf b'O{ klQmdf o;sf] j0f{g
u/]sf 5g\ hxfF clnslt zAb cnu ug]{ jf 5'6\6\ofpg] lalQs} klª\Stsf] cy{ ablnPsf] 5 . klxnf]
klª\St …j;Gt cfuofÚ / bf];|f] klª\St 5 …j;Gt cf uofÚ . ;+;f/sf] If0f eª\u"/tf o:t} x'G5, ;'v
klg o:t} x'G5 . …;'v cfuof cyf{t\ tTsfn …;'v cf uof x'G5Ú . xfdLnfO{ dx;'; klg geO{sg
bf];|f] klª\St cfO;S5 .

nf]suLtf– 145
cWofo–$
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o:tf] JolQmsf] ;'v ;+;f/df cfl>t geP/ cgfl>t, csf/0f / lgM;t{
x'G5 . o:tf] JolQmsf] cfgGb sxLFaf6 cfpFb}g . Tof] cfgGb cfkm“}+af6 cfpF5 / ;bfsf nflu /xG5 .
cfkm}+af6 cfpg'sf] cy{ a|Xdaf6 cfpg' xf] hf] zfZjt x'G5 ;+;f/ h:tf] If0feª\u"/ x'Fb}g . o:tf]
JolQmsf] cfgGb a|Xdaf6 csf/0f g} al;{G5 . o:tf] JolQm slt a]nf xfF:g Pjd\ gfRg yfN5 s]xL
yfxf x'Fb}g . pm leq cfgGbsf] ;|f]t x'G5 hf] csf/0f g} km'6\b5 . cl:tTjdf b'O{ k|sf/sf] cf>o
x'G5– Pp6f k/f>o / csf]{ :j–cf>o x'G5 . k/f>oaf6 k|fKt ;'v s'g} klg If0f b'v aGg ;S5 .
:j–cf>oaf6 k|fKt ;'v a|Xdaf6 k|fKt x'g] x'Fbf zfZjt x'G5≤ To;sf af/]df >Ls[i0fn] o; Znf]sdf
;Í]t ug{'ePsf] 5 .
sd{sf] cledfg ;'v kfpFbf k|fKt x'G5 lsgeg] sd{sf] cledfg ;kmntfsf] cledfg xf] .
c¿af6 ;'v k|fKt ug{' ;kmntf xf] / ;kmn x'g] lalQs} JolQm cledfgn] el/G5 . o;/L rfF8} g}
el/Psf] cledfg km'6\b5 / ;kmntf cGttM ljkmntfsf] åf/ aGg k'U5 . hf] JolQm cledfgn]
el/G5, Tof] Pslbg g/fd|f];Fu km'6\5 . t/ hf] :jod\;Fu jf a|Xd;Fu hf]l8G5 Tof] k/;Fu c;DalGwt
x'G5 / cledfg/lxt x'G5 . cledfgnfO{ xfdL :j;Fu ;DalGwt 7fGb5f}+“ t/ cledfg ;bf k/;Fu
;DalGwt x'G5 . PSnf]df cledfg x'g ;Sb}g . o:fsf nflu csf]{ JolQm rflxG5 . cledfg k/fl>t
efj xf] . hf] JolQm :jod\sf] d"n ;|f]t;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 To:tf] JolQmdf s'g} cledfg x'Fb}g .
cxª\sf/ / cledfgn] o'Qm ;'v Ifl0fs / ?U0f ;'v xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– :jod\;Fu ;DalGwt
JolQm sd{sf] cledfgn] el/Fb}g / o:tf] k'?if sd{ ubf{ klg cstf{ Pjd\ ;a} sd{sf] aflx/ x'G5 .
p;nfO{ sd{sf] hut\ clegosf] hut\ x'G5 . of] sd{sf lar csd{ / xf]; Pjd\ ;fIfL efjsf]
cj:yf xf] .
lg/fzLo{tlrQfTdf ToQm;j{kl/u|xM .
zf/L/+ s]jn+ sd{ s'j{GgfKgf]lt lslNaifd\ ..@!..
h;n] cGt:s/0f / OlGb|o;lxt z/L/nfO{ lht]sf] 5 / h;n] ef}lts j:t'k|ltsf] :jfldTjsf]
efjnfO{ klg kl/Tofu u/]sf] 5, To:tf] cfzf/lxt JolQmn] s]jn hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu dfq sd{ ub{5
eg] p;n] s'g} k|sf/sf kfkk"0f{ kmn kfpFb}g ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h;n] cfzf, cfsfª\Iff Pjd\ eljiosf] kmnsf] :kz{ 5f]8\b5 / cledfgsf]
Tofu u/]/ cfjZos sd{ cyf{t\ z/L/sf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf] sd{ ub{5 eg] p;n] s'g} kfkk"0f{
kmn kfpFb}g . h:tf] ls ef]s nfUbf vfgf vfg], lg›f nfUbf ;'Tg] cflb sfo{ ul//xG5 . o:tf]
JolQmn] z/L/nfO{ cfjZos x'g] sd{ dfq ub{5≤ To;}n] pm sd{aGwgdf kb{}g . s[i0f, a'4, dxfjL/
klg c¿ h:t} ef]hg ug{'x'G5, lxF8\g'x'G5, ;'Tg'x'G5 / j:q nufpg'x'G5 cyf{t\ hf] cfjZos sd{ xf]
Tof] ug{'x'G5 . xfdLn] ef]hg ubf{ ef]hg dfq ub}{gf}+“ xhf/f“}+ sfdgf, ;kgfsf] dxn xfd|f] dgn]
agfO/xG5 t/ s[i0f h:tf] JolQmn] ef]hg ubf{ s]jn ef]hg dfq ug'{x'G5 . s[i0f h:tf] JolQm h]
ug{'x'G5 Tof] k"/f ug{'x'G5 . ToxfF pxfFsf] k"0f{ pkl:ylt /xG5 . hf] JolQm xf];k"j{s ef]hg ub{5,
p;sf] ef]hg ;Dos\ ef]hg x'G5 . a]xf];Ldf ul/Psf] ef]hg Hofb} w]/} jf Hofb} sd ul/G5 hf]
;Dos\ ef]hg x'Fb}g . z/L/ cGwf] ePsfn] p;nfO{ ef]hgsf] s'g} cGbfh g} x'Fb}g . c;Dos\n] afFWb5
/ ;Dos\n] slxNo} klg aGwgsf] sfd ub}{g .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o:tf] xf];df hfu]sf] k'?if z/L/sf] cfjZostfnfO{ hfg]/ xf];k"j{s sd{
ub{5 / afFlwb}g . z/L/sf cfjZos sd{nfO{ xf];k"j{s ;Dos\ ¿kn] h;n] ub{5 To:tf] JolQm
sd{sf] aGwgdf kb}{g / pm sd{ ubf{ub}{ klg d'Qm x'G5 . o:tf] JolQmnfO{ s]xL s'/fn] klg afFWg

nf]suLtf– 146
 cWofo–$
;Sb}g . hf] JolQm xf];df cyf{t\ ;fIfL efjdf x'G5 Tof] JolQm dfWod dfq x'G5 . o:tf] JolQmn]
z/L/sf nflu cfjZos sd{ dfq ub{5 . xf];df afFRg] JolQmx¿sf nflu cgfjZos a:t'x¿ :jtM
x6\g yfN5g\ . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– cfjZos sd{ hf] JolQmn] ub{5 p;sf cgfjZos sd{ / j:t'x¿
:jtM x6\b5g\ / o:tf] sd{af6 JolQm s'g} klg aGwgdf gk/L d'Qm x'G5 .
z/L/sf] k|1f oflGqs x'G5 . Pp6f JolQmsf] z/L/df rln/x]sf] sfdsf] lx;fan] sf/vfgf
agfpg' k/]df bz ju{ldnsf] If]qkmnsf] cfjZostf x'G5 eg]/ z/L/zf:qLx¿ eGb5g\ . z/L/sf]
a'l4dQf cfˆg} k|sf/sf] x'G5 . olb z/L/sf] cfjZostfnfO{ JolQmn] xf];k"0f{ ¿kdf u/]g eg] z/L/
cfˆgf] cfbtaf6 oGqjt\ ;~rflnt x'G5 . dg'io a]xf];Ldf g} afFRg] x'gfn] z/L/n] oflGqs
Joj:yfnfO{ canDag u5{ h'g aGwgsf] sf/0f xf] . xf];k"0f{ JolQmn] k|To]s s[To ubf{ yfxf kfP/
dfq ub{5≤ t;y{ p;nfO{ s'g} cfbtn] klqmFb}g . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– :joDf\nfO{ lht]/ ;'v
;'lawfnfO{ h;n] 5f]8\b5 Tof] JolQmnfO{ s'g} aGwg x'Fb}g . j:t'x¿nfO{ lhTg] k|j[lQsf] JolQmn]
cflv/df cfkm"nfO{ g} x/fpF5 . a'l4dfg\ JolQmn] j:t'nfO{ xf]Og :jod\nfO{ lhTg vf]Hb5 .
cfTdljhoeGbf 7'nf] s'g} ljho 5}g . o:tf] JolQm :jod\nfO{ lht]/ hLjgdf cgfjZos a:t'x¿af6
d'Qm eP/ cledfg/lxt x'G5 / sd{ ubf{ub}{ klg csd{df afFRb5 . ;a} h?/L sd{ ubf{ub}{ klg
p;nfO{ s'g} sd{sf] /]vfn] 5'Fb}g .
ob[R5fnfe;Gt'i6f] åGåftLtf] ljdT;/M .
;dM l;4fjl;4f} r s[Tjflk g lgaWot] ..@@..
:jtM k|fKt ePsf j:t'x¿af6 ;Gt'i6 /xg], t]/f] d]/f] h:tf å}t efjaf6 d'Qm, O{iof{/lxt, xif{–
zf]saf6 ctLt ePsf] o:tf] l;l4 / cl;l4df klg ;defj /fVg ;Sg] sd{of]uL sd{ u/]/ klg
sd{kmn jf aGwgaf6 afFlwFb}g ..
h] k|fKt 5 To;df ;Gt'i6 x'g] / åGåaf6 kf/ ePsf] JolQm sd{ ubf{ ub}{ klg sd{af6
afFlwFb}g . lrQ t k|fKt j:t'df c;Gt'i6 x'G5 / ck|fKt j:t'sf] rfxgf u5{ / Tof] k|fKt ePdf cem
a9Lsf] sfdgf u5{ . lrQ / c;Gtf]if Ps} s'/fsf b'O{ gfd x'g\ . ;Gtf]if x'g] lalQs} lrQ / dg b'j}
labf x'G5g\ . dg ;bf gkfPsf] s'/fsf] sfdgfdf afFRb5 / h] kfPsf] 5}g To;df ;Gtf]if vf]Hb5 eg]
h] kfPsf] 5 To;df c;Gtf]if /xG5 . c;Gtf]if ;bf lIflthh:tf] x'G5 . k/af6 x]bf{ Pp6} hf]l8P
h:tf] x'G5 / glhsaf6 x]bf{ emg\ k/ x'G5 . lrQ ;bf eljiodf k|fKt x''g] ;Gtf]ifsf] e|ddf afFRb5 .
>Ls[i0f lrQsf] bzfsf] l7s pN6f] s'/f eGg'x'G5– hf] k'?if h] k|fKt ePsf] 5 To;df ;Gt'i6
ePdf sd{aGwgn] afFlwFb}g . hlt 7'nf] ck]Iff x'G5 plt g} w]/} c;Gtf]if kfpF5 . ck]Iff gePsf]
JolQm h] k|fKt x'G5 To;sf nflu k/dfTdfk|lt s[t1 x'G5 . ck]Iffz"Go ePdf c;Gtf]if k"0f{¿kdf
d]l6G5 . ck]Iff/lxt k'?if h] k|fKt x'G5 To;df g} ;Gt'i6 x'G5 . o:tf] JolQm h] k|fKt x'G5 To;nfO{
wGo Pjd\ cxf]efUo 7fGb5 . wGojfbsf] efj To; JolQmdf x'g ;S5 h;sf] ck]Iffz"Go x'G5 . of]
/x:o yfxf x'g] JolQmnfO{ k|fKt ;Gtf]ifsf] s'g} ;Ldf x'Fb}g .
Pshgf afbzfxsf] Pp6f hf]uL kmls/;Fu o:tf] k|]d lyof] ls afbzfx tL hf]uLnfO{ ;Fu}
;'tfpFy] . cfkm"nfO{ vfgf h] k|fKt eP klg klxn] Tof] hf]uLnfO{ lbP/ dfq cfkm" vfGy] . Pslbg
b'j}hgf l;sf/ v]Ng uP / hËndf af6f] x/fPsfn] lbgel/sf] ef]s–Kof;df lyP . vfgsf lglDt
hËndf s]xL klg pknAw lyPg . aNntNn ;fFemkv Pp6f ?vdf Pp6f kmn e]l6of] . afbzfxn]
Tof] kmn tf]8]/ rf/ 6'qmf u/] / klxnf] 6'qmf hf]uLnfO{ lbP . hf]uLn] csf]{ 6'qmf klg dfu] / afbzfxn]
bf];|f] 6'qmf klg lbP . hf]uLn] cfxf s:tf] ld7f] /x]5 egL t];|f] 6'qmf dfu] / afbzfxn] t];|f] 6'qmf klg

nf]suLtf– 147
cWofo–$
lbP . hf]uLn] rf}yf] 6'qmf klg vf];]/ vfg vf]h] . To;a]nf afbzfxn] eg] of] t clt eof] d klg t
ef]s} 5' . ;d|f6\n] Tof] kmn vf];]/ d'vdf /fv] t/ Tof] kmn lttf] ljif;dfg lyof] . ;d|f6\n] Tof] kmn
y'Sb}, ltdL kfun t 5}gf}+ lsg o;/L kmn ld7f] 5 eg]/ vfPsf] eg]/ ;f]w] . hf]uLn] eg]– h'g
xftaf6 ;w“}+ ld7f] kmn vfg kfPsf] 5', To;sf] xftaf6 Ps 6'qmf lttf] kmnsf] u''gf;f] u/]F eg]
o;eGbf s[t£gtf s]xL x'g ;Sb}g .
o:tf] JolQm ;Gt'i6 x'g ;S5 . xfdL;Fu h] 5 To;nfO{ uDeL/ eP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] Tof]
k/dfTdfn] rflxg] eGbf w]/} a9L lbPsf] 5 . h] 5}g To;sf] kl5 dfq b[li6 bf}8fpg] xf] eg] h] kfPsf]
5 Tof] slxn] klg b]lvFb}g . h] 5}g To;nfO{ dgn] rfxgf u5{ h;af6 c;Gtf]if k}bf x'G5 . ;kgf
c;Gtf]ifsf] lap xf] / JolQmx¿ sNkgfsf] sf/0f c;Gt'i6 5g\ . h] k|fKt 5 To;df hf] JolQm
;Gt'i6 x'G5 To:tf] JolQm k/dfTdfk|lt cg'u|lxt eP/ åGåaf6 kf/ x'G5 . xfd|f] ;f/f hLjg g} åGån]
el/Psf] 5 . xfdL b'O{df g} afFRb5f}+ . h;;Fu k|]d u5f}{+ To;};Fu 3[0ff klg u5f}{+ . dgf]j}1flgsx¿n]
klg o; tYonfO{ :jLsf/ ul/;s] ls xfdL h;nfO{ k|]d u5f}{+ To;}nfO{ 3[0ff klg u5f}{+ . xfd|f] dg
åGådf 5, To;}n] xfdL h;nfO{ dg k/fpF5f“}+ To;}nfO{ dg k/fpFb}gf}+“ . h;;Fu xfdL cfslif{t x'G5f}+“
To;};Fu ljslif{t klg x'G5f“}+ . h;;Fu xfdL ldqtf a9fpF5f}+“, To;};Fu xfdL zq'tf klg kfN5f“}+ . oL
b'j} xfdL Ps};fy u5f}{+ .
s'g} klg JolQmn] rf}la;} 306f k|]d ug{ ;Sb}g . Ps If0f k|]d u5{ csf]{ If0f 3[0ff u5{ . k"/f
lbg k|]d / 3[0ffsf] v]n rN5 . hf]k|lt cfb/ x'G5 p;}k|lt cgfb/ klg xfdL kfN5f}+ . h;nfO{
km"ndfnf nufpF5f}+ p;}nfO{ s'g} lbg 9'Ëf klg ˆofFS5f}+ . Pp6f gsf/fTds OR5f ba]/ k|tLIff
ul//x]sf] x'G5 / s'g} lbg axfgf vf]h]/ Tof] OR5f aflxl/G5 . xfd|f] dg k|ltkn bf]xf]/f] 5 . dg ;bf
åGå / ljsNkdf afFR5 . h] xfdL u5f}{+ To;sf lj?4df dg k"/f ;do s]xL g s]xL elg/x]sf] x'G5 .
dg slxn] klg zt k|ltzt x'Fb}g . Ps lx:;f ;bf lj/f]wdf x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yf /xg] ePsfn]
JolQm ;bf åGådf x'G5 . dgf]j}1flgsx¿ o:tf] dgnfO{ l;hf]k|m]lgof eG5g\ . s'g} JolQmn] k|z+;f
u¥of] eg] ha;Dd Tof] JolQmn] lgGbf ub}{g ta;Dd ;Gt'ng sfod x'g ;Sb}g . k|mfo8n] eg]sf
5g\, k|uf9 ldqtf ePsf JolQmx¿n] klg Ps csf{sf] lj/f]wdf lbPsf k|ltlqmof ;'g]df o; hut\df
s'g} klg ldqtf l6Sg ;Sb}g . o;sf] sf/0f dg ;bf g} kl/k"lt{ vf]H5 . p;sf] csf]{ lx:;f cfˆgf]
dfu k"/f u/ eg]/ dfu ub{5 . of] åGåsf] cj:yf ;txdf klg x'G5 / ulx/fOdf klg x'G5 . leq
ulx/fOdf klg ;bf å}t rln/xG5 . lbgel/ OdfGfbf/Ldf /xg] JolQmn] ;kgfdf rf]/L u/]sf] b]V5 .
lbgel/ ug{ gkfPsf] s'/f /fqLdf kl/k"/s eP/ k"/f u5{ . xfd|f] lrQ clgjfo{ ¿kdf åGåftLt,
(Dialectical) 5 . hf] JolQm hLjge/ gfl:ts x'G5 Tof] dg{'cl3 cfl:ts x'G5 lsgeg]] hLjge/
;'if'Kt /x]sf] Ps lx:;f k|s6 x'g rfxG5 . To;}n] ljZjf;L JolQm cljZjf;L x'G5 .
o; hut\df ;f/f lrh åGåftLt / w|'jLo 5, dg klg l7s o:t} x'G5 . olb huTf\df k|sfz
x/fof] eg] cFWof/f] lans'n /xg] 5}g . olb hGd ;dfKt eof] eg] d[To' ;dfKt x'g] 5 lsgeg]] hGd
g} ePg eg] s;sf] d[To' x'g] . o:t} olb d[To' /f]lsof] eg] hGd klg /f]Sg'k5{ . lrlsT;flj1fgsf]
pGgltn] ;+;f/af6 d[To'sf] b/nfO{ lgoGq0f u/]sf] x'gfn] xfdL hGddf lgoGq0f ug{'kg]{ cj:yfdf
5f}+“ . lhGbuL lj/f]wx¿sf larsf] ;Gt'ng xf] / hLjg lj/f]waf6 rNb5 . ;f/f hLjg åGå xf] /
o;sf] cfwf/ dg xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] JolQm b'O{sf] kf/ cyf{t\ åGåtLt x'G5 ToxL JolQm
sd{sf] aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'G5 . To;}n] h;n] b'O{sf] kf/ dgnfO{ hfGb5 ToxL JolQm kf/ x'g ;S5 . hf]

nf]suLtf– 148
 cWofo–$
JolQm k|]d / 3[0ffsf] 1ftf 5 ToxL JolQm o;af6 kf/ x'g ;S5 . ;fIfLsf af/]df hfgsf/L eof] eg]
b'O{af6 kf/ x'g ;lsG5 . dgsf] åGåsf] aflx/ ToxL JolQm x'g ;S5 h;nfO{ ;fIfLsf] :d/0f x'G5 .
;'v of b'v cfpFbf d Tof] ;'v jf b'v xf]Og eGg] hfGg h?/L 5 . ;'v–b'v, k|]d–3[0ff,
ldqtf–zq'tf, xf/–lht, ;Ddfg–ckdfg cfpF5 clg hfG5≤ oL ;a} åGå x'g\ . of] ;a} åGbeGbf cnu
h;n] ;fIfL x'F eGg] hfGb5 pm åGåsf] kf/ eP/ åGåftLt x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] åGåsf] kf/
x'G5 pm ;Dk"0f{ sd{sf] aGwgaf6 kf/ x'G5 . jf:tjdf aGwg åGåsf] dfq x'G5 / lgå{Gå :jtGq
x'G5 . k[ystfsf] af]w / ;fIfLsf] efjn] åGåaf6 kf/ u/fpF5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û hf]
JolQm h] k|fKt 5 To;df t[Kt Pjd\ åGåsf] kf/ 5 eg] pm sd{ ubf{ub}{ klg sd{sf] aGwgdf
afFlwFb}g .
ut;Ë:o d'Qm:o 1fgfjl:ytr]t;M .
o1fofr/tM sd{ ;du|+ k|ljnLot] ..@#..
h;sf] ;a} k|sf/sf cf;lQm gi6 ePsf] 5, hf] b]xfledfg / ddtfaf6 /lxt 5, h;sf] lrQ
lg/Gt/ k/dfTdfsf] 1fgdf l:yt x'G5 o:tf] s]jn o1;Dkfbgsf nflu sd{ ug]{ JolQmsf] ;Dk"0f{ sd{
lgZro ljnLg x'G5 ..
cf;lQm/lxt 1fgk"j{s sd{ ug]{ k'?ifsf ;d:t sd{aGwg IfL0f x'G5g\ / k/tGqtf ;dfKt
eP/ cf;lQmsf] tfbfTDoaf6 d'Qm x'G5 eg]/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5 . cf;lQm/lxtsf] cy{ xf] o; hut\df
d]/f] sf]xL klg 5}g . d]/f] ddŒjsf] efj g} d]/f] cf;lQm xf] . d]/f] 3/, d]/f] kl/jf/, d]/f] zf:q, d]/f]
wd{ of] ;a} cf;lQm xf] . d]/f] k/dfTdf klg cf;lQm xf] . hxfF hxfF d]/f] hf]l8G5 ToxfF ToxfF cf;lQm
hf]l8G5 / hxfF d]/f] ;dfKt x'G5 ToxLF cf;lQm labf x'G5 . ddTj x6\g] lalQs} JolQm cf;lQm/lxt
eP/ a|Xddf k|j]z u5{ . hut\df d]/f] efj olt;Dd x'G5 ls d]/f] zf:q, wd{, dlGb/sf sf/0f b'O{
d]/f]df le8Gt x'G5 / n8fOF ;'? x'G5 . of] d]/f] eGg] efj ta;Dd d]l6Fb}g ha;Dd …dÚ eGg] efj
leq s]G›df x'G5 . d]/f] eGg] efj efu]/ hxfF uP klg cfk"m;Fu g} /xG5 . Tof] d]/f] 3/af6 d]/f]
dlGb/, cf>d cflbdf ¿kfGt/0f dfq x'G5 . of] cf;lQm cxª\sf/sf] ljs]G›Ls/0f xf] . h'g d]/f]
efj;Fu JolQm cf;Qm x'G5 To;;Fu p;sf] tfbfTDo hf]l8G5 . ha d]/f] eGg] efj x6\5 ta p;n]
cfkm"nfO{ cw'/f] dx;'; u5{≤ To;}n] JolQm …dÚ nfO{ lj:tf/ ul//xG5 .
>Ls[i0fsf] egfO cg';f/ cf;lQm/lxt sd{ ug{'sf] cy{ o:tf] sd{ xf] h;n] …d]/f]Ú lgdf{0f
ub}{g . p;sf] hLjg s;};Fu klg tfbfTDo :yfkgf ub}{g . p;df sxL+“ klg ulx/fOdf d]/f] eGg] efj
x'Fb}g / …d]/f]Ú /lxt eP/ afFRb5 . o:tf] d]/f] /lxt cyf{t\ cf;lQm /lxt hLjg o1 aGb5 / k"/f
hLjg Pp6f kljq xjg x'G5 . x] ch{'g Û o:tf k'?ifsf] ;f/f aGwg IfL0f x'G5 lsgeg]] aGwgsf]
hGdbftf g} …d]/f]Ú efj xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ha s'g} JolQm cf;lQm/lxt eP/ …d]/f]Ú efjaf6
5'6\b5 tj p;sf] hLjg o1 eP/ kljq x'G5 . cf;lQmsf] hfn 6'6\g]lalQs} d]/f] efj / tfbfTDosf]
efj ;dfKt x'G5 clg o:tf] JolQmn] h;/L sd{ u/] klg, h] u/] klg / h;/L afFr] klg s'g} aGwg
lgdf{0f x'Fb}g . z"Go h:tf] u/]/ o:tf] JolQm afFRb5 .
a|Xdfk{0f+ a|Xd xlja{|XdfUgf} a|Xd0ff x'td\ .
a|Xd}j t]g uGtJo+ a|Xdsd{;dflwgf ..@$..
o1 cflbdf ck{0f ul/Psf xft, ;'/f], of]Uob|Jo cflb kbfy{, clUgdf ck{0f ul/Psf l3p, r?
cflb j:t' a|Xd x'g\ . stf{åf/f a|Xd¿k clUgdf cfx'lt lbg] ¿k lqmof klg a|Xd xf] / To; a|Xdsd{df
l:yt /xg] of]uLåf/f k|fKt x'g] of]Uo kmn klg a|Xd xf] ..

nf]suLtf– 149
cWofo–$
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o; hut\sf] ;Dk"0f{ cl:tTjdf h] 5, Tof] ;a} a|Xd xf] . t/ of] cj:yf d
efjsf] lj;h{gkl5 dfq b]lvG5 . d labf x'g] lalQs} cl:tTj g} a|Xd x'G5 . o; hut\df a|Xd
l;jfo c¿ s]xL klg 5}g . ha d klg a|Xddf ;dflxt x'G5' clg >Ls[i0fsf] of] egfO a'‰g
;lsG5 . hut\df b'O{ k|sf/sf cg'ej x'G5g\ . Pp6f …dÚ sf] cg'ej h;sf nflu of] jrg ;/f;/
unt nfUg] 5 lsgeg]] …dÚ efjsf] JolQmn] sxLF s'g} a|Xd b]Vb}g . cxª\sf/n] o:tf] JolQmnfO{ cGwf]
agfpF5 / p;n] a|XdnfO{ cg'ej ug{ ;Sb}g . csf]{ >Ls[i0fn] eGg'ePh:tf] o1 xjgsf] ljlw, aNg]
clUg, r9fPsf] cfx'lt, r9fOg] j:t' / xjgdf p¢f]if ug]{ JolQm klg a|Xd x'g\ . of] ;a} a|Xdsf]
cg'ej cxª\sf/sf] cGwf]kg 6'6]kl5 dfq x'G5 . To;eGbf cl3 t æd g} x'F / afFsL ;a} d]/f ;fwg
x'g\Æ eGg] nfUb5 . ;a} s'/f …dÚ efjsf] s]G›df 3'd]sf] x'G5 . cf;lQm/lxt JolQmnfO{ ;f/f
cl:tTjdf h] 5 Tof] ;a}df a|Xdsf] cg'ej x'g yfN5 .
cxª\sf/ / a|Xd b'j} Ps;fy x'g ;Sb}gg\ . a|Xdsf] cg'ej cEof; cyjf k|of;af6 x'Fb}g of]
cg'ej t cxª\sf/sf] lj;h{gaf6 dfq ;Dej x'G5 . cxª\sf/sf]] lj;h{g x'g] lalQs} o:tf]
JolQmnfO{ ;a} s'/fdf a|Xdsf] cg'ej x'g yfN5 . …dÚ ;dfKt x'g] lalQs} …dÚ klg a|Xddf g} ljnLg
x'G5 / a|Xd g} s0f s0f xf] eGg] cg''ej x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf O{Zj/ / a|Xd b'j} Ps} x'G5 / s'g}
klg b"/L /xFb}g . h'g If0f a|Xdsf] dfq cg'ej x'G5 To;}If0f ;a} aGwgx¿ :jtM ;dfKt x'G5g\ .
To; If0f ldq, zq', b'v, /f]u ;a} k/dfTdf x'G5g\ .
Ps hgf ;'kmL kmls/sf] 5ftLdf 3fp eof] / 3fp olt ulx/f] eof] ls To;df sL/f g} k/] .
lhGbuLe/ pgL gdfh k9\g dl:hbdf hfGy] / ha 3fpdf sL/f k/] taaf6 pgn] dl:hb hfg
5f]l8lbP . l5d]sLx¿n] eg]– s] sflkm/ x'g nfUof}, s] clGtd ;dodf cfˆgf] lhGbuL laufg{
rfxG5f}, gdfh dl:hbdf uO{ gk9]/ s] bf]hsdf cyf{t\ gs{df kg{' 5 . TfL ;'kmL kmls/n] eg]–
gdfh t d clxn] klg k9\5' t/ dl:hb hfg ;lSbgF lsgeg]] gdfhdf em'Sg'k5{ / em'Sbfv]l/ d]/f]
3fpdf ePsf ls/fx¿ tn emb{5g\ clg logLx¿nfO{ km]l/ p7fP/ 3fpdf /fVg'k5{ . slxn]sfxLF
logLx¿nfO{ rf]6 nfUb5 / slt t o:tf] ubf{ db{5g\ . clg l5d]sLn] eg] ls/fsf nflu lsg olt
b'vL ePsf] ltdL < kmls/n] eg]– ls/fsf] nflu xf]Og d]/f nflu g} d lrlGtt ePsf] 5' lsgeg]]
ls/f klg d g} x'F . ls/f / d cnu xf]Og Ps} xf}+ eGg] k|s[lt ePsf] JolQmn] >Ls[i0fsf] of] ;"qnfO{
hfGg] 5g\ . of] a|Xdsf] efj x'gsf nflu o:t} k|s[lt x'g'k5{ . o; Znf]ssf] cy{ ;Dk"0f{ s'/f Pp6fsf]
g} lj:tf/ xf], b'O{sf] t e|flGt dfq xf] .
>Ls[i0fn] o; ;Gbe{df åGåftLt, åGåsf] kf/ x'g] cj:yfaf/] eGg'ePsf] 5 lsgeg]] ha;Dd
leqsf] åGå x6\b}g, ta;Dd aflx/sf] åGå klg x6\b}g . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] k'?if åGåftLt x'G5
p;sf nflu ;a} a|Xd x'G5 . leqsf] v08 ;dfKt eP/ Ps ePkl5 aflx/ klg Ps x'g yfN5 .
xfdL aflx/ ToxL b]V5f}“+ hf] xfdL leq 5 . To:t} xfdL ToxL vf]H5f}+“ h] xfdL leqaf6 5f}+“ . rf]/n]
rf]/nfO{ vf]H5, ;fw'n] ;fw'nfO{ vf]H5 . leq olb åGå 5 eg] aflx/ klg ToxL b]vfk5{ . leq h] x'G5
aflx/ ToxL k|ltkmlnt eP/ k|s6 x'G5 . ;+;f/ xfd|} lj:tf/ xf] . ha;Dd leq åGå /xG5 ta;Dd
;+;f/df klg åGå g} b]lvG5 .
To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] k'?if åGåftLt x'G5 To:tf] k'?ifnfO{ ;a}df a|Xdsf] cg'ej x'G5
clg hLjgsf] k/d lglw pknAw x'G5 . ;a}lt/ a|Xd g} cg'ej ePkl5 stf{ klg a|Xd g} x'G5, sd{
klg a|Xd g} x'G5, clg Zjf;leq hfFbf klg a|Xd g} leq hfG5, aflx/ cfpFbf klg a|Xd g} aflx/
cfpF5 . hGddf klg a|Xd g} hlGdG5 / d[To'df klg a|Xd g} labf x'G5 . p7\bf klg a|Xd p7\5,

nf]suLtf– 150
 cWofo–$
;'Tbf klg a|Xd g} lj>fd u5{ . ;a} sd{df a|Xdsf] g} t/Ë x'G5 . o:tf] JolQmsf] sd{ a|Xd¿kL
x'G5 / ;dflwnfO{ pknAw x'G5 . lrGtf, eo, c;'/Iff, tgfj ;a} ;dfKt eP/ ;a} sd{ ;xh x'G5 .
o:tf ;fwssf] hLjgdf ;dflw pknAw x'G5 cyf{t\ ;dfwfg k|fKt x'G5 clg p;sf] hLjgdf kfpg
/ vf]Hg s]xL afFsL /xFb}g / p lgik|Zg x'G5 .
b}jd]jfk/] o1+ of]lugM ko{'kf;t] .
a|XdfUgfjk/] o1+ o1]g}jf]kh'Xjlt ..@%..
sltko of]uLx¿ o1åf/f b]jtfx¿sf] k"hf¿k o1sf] cg''i7fg ub{5g\ eg] sltko of]uLx¿
k/a|Xd k/dfTdf;Fu clUgdf ce]b bz{g¿k o1åf/f g} cfTd¿k o1sf] xjg ub{5g\ ..
wd{ cb[Zo / cfTolGtstf;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . hLjgsf] lzv/sf] cg'ej;Fu wd{ ;DalGwt
x'G5 . uxg cg'ej zAbaf6 JoQm ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . To;}n] wd{ k|tLsfTds jf ;Í]tfTds x'G5 .
cfTolGts cg'ejnfO{ a'‰g] efiffdf JoQm ug{sf nflu s'g} k|tLssf] r'gfj ug{'k5{ h'g ;Í]t
cleJolQm aGb5 . hf] of] k|tLs jf ;Í]tdf g/f]lsP/ o;af6 kf/ x'G5g\ ltgLx¿ d''Qm x''G5g\ / hf]
of] k|tLsdf g} /f]lsG5g\ pgLx¿sf nflu of] ;Í]t cj/f]ws aGg ;S5 . k|tLsnfO{ h:fn] a'‰5g\
pgLx¿ o;nfO{ dfWod agfP/ o;af6 kf/ x'G5g\ / ga'‰g] JolQm o;df g} clNemP/ /f]lsG5g\ .
wd{sf s}of}+ kf/nf}lss cg'ejnfO{ atfpgsf nflu sltko k|tLsx¿ vf]Hg'k/]sf] 5 .
dg'iosf] cg'ejdf clUg ulx/f] k|tLs aGg ;S5 . clUgdf s}og\ ljz]iftfx¿ 5g\ klxnf]
ljz]iftf– clUgsf] nKsf ;bf dflylt/ axG5 . clUg ;bf pWj{ufdL x'G5 . dg'iosf] r]tgf ha
wfld{s x'g yfN5, ta r]tgf klg pWj{ufdL x'g yfN5 . To;}n] dg'io leqsf] r]tgfsf] pb\udsf]
k|tLs clUg aGg ;Sof] . csf]{ clUgsf] ljz]iftf clUgdf s'g} klg cz'4 lrh hn]/ gi6 x'G5 .
;'gnfO{ clUgdf xfNof] eg] cz'4 lrhx¿ hn]/ gi6 x'G5g\ / z'4 ;'g lgvfl/P/ aflx/ cfpF5 .
To:t} h;n] wd{sf] r]tgfsf] Hof]ltsf] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ pgLx¿sf] cg'ejdf klg ;a} cz'l4 Tof]
Hof]ltdf hn]/ gi6 x'G5g\ / z'4 lgvfl/Psf] r]tgf dfq afFsL /xG5 eGg] 5 . o;af6 klg clUg
wd{sf] c¿ ulx/f] k|tLs aGg ;Sof] . t];|f] clUgsf] ljz]iftf nKsf jf Hjfnf s]xL k/;Dd dfq
b]lvG5 / Hjfnf cb[Zodf x/fpF5 . h;nfO{ r]tgfsf] pWj{udgsf] cg'ej ePsf] 5, pgLx¿nfO{
s]xL If0f;Dd d klg 5' eg]/ yfxf x'G5 . s]xL If0fkl5 …dÚ a|Xddf nLg x'G5 . clUgsf] Hjfnf
cfsfzdf ljnLg ePkl5 vf]Hg] s'/f ;f]Rg klg ;lsFb}g . To:t} hf] a|Xddf ljnLg x'G5 Tof] slxNo}
klg lkmtf{ x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] clUg ulx/f] k|tLs ag]sf] xf] .
ha klxnf] k6s clUg o1 aGof] ta clUg Pp6f ;"rs lyof] . clUgsf] Hof]lt ;bf
cfsfzlt/ k|jflxt eO/xG5 . cf>dsf lziox¿ cfkm"leqsf] r]tgfsf] Hof]ltnfO{ o;} u/L p7fpg]
:d/0f ul//xGy] . To;} u/L clUgdf xfNg] ;fdu|Lx¿ klg k|tLsfTds lyP . h'g cfkm"nfO{ ;dk{0f
ug]{, xjgsf] j]bLdf r9fpg] ;Demgfsf] nflu :d/0f Pjd\ :d[ltsf nflu lyof] . h;nfO{ Tof]
k|tLssf] :d/0f x'GYof] p;sf nflu Tof] clUg / xjg ljlw clUg dfq xf]Og r]tgfsf] Hof]ltsf] af]w
x'GYof] . >Ls[i0f h'g clUgsf af/]df eGb} x'g'x'G5, Tof] k|tLsfTds xf] / of] k|tLsnfO{ a'‰g ;Sof]
eg] k"/f hLjg g} o1 x'g] 5 . h;sf] :d/0faf6 ;d:t sd{ o1 aG5 p;sf] ;Dk"0f{ hLjg cfx'lt
aGg] 5 . cfkm" :joDf\nfO{ xjgsf] s'08 7fg]/ ;a} s'/f To; s'08df ;dlk{t ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . cfkm"nfO{
s'08df xfn]/ k"0f{¿kdf cxª\sf/nfO{ hnfpg'k5{ .
xjgdf hf}+ jf wfg klg xflnPsf] x'G5, h'g csf]{ k|tLs xf] . hf}+, wfg lap x'g\ h;df clxn]
;a} s'/f n's]sf] 5, hf] k|s6 ePsf] 5}g . lap hldgdf /f]Kg] lalQs} k|s6 x'G5 cª\s'/fpF5 / Pp6f

nf]suLtf– 151
cWofo–$
lap s/f]8f}+ lap aGb5 . hf}+ jf wfg clUgdf cfx'lt lbg] k|tLs xfd|f] cxª\sf/;Fu ;fGble{s 5 h'g
xfdL leq lapsf] ¿kdf ljBdfg 5 . Tof] s/f]8f}+ lap aGg' eGbf cl3 g} To;nfO{ s'08df xfn]/
hnfOlbPdf Tof] cem k|uf9 eP/ km}lng] 5}g . cxª\sf/ lj/f6\ j[If h:tf] x'G5 hf] km}nL g} /xG5 .
To;}n] o;n] j[Ifsf] ¿k lng'cl3 hf}+ jf wfgsf] cfx'lt clUgdf xfn] h:tf] o;nfO{ r]tgfsf]
Hof]lt¿kL clUgn] hnfP/ e:d kf/]g eg] of] k|uf9tfn] km}lnG5 . To;}n] cxª\sf/nfO{ klg lap
ePs} cj:yfdf hnfP/ e:d kfg{' pko'Qm x'G5 . lapsf] k|tLs ¿k hf}+, wfg g} lgs6td k|tLs
x'g\ .
o1¿kL clUgdf l3p klg xflnG5 . l3pnfO{ clUgdf xfNg] lalQs} clUgsf] nKsf a9]/ tLj|,
k|v/ / k|Hjlnt x'G5 / To;n] clUgdf Tj/f NofpF5 . cGg xfNg] lalQs} clUgsf] Tj/f sd x'G5 /
clUgsf] ult IfL0f x'G5 lsgeg]] clUgsf] zlQm cGgnfO{ unfpgdf vr{ x'G5 / l3p xfNg]lalQs}
clUgsf] zlQm a9\b5 . o:t} hLjgsf] Hof]ltdf g/fd|f s'/fx¿nfO{ xfn]/ ;dfKt ug{sf nflu l3p
xfn]/ Tof] Hof]lt a9fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . l3p z'esf] lgs6td k|tLs xf] . l3p l:gUw 5 To;}n] l3psf]
Pp6f gfd :g]x / csf]{ gfd k|]d klg xf] ;fy} l3p k|s[ltaf6 l;wf k}bf x'Fb}g . cGg k|s[ltdf l;wf
k}bf x'G5, To;}n] cxª\sf/ nufotsf g/fd|f s'/f l;wf k}bf x'G5g\ . l3p aGgsf nflu b'wsf] 5fn
jf t/ hGdfpg 7'nf] kl/>d ug{'k5{ hf] l;wf hGdFb}+g .
w]/} b'waf6 yf]/} bxL aG5 / Tof] bxLnfO{ dy]/ yf]/} dfq l3p lg:sG5 . 7'nf] >daf6 yf]/}
l3p k}bf x'G5 . Tof] l3p z'esf] lgs6td k|tLs xf], dg'iosf] r]tgfn] o:t} l3pnfO{ hGd lbof] .
cz'enfO{ hLjgsf] r]tgfsf] Hof]ltdf xfNbf cz'e t hn]/ hfG5 t/ o;n] hLjgsf] r]tgfnfO{ IfL0f
u5{ . hn]/ klg cz'en] r]tgfnfO{ IfL0f u5{ . z'enfO{ hLjgsf] r]tgfdf xfNof}F eg] o;n] hLjgsf]
r]tgfnfO{ a9fpF5 . cGttM z'enfO{ klg hnfpg'kg]{ x'G5 / z'e hlt hN5, Hof]lt Tolt g} a9\5 .
z'enfO{ cGTodf ghnfPdf of] aGwg aGg ;S5 . l3p hlt hNb5 Tolt g} clUgsf] nKsfnfO{ zlQm
k|bfg u/]/ cfsfzlt/ bf}8fpF5 / cGtdf cfk"m hn]/ ;dfKt x'G5 . o1df xfn]sf] l3pn] jl/kl/ Ps
k|sf/sf] ;'jf; 5f]8\b5 To;}n] z'e ha hNb5, To;n] klg ;'uGw 5f]8\b5 . ;fw';Fu z'e x'G5 /
;Gt;Fu z'esf] ;'uGw dfq x'G5 . ;fw' clUgdf xflnPsf] l3p xf] / ;Gt hln;s]sf] l3p xf] .
To;}n] ;fw'nfO{ lrGg ;lhnf] x'G5, ;GtnfO{ lrGgnfO{ Tof] gf;fk'6 rflxG5 .
oL k|tLsx¿nfO{ o1df xfNg] JolQmnfO{ g} hLjgsf] r/d cg'ej x'G5 . o:tf] r]tgfn] g}
k/fTk/ a|XdnfO{ hfGg ;S5 . of] o1sf] k|tLsnfO{ hLjgsf] cg'ejdf ¿kfGt/0f gug]{ JolQmx¿n]
k|tLssf] cy{ g} ga'emL o;df g} clNem/xg] 5g\ . k|tLs ;bf kf/ x'gsf nflu x'G5, ha k|tLsaf6
sf]xL JolQm kf/ x'Fb}g clg ;Dk|bfo lgdf{0f x'G5 . hut\df ;fª\Vo / of]u b'O{ k|sf/sf lgi7fx¿
5g\ . To;}n] oL lgi7fx¿sf sf/0f wd{sf b'O{ ¿k x'G5g\ . ;fª\Vosf] lgi7fdf 1fg g} kof{Kt 5,
sd{sf] s'g} cfjZostf 5}g . of]usf] lgi7fdf sd{, ;fwgf / cEof;af6 dfq 1fg kmlnt x'G5 . ((
k|ltzt JolQm of]unfO{ g} a'‰g ;S5g\ . dg'io klg b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\– klxnf] sdf{led'v / bf];|f]
1fgfled'v . >Ls[i0f b'j} lgi7fx¿nfO{ :jLsf/ ug{'x'G5 . oL b'j} lgi7fx¿ ;xL 5g\ lsgeg]] dg'io
klg b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] s[i0f o1sf ;Gbe{df klg b'O{ k|sf/sf lgi7fx¿sf] s'/f ug{'x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– of]uLhg k"hgaf6 / 1fgLhg 1fgaf6 g} sd{ u5{g\ . 1fgLx¿sf nflu 1fg g}
o1 xf] . of]uLx¿sf nflu ug{' g} hfGg' xf] / 1fgLsf nflu hfGg' g} ug{' xf] . oL b'j} Pp6} l;Ssfsf
b'O{ kf6f x'g\ . s[i0f 1fgL / of]uL b'j}nfO{ hfGg'x'G5 / b'j} dfu{sf af/]df lj1 x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf nflu
b'j}df s'g} e]b 5}g .

nf]suLtf– 152
 cWofo–$
/fds[i0f k/dx+;n] s}of“}+ ztfAbLkl5 cgf}7f] k|of]u ug{'eof] . pxfFnfO{ ha 1fgsf] cg'ej
eof], ta /fds[i0fnfO{ Pp6f dfu{af6 lbJoHof]ltdf k'u]kl5 klg c¿ dfu{af6 wfddf k'Ug] ljrf/
cfof] . pxfFn] O:nfd, O;fO{, ;fª\Vo, of]u / elQmdfu{sf] klg ;fwgf ug{'eof] . ;a} k|of]u u/]/
cGtdf ;a} dfu{sf] lbJo wfd Pp6} /x]5 eGg] kfpg'eof] . /fds[i0fn] eGg'eof]– kxf8df r9\g] w]/}
af6fx¿n] cGttM lzv/df k'¥ofP em“}+ wd{sf] ;fwgfsf ljleGg dfu{n] klg cGtdf Pp6} wfddf
k'¥ofpFbf] /x]5 . ha pxfF O:nfdsf] ;'kmL ;fwgf ub}{ x'g'x'GYof], pxfFn] dlGb/ hfg 5f]l8lbg'eof] .
Pp6f n'ª\uL nufP/ 5 dlxgf dl:hbdf g} a:g yfNg'eof] . Ps lbg blIf0f]Zj/ dlGb/df cfP/
sfnL dftfsf] d"lt{nfO{ eGg'eof] ToxL k'u]+ hxfF of] dlGb/n] k'¥ofof] . ha pxfF /fwf;Dk|bfosf] ;fwgf
ug{'x'GYof], hxfF s[i0f dfq s]jn k'?if c¿ ;a} :qL x'G5g\, ToxfF ;a}n] cfkm"nfO{ /fwf dfGb5g\ .
/fds[i0f ha cfkm"nfO{ /fwf dfg]/ ;fwgf ug{'x'GYof], ta /fds[i0fsf] rfn :qL h:tf] x'g yfNof] .
pxfFsf :tg a9]/ :qLsf h:t} 7'nf eP/ cfjfh klg dw'/ eof] . cem cfZro{sf] s'/f t pxfFnfO{
dfl;s wd{ klg x'g yfNof] . /fds[i0f o:tf] efjn] el/g'eof] ls pxfF /fwf g} x'g'eof] . pxfFn]
o;nfO{ o;/L cfTd;\ft\ ug{'eof] ls dgn] k'?if x'F eGg] e'n]/ z/L/nfO{ kl5 nufpg'eof] . z/L/ ;bf
cg'ufdL x'G5 . z/L/df h] k|s6 x'G5 Tof] leq klxn] lap ¿kdf dgdf k|s6 x'G5 . :qL / k'?if x'g'
klg p;sf] klxnf] s'g} hGdsf] lap¿kL cª\s'/sf] g} kl/0ffd xf] .
uLtf s}of}+ cy{df c;fwf/0f 5, >Ls[i0fn] s}of}+“ dfu{sf] rrf{ uLtfdf ug{'ePsf] 5 . s'/fg,
afOan, wDdkb, dxfjL/ jf0fL ;a} Ps lgi7fsf dfq zf:q x'g\ . t/ uLtf cb\e't 5, dg'iosf]
hLjgdf hlt klg lgi7fx¿ 5g\ tL ;f/f lgi7fx¿sf] lgrf]8 uLtfdf 5 . To;}n] olb d';ndfgn]
s'/fg xfd|f] xf] eg]/ bfaf u/] eg] Ps cy{df ;xL x'G5 t/ uLtf Ps cf:yfsf] / Ps wd{sf] dfq
xf]Og ;a}sf] pkof]lutfsf] zf:q xf] . dg'io hfltdf k|s6 ePsf] x/]s lgi7fsf] aLh¿k uLtfdf
pknAw 5 . uLtfdf ;a} dfu{ / åf/sf] j0f{g kfOG5 . of] ch{'gsf] sf/0fn] ;Dej ePsf] xf] .
>Ls[i0fn] ha ;fª\Vo lgi7fsf af/]df ch{'gnfO{ atfpg'eof] ta ch{'gn] ;fª\Volgi7fsf af/]df a'‰g
g} ;s]gg\ . To;}n] s[i0fn] csf]{ lgi7fsf] s'/f ug{'ePsf] xf] . >Ls[i0fn] ;a} k|sf/sf] lgi7fsf] af/]df
uLtfdf atfpg'ePsf] 5 .
>Ls[i0fn] d"n¿kdf b'O{ k|sf/sf] lgi7fsf af/]df uLtfdf atfpg'ePsf] 5 . of]uLhg sd{,
lqmof, cEof;af6 1fg k|fKt ub{5g\ / 1fgLhg c–cEof;, c–sd{ / c–lqmofaf6 1fg k|fKt
ub{5g\ . of]uL ljgf lqmofsf] sd{ x'g ;Sb}g eGb5g\ . 1fgLx¿ sd{ ug]{ t k|Zg} cfpFb}g lsgeg]
sd{ u/]/ slxNo} klg k'luFb}g≤ t;y{ hfGg' dfq kof{Kt 5 eGb5g\ . ;fª\Vo k/Dk/fn] u/]/ s]xL klg
x'Fb}g eGb5 . of]u k/Dk/f gul/sg s]xL klg x'Fb}g eGb5 . dfu{x¿ cg]s 5g\ t/ uGtJo Pp6} dfq
5 . x/]s dfu{af6 lzv/df g} k'luG5 . >Ls[i0f o1sf k|tLs dfk{mt r]tgfsf] pWj{udgsf] lbzfdf
hfg] dfu{ atfpFb} x'g'x'G5 . of]uLhg ehg, k"hg, cf;g, k|f0ffofd cflb dfu{af6 k'Ug ;S5g\ eg]
1fgLhg Wofg, ;dflw, csd{ / clqmofsf] dfu{af6 ToxLF k'Ub5g\ . To;}n] >Ls[i0fn] oL b'j} dfu{sf]
cnu cnu pNn]v ug{'ePsf] xf] .
>f]qfbLgLlGb|of0oGo] ;+odflUgif' h'Xjlt .
zAbfbLlGjifofgGo OlGb|oflUgif' h'Xjlt ..@^..
sltko of]uLhgx¿ >f]q cflb cfˆgf ;d:t OlG›ox¿nfO{ lgoGq0f¿kL clUgdf xjg lbG5g\ /
sltko of]uLx¿ zAbflb ;d:t ljifo -zAb, :kz{, ¿k, /;, uGw cflb_ x¿nfO{ OlG›o¿kL clUgdf g}
cfx'lt lbG5g\ ..

nf]suLtf– 153
cWofo–$
>Ls[i0f k'gM b'O{ lgi7fx¿sf af/]df atfpb} eGg'x'G5 . Pp6f dfu{df JolQm OlG›onfO{
;+oldt u/fP/, OlG›ox¿sf] ljifotkm{sf] ofqfnfO{ ;dfKt ub}{ oL b'O{ larsf] ;]t'nfO{ g}
tf]l8lbG5g\ . csf]{ dfu{df JolQm OlG›onfO{ ljifodf hfg t lbG5g\ t/ OlG›o / ljifok|lt lnKt x'g]
;]t'nfO{ dfq tf]8\5g\ . b'j} cj:yfaf6 Pp6} l:ylt pknJw x'G5 . t;y{ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sltko
of]uLhg cfˆgf ;d:t OlGb|ox¿nfO{ lgoGq0f¿kL clUgdf xjg lbG5g\ / sltko of]uLhg zAbflb
ljifox¿nfO{ OlGb|o¿kL clUgdf g} cfx'lt lbG5g\ .
OlG›o ljifolt/ bf}l8 g} /xG5, lxF8\bfv]l/ Pp6f ;'Gb/ ejg, ;'Gb/ cg'xf/, ;'Gb/ sf/ b]lvof]
eg] xfdLnfO{ yfxf g} geO{ dgn] ;'Gb/ eGg]lalQs} OlG›ox¿ To;tkm{ bf}l8;s]sf x'G5g\ .
cfsif{0fsf] 36gf ;"Id x'G5, hf] cb[Zodf 36\g ;S5 . To;}n] ;'Gb/ s'/f dg k5{ lsgeg]] cfsif{0f
eO;s]sf] x''G5 . cfslif{t ePkl5 ;'Gb/tfsf] lgiklQ (Realization) x'G5 . OlG›on] cfsif{0fsf]
lg0f{o u/]kl5 ;'Gb/tfsf] lg0f{o a'l4n] lnG5 . OlG›ox¿n] :kz{ cnu–cnu dfu{af6 ub{5g\ . z/L/
/ xftn] g} :kz{ ug{'kb}{g≤ cfFvfn] b]Vb5 / 5'G5, x]g{' cfFvfsf] 9Ë xf], ;'Gg' sfgsf] 9Ë xf] . :kz{
xftsf] 5'g] 9Ë xf] / oL ;a} OlG›ox¿sf cnu–cnu 5'g] 9Ë x'g\ . OlG›osf] cy{ :kz{sf] pks/0f
xf] . ;"Id :kz{ 6f9}af6 g} x'G5 eg] :y"n :kz{ glhs}af6 x'G5 . To;}n] xfd|f OlG›ox¿ h;nfO{ 5'g
rfxG5g\, To;nfO{ klxn] cfFvfn] 5'G5 / xftn] cGtdf dfq 5'g kfpF5 . uGwaf6 klg ;lhn}
OlG›on] 5'g ;S5 . ¿k, /;, uGw zAbn] ;b}j 5'g] sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .
OlG›onfO{ ljifoef]ult/ hfgaf6 /f]Sg' 5 eg] p;n] OlG›osf] of] ;"Id Joj:yfk|lt hfu?s
x'g'kb{5 . /l;og bfz{lgs tyf cfWoflTds u'? u'lh{okm (George I Gurdjieff) n] eg]sf 5g\–
k|ltkn ltd|f cfFvfn] x]g]{ sfd dfq ul//x]sf] 5 ls :kz{ ul//x]sf] 5 eGg] :d/0f u/ . Pp6L
;fdfGo :qL cfpFbf cfFvfn] x]5{ dfq, :kz{ ub}{g t/ Pp6L ;'Gb/L cfpFbf cfFvfn] x]g]{ dfq xf]Og,
:kz{ klg ub{5 . olb x]/]sf] dfq 5 eg] :d[lt aGb}g t/ :kz{ klg u/]sf] 5 eg] :d[lt klg aGb5 .
olb x]/]sf] dfq 5 eg] km]l/ x]¿F eGg] cfsfª\Iff hfUb}g / olb :kz{ u/]sf] 5 eg] km]l/ km]l/ x]¿F eGg]
cfsfª\Iff hfUb5 . cfFvfaf6 :kz{ gu/L x]g]{ sfo{ dfq u/] s[i0fn] eg]sf] klxnf] 36gf 36\g ;S5 .
o:t} ;a} OlG›oaf6 :kz{sf] sfd gu/]df OlGb|onfO{ ljifolt/ hfgaf6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 . OlG›on] /;
lng yfNof] eg] of] pks/0f geP/ dflns aGb5 .
hf] of]uL OlG›onfO{ ljifoaf6 tf]8\b5, Tof] of]uLn] OlG›o / ljifolarsf] ;+:kz{nfO{ tf]8\b5 .
cfFvf kmf]8\b}df jf;gf 6'6\b}g Tof] jf;gf sfgdf ¿kfGtl/t x'G5 . To;}n] b[li6ljxLgsf] sfg alnof]
x'G5 . b[li6ljxLgn] sfgn] ;'Gg] / :kz{ ug]{ b'j} sfd lnG5 . To;}n] b[li6ljxLgn] JolQmsf] rfnaf6
p;nfO{ lrGb5 . cfFvf kmf]8\g] xf]Og cfFvfaf6 :kz{ ug]{ k|lqmof labf x'g'k5{ . of] hfu/0fdf dfq
;Dej 5 . cfFvfn] x]g]{ dfq sfd ub}{ 5 ls :kz{ klg ub}{ 5 eGg] lrGtg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ug'{k5{ .
ha xf]; hfU5, Tolta]nf yfxf x'G5 ls OlG›on] hxfF :kz{ u5{ ToxLF g} aGwg lgdf{0f x'G5 . To;}n]
ha s;}nfO{ x]l/G5, ta xf];k"j{s x]g'{k5{ . ;+odLn] OlG›onfO{ ef]usf] geO{ pks/0fsf] ¿kdf dfq
k|of]u ub{5 . c;+odLn] OlG›oaf6 ef]u w]/} u5{ t/ pkof]u ub{}g . cfFvfn] b]Vg' pkof]u xf] / :kz{
ug{' ef]Ug' xf] . hah{:tL OlG›osf] bdg ;+od xf]Og . ;fwf/0f c;+odL JolQm w]/} xflgsf/s x'+b}gg\
t/ blDet c;+odL JolQm w]/} vt/gfs x'G5g\ lsgeg]] ltgLx¿leq w]/} ljif el/Psf] x'G5 . hfu/0f,
xf]; / :d/0f g} ;+od xf] h;af6 OlG›osf] ljifok|ltsf] /; lt/f]lxt x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o:tf]
;+odL JolQm d'Qm x'G5 .

nf]suLtf– 154
 cWofo–$
csf]{ k|sf/sf JolQm cyf{t\ 1fgLhg ef]u u/]/ klg OlG›onfO{ ljifo;Fu gtf]8Lsg :kz{ ubf{
ub}{ klg OlG›oaf6 aflx/ x'G5g\ . o:tf JolQm ef]usf If0fdf hfu[t x'g ;S5g\ . ef]hg ubf{
ef]hgsf] /;df hfu[t x'G5g\ . o:tf JolQmn] ef]u / ef]hgnfO{ d ef]Qmf xf]Og d t ;fIfL dfq x'F
eg]/ xf];k"j{s hfGb5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf JolQmsf] r]tgf ;fIfL x'G5 / ef]u Pjd\ :kz{ ubf{ ub}{
klg JolQmn] of] z/L/sf] tndf dfq eO/x]sf] 5 / dnfO{ t s'g} klg :kz{n] ef]Qmf agfpg ;Sb}g
eGg] hfGb5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– 1fgLhg o; dfu{af6 OlG›ox¿sf] ef]u ubf{ ub}{ ef]Qmf geO{ d'Qm
x'G5g\ .
tGqn] of] k/LIf0fsf] ljlw vf]h]sf] 5 . Pp6f JolQm ef]u ubf{ ub}{ klg d ef]Qmf xf]Og eGb5
eg] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ v'a;Fu /S;L v'jfP/ xf];df /xG5 ls /xFb}g eGg] k/LIf0f ug{'kb{5 . olb
;fIfLsf] efj hfu[t eO;s]sf] 5 eg] /S;L lkpFbf klg Tof] xf]; sfod} /xG5 lsgeg]] gzf OlG›on]
ub{5 t/ r]tgf t hfu[t g} x'G5 . tGqn] ufFhf, efª / wt'/f] cflbsf] k|of]u xf];nfO{ hfGgsf nflu
u/]sf] lyof] / of] lkpFbf klg xf]; sfod /Xof] eg] lha|fdf ;k{n] 6f]sfP/ xf];sf] ;DaGw hfGgsf
nflu klg k|of]u ub{Yof] . ;fw' ;GGof;Ln] vfg] ufFhf–efª h:tf s'/f s'g} a]nfdf k/LIf0fsf] nflu
lyof] eg] Tof] clxn] lgTo sd{ ag]sf] 5 . z/L/df hlt a]xf];Lsf] /; k|j]z u/] klg r]tgfsf]
hfu/0fdf s:tf] k|efj x'G5 eg]/ tGqn] o:tf] k|of]usf] dfu{ atfPsf] xf] .
dxfjL/, a'4 klxnf] ;fwgf ;+odsf] sf]l6df kg{'x'G5 eg] s[i0f cfkm}+ bf];|f] ;fwgf sf]l6sf
JolQm x'g'x'G5 . s[i0fnfO{ h}gLx¿n] gs{df xfn]sf 5g\ . h}g ;fwsn] :qL;Fu gfRg] JolQmsf] sNkgf
klg ug{ ;Sb}g . s/f]8f}+“ :qLsf] k|]ddf dUg o'4df plePsf] / lx+;f ug{ ch{'gnfO{ k|]/0ff lbg] JolQm
s;/L d'Qm x'g ;S5 . of] klxnf] lgi7fn] ;f]Rg klg ;Sb}g . To;}n] pgLx¿n] s[i0fnfO{ ts{sf]
s;f}6Laf6 gs{df xfn] t/ :qL;Fu hlt gfr] klg s[i0fsf] cfFvfdf s'g} jf;gf / g[To 5}g . o'4df
plePsf] JolQmdf s'g} qmf]w g} 5}g . To;}n] h}gLx¿sf] ts{n] eGof] xfd|f] lgi7fsf] k|lts"n s[i0fsf]
cfr/0f 5 t/ Åbon] ts{nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]g . To;}n] h}gLx¿n] cfpFbf] sNkdf >Ls[i0fnfO{ klxnf]
tLy{ª\s/ klg agfPsf 5g\ . :qLsf lar /x]/ klg >Ls[i0fdf s'g} :qLsf] uGw 5}g . gfRbf klg a'4
dxfjL/x¿ l;+xf;gdf l:y/ ePh:tf] 5 . o'4df pleP/ klg lx+;fn] dgnfO{ :kz{ u/]sf] 5}g /
cfFvfdf s'g} qmf]w klg 5}g . do"/ d's'6 afFw]/ a:bf klg s[i0fdf dxfjL/sf] gUgtf, lbuDa/tf
b]lvG5 . s[i0f bf];|f] lgi7fsf] JolQm x'g'x'G5 / klxnf] lgi7fsf] JolQmnfO{ bf];|f] lgi7f lans'n ljk/Lt
h:tf] nfU5 . bf];|f]nfO{ klxnf] lgi7f ljk/Lt h:tf] nfUg ;S5 . t/ >Ls[i0f b'j} lgi7fnfO{ ;dfg
¿kdf uLtfdf j0f{g ug{'x'G5 . b'j} lgi7fsf] cg'ej / b'j} lgi7fn] Ps} 7fpFdf k'¥ofpg] b[li6sf]0f /
o;sf] k|tLlt s[i0fdf k|uf9 ¿kdf 5 .
;jf{0fLlGb|osdf{l0f k|f0fsdf{l0f rfk/] .
cfTd;+odof]ufUgf} h'Xjlt 1fgbLlkt] ..@&..
cfTd;fIffTsf/ ug]{ lh1f;f ePsf JolQmx¿n] ;Dk"0f{ OlG›o / k|f0fsf ;d:t lqmofx¿nfO{
tyf dg / OlG›onfO{ jzdf /fv]/ 1fgaf6 k|sflzt cfTd;+od of]u¿k clUgdf cfx'lt lbG5g\ .
;lRrbfgGb3g k/dfTdf afx]s cGo s;}sf] lrGtg gug{' g} Tof] ;a}sf] xjg ug{' xf] ..
c1fgLn] k/dfTdfnfO{ s]xL e]6 r9fpg ;Sb}g, c1fgL g t :jod\nfO{ hfGb5 g
k/dfTdfnfO{ g} hfGb5 . c1fgL h'g j:t'df cf;Qm x'G5, ToxL j:t' k/dfTdfdf e]6 ug{ vf]H5 . h]
p;nfO{ k|Llts/ nfU5 ToxL r9fpF5 . c1fgdf h] k|Llts/ x'G5, Tof] 1fgdf k|Llts/ x'Fb}g . >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– 1fgLhg Pjd\ of]uLhg OlG›onfO{ g} k/dfTdfdf ck{0f ub{5g\ . xfdL OlG›osf] rfxgfnfO{

nf]suLtf– 155
cWofo–$
k/dfTdfdf e]6 r9fpF5f}+ t/ 1fgLhg OlG›onfO{ g} p;sf] clUgdf cfx'lt lbG5g\ . c1fgLnfO{ km"n
;'ulGwt / ;'Gb/ nfU5 . To;}n] km"nnfO{ k/dfTdfdf r9fpF5g\ t/ 1fgLhg km"nnfO{ xf]Og ;'uGwsf]
OlG›onfO{ g} k/dfTdfdf r9fpF5g\ . xfdLnfO{ h] :jflbi6 kl/sf/ ld7f] nfU5 ToxL k/dfTdfnfO{
r9fpF5f“}+ t/ of]uLhg Zjf;nfO{ g} k|e'df ;dk{0f u5{g\ . h] k|Llts/ nfU5 Tof] xf]Og ls h;nfO{
k|Llts/ nfU5 ToxL g} ck{0f u5{g\ . of] ;dk{0f k|f0f / cfˆgf] ;dk{0f xf] . xfdLn] h] k|Llts/ dfG5f}+
Tof] xfd|f] OlG›osf] hf]8sf cltl/Qm s]xL klg xf]Og . ha s'g} JolQm OlG›osf] hf]8nfO{ r9fpF5 ta
r9fpg] JolQm / k/dfTdf Pp6} x'G5 . olb xfdLn] ;f/f OlG›o k/dfTdfdf r9fof}+ eg] xfdLl;t
k/dfTdfl;jfo afFsL s]xL klg aRb}g .
xfdL OlG›oåf/f ;+;f/;Fu hf]l8G5f}+“ . cfFvfaf6 xfdL ¿k;Fu / k|sfz;Fu hf]l8G5f}+ . sfgaf6
xfdL :j/, Wjlg;Fu hf]l8G5f} . o;/L xfdL kfFr OlG›osf åf/af6 ;+;f/;Fu hf]l8G5f}+ . OlG›o;Fu
hf]l8Fbf ;+;f/df k'luG5 / OlG›onfO{ 5f]8\bf k/dfTdfdf k'luG5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– 1fgLhg
k/dfTdfsf] of]uflUgdf OlG›onfO{ g} xjg ub{5g\ . OlG›oaf6 5'6\g] lalQs} JolQm / ;dli6df s'g}
e]b /xFb}g . OlG›o;Fu 5'6\g] lalQs} b[Zo labf x'G5 / cb[Zo;Fu ldng x'G5 . ¿k labf x'G5 clg
c¿k;Fu ldng x'G5 . cfsf/ 5'6\5 / lg/fsf/df ljnLg x'G5 . OlG›o g} xfd|f] cfsf/sf] hGdbfqL,
¿ksf] lgdf{tf / ;+;f/sf] Joj:yfks xf] . OlG›oaf6 d'lQm x'g] lalQs} JolQm lj/f6\df ljnLg x'G5 .
To;}n] 1fgLhg OlG›osf] pkef]unfO{ xf]Og OlG›onfO{ g} ef]u r9fpF5g\ . oxL g} ;fFrf] Tofu /
;dk{0f xf] eg] afFsL ;a} e|flGt xf] .
km"n t k/dfTdfdf r9]s} x'G5 . xfdL km"nnfO{ tf]8]/ km"nsf] xTof u5f}{+ . k/dfTdfsf cufl8
ldi7fGg /fVg'sf] s'g} cy{ /xFb}g . ;a} s'/f p;sf cufl8 ;dlk{t ¿kdf r9]s} 5 . ;f/f ljZj g}
p;sf] r/0fdf clk{t 5 . k/dfTdfnfO{ olb s]xL r9fpg' 5 eg] :jod\sf cltl/Qm s]xL klg
r9fpg of]Uo 5}g . xfdL;Fu cfkm" cltl/Qm s]xL 5}g . d[To'n] xfdL;Fu h] vf]:g ;S5 ToxL r9fP
dfq o1 k"/f x'G5 . o:tf] JolQm;Fu s]xL vf]:g ;lsFb}g lsgeg]] Tof] t k/dfTdfdf ck{0f eO;s]sf]
x'G5 . z/L/ OlG›osf] hf]8 xf] / cxª\sf/ ;f/f OlG›ox¿sf] ;Ë7g xf] . To;}n] OlG›onfO{ ck{0f ug]{
lalQs} ;a} s'/f ck{0f x'G5 . hf] ;fwf/0f JolQm;Fu d[To'n] vf]:5 ToxL of]uLhg k/dfTdfsf] r/0fdf
;dlk{t ub{5g\ . oxL xjg, xf]d / o1 xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h;n] o:tf] o1, xjg ug{ ;S5
ToxL JolQm k/d ;To Pjd\ k/d cflzifdf pknAw x'G5 .
h;/L OlG›osf] OR5fadf]lhdsf] ef]u r9fpg'sf] s]xL cy{ x'Fb}g To:t} afXo clUgdf klg
s]xL r9fP/ s'g} pknlAw x'Fb}g . aflx/sf] clUgdf t OlG›onfO{ r9fpg klg ;lsFb}g . To;df t
OlG›osf] ljifo dfq r9fpg ;lsG5 . To;}n] OlG›onfO{ r9fpg' 5 eg] afXo clUgdf xf]Og
of]uflUgdf dfq r9fpg ;lsG5 . clUg b'O{ j:t'x¿sf] lardf n's]sf] ljB't\sf] ;‹if{0f xf] . k|To]s
j:t' ljB't\ s0fsf] hf]8sf] gfd xf] / k|To]s j:t'df ljB't\ n's]sf] x'G5 . j}1flgsx¿ eG5g\– k|To]s
j:t' On]S6«f]gsf] cyf{t\ ljB't\s0fsf] hf]8 xf] . xfdLn] rf/}lt/ b]v]sf j:t'x¿ klg j:t' dfq geO{
ljB't\ pmhf{ g} x'g\ . k|To]s j:t'x¿nfO{ xfdLn] hf]8]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] cflv/L k/df0f';Dd hf]8\g ;lsG5
o; l:yltdf kbfy{x¿ x/fpF5g\ .
;"IdeGbf klg ;""Id ljB't\s0fn] ;f/f hut\ ag]sf] 5 . olb o;sf] 3if{0f ul/of] eg] To;af6
clUg pTkGg x'G5 . clUg ljB'Tf\sf] lar ePsf] 3if{0fsf] kl/0ffd xf] . xfdLn] cfˆgf b'O{ xftnfO{ dfq
3if{0f u¥of}{+ eg] b'j} xft tftf x'G5g\ / clUg k}bf x'g ;'? x'G5 . xfdL hf]8;Fu bf}l8Fbf kl;gf cfpF5
lsgeg]] xfjf / xfdLlar 3if{0f x'g yfN5 / 3if{0faf6 udL{ pTklQ x'g yfN5 . ha xfdLnfO{ Hj/f]

nf]suLtf– 156
 cWofo–$
cfpF5, ta klg xfd|f] z/L/df clUg pTklQ x'G5 lsgeg]] z/L/sf] leq of aflx/af6 /f]usf sL6f0f'
/ xfd|f] z/L/leqsf /Ifs sL6f0f'x¿ lar 3if{0f ;'? x'G5 / To;sf] kl/0ffdaf6 Hj/f] cfpF5 . Hj/f]
cfpg' la/fdL x'g' xf]Og, s]jn z/L/leq ulx/f] 3if{0fsf] ;"rgf dfq xf] .
z/L/ Pp6f ljz]if tfkdf /xFbf dfq xfdL hLljt x'g ;S5f}+“ . (* l8u|L eGbf @–$ l8u|L tn
z/L/sf] tfkqmd /Xof] eg] k|f0f ;Í6df kb{5 . To:t} !!) l8u|LeGbf dfly tfkqmd k'Uof] eg] klg
k|f0f lt/f]lxt x'G5 . xfd|f] hLjg oxL !) l8u|Lleq ;Lldt 5 . oxL !) l8u|Lsf] pQfklar xfd|f]
hLjg rN5 . (* l8u|LeGbf w]/} tn eof] eg] klg ;a} 7G8f x'G5 / w]/} dfly uof] eg] klg olQ
udL{ x'G5 ls hLjg g} aRg ;Sb}g . k"/f ;do z/L/ y/df]:6]6sf] cyf{t\ z/L/sf] tfkqmd ;dfg
/fVg] k|of; ub{5 . of] of]uflUgn] aflx/sf] z/L/nfO{ klg hnfpg ;S5 .
s]xL ;docl3 ef/tsf] pQ/k|b]zsf Ps hgf lzv ;Gtn] cfkm"nfO{ of]uflUgsf] clUgn]
hnfpg'eof] . pxfFn] cfFvf aGb u/]/ of]udf a;]/ leqsf] clUg k|Hjlnt u/fpg'eof] / cfufsf]
nKsfn] klxn] leq clg aflx/ hnfof] . pxfFn] cfkm"nfO{ leqsf] clUgn] hnfpFbf s'g} klg k|sf/sf]
cGo kbfy{ k|of]u gu/L of]usf] zlQmaf6 clUg pTkGg u/]/ hnfpg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfF leqaf6
v/fgL x'g'ePsf] lyof] . of]uflUgsf] cy{ z/L/sf] leqaf6 g} clUgnfO{ pTkGg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf xf] .
z/L/leq g} 3if{0f ug]{ of] leGg k|lqmof x'G5 / o; k|lqmofn] 3if{0faf6 pTkGg clUgsf] k|of]u u/L
cfkm"nfO{ leqaf6 hnfpF5g\ h:tf] ls ef/tLo lzv ;Gtn] cfkm"nfO{ hnfpg'eof] . of] d[To'sf nflu
ul/g] k|of]u xf] .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– of]uLhg of]uflUgdf cfˆgf OlG›onfO{ ;dlk{t ub{5g\ . of] hLjgsf] qmddf
g} ug{ ;lsG5 . s[i0fn] eGg'ePsf] of]uflUgdf cem ;"Id clUg pTkGg ug{ ;lsG5 h;af6 OlG›osf]
/; / cfsfª\Iff hNb5 t/ z/L/ hNb}g ;fy} o;af6 z/L/ xf]Og OlG›osf ;"Id tGt'x¿ hNb5g\ .
OlG›oaf6 ;"Id tGt' cnu ul/of] eg] OlG›o a]sf/ x'G5 . o; s'/f;Fu j}1flgsx¿ klg ;xdt 5g\ .
xfdLn] s'g} s'/fsf] ;'uGw lnFbf xfd|f] gfssf] gf;fk'6df ;'uGw ;dfTg] ;fgf ;fgf s0fx¿ x'G5g\ .
?3f–vf]sL nfu]sf] a]nfdf ;'uGw cfpFb}g lsgeg]] To; a]nfdf gfssf ;a} /];f ;'lGgPsf x'G5g\ /
TfL ;fgf ;fgf k/df0f' h;n] uGwnfO{ ;dfT5g\ TfL ;'lGgPsf] x'gfn] To;df bAb5g\ / uGw ;dfTg
c;dy{ x'G5g\ . l;Fufgsf] d'lg of] k/df0f' ba]/ ;'uGw kqmg ;Sb}g . of] uGw ;dfTg] k/df0f' sfl6of]
eg] uGw x/fpF5 . olb of] k/df0f' Ps} s'/fdf /flv/Xof] eg] cln cln u/]/ of] k|lt/IffTds
(Immune) x'G5 / uGw ;dfTg ;Sb}g . To;}n] ;w}+ zf}rfnosf] sfd ug]{x¿nfO{ zf}rsf] uGw cfpg
5f]8\b5 lsgeg]] p;sf] gf;fk'6sf] c0f' h;n] uGwnfO{ ;dfT5 Tof] af/Daf/ Pp6} cf3ftn]
dl/;s]sf] x'G5 . gofF ;fa'gdf klxnf] lbg uGw cfpF5 clg qmdzM uGw sd x'G5 / cGttM uGw
labf x'G5 . uGw ;fa'gdf xf]Og, xfd|f] gfssf c0f'x¿df x'G5 .
of] ;"Id k/df0f'nfO{ of]uflUgn] hnfpg ;lsG5 . of] leq g} hn]/ v/fgL x'G5 . clg ltgsf
af/]df yfxf klg x'Fb}g . of] clt ;"Id x'G5 / o;sf nflu cToGt ;"Id 3if{0fsf] h?/t x'G5 .
o;sf] of}lus k|lqmof / ljlw x'G5 h;af6 o;nfO{ hnfP/ v/fgL agfpg ;lsG5 t/ o;sf nflu
s]xL clgjfo{ ;t{x¿ 5g\ h;nfO{ k"/f u/]kl5 dfq of] of]uflUg pTkGg x'g ;S5 cGoyf of]uflUg
k}bf g} x'Fb}g . klxn] g} >Ls[i0fn] elg;Sg'ePsf] 5– cf;lQm/lxt OlG›ox¿sf] /;af6 d'Qm, ;+odL,
OlG›o / j:t'sf larsf] ;]t'nfO{ tf]8]sf] JolQmn] dfq of]uflUgaf6 ;"Id clUg pTkGg ug{ ;S5 .
j}1flgs vf]haf6 klg /f;folgs tŒjx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] 5 . Pl8gn tŒj
z/L/df geP JolQm qmf]w g} ug{ ;Sb}g . Pl8gn hf] z/L/df s'g} s'g} u|lGyleq yf]/} dfq n's]sf]

nf]suLtf– 157
cWofo–$
x'G5 . olb o;nfO{ cnu ul/of] eg] JolQm qmf]w g} ug{ ;Sb}g . /l;og j}1flgs Kofenf]e (Ivan
Petrovich Pavlov) n] w]/} hËnL 8/nfUbf s's'/x¿sf] Pl8gn UNofG8 sf6]/ k|of]u u/] . tL
s's'/x¿sf] Pl8gn tŒj cnu ul/Pkl5 pgLx¿ k"0f{¿kdf e'Sg 5f]8] / pgLx¿ k"0f{ :j:Yo /x] .
!)–@) yf]kfsf] of] /; lgsfn]kl5 tL hËnL s's'/x¿nfO{ hlt ;tfP/ b'v lbP klg pgLx¿sf]
qmf]w k"/f zfGt eof] . oL s's'/x¿sf] qmf]w ;a} of] !)–@) yf]kfdf lyof], h'g lgsfNg] lalQs}
pgLx¿ zfGt eP . oL /;fog tŒjx¿sf] b'?kof]u x'g] ;Defjgf klg 5, hf] vt/gfs 5 .
afof]s]d]:6«Ln] vf]haf6 h] kQf nufof], Tof] s'/f of]unfO{ w]/} klxn]b]lv g} hfgsf/L 5 . of]uaf6
slxn] klg vt/f ePg / x'g klg ;Sb}g lsgeg]] of] k|of]u c¿n] xf]Og cfkm"n] cfkm}+df ug]{ ljlw /
k|lqmof xf] .
afof]s]d]:6«Ln] xdf]{g kQf nufPsf] 5 / olb Pp6f j[4 JolQmnfO{ klg of}g xdf]{gsf] OGh]S;g
lbof] eg] pm hjfg h:t} k|an (Potent) x'G5 . pm hjfg JolQm h:tf] sfdf]Q]hs zlQmn] el/G5 /
hjfg JolQmsf] klg of}g xdf]{g lgsflnof] eg] pm a'9f] h:tf] lzlyn / sfdzlQmxLg x'G5 . ;fF9] /
uf]?df km/s yf]/} xdf]{gsf] dfq xf] . uf]?sf] xdf]{g lgsflnlbPsf] x'G5 / ;fF9]sf] of}g xdf]{g l:yt
x'G5 . To;}n] bzj6f uf]? Pp6f ;fF9]sf t'ngfdf klg sdhf]/ g} x'G5g\ . of]uflUg Tof] k|lqmofsf]
gfd xf] h;åf/f leqsf] of] /f;folgs Joj:yfdf cGt/ k}bf ug{ ;lsG5 . of] of]uflUg pTkGg ug]{
ljlwx¿ w]/} 5g\ . To;}n] >Ls[i0fn] of]uflUgsf af/]df eGg'ePsf] xf] . of]uflUgdf hf] cfˆgf]
OlG›onfO{ ;dlk{t ub{5 pm ;d:t aGwgaf6 aflx/ eP/ d'Qm x'G5 .
b|Joo1f:tkf]o1f of]uo1f:tyfk/] .
:jfWofo1fgo1fZr otoM ;+lztj|tfM ..@*..
s}of“} of]uLx¿ nf]ssf] ;]jf jf k/f]ksf/sf lglDt ›Joo1 ub{5g\ . To:t} sltko k'?ifx¿
tk:ofo1 / sltko of]uLx¿ of]u¿kL o1 Pjd\ cGo sltko clx+;flb tLI0f j|tåf/f o'Qm oTgzLn
k''?ifx¿ :jfWofo¿k 1fgo1 ub{5g\ ..
>Ls[i0f c¿ w]/} dfu{af6 ljleGg JolQmx¿n] wd{o1 ug]{ s'/f atfpg'x'G5 . klxnf] dfu{
O{Zj/flk{t efjn] ;]jfnfO{ wd{ agfpg] JolQmx¿ ToxLF k'U5g\ . of] ;]jf O{Zj/flk{t efjn] ul/Psf]
x'g'kb{5 lsgeg]] ;]jf cxª\sf/ clk{t efjgfaf6 klg x'g ;S5 . s'g} ;]jfdf cfkm"k|lt cg'u|lxt xf];\
eGg] rfxgf /fVg' cxª\sf/ clk{t efj xf] . ;]jf cfkm"n] u/] klg k/dfTdfsf] cg'u|xaf6 dfq ;]jf
ug{ kfPsf] efj x'g' h?/L x'G5 . ;]jf ubf{ cfkm"nfO{ g} yfxf gxf];\ s]jn k/dfTdfsf] pks/0f
ePsf] dfq af]w xf];\ . o:tf] O{Zj/flk{t efjn] hf] JolQm ;]jf ub{5 p;sf nflu ;]jf ;fwgf,
pkf;gf clg k|fy{gf aGb5 . O{Zj/flk{t efjdf dfq k|fy{gf x'G5 . cxª\sf/sf] ;fgf] eGbf ;fgf] c+z
klg leq 5 eg] O{Zj/flk{t efj x'g ;Sb}g .
h'g lbg JolQmn] rf/}lt/ O{{Zj/ dfqsf] cg'e"lt u5{, Tof] lbg p;sf] ;]jf k/dfTdfsf] ;]jf
x'G5 clg pm wGojfb dfUb}g, wGojfb lbG5 . ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf]df cg'u|lxt x'G5 / x/]s
cj:yfdf k/dfTdf g} b]lvPkl5 To:tf] ;]jf O{Zj/ clk{t ;]jf aG5 . leq cxª\sf/ n]; dfq klg
g/x] g} o:tf] ;]jf k|e' clk{t x''G5 . k|e'–ck{0fsf] cj:yf of]uflUgsf] k|lqmofeGbf klg sl7g 5 .
of]uflUg t Pp6f ljlwaf6 pTkGg x'G5 t/ k|e'–ck{0f s'g} ljlw xf]Og of] t a8f] 7'nf] efjsf]
pb\efjgf xf] . efj ;dflw / O{Zj/ ck{0f a8f] ;dembf/Lsf] s'/f xf] h'g a'l4af6 xf]Og Åbosf]
:kGbgaf6 dfq x'g ;S5 . O{Zj/fk{0f a''l4af6 geO{ efjaf6 ul/g'k5{ lsgeg]] a'l4 slxNo} klg
cxÍf/sf] kf/ hfFb}g . To;}n] O{Zj/fk{0f nflu a'l4nfO{ 5f]8]/ Åbosf] k|of]u ug{'k5{ .

nf]suLtf– 158
 cWofo–$
Åbosf] a'emfOsf] cy{ d]/f] Zjf;, k|f0f, hGd / afFRg] If0f dnfO{ k/dfTdfaf6 k|fKt ePsf] xf]
;fy} dnfO{ t cl:tTjdf lsg 5' eGg] klg yfxf 5}g eGg] xf] . o:tf] c1ft ljifo ts{af6 hfGg
;lsFb}g . o;sf nflu Åbo g} rflxG5 . xfdLnfO{ sxfFaf6 cfpF5f}+“ / sxfF hfG5f“}+ eGg] g} yfxf 5}g .
csf]{ Zjf; cfpF5 ls cfpFb}g Tof] klg yfxf 5}g . hxfF olt ;a} c1ft 5g\, ToxfF xfd|f] x'g' klg
c1ft zlQmdf lge{/ 5, To;}n] ToxfF xfd|f] sd{ s;/L x'g ;S5 Û ha xfd|f] x'g' g} c1ft zlQmaf6
ePsf] 5 eg] xfd|f] sd{ klg c1ft zlQmsf] sd{ xf] / xfdL t larsf dfWod dfq xf}F . ts{ /
a'l4n] lsg eg]/ vf]H5 / ha o;sf] hjfkm kfpFb}g ta pm cfˆgf] If]q gePsf] 7fGb5 t/ Åbon]
lsg eGg] s'/f vf]Hb}g . hLjgsf ;a} ulx/f k|Zg / /x:ox¿nfO{ a'l4n] vf]Hg ;Sb}g / a'l4n] cem
;d:of k}bf ug{ ;S5 . xfdL c1ftaf6 cfpF5f} / c1ftdf g} hfg] 5f}F . To;}n] xfd|f] xftaf6 h]
sd{ x'G5 Tof] klg c1ftn] g} u/fpF5 . o:tf] Åbosf] a'emfO ulx/f] eof] eg] dfq JolQm O{Zj/fk{0f
ug{ ;S5 .
>Ls[i0f c¿ klg dfu{sf af/]df eGg'x'G5– clx+;fsf] dfu{af6 hf] rNb5 Tof] klg ToxLF k'Ug]
5 . of] a8f] lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ nfUb5 . Psflt/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sf]xL db}{gg\ ltdL a]lkmqmLsf ;fy
o'4 u/ . csf{lt/ clx+;fsf] dfu{sf af/]df klg atfpg'x'G5 . Psflt/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sf]xL
db}{gg\ To;}n] ltdL lx+;fsf] s'/} gu/, o'4df pq . csf{lt/ pko'{Qm Znf]sdf eGg'x'G5 ls clx+;fsf]
dfu{af6 lxF8\g]x¿ klg ToxLF k'Ug] x'g\ . clx+;fsf] dfu{sf] cy{ ltdL s;}nfO{ gdf/ eGg] xf]Og . olb
clx+;fsf] cy{ o:tf] ePdf t cfTdf dg{ ;Sg] x'G5 . olb cfTdf cd/ 5 eg] s;/L s;}nfO{ dfg{
;lsG5 . xfdLn] ug{;Sg] s'/f cfTdf / z/L/nfO{ cnu dfq ug{ ;S5f}+ t/ z/L/ t ;b}j d/]s} 5 /
cfTdf slxNo} db}{g . o; cj:yfdf z/L/ hf] gfzjfg\ 5 To;nfO{ cfTdf hf] db}{g To;;Fu cnu
ul/of] eg] lx+;f s;/L x'G5 . clx+;fsf] cy{ dfg]{ OR5f gug{' xf] . dg{ t slxNo} klg sf]xL db}{g t/
dfg]{ OR5f ug{ ;lsG5 . kfk dfg]{nfO{ nfUb}g, dfg]{ OR5fnfO{ nfU5 . JolQmnfO{ dfg]{ OR5f / jf;gf
pTkGg x'g] lalQs} lx+;f k"0f{ x'G5 . lx+;fsf] ;DaGw dfg{df xf]Og ls dfg]{ jf;gf;Fu x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] dfg]{ jf;gfaf6 d'Qm x'G5g\, pgLx¿ clx+;fsf] dfu{af6 ToxLF k'U5g\ .
sf]xL ;fª\Voof]uaf6 t sf]xL k|e'df clk{t ;]jfaf6 k'U5g\ . ;a} leGg leGg dfu{ ulx/fOdf Pp6}
d"n;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . ha;Dd dg'iosf] dgdf OlG›osf] nf]e /xG5 ta;Dd lx+;faf6 d'lQm
c;Dej x'G5 . OlG›o k"/f ;do lx+;f ul//x]sf 5g\ . ha cfFvf s;}sf] z/L/df jf;gf aG5 ta
lx+;f :jtM x'G5 / JolQm anfTsf/df ;+nUg x'G5 . ha cfFvf z/L/df k/]/ dfu sfdjf;gf aGof] /
cfFvfn] Ps If0fsf nflu rfxgf agfof], Tof] z/L/nfO{ ef]Ug] w'jfF rf/}lt/ km}lnof], ToxL If0f
anfTsf/sf] 36gf 36\of] . of] cfFvfn] u¥of], cfFvfsf] k5fl8 JolQm /Xof] / lx+;f eof] . lx+;f 5'/f
k|xf/af6 dfq x'Fb}g . OlG›ox¿ ha;Dd ef]u ug{ cft'/ x'G5g\ ta;Dd lx+;f /f]ls+b}g . of] ;"Id
lx+;f xf] . :y"n lx+;f ta pTkGg x'G5, ha xfd|f] sfdgfdf s'g} cj/f]w x'G5 . s'g} JolQm s;}sf]
z/L/nfO{ ef]Ug rfxG5 t/ ef]Ufsf nflu csf]{ JolQm tof/ 5}g eg] lx+;f hlGdG5 . klxn] lx+;fsf]
;"Id efj pTkGg x'G5 clg Tof] k"/f ug{ gkfPkl5 lx+;f :y"n aG5 .
h;n] ca OlG›ox¿;Fu dfUg 5f]8\of] / h;sf] OlG›o cfqmfds /x]g, Tof] JolQm >Ls[i0fsf]
clx+;fsf] dfu{df k|j[Q x'G5 . dxfjL/n] Wofg, hk ug{'cl3 k|Tofqmd0f ug{ ;'emfj lbg'ePsf] 5 .
k|Tofqmd0fsf] cy{ cfqmd0fsf] ljk/Lt cj:yf xf] . cfqmd0fsf] zlQmnfO{ lkmtf{ ug{' k|Tofqmd0f xf] .
pxfF eGg'x'G5– k|Tofqmd0f ePkl5 dfq Wofg x'g ;S5 . s[i0fsf] clx+;fsf] dfu{df hf] cfqmd0fsf]
sfdgf ub}{g Tof] lx+;f/lxt xf] . ;"IdeGbf ;"Id tndf klg cfqmd0fsf] rfxgf lx+;f xf] . k|Tofqmd0f

nf]suLtf– 159
cWofo–$
clx+;f xf] . of] clx+;fsf] If0fdf ToxL x'G5 h'g of]uflUgdf hn]/ 3l6t x'G5 . s[i0f cGo dfu{ klg
atfpg'x'G5 . o; Znf]sdf pxfFn] b'O{–tLgj6f dfu{sf af/]df pNn]v ug{'ePsf] 5 . jf:tjdf !!@
j6f dfu{x¿ 5g\, h;sf dfWodaf6 k/dfTdf;Dd k'Ug ;lsG5 .
:jfWofosf] o1 uxg ¿kfGt/0fsf] Pp6f k|lqmof xf] . cfh wtL{df cfTd ¿kfGt/0fsf]
k|rlnt k|lqmof :jfWofo o1 ePsf] 5 . k|mfo8, P8n/, h'+u, ;lnjfg, kmf]dx¿ h:tf
dgf]j}1flgsx¿n] :jfWofo o1nfO{ 7'nf] dxŒj lbPsf 5g\ . :jfWofosf] cy{ :jcWoog cyf{t\
cfkm}+n] ul/g] k9fO Pjd\ hfgsf/L xf] cyf{t\ :jod\sf] cWoog xf] . ;f/f dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] dgf]e"ld g}
:jod\sf] cWoog xf]] . cfkm}+“ :jod\sf] ctn ulx/fOdf k'u]/ o;sf] u'0f, kl/rosf af/]df ul/g]
cWoog :jfWofo xf] . o;df c¿ k|j]z g} ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . xfdL c¿ JolQmx¿sf] kl/lw aflx/L
¿kaf6 dfq hfGb5f}+“, p;sf] cGtM:tndf k|j]z g} ug{ ;lsFb}g . :jfWofosf] cy{ cfˆgf]
cGtZr]tgfnfO{ :jod\ g} hfGg] / o;;Fu kl/lrt x'g] Joj:yf xf] . c¿n] cfr/0faf6 hfg]sf] s'/f
cg'dfg dfq x'g ;S5≤ jf:tjdf o;sf] 1fg t :jod\af6 g} x'g ;S5 . xfdL :jfWofodf x'Fb}gf}+“
lsgeg]] xfdL klg aflx/af6 dfq afFR5f}+“ . xfdL cfTdf;Fu kl/lrt x'Fb}gf“}+, cfr/0f;Fu dfq kl/lrt
x'G5f“}+ . xfdL :jod\nfO{ klg csf{sf] b[li6n] hfGb5f}+“ . c¿n] xfdLnfO{ /fd|f] elglbFbf v';L nfU5 /
g/fd|f] elglbFbf kL8f k'U5 . xfd|f] :jod\sf] k|ToIf cg'ej 5}g cGoyf csf{sf] egfOsf] s'g} c;/ g}
gx'g'kg]{ xf] .
:jfWofosf] cy{ :jod\sf] ;fIffTsf/ xf] . :jfWofo¿kL o1df plqgsf nflu c¿sf]
ljrf/nfO{ TofUg'k5{ / xfdLn] cfkm}leq eon] bafPsf] leqL lx+;fnfO{ TofUg'k5{ . hf] JolQmn] leq
qmf]w bafPsf] x'G5 pm :jod\n] Tof] qmf]w hfGg ;Sb}g . :jfWofosf nflu h] h] bafPsf] 5 To;nfO{
pwf/]/ aflx/ ˆofFSg'k5{, cGoyf :jod\sf] cWoog x'g ;Sb}g . xfdL PSn} /xFbf ;b}j eoeLt x'G5f}+“
lsgeg]] PsfGtdf leq ba]sf s'/fsf] cWoog x'g ;S5 . To;}n] t xfdL ;bf c¿sf] ;fy vf]H5f“}+ .
k[YjL Pp6f kfun u|x xf] hxfF xNnfvNnf dfq 5≤ o;sf] @)) ldn k/ s]jn z"Go / ;Ggf6f dfq
5 . :jfWofodf t PsfGtsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . k|mfo8 / h'+un] h'g dgf]ljZn]if0f u/] Tof] oxL ba]sf]
lx:;fnfO{ aflx/ Nofpg] ljZn]if0f xf] . of]usf nflu :jfWofo lgtfGt PsfGtsf] k|of]u xf], hxfF
:jod\afx]s sf]xL x'Fb}gg\ . cfˆgf] leqaf6 cfkm"nfO{ k"/f gUg agfO{ cfk"mnfO{ x'ax' hfGg] / x]g]{ ljlw
:jfWofo xf] .
:jfWofosf] klxnf]r/0f c¿sf egfOsf] a]jf:tf ug]{, bf];|f]r/0f bafPsf] lx:;fnfO{ pwf/]/
aflx/ ˆofFSg] / cfkm"df h] 5 To;nfO{ ;fIffTsf/ ug]{ xf] . t];|f] r/0f cfkm"n] agfPsf] df]xsf]
k|ltdfnfO{ TofUg' xf] . cfkm"n] agfPsf] ;'Gb/ k|ltdfnfO{ tf]8\g g;Sg] JolQm :jfWofodf plqg
;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] >Ls[i0fn] :jfWofonfO{ klg o1 eGg'ePsf] xf] . Tof] klg Pp6f cfuf] xf] h;df
hNg'k5{ / cfˆgf] lgld{t k|ltdfnfO{ hnfP/ Wj:t kfg{'k5{ . dgf]j}1flgsx¿ eG5g\– dg'iosf] dgdf
k[YjLdf x'g ;Sg] ;a} lgs[i6 lsl;dsf ck/fwsf efjx¿ ljBdfg x'G5g\ . xfdLleqsf] k|ltdf
8/nfUbf] 5, h;nfO{ xfdL x]g{ rfxb}gf}+ To;nfO{ o1¿kL clUgdf hnfP/ Wj:t kf/]df dfq :jfWofo
k"/f x'G5 . :jfWofosf] cy{ h] xfdLleq b]Vg ;Sb}gf}+ jf x]g{ rfx“b}gf“}+ Tof] k/dfTdfsf] gh/af6 ;a}
b]lvPsf] 5, hf] n'Sg ;Sb}g eGg] xf] . k/d;Qf;Fu xfdL cfkm"nfO{ n'sfpg ;Sb}gf} . xfdL k|e';dIf
k'Ubf of] agfj6L k|ltdfnfO{ ;fy lnP/ k'Ug ;Sb}gf}+≤ To;}n] :jfWofoeGbf cufl8 logLx¿nfO{ hfg]/
tf]8\g'k5{ . hf] JolQm cfˆgf] ;d:t s'¿ktfnfO{ hfGg ;dy{ x'G5, pm To;af6 d'Qm klg x'g ;S5 .

nf]suLtf– 160
 cWofo–$
:jfWofosf] o1df hfGg' g} d'lQm xf]≤ o;df c¿ s]xL ug}{ kb}{g . /f]usf] klxrfg x'g]lalQs}
/f]uaf6 aflx/ eOG5 . of] k|lqmof :jod\sf] ;fIffTsf/af6 ul/g] ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmof xf]≤ cfTd
;fIffTsf/af6 cfTdqmflGt x'g ;S5 . :jfWofosf] k|lqmofdf nfu]sf] JolQmn] tk, Wofg jf cGo
ljlwsf] s'g} cfjZostf gePsf] atfpF5g\ . :jfWofosf] ;"qn] eG5– cfkm“}+ :jod\sf] 3fpnfO{ lgsf]
kfg{'k5{ . c¿n] leqsf] 3fpsf af/]df yfxf kfpg ;Sb}g, aflx/sf] 3fpsf af/]df dfq yfxf x'g
;S5 . leq s}of}+ hGdb]lvsf] la/fdLkg 5, hf] ulx/f] ¿kdf n's]/ a;]sf] 5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ hfg /
o;af6 d'Qm xf]pm . olb s'g} JolQmn] d em'6f] af]Ng] JolQm x'F eGg] hfGof] eg] ta em'6 af]Ng g} aGb
x'G5 . of] Pp6f ;Tosf] cg'ej xf] . rf]/n] ;f]R5– d rf]/ aGg'df w]/} sf/0fx¿ 5g\, afWotfn] ubf{
dfq rf]/ ePF, cGoyf d rf]/ xf]OgF . qmf]wLn] klg eG5 ltdLn] dnfO{ qmf]w ug{ nufof}, gq d qmf]wL
JolQm xf]OgF . o;/L xfdL cfkm"nfO{ leq ulx/fOdf cfkm" h] 5f“}+ Tof] n'sfP/ cfkm"nfO{ aflx/ c;n
¿kdf k|:t't u5f}{+ . t/ qmf]wLn] qmf]wL x'F eGg] :jLsf/ u¥of] eg] qmf]w ug{ ;Sb}g . :jfWofon] eG5–
h;n] h'g tYonfO{ hfGof] pm To;eGbf aflx/ x'G5 t/ xfdL tYonfO{ hfGb}gf}+“ a? n'sfpF5f}+“ . xfdL
xfd|f] 3[0ff, O{iof{nfO{ c¿ g} s]xL eG5f}+ . xfdL cfkm"nfO{ wf]sf lbg s'zn 5f“}+, leq s]xL x'G5f}“ t/
aflx/ xfdL c¿ g} s'/f b]vfpF5f}+“ . hf] JolQm cfˆgf] leqsf] /f]unfO{ h:tf] 5, To:t} b]Vg ;S5, pm
ToxLF /xg ;Sb}g . p;df ¿kfGt/0f ;'? x'G5 / Tof] ¿kfGt/0f g} :jfWofosf] kl/0ffd xf] .
To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– :jfWofo¿kL o1sf ;fy} zf:qsf] cWoog o;sf nflu ;xof]uL x'g
;S5 . :jfWofosf nflu ;a} zf:q ;xf/f aGb}g, dfq cfTdj~rgf¿kL zf:q eg] ;xf/f aG5 .
h:tf] ls ;]G6 cu]l:6gsf] lstfa b sGk]m;g (The Confessions) of lnof] 6fN:6fosf] hLjgsyf,
?;f]sf] hLjgsyf, dxfTdf ufGwLsf cfTdsyfx¿ eg] :jfWofosf nflu ;xof]uL aGg ;S5g\ t/
JolQmx¿ logsf] :jfWofo ub}{gg\ . uLtf :jfWofosf nflu Tolt pkof]uL gx'g ;S5 lsgeg]] uLtf
cfTdsyf xf]Og, ;Tosf] jQmJo xf] . ufGwLsf] cfTdsyfdf leqsf /f]ux¿sf syf w]/} 5g\, To;}n]
cfTdsyf pkof]uL x'g ;S5 . :jfWofodf pklgifb\ klg Tolt ;xof]uL x'g ;Sb}g lsgeg]] pklgifb\
;Tosf] p¢f]if0f xf], hxfF Clifx¿ eG5g\– a|Xd 5≤ cxd\ a|Xdfl:d cyf{t\ d a|Xd x'F . of] ;TonfO{
k|fKt ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] cg'e"ltsf] jQmJo xf] . :jfWofodf ;To ghfg]sf t/ c;Tosf] kL8faf6
u'lh|Psf / To;nfO{ p¢fl6t ug]{ ;fx; b]vfPsf JolQmx¿sf] egfOaf6 ;xof]u k'Ug ;S5 . lnof]
6fN:6fonfO{ ;Tosf] s'g} hfgsf/L 5}g To:t} ufGwLnfO{ klg ;Tosf] hfgsf/L 5}g . To;}n] ufGwL
hLjge/ ;Tosf] vf]hdf /x] / cfTdsyfsf] gfd Experimenting the truth /fv] . of] Pp6f Odfgbf/
k|of; xf] .
>Ls[i0fn] O{Zj/hksf] af/]df klg atfpg' ePsf] 5≤ :jfWofosf] ;Gbe{df O{Zj/hksf] uxg
cy{ 5 . JolQmn] ha cfkm"leqsf] gs{sf] :jfWofo ub{5, Tof] b]v]/ JolQm cfTdlgGbfdf kg{ ;S5 jf
oqf] gs{ b]v]/ hLjg Joy{ 5 eGg] nfUg ;S5 . To;}n] :jfWofodf vt/f klg /xG5 . klZrddf
;d:of ljs/fn eof] / dgf]ljZn]ifsx¿n] :jfWofosf] k|lqmof t atfP t/ O{Zj/hksf] s'g} Joj:yf
lbPgg\ . To;}n] klZrddf hLjg cy{xLg ag]sf] 5 . kfk, 3[0ff, lx+;f, O{iof{ g} hLjgdf pkl:yt 5
eg] afFRg'sf] s] cy{ eof] eGg] efjgf a9]sf] 5, h;n] hLjg lg/fzfhgs ag]sf] 5 . ToxfF
JolQmx¿nfO{ k|]dsf] abnfdf snx b]vfOPsf] 5 . klZrddf cfTdljZn]if0fsf] kl/0ffd k|]d xf]Og
s]jn sfdjf;gf xf] eGg] lgisif{ lglSnof] . o;af6 ¿kfGt/0f geO{ JolQmsf] ktg eof] . To;}n]
>Ls[i0f tTsfn :jfWofokl5 O{Zj/hknfO{ klg :d/0f ug'{k5{ eGg'x'G5 .

nf]suLtf– 161
cWofo–$
k|]d k5fl8 sfdjf;gf 5, of] xfd|f] tYo xf] t/ jf;gfdf klg k|]d x'g;S5 Tof] xfd|f]
;Defjgf xf] . O{Zj/hksf] cy{ JolQmleq O{Zj/sf] ;Defjgf klg 5 eGg] xfd|f] ;DefjgfnfO{ ofb
/fVg' xf] . To;}n] tYonfO{ ;a} s'/f g7fgL ;DefjgfnfO{ klg :d/0f ug{'k5{ . tYoleq n's]sf] lj/f6\
;Defjgf klg pkl:yt 5 . O{Zj/hksf] cy{ hlt ulx/f] kfk leq eP klg k'0osf] cefj 5}g eGg]
xf] . hlt ulx/f] ck/fw eP klg Ifdfsf] cefj 5}g / hlt;'s} cGwsf/ eP/ k|sfz gb]lvP klg
k|sfzsf] cl:tTj 5 eGg] xf] . O{Zj/hksf] cy{ cGwsf/sf] ulx/f] e8\sfpdf klg k|sfzsf] :d/0f,
kfksf] dWodf klg k/dfTdfsf] :d[lt, ck/fwsf] dWodf klg d'Qm x'g] ;Defjgf klg 5 eGg] xf] .
O{Zj/hk geP :jfWofo vt/gfs klg x'g ;S5 . O{Zj/hk cfzf xf] . dg'io t /fIf;, bfgj h:tf]
5 t/ pm O{Zj/ klg x'g ;S5 . To;}n] hf] 5, ToxL dfq b]lvPsf] 5 / x'g;Sg] ;Defjgfsf] af]w
geP dg'iodf ljs[lt, lj;Ëltx¿ a9]/ k/fsfi7fdf k'Ug klg ;S5 . hf] x'g ;S5 To;sf] :d[lt
klg cGwsf/df plqFb} /Xof] eg] cfzf afFlwG5 .
hksf] cy{ :d/0f xf] . Pp6} zAbnfO{ af/Daf/ bf]xf]¥ofpg' hk xf] . cGwsf/df k|sfzsf]
;DaGw ge'nf}+ eg]/ k|sfzsf] af/Daf/ :d/0f gu/]df cGwsf/df 8'Ag ;Sg] vt/f /xG5 . k|frLg
;dodf O{Zj/hk eGg' kof{Kt lyof] . laxfg p7\g] lalQs} klxnf] zAb /fd x'GYof] . o;sf] cy{ xf]
sltko g/fd|f sfd eP klg z'eaf6 g} d ;'?jft u5{' eg]/ lbgdf hf];'s}nfO{ e]6\bf /fd–/fd eg]/
gd:sf/sf] ;§fdf O{Zj/ hksf] ljlw k|of]u ul/GYof] . h:tf] JolQmnfO{ e]6] klg :d/0f /fdsf]
ul/GYof], ;Defjgf /fd|f] g} k|s6 x'GYof] . Tof] /fdsf] pRrf/0f aflx/L JolQmnfO{ clejfbg xf]Og,
leq n's]sf] JolQm /fds} :d/0f x'GYof] . ckl/lrt JolQmnfO{ klg /fd–/fdsf] clejfbg ul/GYof] .
clxn] klg u|fdL0f ;d'bfodf clejfbgsf] dfWod oxL 5 . Pp6f r]tgf glhs cfof] / To;;Fu
;fIffTsf/ eof] eg] To;sf] ;Defjgfsf] :d/0f lsg gug]{, /ftL ;'Tg]a]nfdf /fd–/fd eg]/ klg
lbge/ h] h:tf] sfo{ u/] klg ;'Tg]a]nf z'e ;Defjgfsf] :d/0f x'GYof] . ;'Tg] a]nfdf /fdsf]
pRrf/0f leqsf] r]tgf;Fu hf]8\g] k|of]u xf] .
O{Zj/hk oflGqs ¿kdf h;n] ub{5 To;n] nfeeGbf xflg k|fKt ub{5 . o:tf] ubf{ sfd
l;Wofpg' h:t} x'G5 . /fd:d/0f sfd xf]Og, hLjgsf] k|f0fsf] ulx/fOdf k|]defj a;fpg] dfgl;stf
xf] . of] k|f0fsf] ulx/fOdf ;'b[9 /xg ;Sof] eg] dfq pkof]uL x'G5 . :jfWofo / O{Zj/hk :jod\sf]
z'enfO{ :d/0f ug{' xf] . oL b'j}sf] tfnd]naf6 hf] o1 kmlnt x'G5 To;sf] gfd :jfWofo o1 xf],
o;af6 JolQm kf/ x'G5 / k/dfTdfdf k|fKt x'G5 .
>Ls[i0fn] csf]{ dfu{ :jwd{¿kL o1sf af/]df klg atfpg'ePsf] 5 . JolQm olb cfÎgf]
lghTjnfO{ hf] p;leq lapsf] ¿kdf n's]sf] 5, To;nfO{ km"nsf] ¿kdf km'nfpg kmqmfpg ;s]df
Tof] dfu{af6 klg cGo dfu{nfO{ cjnDag u/]/ k'Ug ;s]sf JolQmx¿ h:t} k/dfTdfsxfF k'Ug ;S5 .
JolQm cfˆgf] lghwd{, :jwd{df k/dfTdfsf] cfzLjf{b, cfgGb k|fKt ub{5 . ha :jwd{af6 k/wd{
cg'¿k x'g rfxG5, tnlt/ u'?Œjfsif{0fn] tfg] em}+ pm ljiffbdf k'Ub5 . of] u'nfasf] km"nn] sdnsf]
km"n x'g vf]h] h:t} x'G5 hf] x'g} ;Sb}g / ljiffb, b'v, kL8fdf kb{5 . xfdL ;a} hGdb]lv g}
lgdf{0fsf] of]hgf lnP/ cfPsf x'G5f}+“ / xfdL s] x'g ;S5f}+ eGg] dfu{lrq xfd|f] k|To]s sf]i7df n's]sf]
x'G5 . xfdL :jwd{eGbf csf]{ wd{df nfUg rfx]df lg/fzf, kL8f dfq k|fKt x'G5 / o; cj:yfdf
JolQm lg/Lx x'G5 . ToxfF p;nfO{ s]xL klg /fd|f] nfUb}g, ;a} Joy{ nfU5 . ;fy} JolQm k/wd{cg'¿k
x'g rfx]df cfˆgf] pmhf{zlQm To;df g} vlr{G5 t/ pm :jwd{cg'¿k x'g;Sb}g lsgeg]] pm h] x'g

nf]suLtf– 162
 cWofo–$
;S5 To;eGbf ljk/Lt x'g ;Sg] s'g} ;Defjgf g} xF'b}g ;fy} k/wd{df ;Lldt pmhf{ Joy{df Joo ug{'
klg lg/y{s x'G5 .
To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– :jwd{¿kL o1df cfgGb k|fKt x'g ;S5 / To;df g} cfˆgf] k"0f{tf
k|fKt x'g ;S5 . x] ch{'g Û k/wd{sf] ljrf/ gu/L ltdL :jwd{ cg';f/sf] sd{ u5f}{ eg] ltdL cfˆgf]
k"0f{tf k|fKt ug]{ 5f} / k/dfTdfdf k|fKt x'g] 5f} . olb JolQm hLjgdf b'vL 5 eg] kSsf hfGg'k5{ ls
pm :jwd{af6 Ro't ePsf] 5 lsgeg]] :jwd{sf] ofqfdf cfgGb kmlnt x'G5 . olb czflGt 5 eg]
a'‰g'k5{ ls k/wd{sf] k5fl8 rln/x]sf] 5 . :jwd{nfO{ klg cFWof/f]df s;}n] km"nsf] au“}+rfnfO{
;'uGwsf] e/ vf]h] h:t} vf]Hg'k5{ . zflGt :jwd{sf] dfkb08 xf] / zflGt a9\b} uPdf ;'jf; h:tf]
cfgGb klg k|fKt x'g yfN5 .
olb :jwd{cg'¿k sd{ ub}{ 5 eg] p;sf] hLjgdf :jLsf/sf] efj a9\5 / c:jLsf/sf] efj
sd x'G5 . oyfy{df JolQm ;Gt'i6 x'g yfN5 / :jwd{ cg'¿k grn] c;Gt'i6 x'g yfN5 . x/]s lrh
k|lt gsf/fTds efj hfUb5 . ;d:t cl:tTjk|lt lgif]wsf] efj a9\5 . cfl:tstfsf] cy{ ;d:tk|lt
:jLsf/ xf] . b}glGbg sfdaf6 :jwd{sf af/]df yfxf x'Fb}g . To;}n] :jwd{sf] vf]h ug{ leqsf]
;+;f/df k|j]z ug{'k5{ . ;a} OlG›osf åf/nfO{ aGb u/]/ leqsf] ofqf ;'? ug{'k5{ / hlt leqsf] ofqf
u¥of], ToxL“+af6 Wjlg ;'lgG5, O;f/f k|fKt x'G5 / hlt leq Wofg lbof], Tolt g} Wjlg / O;f/f :ki6
x'g yfN5 . ;'?df Wjlg Hofb} dlng x'G5 / la:tf/} :ki6 x'g yfN5 .
:jwd{sf] hfgsf/L cGt/jf0fLaf6 dfq yfxf x'g ;S5 . of] cGt/jf0fLsf] ofqfaf6 :jwd{sf]
O;f/f k|fKt x'G5 . hlt leq 8'a'NsL nufof] Tolt g} leqsf] cGt/jf0fL ;'lgg yfN5 . ;a}sf] leq pm
n's]sf] eP klg Tof] cfjfh ;'Ggsf nflu cfkm"nfO{ tof/ / k|lzlIft ug{'k5{ . r]tgfnfO{ Psfu|
agfP/ ;'Gg] lg/Gt/ k|of;af6 dfq Tof] ;'Gg ;lsG5 . xfd|f] cGt/ cfTdfnfO{ :jwd{ s] xf] eg]/
yfxf 5 . To;}n] df}g /x]/ leq Wofg s]lG›t u/]/ ;'Gg] sf]l;; ul//Xof] eg] leqsf] cfjfh ;'lgG5 .
Psk6s leqsf] :j/ ;'Gg yflnof] eg] hLjgdf s;}sf] ;Nnfxsf] cfjZostf kb}{g . leqaf6 s]jn
:jwd{sf] dfq cfjfh cfpF5, k/wd{sf] cfjfh ;bf aflx/af6 cfpF5 . :jwd{¿kL tk, o1sf] s'/f
hf] >Ls[i0fn] eGg'ePsf] 5 Tof] ToxL JolQmn] k"/f ug{ ;S5 hf] cfkm"leqsf] cGt/jf0fL ;'Gg ;Ifd
x'G5 . ;a};Fu Tof] cGt/jf0fLsf] ;|f]t x'G5≤ s]jn xfdLnfO{ To;sf] :d/0f dfq gePsf] xf] . h'g lbg
leqsf] cfjfh ;'lgg yfN5 ToxL lbg JolQmnfO{ u'? k|fKt x'G5, h'g u'? leq ljBdfg 5g\ .
k/dfTdfn] k|To]snfO{ Tof] ljj]s, cGt:s/0f / cGt/jf0fL lbPsf 5g\ h;;Fu xfdLn] ;f]Wg ;''? u¥of}+“
eg] pQ/ k|fKt x'g yfN5 / Tof] pQ/ slxNo} unt x'Fb}g . cGt/jf0fL ;'Gg;Sg] l:ylt g} :jwd{¿kL
o1sf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . s[i0fn] klxn] b'O{ o1sf] rrf{ ul/;s]kl5 of] t];|f] o1sf] rrf{ ub}{ eGg'x'G5–
:jwd{¿kL o1nfO{ klg olb s;}n] k"/f u¥of] eg] k/dfTdfsf] dlGb/df p;sf] k|j]z x'G5 . :jwd{sf]
ulx/f] tŒj t leqsf] cfjfh ;'Gg;Sg] JolQmn] dfq k"/f u5{ .
d]x/afaf h;n] cfˆgf] cGt/–cfjfh ;'Ggsf nflu hLjgsf] lt; jif{ aflx/sf ;a}
cfjfhx¿ aGb u/]/ df}g x'g'eof] . pxfF aflx/af6 ;a} aGb u/]/ df}g /xg'eof] / lgik§ leqsf]
cfjfhdf afFRg'eof] . x}b/fjfb glhs} pxfFn] 7'nf] k|oTg u/]/ Pp6f cf>d agfpg'eof] . a8f]
k|tLIffsf ;fy pxfF To; cf>dsf] åf/;Dd k'Ug'eof] t/ leq k|j]z g} gu/L 9f]sfaf6 g} pxfF
kmls{g'eof] . pxfFn] O;f/faf6 g} cfkm" To; ejgdf k|j]z gug]{ atfpg'eof] . /flt Tof] ejg k"/}
elTsof] . ef/taf6 pxfF o'/f]klt/ hfFb} x'g'x'GYof] . hxfh t]n eg{sf nflu sxL+ Po/kf]6{df plqof] /
k'gM p8\g tof/ eof] . ofqLx¿ wdfwd hxfhdf r9] t/ afafn] gr9\g] O;f/f ug{'eof] . Tof] hxfh

nf]suLtf– 163
cWofo–$
p8]sf] !% ldg]6df g} b'3{6gfu|:t eof] . ;a} ofqL ;dfKt eP . o:tf 36gf w]/}k6s 36] . afaf
slxn] / s'g sfddf /f]lsg'x'G5 s;}n] eGg ;Sb}gy] . :jod\ pxfFnfO{ klg yfxf x'Fb}gYof] . cGt/–
cfjfhn] h] eGYof] pxfF ToxL ug{'x'GYof] . afafsf] hLjg :jwd{sf] vf]hsf] hLjg xf] leqsf] :j/sf]
vf]hsf] hLjg xf] . leqsf] :j/df hLjg rNg'sf] cy{ hLjg :jod\af6 xf]Og k/dfTdfaf6 rNg' xf] .
h'g lbg leqsf] jf0fLaf6 rn]sf] :jwd{df cfwfl/t hLjg rN5 To;} lbg :jwd{¿kL o1 k"/f x'G5 .
csf]{ o1 of]uo1 xf] . of]usf] cfˆgf] ;fwgf k|lqmof x'G5 . ci6fËof]u of]usf] cf7 cË xf] .
kt~hlnn] of]usf cf7 cË atfPsf 5g\ . ltg} cf7 r/0f, cf7 lx:;f ldn]/ of]u aGb5 / k"/f
x'G5 . of]u z/L/ xf] To;sf cf7 cË 5g\ . dg'iosf OlG›o j[lQx¿ g} dflns x'G5g\ / h'g OlG›o
cufl8 x'G5g\ ltg}n] cfˆgf] xfnLd'xfnL rnfpF5g\ . ha nf]e xfaL x'G5 ta nf]e g} dflns x'G5 .
ha qmf]w xfdLdf ;jf/ x'G5 ta o:tf] nfU5 ls qmf]w g} d x'F . ha k|]d ;jf/ x'G5 ta nfU5 ls
k|]d g} ;a} s'/f xf] . h'g j[lQn] xfdLnfO{ ;dfT5, xfdL p;sf] xftsf] v]nf}gf aG5f“}+ . oyfy{
dflnssf af/]df yfxf g} x'Fb}g lsgeg]] dflns lr/lg›fdf ;'lt/x]sf] x'G5 .
jf:tljs dflnsnfO{ hufpg' of]usf] cy{ xf] . of]usf] cy{ PsLs[t ug{' xf] . JolQm v08–
v08df 6'6]sf] xf]Og, cv08 xf];\ . ha JolQm Ps x'G5, ta ;a} OlG›o, j[lQx¿ dflnssf] cwLgdf
x'G5g\ . of]u:y r]tgf ;d:t OlG›osf] dflns x'G5 clg OlG›o 5fof h:tf] kl5 kl5 lxF8\5g\ .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û of]u o1 klg xf] . of] r]tgfnfO{ s;/L hufpg], ;'t]sf] dflnsnfO{
s;/L lAfpFemfpg], JolQmx¿nfO{ s;/L l:y/ agfpg] / PsLs[t s;/L u/fpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf
pkof]uL x'G5 . of]usf s}of}+“ k|lqmofx¿ 5g\ h;af6 ;'t]sf] dflnsnfO{ p7fOG5 . of]u leq ;'t]/
a;]sf]nfO{ lAfpFemfpg] / p;nfO{ p7fpg] k|of; ug{' xf] .
of]usf w]/} af6fx¿ 5g\ . x7of]u, /fhof]u, dGqof]u, tGqof]u cflb ;a}sf cnu–cnu
dfu{x¿ 5g\ . of]usf s}of}+ ljlwx¿ 5g\ / o;af6 hf] leq k|;'Kt 5, To;nfO{ hufpg] r]i6f ul/G5 .
ç -c–p–d\ Öcf]d\_ of] dGq of]uaf6 leq a;]sf] r}tGonfO{ hufpg] ljlw xf] . olb s'g} JolQm
hf]8n] ç sf] leq gfb u¥of] eg] p;sf] gflesf] glhs rf]6 nfUg yfN5 . gfle hLjg pmhf{sf]
s]G› xf] . gfleaf6 g} aRrf cfdf;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 / ToxL+“af6 hLjg kfpF5 . cgfof; b'3{6gf x'Fbf
;a}eGbf klxnf] rf]6 gfO6f]df g} k5{ . ç o:tf] Wjlg xf] h;sf dfWodaf6 leq wSsf jf rf]6
k'U5 . çsf/n] gfO6fdf dHhfn] wSsf k'U5 / ;'t]sf] r]tgfnfO{ hufpF5 . ç df c pm d x'G5 /
hf]8n] o;sf] pRrf/0f u¥of] eg] gfO6fdf sDkg x'G5 . O:nfddf cNnfx x'F zAb 5 h'g
d';ndfgx¿ ç h:t} k|of]u u5{g\ . cNnfx x'F df x'F sf] rf]6 gfO6f]df kb{5 . ç / cNnfx x'F cnu
cnu zAb eP klg k|of]hg / kl/0ffd Pp6} x'G5 .
of]usf w]/} ljlwaf6 ;'if'Kt r}tGonfO{ hufpg] k|of; ul/G5 / dflns p7]kl5 PsLs/0f x'g
yfN5 . of]u:y JolQm cGt/–cg'zf;gn] el/G5 . leqsf] JolQm hfUg] lalQs} cGo dfu{af6 h]
kl/0ffd x'G5, o; dfu{af6 klg ToxL kl/0ffd cfpF5 . :jfWofo, :jwd{, cGt/jf0fL, clx+;f cflbsf]
k|of]uaf6 h] x'G5 jf h'g r]tgf hfU5, of]usf ljlwx¿af6 klg ToxL kl/0ffd k|fKt x'G5 . of]usf
w]/} ljlwx¿ 5g\ . JolQmsf] cj:yf x]/]/ ljlwsf] lg0f{o ul/G5 . hf] JolQmsf] gfb tLj| alnof] 5,
To;nfO{ dGqof]usf] ljlwaf6 hufpg] k|of; ul/G5 . h;sf] b[li6af]w tLj| 5, p;nfO{ Psfu|tfsf]
k|of]u qf6s ljlwaf6 hufpg] k|of; ul/G5 . h;sf] /Ëaf]w tLj| 5, p;nfO{ /Ësf dfWodåf/f klg
dfu{ ldNg ;S5 t/ of] JolQmdf lge{/ u5{ . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– of]uo1åf/f klg k'?if
k/d;Qfdf k'Ug ;S5 .

nf]suLtf– 164
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ckfg] h'Xjlt k|f0f+ k|f0f]˜kfg+ tyfk/] .
k|f0ffkfgutL ?b\Wjf k|f0ffofdk/fo0ffM ..@(..
s'g} k|f0ffofddf tNnLg Pjd\ bIf of]uLx¿ k|f0fjfo'nfO{ ckfgjfo'df, ckfgjfo'nfO{ k|f0fjfo'df
/f]Sg] cEof; ub{5g\ / k|f0f / ckfg b'j} jfo'nfO{ /f]s]/ ;dflwdf k|j]z ub{5g\ ..
>Ls[i0fn] o; Znf]sdf of]usf] Pp6f csf]{ cfofdsf af/]df eGg'ePsf] 5 . pxfF eGg'x'G5–
s'g} k|f0ffofddf bIf of]uLx¿ k|f0fjfo'nfO{ ckfgjfo'df / ckfgjfo'nfO{ k|f0fjfo'df /f]Sg] cEof;
ub{5g\ / k|f0f / ckfg jfo'nfO{ /f]s]/ ;dflwdf k|j]z ub{5g\ . dflg;sf ;fydf cl:tTj;Fu hf]l8g]
w]/} åf/x¿ 5g\ . xfdL k/dfTdf;Fu w]/} efFtLaf6 hf]l8Psf 5f}+“ . h;/L Pp6f j[If Pp6f dfq xf]Og
ls cg]sf}+ h/f;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 To;}u/L xfdL klg w]/} cl:tTj¿kL h/f;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5f}+ . xfdL
k/dfTdf;Dd k'Ug cg]sf}+dWo] s'g} Ps cl:tTj¿kL h/f jf dfWodaf6 k|j]z ug{ ;S5f}+ . hLjg
pmhf{ h'g gfO6f]df /x]sf] 5 Tof] k/dfTdfdf k'Ug] Pp6f åf/ xf] . To:t} hLjg pmhf{ k|f0fdf /
Zjf;df klg ;~rflnt 5 . Zjf; rNbf JolQm hLljt ePsf] / Zjf; /f]lsPdf pm ;dfKt ePsf]
yfxf x'G5 . t;y{ Zjf;df g} ;a} hLjg lge{/ x'G5 . Zjf;sf dfWodaf6 g} z/L/ / cfTdfsf]
;+of]hg x'G5 . o;y{ Zjf; k'n ePsfn] of]uLhg Zjf;sf dfWodaf6 k/d cg'e"ltdf k|fKt x'G5g\ .
Zjf;sf] cfˆgf] k|f0fof]u x'G5 / o;sf w]/} ¿kx¿ 5g\ .
Zjf;sf] ult dgf]bzf;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . dg h:tf] x'G5 Zjf;sf] ult p:t} aG5 . #))
jif{ klxn] /ut z/L/df rN5 eg]/ s;}nfO{ yfxf lyPg . o:tf] nfUYof] ls /ut el/Psf] dfq 5 .
ha /Qmrfksf af/]df hfgsf/L eof], ta /Qmsf] bafa cyf{t\ /Qm;~rf/ JolQmsf w]/} cËx¿;Fu
hf]l8Psf] 5 eGg] yfxf eof] . /Qmrfk ePh:t} d'6'sf] rfk jf jfo'rfk klg x'G5 . jfo'sf] pRr /
Go"g rfk, jfo'sf t/Ëx¿sf] e]bn] JolQmsf] cGt/ dgf]bzfnfO{ kl/jt{g ub{5 hf] p;sf] hLjg
pmhf{;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . ha xfdL qmf]wdf x'G5f}+ xfd|f] Zjf;sf] ult ;fwf/0f geO{ kl/jt{g x'G5 .
o;sf] cy{ olb Zjf;sf] ultdf lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsof] eg] qmf]w lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . hfkfgdf
afNofj:yfb]lv g} of]u l;sfOG5, hf] k|f0fof]usf] Pp6f ;"q xf] . pgLx¿ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ xfd|f]
h:tf] qmf]w gu/ eGb}gg\ a? k/Dk/fb]lv g} l;s]sf] ljlw l/; p7\g] lalQs} Zjf; ulx/f] clg la:tf/}
la:tf/} lng] jf km]g]{ ub{5g\ . hfkfgdf of]usf] k|frLg ;"q a'4dfkm{t\ k'Uof] hf] cToGt j}1flgs /
k|efjsf/L 5 .
a'4n] Zjf;dfly lgs} hf]8 lbg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] ;f/f of]u >Ls[i0fn] eg]em}+ k|f0fof]u xf] .
cfgfkfg ;ltof]u cfpg] / hfg] Zjf;nfO{ x]g{' g} a'4n] of]u eGg'ePsf] 5 . olb s;}n] o;
/x:onfO{ hfGof] eg] p;nfO{ c¿ s]xL ug{' cfjZos 5}g . To;}n] a'4 eGg'x'G5– cfgfkfg ;ltof]u
l;4 eof] eg] ;a} l;4 eof] . of]usf] o; zfGt cj:yfdf Zjf; rn]sf] klg yfxf x'Fb}g . cToGt
xNsf jf rn]s} 5}g h:tf] nfU5 . ha sfdjf;gf dgdf p7\5 ta Zjf; c:tJo:t x'G5, /Qmrfk
a9\5 / z/L/n] kl;gf 5f]8\g yfN5 clg Zjf; t]h x'G5 . k|To]s ;do leqsf] l:ylt;Fu Zjf;
hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . k|f0fof]usf] cy{ xfd|f] Zjf; w]/} ulx/f];Dd k|j]z ubf{ To;n] xfd|f] cfTdfnfO{ klg
:kz{ u5{ eGg] xf] . ;'Tbf, p7\bf k"/f ;do Zjf; cfbfgk|bfg x'G5 . Zjf; cfbfgk|bfg x'g' g}
Zjf;sf] ¿kfGt/0f / k|f0fof]u xf] . of] ¿kfGt/0faf6 JolQm k/d;Qfdf k'U5 . Wofgsf] ulx/f]
cg'ejdf Zjf; aGb h:t} x'G5 . ha Zjf; leqsf] leq / aflx/sf] aflx/ g} /x]/ Ps If0fsf nflu
/f]lsG5 To; If0fdf k/d cg'ejsf] ls/0f pTkGg x'G5 . Zjf;sf] of] /f]sfj6df cl:tTj k"/f

nf]suLtf– 165
cWofo–$
;Gt'lnt eO{ ;+od pTkGg x'G5 . To; If0fdf JolQm k/d ultdf plqP/ zfZjTfdf 8'Ab5 /
;gftg;Fu ;Dks{ hf]8\b5 .
Zjf;sf] cfGbf]ng xfd|f] kl/jt{gzLn hut\;Fu ;DalGwt 5 eg] Zjf; cfGbf]ng/lxt x'g'
xfd|f] ckl/jt{gzLn lgTo hut\;Fu ;DalGwt x'g' xf] . To;}n] Zjf; lgoGq0f jf /f]Sg] sfd cb\e't
cg'ej xf] . k|f0ffofdsf ;fy ulx/f];Fu Wofgdf plqg] JolQmn] s] cg'ej u5{ eg] k|lzlIft Zjf; /
Wofgsf lar tfnd]n x'Fbf Zjf; /f]lsG5 . Zjf; /f]lsg] lalQs} tTsfn ljrf/ /f]lsG5 / r]tgf
sfnftLt x'G5 . ljrf/eGbf aflx/ jf lglj{rf/ x'g] lalQs} a|Xdsf] åf/df k'luG5 / ljrf/df lkmtf{
x'g] lalQs} ;+;f/sf] lardf pkl:yt eOG5 . kbfy{ / k/dfTdfsf lar kftnf] ljrf/sf] kqafx]s
c¿ s]xL x'Fb}g . ljrf/sf] kbf{ x6fpgsf nflu ;fIfLefj jf Wofgsf] k|of]u ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . h'g lbg
ljrf/ /xFb}g, To;} ;do Zjf; klg zfGt /xG5 / To;} If0fdf k/d;Qfdf k'luG5 .
h] xfd|f] leq 5 Tof] klg aflx/sf] lx:;f xf] . clxn] dleqsf] Zjf; Ps If0f cl3 c¿
s;}sf] Zjf; lyof], cem cl3 sxL+ cGoq g} lyof] . clxn] h] d]/f] leq 5, Tof] d}n] d]/f] eGg} gkfO{
aflx/ uO;Sof] . h] xfd|f] leq 5 To;nfO{ aflx/sf] k|f0f hut\df ;dlk{t ug]{ xf] eg] leq s]xL klg
afFsL /x+“b}g, ;a} z"Go x'G5 . Pp6f leqsf] k|f0fnfO{ aflx/sf] lj/f6\sf] hut\ jfo'd08ndf ;dlk{t
u¥of}+“ eg] klg Pp6} 36gf 36\5 . of t xfdL leqsf] k|f0fnfO{ aflx/ k|f0fdf ;dk{0f u/f}+“ jf xfdL
aflx/sf] k|f0fnfO{ leqsf] k|f0fdf ;lDdlnt u/f“}+– oL b'j} k|lqmofaf6 xjg k"/f x'G5 . h] u/] klg
b'j}lt/af6 o1 k"0f{ x'G5 .
ck/] lgotfxf/fM k|f0ffGk|f0f]if' h'Xjlt .
;j]{˜Ko]t] o1ljbf] o1IflktsNdiffM ..#)..
sltko of]uLx¿ ckfg jfo'df k|f0fjfo'nfO{ xjg u5{g\, To:t} sltko of]uLhg k|f0fjfo'df
ckfgjfo'sf] xjg u5{g\ tyf cGo sltko lgoldt cfxf/ ug]{ k|f0ffod k/fo0f k''?if k|f0f / ckfgsf]
ultnfO{ /f]s]/ k|f0fnfO{ k|f0fdf g} xjg ub{5g\ . o;k|sf/sf o1 u/]/ kfk gfz u/]sf JolQmx¿ o1
ug{'sf] p2]Zo;Fu kl/lrt x'G5g\ ..
>Ls[i0f of]usf cGo k|lqmofsf af/]df klg atfpg'x'G5 . pxfF eGg'x'G5– sltko of]uLx¿
ckfg jfo'df k|f0fjfo'nfO{ xjg ub{5g\, To:t} cGo of]uLhgx¿ k|f0fjfo'df ckfg jfo'sf] xjg
ub{5g\ / cGo sltko lgoldt ;+oldt cfxf/ ug]{ k'?if k|f0fnfO{ k|f0fdf g} xf]d ub{5g\ . lgoldt
;+oldt cfxf/sf] cy{ x/]s lrh ef]hgnufot aflx/af6 leq ;+oldt eP/ lnOof];\ eGg] xf] . xfdL
cfFvfaf6 klg cfxf/ u5f}{+, sfg, :kz{ cflbaf6 klg xfdL cfxf/ u5f}{+ . aflx/af6 z/L/df xfdL h]
h] lnG5f}+ Tof] ;a} cfxf/ xf] . ;+oldt, lgoldt cfxf/sf] cy{ Tof] JolQm hf] cfˆgf] OlG›osf] åf/af6
ToxL cfxf/ lnG5 hf] k|f0fnfO{ k|f0fdf ;dlk{t x'g ;xof]uL x'G5 . xfdL OlG›oåf/f k|f0fnfO{ pQ]lht
ug]{ cfxf/ lnG5f}+“ h;n] k|f0fnfO{ pQ]lht tyf ljlIfKt u/fpF5 . o:tf] cfxf/n] k|f0fnfO{ ljifolt/
bf}8fpF5 / ha ;+oldt / lgoldt cfxf/ lnG5f“}+ ta k|f0fn] k|f0fnfO{ g} k|Hjlnt u5{ . ha xfdL
pQ]hs cfxf/ lnG5f“}+ To;n] lrQnfO{ bf}8fpF5 . olb cfFvfn] s'g} pQ]hs cfxf/ lnof] eg] To;n]
lrQnfO{ bf}8fpF5 / /ftdf ;'Tg klg lb+b}g . lrQ ToxL pQ]hgfdf clNem/xG5, To;n] a]r}gL dfq
NofpF5 . of] ;f/f a]r}gL unt cfxf/sf] kl/0ffd xf] . xfdLn] a]jf:tf u/]sf] sfdaf6 cfFvf, sfg,
gfs, 5fnf, lha|f]n] ;"Id ¿kn] cfxf/ lnO/x]sf x'G5g\ . To;n] lbdfudf ljs[lt NofpF5, h;sf] s'g}
cf}iflw g} 5}g .

nf]suLtf– 166
 cWofo–$
;+oldt jf lgoldt cfxf/jfnf JolQm Tof] xf] h;n] cfkm"leq k|To]s lrhsf] k/LIf0f u/]/
dfq cfxf/ u|x0f u5{ . p;n] cfˆgf k|To]s OlG›osf] åf/df åf/kfn¿kL ljj]s /fv]sf] x'G5 /
To;}nfO{ leq nfG5 hf] pQ]hs x'Fb}g . ;+oldt JolQmn] 1fg]lG›osf dfWodaf6 tL ;a}nfO{ leq
n}hfG5, hf] cfTdfsf nflu zflGtsf] dfu{ x'G5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o;k|sf/ o1 u/]/
kfkgfz u/]sf JolQmx¿ o1 ug'{sf] p2]Zo;Fu hfgsf/ x'G5g\ . o:tf] JolQm k/d;Todf k|fKt x'G5 .
t;y{ x] ch{'g Û of] of]uaf6 klg ToxLF k'Ug ;lsG5 hxfF cGo dfu{af6 k'luG5 .
o1lzi6fd[te'hf] oflGt a|Xd ;gftgd\ .
gfo+ nf]sf]˜:Too1:o s'tf]˜GoM s'?;Qd ..#!..
x] s''?>]i7 ch{'g Û o;k|sf/sf o1 u/]/ kfkgfz u/]sf / o1 ug{'sf] p2]Zo;Fu kl/lrt
JolQmx¿ kfksd{af6 d'Qm x'G5g\ / o1sf] kmn¿kL cd[t kfg u/]/ k/a|Xd k/dfTdfdf nLg x'G5g\ .
o1 gug]{ dflg;x¿sf nflu o; nf]sdf t ;'v 5}g eg] k/nf]sdf s;/L ;'v xf]nf / ÛÆ
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h;sf] hLjg o1¿k, jf;gf/lxt Pjd\ cxÍf/z"Go 5, To:tf] k'?ifx¿
kfksd{af6 d'Qm x'G5g\ ;fy} pgLx¿ cd[tkfg ub}{ cfgGbdf l:yt eP/ a|Xddf k|fKt x'G5g\ . t/
o1¿kL hLjg gx'g] k'?ifx¿nfO{ o; nf]s / k/nf]s b'j}df cfgGb k|fKt x'Fb}g . ha;Dd hLjg
jf;gf / cxÍf/sf] jl/kl/ 3'ld/xG5 ta;Dd o1 x'Fb}g . JolQmsf] jf;gf IfL0f x'g] lalQs} p;n]
k/dfTdfsf] kl/e|d0f u/]/ cfˆgf] hLjgnfO{ o1¿k agfpF5 . o:tf] JolQmsf] cfˆgf] s'g} s]G› x'Fb}g
/ pm k/dfTdfsf] pku|x aG5 . oyfy{df jf;gf / cxª\sf/z"Go k'?ifsf] hLjg o1¿k x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– o:tf k'?if 1fg¿kL cd[t kfg u/]/ k/a|Xd k/dfTdfdf nLg x'G5g\ . d[To'
c;Dej 36gf xf] h'g x'g} ;Sb}g . xfdLnfO{ lbgfg'lbg x'g] ;fdfGo d[To' g} d[To' nfU5 lsgeg]] xfdL
cGwsf/ / c1fgdf 5f}+ . d[To' c1fgdf 3l6t x'g] 36gf xf] . h'g lbg xfdL 1fgjfg\ x'g] 5f}+, Tof]
lbg cd[tdfq z]if /xg] 5 / cd/tf k|fKt x'g] 5 .
cfh;Dd xfdLn] sf]xL d/]sf b]v]sf 5}gf}+“ . xfdLn] b]v]sf] t z/L/sf] labf x'g] k|lqmof dfq
xf] . hLjg ;dfKt x'Fb}g, z/L/dfq labf x'G5 . Tof] z/L/sf] labfOnfO{ xfdL d[To' 7fG5f}+“ lsgeg]]
xfdLn] z/L/eGbf leGg cl:tTjsf] 1fg xfl;n u/]sf 5}gf}+“ . xfd|f] cg'ej z/L/ g} d x'F eGg] 5 .
To;}n] z/L/ ;dfKt ePkl5 xfdLnfO{ d[t eof}+ eGg] nfU5 . z/L/leqsf] tŒjnfO{ ghfGg] JolQm
c1fgL xf] . :jod\nfO{ hfGg] 1fg dfq 1fg xf] . ha xfdL Pp6f JolQmnfO{ lge]sf] b]V5f}+ ta pm
d/]sf] 7fG5f}+“ . z/L/sf] d[To' lbof] lgEg'h:t}, b]Vg] b[li6af6 ljnLg eP/ cb[Zodf nLg x'g' xf] . of]
k|s6–ck|s6sf] qmd JolQm d'Qm geP;Dd cgj/t rln/xG5 . xfdL ;a}sf] leq klg cfTdfsf]
v'lDrg] :yfg x'G5 h;nfO{ oGqx¿n] kqmg ;Sb}gg\ . b"la{g cfFvfsf] lj:tf/ xf], 6]lnkmf]g sfgsf]
lj:tf/ xf], ;f/f oGq OlG›osf lj:tf/ x'g\ . t/ ctLlG›onfO{ oGqn] ;dfTg ;Sb}g . hLjg pmhf{
ctLlG›o xf] h;nfO{ OlG›oaf6 leq uP/ dfq hfGg ;lsG5 . 1fgL OlG›osf] dfu{ 5f]8]/ :jod\nfO{
hfGb5 . olb Ps If0f klg :jod\sf] emns ldNof] eg] Tof] cd[t pknAw x'G5 h;sf] s'g} d[To',
s'g} k|f/De / cGt x'Fb}g . To;}n] t >Ls[i0f 1fg¿kL cd[t / c1fg¿kL d[To' eGg'x'G5 . cfTdf
hLljt 5 lsgeg]] cfTdfsf] d[To' x'Fb}g . kbfy{sf] cl:tTj dfq 5 eg] cfTdfsf] hLjg / cl:tTj b'j}
5.
xfdLnfO{ c1fgsf sf/0f cfkm" s] x'F eGg] hfgsf/L 5}g . c1fgL cfkm"k|lt a]xf]; x'G5 /
1fgL cfkm"k|lt xf];n] el/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf JolQm g} 1fg, cfgGbdf k'u]/ k/nf]s / k/fTk/ a|Xd
k|fKt ub{5g\ . k/nf]s oxL+ ;fydf 5 t/ xfdLnfO{ o;sf] hfgsf/L 5}g . h;nfO{ cfˆgf af/]df g}

nf]suLtf– 167
cWofo–$
hfgsf/L 5}g eg] p;nfO{ k/nf]ssf] s;/L hfgsf/L x'g ;Snf Û k/nf]sdf hfg] åf/ g} :jod\sf]
cl:tTj xf] . h;nfO{ :jod\sf] hfgsf/L x'G5 p;nfO{ nf]s / k/nf]s b'j}sf] hfgsf/L x'G5 . xfd|f]
aflx/ nf]s / leq k/nf]s x'G5 . d[To'kl5 k/nf]s k|fKt x'g] xf]Og, k/nf]s t oxL+ g} 5 . ha xfdL
aflx/lt/ Wofg lbG5f“}+ ta k/nf]s x/fpF5 / ha k/nf]slt/ Wofg s]lG›t u5f}{+ ta nf]s x/fpF5 .
lg›f nf]s / k/nf]ssf] lardf 5 . lg›f d"R5f{ xf] hxfF nf]s / k/nf]s b'j} x/fpF5g\ . To:t} Wofg
klg nf]s / k/nf]ssf] lardf 5 . Wofgdf nf]s x/fpF5 / k/nf]s ;'? x'G5 . ha r]tgf aflx/lt/
hfG5, ta nf]s b]lvG5 ha r]tgf leqlt/ df]l8G5 ta k/nf]s b]lvG5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– 1fgL
k'?if k/nf]sdf cfglGbt x'G5g\ . h'g JolQmn] a|XdnfO{ hfGb5, p;n] cfTdfsf] cd/tfnfO{ hfGb5
/ p;n] k/nf]snfO{ oxLF ePsf] klg hfGb5 . h;n] cd[tnfO{ hfGb}g To;n] cfgGb k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g
lsgeg] aflx/sf] nf]sdf cfgGb kfpg ;lsFb}g . o:tf JolQmn] g} ;+;f/df b'v dfq kfpF5g\ .
d[To' x'G5 eGg] ;f]r ePsf dflg;n] slxNo} ;'v kfpFb}gg\ . d[To'sf] ljrf/n] aflx/sf ;a}
;'vnfO{ ljiffQm kfl/lbG5 . olb aflx/ clnslt ;'v lng' 5 eg] d[To'nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] e'Ng'k5{ .
To;}n] xfdL d[To' e'Ng] k|of; u5f}{+ t/ h;nfO{ xfdL e'Ng rfxG5f“}+, To;sf] emg\ a9L ofb cfpF5≤ of]
:d[ltsf] lgod xf] . hf] JolQm d[To' e'Ng ;S5 To;nfO{ ;+;f/df s]xL If0f ;'v k|tLt x'G5 . t/
h;nfO{ d[To'sf] lh1f;f ;'? x'G5, p;sf] ToxL If0f ;GGof; ;'? x'G5 . hGdkl5 z/L/sf] labfO x'g]
s'/f dfq lglZrt 5 . t/ Tof] cj:yf :d/0f gxf];\ eg]/ xfdL Zjf; aGb ePkl5 xtf/ xtf/
3f6df k'¥ofpF5f}+“ . xfdL d[To' e'Ng vf]H5f}+“ t/ xfdL h] e'Ng vf]H5f}+ Tof] e'Ng sl7g x'G5 .
h;nfO{ leqsf] cd[tsf] hfgsf/L 5}g p;n] k/nf]sdf cfgGb kfpg} ;Sb}g ;fy} o;
nf]sdf klg b'v dfq kfpF5 . h;nfO{ leq cfgGb ldn]sf] 5, p;nfO{ aflx/ klg cfgGb g} k|fKt
x'G5 . c1fgdf ;a} ;'v b'v x'G5 eg] 1fgdf b'v klg ;'v x'G5 . 1fgLn] j[Ifsf] ;'s]sf] kftdf klg
gofF sf]dn xl/t kqsf] pbo x'g nfu]sf] / d[To'sf] åf/ klg hGdsf] åf/ ePsf] b]V5 . o;}sf/0f
>Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– 1fg¿kL cd[tnfO{ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmx¿ kfkaf6 d'Qm x'G5g\ / pgLx¿df
cfgGbsf] jiff{ x'G5 / c1fg¿kL ljifdf afFRg] JolQmnfO{ b'vsf] ctn ;fu/ dfq k|fKt x'G5 . hf]
1fgdf k|fKt x'G5g\ ltgLx¿ o; nf]sdf / k/nf]sdf klg cfgGbn] el/G5g\ .
Pj+ ax'lawf o1f ljttf a|Xd0ff] d'v] .
sd{hflGjl4 tfG;jf{g]j+ 1fTjf ljdf]Io;] ..#@..
o;k|sf/ ljljw o1x¿ j]bjf0fLdf cyf{t\ a|Xdjf0fLdf j0f{g ul/Psf 5g\ . oL ;a} o1x¿
z/L/, dg / OlG›osf lqmofaf6 pTkGg x'G5g\ eGg] hfg . o;k|sf/ tŒjaf]w u/]/ To;sf]
cg''i7fgåf/f ltdL sd{aGwgaf6 ;j{bf d''Qm x''g] 5f} ..
ljljw cg'i7fgx¿åf/f o1;DkGg ub}{ lgisfd sd{sf] efjn] ›i6f¿k ePsf] JolQm d'Qm
x'G5 . o; Znf]sdf >Ls[i0f klxn] elgPs} s'/fx¿sf] lgiklQ atfpFb} eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û hLjgsf
;d:t sd{nfO{ sfdgfsf] ¿kdf xf]Og lgisfdgfsf ¿kdf u/]df ;+;f/ aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'g]5f} .
xfdLnfO{ sfdgf ljgf s'g} sd{sf] hfgsf/L g} 5}g lsgeg]] xfd|f ;a} sd{x¿ ;sfd 5g\ . To;}n] t
xfdL b'v dfq kfpF5f“}+ / cfgGb slxNo} kfpFb}gf}+ . ;sfd sd{df ha;Dd sd{ afFsL /xG5 ta;Dd
;'v kfpg] cfzf /xG5 t/ ha sd{ k"/f x'G5, ta b'v dfq cfOnfU5 . lgisfd sd{ ubf{ sfdgfaf6
z"Go x'g'kb{5 / ha sd{ k"/f x'G5, ta JolQm cfgGbn] kl/k"0f{ x'G5 . xfdL ;sfd sd{nfO{ hfGb5f}+
lsgeg]] xfdL ;sfd sd{ g} u5f}{+ . xfdL k|fy{gf, ehg, k"hf klg ;sfd g} u5f}{+ / Tof] ;sfd
sfdgf g} xfd|f] b'vsf] d"n xf] .

nf]suLtf– 168
 cWofo–$
/fd cfˆgf] s'6Ldf x'g'x'GYof] . ToxfF crfgs :j0f{d[u b]lvof] . ;Ltfsf dgdf sfdgf bf}l8of]
/ :j0f{d[u cfˆgf nflu NofOlbg /fdnfO{ cg'/f]w ug{'eof] . :j0f{d[u ;dfTg /fd kl5–kl5
bf}l8g'eof] . xfdL ;a} klg ToxL :j0f{d[u¿kL ;+;f/df ;Ltf¿kL sfdgfsf] cfb]z kfngf ug{
/fd¿kL zlQmnfO{ Tof] c;Dej :j0f{d[u¿kL jf;gf kfpg bf}l8O/xG5f“}+ . sfdgfsf] km"n cfsfzsf]
km"n h:tf] x'G5 . k[YjLdf tf/f x'Fb}gg\ To:t} cfsfzdf km"n x'Fb}gg\ . ;sfd sfdgf xfd|f] bf}8 xf], hf]
af/Daf/ b'v k|fKt x'Fbf klg jf sfF9fdf clNemP/ /utfDo eP klg Tof] cfsfª\Iff d]l6Fb}g . >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– lgisfd efjn] ul/Psf k|To]s sd{n] ;'v dfq NofpF5g\ . oL ;a} sd{x¿ ub}{ h'g JolQm
lgisfd efjdf afFR5, To;n] cfgGbfg'e"lt ub{5 . lgisfd efjdf hLjg g} o1 aGb5 / pm s'g}
aGwgdf aflwFb}g . ;a} lrGtf b'v cflbaf6 d'Qm x'G5 / k/dfgGbdf k|fKt x'G5 .
hf] JolQm cfkm" k"0f{tof a|Xddf ;dlk{t eO{ cfkm" a|Xdsf] pks/0f aGb5, To:tf] JolQm
a|Xdsf] d'v aGb5 . k"0f{tof a|Xddf ;dlk{t JolQm g} a|Xdsf] d'v xf] . a'4, dxfjL/, lh;;,
df]xDdb, nfcf]T;', h/y':6, df];]; h:tf k'?ifx¿ a|Xdsf d'v x'g\ . ;f/f k[YjLdf ljleGg dfu{af6
ljleGg JolQmx¿n] a|Xdsf] d'v eP/ af]n]sf 5g\ . j]bdf elgPsf jfSox¿ a|Xdsf d'vaf6
lgl:sPsf x'g\ t/ j]bsf cy{ rf/ ;+lxtf dfq xf]Ogg\, o;f] ul/of] eg] xfdL a|XdnfO{ ;Lldt ug]{
5f}+“ . j]bsf] cy{ 1fg xf] / j]b ljåfg\x¿sf] k/dfTdft'No jf0fL xf] . afOan, s'/fg / k[YjLdf hxfF
hxfF 1fg p¢f]lift ePsf] 5 tL ;a} a|Xdn] s;}nfO{ dfWod agfP/ elgPsf x'g\ . j]bsf cgGt
;+lxtfx¿ x'g ;S5g\ . ha JolQm cfkm" af]Ng aGb u5{, ta k/dfTdf p;af6 af]Ng ;'? u5{g\ .
j]bnfO{ xfdL ckf}?if]o cyf{t\ k/dfTdfåf/f g} /lrt u|Gy xf] eGb5f}F . cxª\sf/z"Go eP/ k/dfTdfdf
k"0f{¿kdf ;dlk{t eO{ s]jn Pp6f dfWod dfq ePsf k/dfTdft'No JolQmx¿ g} ckf}?ifo JolQm
x'g\ . cxª\sf/z"Go x'g] lalQs} k/dfTdfsf] jf0fL k|To]saf6 km'6\g ;S5 . hxfF 1fg 5, ToxL+“ a|Xd
af]N5 / hxfF a|Xd af]N5 ToxL+“ 1fg x'G5 .
>]ofGb|JodofB1fH1fgo1M k/Gtk .
;j{+ sdf{lvn+ kfy{ 1fg] kl/;dfKot] ..##..
x] k/Gtk ch{'g Û b|Joo1 eGbf 1fgo1 pQd xf] . tyf ofjg dfq ;Dk"0f{ sd{ / kbfy{ 1fgdf
g} nLg x'G5g\ . lbJo 1fg g} o1sf] clGtd uGtJo xf] ..
lrQdf ;+;f/ / jf;gf ePsf] JolQmsf] k|fy{gfdf klg ;+;f/ / jf;gf g} x'G5 . To;}n]
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– b|Joo1eGbf 1fgo1 g} >]i7o1 xf] . 1fgo1sf] cy{ h;df s'g} ;f+;fl/s dfu
Pjd\ cfsfª\Iff klg x'Fb}g . dfu / jf;gf ;f+;fl/s x'G5 . zflGtsf] s'g} dfu x'Fb}g . zflGtsf]
dfuaf6 csf]{ czflGt x'G5 . zflGtsf] r]i6f ugf{n] emg\ czflGt NofpF5 lsgeg] zflGtsf] dfu klg
jf;gf jf OR5f g} xf] . df]If dfUg ;lsFb}g lsgeg]] ha;Dd dfu x'G5 ta;Dd aGwg x'G5 . df]If /
aGwgsf] ldng x'g ;Sb}g ha aGwg /xFb}g ta df]If k|fKt x'G5 . xfdL k/dfTdfnfO{ rfxg ;Sb}gf“}+
lsgeg]] rfxgf g} k/dfTdf / xfd|flar afwf x'G5 . rfxgf / jf;gfsf] gfd ;+;f/ xf] . 1fg df}g
x'G5 d'v/ x'Fb}g . 1fgdf zAb;d]t x'Fb}g, of] t z"Go x'G5 . To;}n] dgnfO{ zfGt u/ eGg' klg
efiffut q'l6 xf] lsgeg]] dg zfGt x'Fb}g / czflGtsf] gfd g} dg xf] . hxfF rfxgf x'Fb}g ToxfF
k/dfTdf x'G5 / hxfF rfxgf 5 ToxfF ;+;f/ 5 . To;}n] k/dfTdfsf] rfxgf x'g} ;Sb}g .
of] k"/f hLjg c1fgsf] o1 xf] hf] rln/x]sf] 5 . xfdL k/dfTdfsf] k|fy{gf klg s]xL kfpgsf
nflu jf;gfk"j{s ub{5f}+ . dfu / k|fy{gfsf] s'g} d]n x'Fb}g . k|fy{gf wGojfb xf], dfu xf]Og . h] k|fKt
ePsf] 5 To;sf nflu k/dfTdfk|lt s[t1tf 1fkg ug{' k|fy{gf xf] . >Ls[i0f b|Joo1 eGbf 1fgo1

nf]suLtf– 169
cWofo–$
pQd xf] eGg'x'G5 . 1fgo1sf] cy{ jf;gfsf] w'jfFaf6 d'Qm x'g' xf], hxfF jf;gf w'jfF/lxt eP/
hNb5, ToxfF r]tgfsf] Hof]lt dfq x'G5 . o:tf] 1fgsf] Hof]lt ha JolQmdf aNb5 ta jf;gfsf] w'jfF
sxLF st} x'Fb}g . ToxfF s'g} dfu x'Fb}g, k/d t[lKt x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û eljiosf af/]df
g;f]r]/ jf;gf Pjd\ ;kgf klg 5f]8]/ cGttM cfkm"nfO{ klg 5f]8 . o;/L afFr ls k/dfTdf g} ltdL
leq afFlr/x]sf] 5≤ o:tf] hfg ls k/dfTdf rf/}lt/ pkl:yt 5 / pm g} ;a} ul//x]sf] 5 . t;y{
ToxL u/ h;/L k/dfTdfn] ltdLaf6 u/fpF5 . o;/L sd{ u/ ls k/dfTdfsf] xft g} rf/}lt/
km}ln/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf 1fgo1 3l6t x'G5, of] lbJo1fg g} o1sf] clGtd uGtJo /
k/dd'lQm xf] . c1fg aGwg xf] / 1fg d'lQm xf] . c1fg ?U0ftf xf] / 1fg :j:ytf xf] .
tlål4 k|l0fkft]g kl/k|Zg]g ;]jof .
pkb]IolGt t] 1fg+ 1flgg:tŒjblz{gM ..#$..
u'?sf ;lGgs6 /x]/ ljgd|tfk"j{s lgisk6 efjn] u'?sf] ;]jf ub}{ cfˆgf lh1f;f /fv .
u'?nfO{ /fd|/L b08jt\ k|0ffd u/]df, pgsf] ;]jf u/]df / sk6 5f]8]/ >4fk"j{s k|Zg u/]df u'?n]
k/dfTdftŒjnfO{ /fd|/L hfGg]jfnf 1fgL dxfTdf, ltdLnfO{ oyfy{ 1fgsf] pkb]z ug]{ 5g\ ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– b08jt\ u/]/ ljgd|tfk"j{s k|Zg ;f]lwof] eg] 1fgLhgn] oyfy{ 1fg k|s6
ul/lbg] 5g\ . k|Zg ;f]Wg] tl/sf ljljw x'g ;S5g\ . tLdWo] ;ljgo k|0ffd ub}{ k|Zg ;f]Wg] JolQm
cfh la/n} kfOG5g\ . clwsf+z k|Zg s't"xntfk"j{s ;f]lwG5 . s't"xntfk"j{s ;f]lwPsf k|Zg ;f]Wgsf
nflu dfq ;f]lwG5g\ / To:tf k|Zgdf pQ/sf] vf;} pT;'stf x'Fb}g . To;}n] sf}t"xnn] el/Psf k|Zg
g;f]w]/ b08jt\ k|0ffd u/]/ k|Zg ;f]Wg'k5{ . s't"xntfk"j{s ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] hjfkm hfGg]
JolQmx¿n] To;} cg';f/ lbG5g\ . cfb/ tyf >4fefj k|s6 gu/Lsg lh1f;f /fVg' ;fy{s lh1f;f
xf]Og . ltvf{Psf] JolQm gbLdf gem'sL kfgL lkpg rfxG5 eg] gbLn] kfgL lkofpg ;Sb}g . ltvf{
d]6fpg] xf] eg] JolQmn] em's]/ c~h'nLdf kfgL p7fP/ lkpg'k5{ .
To;}n] 1fgsf] wf/fnfO{ b08jt\ u/]/ em's]/ k|fKt ug{'k5{ . cxÍf/df /x]/ 1fg k|fKt ug{
;Dej x'Fb}g lsgeg]] hf] em'Sg hfGb}g, To;df 1fgsf nflu :yfg klg x'Fb}g . gbLdf gem'sL kfgL
lkpg g;s] h:t} cxª\sf/L JolQmn] 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . b08jt\ ug{' k|tLsfTds xf] . ljgd|
efjn] cxª\sf/ z"Go ePdf dfq Åbosf] åf/ v'Nb5 / ToxL v'Nnfkgdf 1fg k/:k/ cfbfgk|bfg x'g
;S5 . To;}n] cxª\sf/n] o'Qm dflg;n] ;f]w]sf k|Zgsf] pQ/ 1fgLhg lbFb}gg\ . lziosf] cy{ v'Nnf
¿kdf l;Sg tof/ x'g] JolQm xf] . lziosf] cy{ lzIffyL{ xf], lzIffyL{ x'gsf nflu p;n] em'Sg tof/
x'g'k5{ lsgeg]] ljgd|tfaf6 g} åf/ v'Nb5 .
b08jt\ k|0ffd u/]/ ljgd|tfk"j{s k|Zg ;f]Wg] JolQmn] d c1fgL x'F egL :jLsf/ ub{5 .
p;nfO{ cfˆgf] c1fgtfsf] af]w x'G5 . t/ cxÍf/df 1fgsf] af]w x'Fb}g . em'Sgsf nflu 7'nf] ;fdYo{
rflxG5 . ljgd|tfk"j{s em'Sg] JolQm l/Qm x'G5 / ToxL l/Qmtfdf k/dfTdf k|j]z u5{ . a'4 eGg'x'G5–
sltko kfgLsf efF8fx¿ jiff{df klg l/Qm x'G5g\ lsgeg]] tL efF8f pN6f] 3f]K6\ofP/ /flvPsf x'G5g\ .
kfgL el/gsf nflu efF8fnfO{ ;'N6f] /fVg'k5{ . To:t} lziox¿n] klg cxÍf/d'Qm eP/ l;Sg vf]h]
dfq l;Sg ;S5 . …b08jt\Ú ug'{sf] cy{ cfˆgf] tkm{af6 ;a} cfsfª\Iff, cxÍf/, jf;gf 5f]8L vfnL
eP/ l;Sg tof/ x'g' xf] . o:tf] If0fdf k|Zg d'lQmsf] Kof; aG5 / of] ¿kfGtl/t x'gsf nflu
;f]lwPsf] x'G5 . b08jt\ ubf{ 1fgL u'?sf] r/0f:kz{ ug{'k5{ . o;/L b08jt\ ubf{ k|fy{gf 3l6t x'G5 .
b08jt\ k|0ffd j}1flgs b[li6af6 rn]sf] k/Dk/f lyof] . k|To]s JolQmsf] z/L/ ljB't\ pmhf{n] el/Psf]
x'G5 / of] ljB't\ pmhf{ z+Sjfsf/ -Conical_ ¿kn] xft / uf]8fsf cf}+nfx¿af6 axG5 . ha s'g}

nf]suLtf– 170
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1fgL k/dl:yltdf k'Ub5, ta p;sf] pmhf{ k/dfTdfsf] g} pmhf{ x'G5 . To:tf 1fgLsf r/0fdf lz/
/fVbf 1fgLdf /x]sf] ljB't\ pmhf{ k|jflxt eP/ ljgLt lziosf] lz/af6 z/L/df k|j]z u5{ . ;fy}
1fgLsf xftaf6 aUg] pmhf{ cfzLjf{bsf] ¿kdf r/0f:kz{ ug]{ JolQmsf] lz/df k|jflxt x'G5 . To;}n]
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ltdLn] klg b08jt\ k|0ffdsf] oyfy{ a'em]/ cfˆgf] k|Zg /fVof} eg]
1fgsf] wf/f ltdLlt/ k|jflxt x'g] 5 .
k|Zg ug{' eg]sf] s]xL kfpg] rfxgf xf] / olb s]xL glbO{ k|Zg ul/of] eg] pm pQ/ kfpg]
clwsf/L klg x'Fb}g . dfUg] xs To;nfO{ k|fKt x'G5 h;n] pbf/tfk"j{s s]xL lbg ;S5 . k|frLg
wf/0ffg';f/ l;w} k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsFb}gYof] lsgeg]] lj/f6\sf] k|Zg l;w} ;f]w]/ pQ/ kfpg ;lsFb}g .
To;}n] o:tf] k|Zg ;]jf / lgisk6 efjaf6 dfq ;f]lwg'k5{ . k|frLg ;dodf lzion] klxn] t
jiff}{“;Dd u'?sf] ;]jf ug{'kYof{] . u'?sf nflu cfjZos kmn, km"n, ;ldwf, s'z cflb hËnaf6
Nofpg'kYof]{ / r/0fsf] ;]jf ug{'kYof{] . u'?n] k|;Gg eP/ ;f]Wg] cj;/ k|bfg u/]kl5 dfq k|Zg
;f]lwGYof] . o;sf nflu w}o{sf] cfjZostf kYof{] . u'?n] ;f]w eg]/ cfb]z lbPkl5 aNn u'? s]xL
lbgsf nflu tof/ x'Gy] . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch'{g Û ;]jfk"j{s lgisk6 efjn] k|Zg ;f]w
;]jfdf klg sk6 efj / n]gb]g x'g] ePsfn] lgisk6 eP/ k|Zg ;f]Wg ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5 .
oH1fTjf gk'gdf]{xd]j+ of:ol; kf08j .
o]g e"tfGoz]if]0f b|Io:ofTdGoyf] dlo ..#%..
o; k|sf/sf] lbJo1fg k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 ltdL k'gM df]xdf kg]{ 5}gf} lsgeg]] of] 1fgaf6 ltdLn]
;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLx¿ lgMz]if efjn] klxn] cfkm"df clg kl5 d ;lRrbfgGb3g k/dfTdfdf b]Vg] 5f} ..
1fgsf] klxnf] cf3ft df]xdf / klxnf] rf]6 ddTjdf x'G5 . df]x / ddTj labf x'g] lalQs}
cGwsf/ ljnLg eP/ 1fgsf] klxnf] ls/0f km'6]/ ;"of]{bo x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ;Dos\
k|sf/n] ljgd|tfk"j{s ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgsf] pQ/df 1fgLhgaf6 h'g s'/f k|fKt x'G5 To;af6 df]xsf]
gfz x'G5 . df]xsf] cy{ d afFlr/x"F / ;dfKt gx"F eGg] xf] . k|d'v df]x lhhLljiff xf], cGo ;a} df]x
o;s} cf;kf; x'G5g\ . wgsf] df]xsf] h8 cfkm"nfO{ arfP/ /fVgsf nflu x'G5 . wg geP s;/L
afFRg] eGg] efj / wgaf6 afFRg] r]i6f df]xsf sf/0fn] x'G5 . cem ulx/fOdf x]g]{ xf] eg] df]x d[To'sf]
lj?4df ul/g] ;‹if{ xf] . klt–kTgL larsf] df]x nufot ;a} df]x ;'/Iffsf pkfo x'g\ . df]x
ulx/fOdf afFRg] pkfosf] vf]HfL xf] / afFsL ;a} cfsfª\Iffx¿ o;} cfsfª\Iffaf6 k}bf x'G5g\ .
af6fdf xftuf]8f ;a} uln;s]sf ul/a klg afFlr/x]sf x'G5g\ . To;a]nf dgdf k|Zg p7\5–
o:tf] cj:yfdf klg oL lsg afFr]sf xf]nfg\, pgLx¿ klg ToxL df]xdf 5g\ h'g df]xdf xfdL 5f}+ .
cËxLg xf];\ jf cË ulnt xf];\ afFRg] OR5f db}{g / ;b}j /xG5 . sf]xL klg afFRg] df]xaf6 d'Qm
5}gg\, j[4x¿ ;d]t o; df]xaf6 cnlUug ;Sb}gg\ . Pp6f c/]laog syf 5– Ps hgf ul/a bfp/]
hËnaf6 bfp/f sf6]/ Tof] ef/L gu/tkm{ nu]/ a]RYof] . Ps lbg Tof] bfp/fsf] ef/L af]Sg sl7g
eof] / lbSs dfg]/ k/dfTdfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ si6k"j{s o;/L afFRg'eGbf t d[To' g} cfP x'GYof]
eGof] . d[To' ToxL af6f] cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ub}{ lyof] . bfp/]sf] b'v b]v]/ d[To'sf] dgdf bof hfUof] / p;n]
bfp/]nfO{ eGof]– ltdLn] ofb u/]sfn] d cfOk'u]+,“ ltd|f nflu d s] ug{ ;S5' . bfp/]n] eGof]– c¿
s]xL rflxFb}g, 6fpsfsf] ef/L tn la;fpg d2t ul/lbFbf k'U5 .
k/dfTdfn] xfd|f] k|fy{gf ;'g] eg] xfdL k|fy{gf ug}{ 5f]8\5f“}+ . ha;Dd ;'Gb}gg\ ta;Dd k|fy{gf
ul//xG5f“}+ . k"/f ul/lbP eg] klg xfd|f] u'gf;f] jf dfu gofF x'G5 . s'g} JolQm eG5g\– x] k|e' Û ca t
p7fpm . o;sf] dtna ;fFRr} g} p7fpg] geO{ t8\kfpg] 9Ën] g/fv eGg] xf] . sf]xL klg csfndf

nf]suLtf– 171
cWofo–$
dg{ rfxFb}gg\ . hLjgdf uxg b'v x'g] JolQmx¿ cfTdxTof ug{ klg ;S5g\ . of] k/dfTdf k|ltsf]
ulx/f] u'gf;f] / /fd|f] hLjgsf] vf]h xf] . hLjgsf] df]x h:t} wgdf klg df]x x'G5 lsgeg]] wgljgf
afFRg sl7g x'G5 . wgdf df]x x'g] JolQmsf] k/dfTdfdf df]x x'Fb}g k/dfTdfdf df]x x'g] JolQmnfO{
wgsf] df]x x'Fb}g .
df]xDdb lbge/ hDdf ePsf] k};f /ftL ;a} afF8\g'x'GYof] / ef]lnsf af/]df s] ug{'k5{ eg]/
p;nfO{ g} yfxf 5 eGg'x'GYof] . df]xDdbeGbf ckl/u|xL JolQm ;+;f/df c¿ sf]xL ePgg\ . b}lgs
laxfgb]lv ;fFem;Dd kl/u|xL / /ftdf ckl/u|xL aGg' c;fdfGo s'/f xf] . a'4 / dxfjL/n] t Psk6s
5f8\g'eof] t/ df]xDdbn] ;ª\u|lxt wg b}lgs afF8\g'eof] . pxfF dg]{ /ftdf kTgLn] cf}iflwsf nflu %
lbgf/ n'sfP/ /fVg'ePsf] lyof] . /flt !@ ah] df]xDdb 56k6fP/ a]r}g x'g'eof] / kTgLnfO{
eGg'eof]– cfh 3/df k};f 5 To;}n] d ckl/u|xL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g“ . k/dfTdfn] dnfO{ dg]{ a]nfdf
lsg gfl:ts eof} eg]/ ;f]Wg] 5g\ . pxfFn] kTgLnfO{ eGg'eof]– cfh ltdLdf df]x k}bf ePsf] 5
To;}sf] sf/0fn] eoeLt 5\of} . ltdL;Fu ePsf] k};f afF8]/ cfpm . olt /ftL k};f d s;nfO{ afF8"F
eg]/ kTgLn] ;f]lwg\ . df]xDdbn] eGg'eof]– h;n] afF8 eg]/ dnfO{ cfb]z lbPsf 5g\ pgn] g}
s;}nfO{ lng klg k7fpg] 5g\ . kTgL aflx/ uOg\ ToxfF Pshgf dfUg] åf/df v8f lyP . afF8]/ ha
kTgL leq cfOg\ Toltv]/ g} df]xDdbn] k|f0f TofUg'eof] . hfGg] JolQmx¿ eG5g\– df]xDdb
ToltGh]n;Dd ToxL kfFr lbgf/ afF8\gsf nflu afFRg'ePsf] lyof] . kTgLn] klg kfFr lbgf/ arfPsf]
df]xsf sf/0fn] xf] . xfdL ;a} klg hLjgsf] df]xsf sf/0f eoeLt 5f}+“ / arfpg] k|of; ul//xG5f“}+ .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– 1fgsf] wf/f ha aU5 To;n] ;a}eGbf klxn] df]xnfO{ gi6 u5{ . 1fgn] df]x gi6
u5{ lsgeg]] df]x c1fg xf] . df]x c1fg xf] / o;sf] lj:tf/ cgGt 5 . df]x hlt km}lnG5 plt g}
b'v NofpF5 .
1fgsf] klxnf] wf/fn] lxpF ag]/ hd]sf] df]x kufNg yfN5 . ha df]x ;dfKt x'G5, ta
JolQmn] hfGb5 ls d h;nfO{ arfO/x]sf] lyPF Tof] t arfpgof]Uo g} lyPg . cxª\sf/n] df]x k}bf
x'g] ePsf]n] ha;Dd cxª\sf/ klUnb}g ta;Dd df]x gi6 x'Fb}g . cxÍf/df k|]d pTkGg x'g ;Sb}g .
df]x / k|]d ljk/Lt s'/f x'g\ . ha df]x ;dfKt x'G5, ta k|]d l;lh{G5 . xfdL df]xnfO{ k|]d eg]/
cfk}mnfO{ wf]sf lbg vf]H5f“}+ t/ k|]d t df]xeGbf ljk/Lt xf] . k|]d k/dfTdfsf] cg'ej ePkl5 dfq
x'G5, cfkm" xf]OGh]n df]x x'G5 / cfk"m ld6]kl5 k|]d 3l6t x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ha
df]x gi6 x'G5 ta JolQm ;lRrbfgGb3gdf Psfsf/ x'G5 . k/dfTdf / JolQmlarsf] e]b g} df]x xf] .
df]x ;dfKt x'gf;fy JolQm k/dfTdf g} x'G5 . ce]bsf] l:ylt JolQmsf] k|f0f / Åboaf6 p7\g'k5{ .
1fgsf] wf/fdf df]x 6'6\5 / JolQm k/ddf ;dflxt x'G5 . ToxL hLjgsf] k/d Wo]o / clGtd
;Tok|flKtsf] cj:yf xf] . To;}n] t >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– 1fg ePsf] 7fpFdf b08jt\ k|0ffd u/]/ ljgd|
efjn] hfGg vf]Hg'k5{ lsgeg]] df]xsf] lgzfnfO{ 1fgwf/fn] dfq ;dfKt u5{ / JolQm k/ddf l:yt
x'G5 . 1fgdf 8'a]sf] JolQmn] ;a} k|f0fLx¿df ;lRrbfgGb k/dfTdf b]Vg ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf 9'Ëf,
k[YjL, cfsfz ;a}lt/ h] b]lvG5g\ TfL ;a} k/dfTdfsf ¿k nfUg] 5g\ .
xfdL jl/kl/ h] b]Vb5f}F Tof] kbfy{ xf] eGg] dfGb5f}F . kbfy{sf] cy{ h;df cfsf/ 5 lg/fsf/
5}g≤ j:t' 5, cfTdf 5}g≤ cl:tTj 5 JolQmTj 5}g / cl:tTjjfg\ 5 t/ hLjg 5}g eGg] xf] . xfdL
h:tf 5f}+“ To:t} b]V5f}+“ . xfdLnfO{ leq k/dfTdf 5 eg]/ yfxf 5}g Tof] klg xfd|f] dfGotf dfq xf],
ulx/fOdf xfdL cfkm"nfO{ z/L/ 7fG5f}+“ . xfdL cfˆgf af/]df hlt hfGb5f}+“, To;eGbf a9L c¿sf
af/]df hfGg ;Sb}gf“}+ . hut\ xfd|f nflu bk{0f xf] / xfdL cfˆgf] cg'xf/ To;df b]V5f}F . olb 9'Ëfdf

nf]suLtf– 172
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9'Ëf dfq b]lvG5 eg] z/L/eGbf a9L xfdLnfO{ s]xL klg yfxf 5}g . h'g lbg 1fgsf] k|sfz hfUb5
ToxL lbg e|d 6'6]/ df]x ;dfKt x'G5 / :jod\sf] r]tgfsf] af]w x'G5 ta ;f/f hut\ r}tGodo
b]lvG5 . leq d r]tgf x'F eg]/ hfGg] lalQs} o'uky ;f/f hut\ r]tgfdo b]lvG5 . km]l/ ;a}
k|f0fLx¿df ;lRrbfgGbsf] bz{g x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf sxL+ st} b'v afFsL /xFb}g / ;a} lk|o nfUg
yfN5 . o; cj:yfdf k'Ug leqaf6 df]x ;dfKt x'g}k5{ lsgeg]] df]xsf] ;Ddf]xgn] xfdLnfO{ z/L/ /
huTf\nfO{ kbfy{ agfPsf] 5 . ;Ddf]xg 6'6]kl5 cfkm"leqsf] cfTdfsf] bz{g x'G5 / ;a}df /x]sf]
cfTdf¿kL k/dfTdf klg b]lvG5 .
1fgsf] cg'ejnfO{ ;lRrbfgGbsf] cg'ej elgG5 . 1fgsf] k|sfzdf tLg k|tLltx¿ x'G5g\–
;Tf\ lrt\ / cfgGb . ha ;t\ / lrt\sf] cg'ej x'G5 ta t];|f] cfgGb tTsfn kmlnt x'G5 . cxª\sf/
x6]/ leq / aflx/sf] r}tGo hfu[t x'g] lalQs} cfgGb kmlnt x'G5 . cfgGbsf] ljk/Lt s'g} zAb g}
5}g . cfgGb cå}tjfrL 5 . hxfF ;'v / b'vsf] cg'e"lt x'Fb}g ToxfF cfgGb dfq k|fKt x'G5 . To;}n]
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– 1fgsf] k|flKt x'g] lalQs} ;Tf\, lrTf\ / cfgGb ¿kdf JolQm nLg x'G5 . k/dfTdfsf
nflu ;lRrbfgGb sdeGbf sd q'l6k"0f{ ;Daf]wgsf] efiff xf] . ;lRrbfgGbsf] cg'e"lt ePsf JolQm
k/dfTdfdf k|fKt x'G5g\ .
clk r]bl; kfk]EoM ;j]{EoM kfks[QdM .
;j{+ 1fgKnj]g}j j[lhg+ ;Gtl/iol; ..#^..
olb ltdL ;a} kfkLx¿eGbf klg dxfkfkL 5f} eg] klg lbJo 1fg¿kL 8'Fufåf/f ltdL lgM;Gb]x
b'vsf] ;fu/nfO{ ;lhn} kf/ ug{ ;S5f} ..
oy}wf+l; ;ld4f]˜lUge{:d;fTs'?t]˜h{'gM .
1fgflUgM ;j{sdf{l0f e:d;fTs'?t] tyf ..#&..
lsgeg] x] ch''{g Û h;/L hln/x]sf] cfuf]n] ;'s]sf] bfp/fnfO{ v/fgL agfpF5, To;}u/L ;Dk""0f{
ef}lts sd{sf kmnx¿nfO{ 1fg¿kL clUgn] ;lhn} 89fpF5 ..
of] k|Zg ;gftgb]lv ;b}j ;f]lwPsf] 5 . dg'iodf cgGt hGdsf] kfksf] >[Înf 5 . o:tf]
lj/f6\ / nfdf] kfksf] >[ÎnfnfO{ 1fgsf] Pp6f ls/0fn] s;/L ;dfKt ug{ ;S5 < gLlt1nfO{ of] k|Zg
;f]Wof] eg] pgLx¿n] JolQmn] hlt kfk u/]sf 5g\ Tolt g} k'0o ug{'k5{ eg]/ ;'emfj lbG5g\ .
pgLx¿ Ps Ps kfknfO{ Ps Ps k'0on] sf6\g'k5{ eGb5g\ . o;f] ubf{ d'lQm c;Dej x'G5 lsgeg]]
cgGt >[Înfdf ul/Psf] kfknfO{ sf6\g klg cgGt k'0o ug{'k5{ / csf]{ k'0o ug{sf nflu k'gM kfk
ug{'k5{ . Pp6f JolQmn] c:ktfn agfpgsf nflu vr{ ug]{ wg p;n] unt af6f]af6 sdfP/ dfq
vr{ ug{ ;S5 . dlGb/ agfpg c¿nfO{ r';]/ wg sdfPkl5 dfq agfpg ;Dej x'G5 . Pp6f
JolQmn] afFRg] qmddf k'0o ug{sf nflu xhf/f}F kfk ug'{k5{ . lxF8\bf, a:bf, af]Nbf, Zjf; lnFbf klg
lx+;f eP/ kfk x'G5 . j}1flgsx¿ eG5g\– Psk6s Zjf; lnFbf Ps nfv hLjf0f' gi6 x'G5g\ .
Psk6s cf]7 cf]7df ldnfpFbf Ps nfv ;"Id hLjf0f' gi6 x'G5g\ . s;};Fu r'Dag lnFbf nfvf}+
hLjf0f' gi6 x'G5g\ . To;}n] afFRg] qmddf g} kfk pTkGg x'G5 / k'0o ug{sf nflu kfk gu/L ;Dej
xF'b}g . t;y{ k'0oaf6 dfq kfk s6\g ;Sb}g .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ltdL dxfkfkL 5f} eg] klg 1fgsf] Pp6f wf/fn] ltd|f ;a} kfk gi6 ug]{
5 . o;sf] cy{ kfksf] s'g} ;3gtf x'Fb}g, kfk cFWof/f] h:tf] xf] / k|sfz hnfpg] lalQs} cFWof/f]
ljnLg x'G5 . cgGt cGwsf/n] cgGt k|sfz afn]kl5 dfq d x6\g] 5' eGb}g . Pp6f bLk k|Hjlnt
ug]{ lalQs} xhf/f}+ jif{b]lvsf] cGwsf/ Ps kndf ljnLg x'G5 . kfknfO{ k'0oaf6 sf6\g ;lsFb}g

nf]suLtf– 173
cWofo–$
lsgeg]] k'0o klg ;"Id kfk ljgf x'g ;Sb}g . kfknfO{ t s]jn 1fgn] dfq ;dfKt kfg{ ;lsG5
lsgeg]] 1fgsf] cj:yfdf kfk 36\g ;Sb}g . 1fg s'g} s[To xf]Og, of] cg'ej xf] . 1fgsf] Hof]ltn]
cxª\sf/nfO{ hnfpF5 . ha d g} afFsL /xFb}g ta d}n] u/]sf] kfk klg afFsL /xb}g . kfk ;kgf
h:tf] xf] hf] p7\g] lalQs} ljnLg x'G5 . To:t} k'0o klg ;kgf h:tf] xf], To;}n] ;kgfaf6 ;kgf
sf6\g ;lsFb}g . t;y{ >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– ltdL hlt;'s} 7'nf] kfkL eP klg 1fgsf] Ps
ls/0fn] ltd|f] kfknfO{ ;kgfh:tf] aufP/ n}hfG5 / k|sfz¿kL Hof]ltn] ltd|f] cGwsf/¿kL ;a}
kfknfO{ gi6 ug]{ 5 .
lxGb" u|Gyx¿ ha klZrddf cg'jflbt eP/ k'Uf] ta hd{gsf ljrf/s ;f]k]gxfj/ (Arthur
Schopenhauer) h:tf JolQmnfO{ klg a'‰g ufx|f] eof] . g}ltsjfbLn] ltgnfO{ cg}lts u|Gy;Dd
eg] . lqmlZrog wd{af6 lxGb" u|GynfO{ a'‰g ;lsGg . pgLx¿n] Ps If0fdf kfk ;dfKt x'G5 eg]/
ljZjf; ug{ ;Sb}gg\ lsgeg] lqmlZrog wd{n] kfknfO{ 7'nf] d"No lbPsf] 5 . >Ls[i0f klxn] k|sfzsf]
vf]hL u/, clg h] kfpg vf]h]sf xf} Tof] kfpg] 5f} / h] 5f]8\g rfxG5f} Tof] 5'6\g] 5 eGg'x'G5 . lxGb"
lrGtg cg}lts xf]Og clt g}lts 5 . of] >Ls[i0fsf] jQmJo gLlt–cgLlt eGbf kf/ 5 .
g lx 1fg]g ;b[z+ kljqldx ljBt] .
tT:jo+ of]u;+l;4M sfn]gfTdlg ljGblt ..#*..
o; ;+;f/df lgM;Gb]x 1fg;dfg kljq ug]{ c¿ s]xL 5}g . slt sfnkl5 sd{ of]uåf/f
cGt:s/0f z'4 ePsf] JolQmn] ;doqmddf cfkm"leq g} Tof] 1fgsf] cg'ej u5{ / /;f:jfbg ub{5 ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– 1fgeGbf >]i7 / kljq ;|f]t c¿ s'g} 5}g . 1fg cd[t / d'lQm xf] . 1fg
k|fKt ePsf] JolQm cfTdfdf k|j]z u5{ . dg'io jf;gfsf] sf/0f ckljq 5 lsgeg] sfdgf p7\g]
lalQs} dg ckljq x'G5 . dgdf OR5f hfUg] lalQs} Hj/ cfP/ lrQ sDkgzLn eO{ JolQm c:j:Yo
x'G5 . sfdgf g} c:j:Yotf / ckljqtf xf] . dgdf rfxgf p7\g] lalQs} zflGt x/fpF5 / czflGt
k|f/De x'G5 . rfxgfn] bLgtf pTkGg u/fpFbf lrQdf O{iof{ pTkGg x'G5 . jf;gf p7\g] lalQs}
lx+;fsf] efj hfUb5 clg cGwf]kg cfpF5 / Tof] jf;gf k"/f ug{ c:j:Yo bf}8 ;''? x'G5 . jf;gf k"/f
eP klg b'v cfpF5 / k"/f geP t emg\ c;Gt'li6 dfq cfpF5 .
Ps hgf dgf]j}1flgs kfunx¿sf] cWoogsf qmddf kfunvfgfdf uP . ToxfF pgn] o:tf]
b[Zo b]v] hxfF Pp6f JolQm t:jL/ xftdf lnP/ /f]O/x]sf] lyof] . p;sf] kfunkgsf] sf/0f
lrlsT;s;Fu pgn] ;f]Wbf lrlsT;sn] tl:a/df ePsL :qL;Fu p;sf] k|]d ePsf] / pgL;Fu ljjfx
ug{ gkfPkl5 pm kfun ePsf] atfP . dgf]j}1flgs k'gM csf]{ sf]7fdf uP . ToxfF Pp6f kfun cfˆg}
skfn tfg]/ cfkm"nfO{ g} lk6\b} lyof] . p;sf] kfunkgsf] sf/0f klg dgf]j}1flgsn] lrlsT;s;Fu
;f]w] . pgn] eg]– o; dflg;nfO{ ToxL :qL k|fKt eO{ hf] klxnf] JolQmn] kfpg ;s]g / ToxL :qLsf
sf/0fn] g} of] JolQm kfun ePsf] xf] . Pp6f JolQm h;nfO{ p;n] rfXof] To;nfO{ gkfP/ kfun
eof] / csf]{ JolQm h;nfO{ p;n] kTgLsf] ¿kdf kfof] To;}sf sf/0fn] kfun eof] . rfxgf l7s
o:t} x'G5 . jf;gf, rfxgf, OR5f o:tf] ls/f xf] h;n] leq kmf]x/ dfq hDdf u5{ .
1fg plqg] lalQs} OR5f, jf;gf, rfxgf ;a} gi6 x'G5 . 1fgLsf] dfu g} ;dfKt ePsf]n] h]
k|fKt 5 To;}df k/dfTdfnfO{ wGojfb lbP/ ;Gt'i6 x'G5 . 1fgLsf nflu jt{dfg g} kof{Kt 5, pm
eljiosf nflu bf}l8Fb}g . xfdLnfO{ k/dfTdfn] h] lbPsf] 5 To;sf] s'g} d"No g} yfxf 5}g . xfdLnfO{
xft, uf]8f, cfFvf, sfg cflb k"0f{ cª\u k/dfTdfn] lbPsf] 5 h;sf nflu k/dfTdfk|lt cg'u|xsf]
efj klg b;f{pFb}gf“}+ lsgeg]] jf;gfn] xfdLnfO{ Tof] x]g{ g} lbFb}g . jf;gfnfO{ h] 5 To;df /; x'Fb}g

nf]suLtf– 174
 cWofo–$
/ h] 5}g To;df dfq k|of]hg x'G5 . xfdL ;b}j cfkm";Fu /x]sf] cd"No lglwnfO{ ;lDemb}gf“}+ / 5'›sf
k5fl8 bf}l8/xG5f}+“ .
1fgn] jf;gfaf6 d'Qm u/fpF5 . hf] k|ltIf0f afFRb5 p;df z'4tf Pjd\ :jR5tf el/Psf]
x'G5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– 1fg h:tf] kljq tŒj s'g} 5}g . Tof] 1fg slt sfnkl5
sd{of]uåf/f cGt:s/0f z'4 ePsf] JolQmn] ;doqmddf cfk"mleq g} To;sf] cg'ej ub{5 /
/;f:jfbg ub{5 . Ps dfq kljq tŒj 1fg xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– 1fgeGbf dfly s]xL 5}g .
;f]qm]l6hn] klg eg]sf 5g\– 1fg dfq Pp6f ;b\u'0f xf] . cflTds c1fg ulx/f] gs{ xf] . cfTd1fg
>]i7td :ju{ xf] . :jod\sf] 1fgeGbf 7'nf] 1fg s]xL klg 5}g . 3/df uf8]sf] wgsf af/]df cfkm"nfO{
yfxf 5}g eg] To;sf] s'g} d"No geP h:t} h;n] cfTdfnfO{ hfGg ;Sb}g To;sf nflu hLjgsf] s'g}
d"No x'Fb}g . ha;Dd c1fg 5 ta;Dd cfTdfsf] cg'ej x'Fb}g / 1fg ePkl5 dfq cfTdfsf] cg'ej
x'G5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] :jod\nfO{ hfGb5 p;}n] cfTdf lrGb5 . wd{ lj1fg, ;flxTo, efiff s]xL
klg xf]Og, wd{ t cfˆgf] lghL cg'ej xf] . of] k|]d h:tf] x'G5, h;n] u5{ p;}nfO{ dfq yfxf x'G5 .
cfÎgf] hLjg tŒjnfO{ hfGg' 1fg xf] / 1fgkl5 h] k|fKt x'G5 Tof] k/dfTdf xf] .
>4fjfFNnet] 1fg+ tTk/M ;+ot]lGb|oM .
1fg+ nAWjf k/f+ zflGtdlr/]0fflwuR5lt ..#(..
cfˆgf OlG›ox¿nfO{ jzdf /fv]/ lbJo1fg k|fKt ug{ ;dlk{t >4fn' ;fwgk/fo0f JolQmn] g}
1fg k|fKt u5{ / Tof] 1fg k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 zL3| eujt\ k|flKt :j¿k cfWoflTds zflGt k|fKt ub{5 ..
lht]lG›o k'?ifn] >4fjfg\ lrQo'Qm eP/ 1fg k|fKt ub{5 / 1fgsf] dfWodaf6 k/d zflGt
k|fKt ub{5 . OlG›ox¿nfO{ h;n] lhTof] o:tf] k'?if >4fjfg\ x'G5 . OlG›onfO{ n8]/ x/fpg ;lsGg .
OlG›o;Fu n8\g] JolQm lht]lG›o x'g ;Sb}g . OlG›onfO{ lhTg] ;"q eg]sf] n8\g] jf bafpg] xf]Og a?
OlG›osf af/]df hfGg' xf] . h;n] OlG›onfO{ hfGb5 p;n] lht xfl;n u5{ / h;n] OlG›o;Fu n8\5
To;sf] xf/ lglZrt 5 . OlG›onfO{ bdg ubf{ OlG›o emg\ k|an x'G5 . qmf]w bafpFbf cem ulx/f]
lx+;fsf] ¿k lnP/ qmf]w k|s6 x'G5 . jf;gfnfO{ bafpg vf]Hbf cem ljs[t eP/ k|s6 x'G5 .
cxª\sf/ bafpg vf]lhof] eg] cem emflËP/ k|s6 x'G5 . h;n] bafpg vf]H5, p;n] o;nfO{ hfGg
;Sb}g . OlG›osf 1ftfn] dfq o;nfO{ jzdf /fVg ;S5g\ . >Ls[i0fn] cfˆgf OlG›ox¿nfO{ hfGg]
JolQm g} lht]lG›o k'?if xf] eGg'ePsf] 5 . 1fgdf OlG›o b'a{n x'G5 / c1fgdf k|an x'G5 .
OlG›onfO{ hfGg] JolQm o;sf] dflns aGg ;S5 . kmn:j¿k qmf]w Ifdf aGg ;S5, sfd a|Xdro{
aGg ;S5, nf]e bfg aGg ;S5 / 3[0ff k|]ddf ¿kfGtl/t x'g ;S5 . lht]lG›osf] cy{ OlG›onfO{
hfGg' / o;sf] dflns aGg' xf] .
o; hut\df 1fg Wofgaf6 pknAw x'G5 . Wofgsf] cy{ vf]h]sf] j:t'nfO{ k/ a;]/ ;fIfL
efjn] x]g{' / To;df ;lDdlnt gx'g' xf] . h'g OlG›o;Fu xfd|f] PsfTdstf x'G5 To;nfO{ xfdL hfGg
;Sb}gf}+ . hfGgsf nflu ;fIfLefjn] x]g{'k5{ . OlG›osf] /;df ;+nUg ePdf OlG›osf af/]df hfGg
;lsFb}g . l/; p7\bf 6f9f a;]/ To;nfO{ x]g{ ;lsof] eg] dfq qmf]wsf] /;sf af/]df hfGg ;lsG5 .
h'g OlGb|ok|lt hlt Wofg u¥of] Tolt g} xfd|f OlG›o cfˆgf jzdf x'G5g\ . hxfF 1fgsf] k|sfz k5{,
ToxfF OlG›on] cfˆgf] :jfdLkg 5f]8\g yfN5 . sfdjf;gfnfO{ h;n] hfGof] Tof] JolQm sfdft'/ x'g
;Sb}g . nf]enfO{ a'‰g] JolQm klg nf]eL x'g ;Sb}g . OlG›osf] af/]df Wofg lbg]lalQs} logLx¿sf
k|efjaf6 d'Qm eOG5 . xfdL hGd hGdfGt/b]lv OlG›osf] k|efjsf sf/0f ef]udf ;+nUg 5f}+“ . To;}n]
xfdL c1fgL eP/ el8\s/x]sf 5f}+ . xfdLdf ;fIfL efj hfu[t x'g]lalQs} xfd|f] Tof] :jefj jf qmf]wsf]

nf]suLtf– 175
cWofo–$
pmhf{ Ifdfdf ablnG5 . sfdjf;gfsf] pmhf{ a|Xdro{df / Wofgdf ¿kfGtl/t x'G5 / Wofgaf6 1fg
k|fKt x'G5 . h;n] cfˆgf OlG›osf sfo{x¿nfO{ ;fIfLefjn] x]/]sf] 5 ToxL JolQm >Ls[i0fn]
eGg'ePsf] lht]lG›o k'?if xf] . o:tf lht]lG›o k'?if g} >4fjfg\ k'?if x'g\ hf] zflGtdf k|fKt x'G5g\ .
>4f Tof] JolQmdf x'G5 h;leq cljZjf; x'Fb}g . >4f ulx/fOsf] gfd xf] eg] ljZjf; ;txL
gfd xf] . hut\ ljZjf;n] rN5, t/ k/dfTdf >4fn] dfq rNb5 lsgeg] ljZjf; leq cljZjf;
klg x'G5 . >4fjfg\ JolQm ;+zoxLg x'G5 . ;+zo olb lh1f;f aGof] eg] Tof] >4f aGg ;S5 .
lh1f;f ePsf] JolQm >4fjfg\ x'G5 . >4fsf] cy{ ljZjf; / cljZjf; b'j} xf]Og . o;sf] cy{ d'Qm
dg–dl:tis xf] . >4fjfg\ JolQm v'Nnf x'G5 / k/dfTdf ;dIf v'Nnf dgn] >4fn] pkl:yt x'G5 .
>4fjfGf\;Fu s'g} l;4fGt, ljZjf; / zf:q x'Fb}g . p;n] cl:tTjnfO{ h:tfsf] To:t} :jLsf/ ub{5 .
c1fgLsf] ¿kdf pleP/ p;n] k|e'n] hxfF n}hfG5g\ ToxLF uGtJo / hxfF gfp 8'A5 ToxLF lsgf/f xf]
eG5 . o:tf] lrQbzf ePsf] JolQm >4fjfg\ xf] . ;fgf] aRrfn] cfˆgf cfdfa'afsf] xft ;dftL 9'Ss
eP/ lxF8] h:tf] >4fjfg\nfO{ cfˆgf] nIo, uGtJo s]xL yfxf x'Fb}g / k|e'n] hxfF n}hfG5g\ pm ToxLF
hfG5 . >4fjfg\ JolQmdf 1fgsf] bDe x'Fb}g . tyfslyt kl08tx¿ slxNo} >4fjfg\ x'Fb}gg\ lsgeg]]
pgLx¿n] c>4fsf sf/0fn] g} kfl08Tosf] hfn lkmhfPsf x'G5g\ . c;+zoL, ljgd|, lg/xÍf/L /
cfu|xz"Go JolQm dfq >4fjfg\ x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– lht]lG›o k'?if >4fjfg\ ePg eg] cxÍf/L x'g ;S5 . afXo k|s[ltnfO{
lht]/ d g} ;jf]{Rr zlQm ePF eg]/ lj1fgn] 7fg] h:t} OlG›onfO{ lht]/ JolQm >4fjfg\ x'g ;s]g
eg] To:t} e|ddf k5{ . >4f ePg eg] cGttM k|s[ltdfly ljho xfl;n u/]+ eGg] cxª\sf/ knfpg
;S5 . To;}n] t >Ls[i0f lht]lG›o k'?if eg]kl5 >4fjfg\ klg hf]8\g'x'G5 . o:tf k'?if g} cfTdfdf
pknAw x'G5g\ / k/dzflGt kfpF5g\ . zfGt lrQdf s'g} sDkg, pQ]hgf / ;+3if{ xF'b}g / df}g x'G5 .
zfGt JolQm ;'v / b'vaf6 kf/ x'G5 . ;'v / b'v kl/jt{gzLn x'G5g\ t/ k/d zflGtdf s'g}
pQ]hgf x'Fb}g / of] ckl/jt{gLo x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf] cj:yfdf lrQ k/d zfGt eP/ cfgGb kmlnt
x'G5 / JolQm k/d ;Qfdf k|j]z ub{5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– lht]lG›o >4fjfg\ k'?if zfGt dgsf ;fy
k/d ;Qfdf k|j]z u5{ .
c1Zrf>2wfgZr ;+zofTdf ljgZolt .
gfo+ nf]sf]˜l:t g k/f] g ;'v+ ;+zofTdgM ..$)..
ljj]sxLg, c1fgL, >4f gePsf] / zÍfn' JolQmsf] gfz x'G5 . o:tf] ;+zoL dg''iosf nflu g
of] nf]s 5, g k/nf]s 5, g t ;'v g} 5 ..
;+zou|:t dflg; ljgfzdf k'U5g\ . eujt\ k|]daf6 /lxt Pjd\ ;+zoLx¿ o; nf]s / k/nf]s
b'j}df si6 ef]U5g\ . ljgfz g} p;sf] lgolt x'G5 . eujt\ k|]dn] /lxt Pjd\ ;+zon] el/Psf JolQm
Ps} x'g\ . ;+zon] el/Psf] JolQmdf eujt\ k|]d x'Fb}g / eujt\ k|]d ePsf] JolQmdf ;+zo x'Fb}g t/
oL b'j}sf cfwf/ cnu–cnu ePsfn] >Ls[i0fn] o;nfO{ cnu–cnu eGg'ePsf] xf] . ;+zosf] cfwf/
dg xf] / eujt\ k|]dsf] cfwf/ cfTdf xf] . dgaf6 ;+zo x6]g eg] eujt\ k|]dsf] cÍ'/ cfTdfdf
knfpFb}g . ulx/fOdf b'j}n] Ps} cy{ /fV5g\ t/ b'j}sf] cleJolQmsf] cfwf/ leGg–leGg x'G5 .
cfTdfdf t ;+zo x'Fb}g t/ h;sf] dgdf ;+zo x'G5 p;nfO{ dg g} cfTdf h:tf] nfU5 . o:tf]
dgnfO{ cfTdf 7fGg] JolQm ljgfzlt/ pGd'v x'G5 .
;+zosf] cy{ clgZro, ;ÍNk/lxt / clg0f{o xf] . ;+zo lrQsf] Tof] bzf xf] hxfF dg of] jf
Tof] df 3'ld/xG5 . ha lrQ o:t} cj:yfdf ulx/f] ¿kdf el/G5, ta JolQm ljgfz pGd'v x'G5

nf]suLtf– 176
 cWofo–$
lsgeg]] o:tf] JolQmn] slxNo} s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g . k|ult jf l;h{gfsf nflu lg0f{o rflxG5 . o;
;+;f/df s]xL lgdf{0f / l;h{gf ug{ k"/f ;dflxt eP/ ;ÍNk gu/L x'g} ;Sb}g . ljgfz x'g jf
ktglt/ emg{ t ;+zon] el/Psf] lrQ dfq eP k'U5, s]xL ug}{ kb}{g≤ cfkm}+ ljgfz x'G5 . xfdL
kbfy{sf] h'g ;+;f/df 5f}+“ Tof] ;+zok"0f{ lrQsf] cj:yf xf] . ;+zok"0f{ lrQn] ;dosf] dxŒjaf]w
ub}{g . k|foM ;a}sf ;fd' Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ;do cfpF5, To;sf] af]w x'g ;s]g eg] cGttM p;n]
df}sf u'dfpF5 / d[To'df k'U5 . >Ls[i0f k/d cj;/sf] s'/f ub}{ ;+zon] cfTdf ljgfzlt/ efl;G5
eGg'x'G5 . hLjg Pp6f k/d cj;/ xf] h'g JolQmn] rfXof] eg] Tof] cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;S5 .
Tof] cj;/ cfgGb jf xiff]{Gdfbsf] cj;/ xf] . ;+zosf sf/0f xfdL Tof] k/d cj;/ k|fKt ug{
r'ls/x]sf x'G5f}+“ . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ;+zo, clg0f{o / clgZron] ljgfz dfq lgDTofpF5 .
ch{'g Hofb} ;+zon] el/Psf 5g\ . pgn] s] ug]{, s] gug]{ egL 7Dofpg} ;s]sf 5}gg\ / pgsf] lrQ
8fdf8f]n 5 .
cfGtl/s cfTdLotf hfGg' g} k|]d xf] . ha cl:tTjnfO{ k|]d ul/G5, ta k/dfTdfnfO{ hfGg
;lsG5 . eujt\ k|]dsf] cy{ g} h] 5 Tof] ;a} k/dfTdf xf] eg]/ hfGg' xf] . j:t'x¿sf] k|]daf6 pSn]/
cl:tTjsf] k|]ddf cfPkl5 k/dfTdfnfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . j:t'x¿k|ltsf] k|]d, JolQmx¿k|ltsf] k|]d
/ eujt\ k|]d qmdzM cwd, dWod / pTs[i6 x'g\ . JolQm;Fusf] k|]d lardf x'G5, pm tn cf]ln{of]
eg] j:t'sf] k|]ddf k'U5 / ;f/f hut\nfO{ s]jn j:t' b]Vb5 . dfly plSnof] eg] cl:tTjsf] k|]ddf
k'U5 / k/dfTdfsf] nf]s b]Vg ;S5 . ha pm dfly plSng tof/ x'G5 ta aNn eujt\ k|]dnfO{
hfGg ;S5 . JolQmsf] k|]d klg eujt\ k|]dsf] ;''?jft jf cfwf/ xf] . JolQmsf] k|]d ha Pp6f åf/
aG5 To;af6 k/dfTdf b]lvg z'¿ x'G5 . h;n] JolQmnfO{ k|]d ug{ ;Sb}g To;nfO{ eujt\ k|]d k|fKt
ug{ sl7g x'G5 .
eujt\ k|]dsf] cy{ ;f/f hut\ Pp6f JolQm xf], ;+;f/ g} eujfg\ xf] / cl:tTj klg eujfg\
xf] eg]/ hfGg' xf] . ;f/f cl:tTjnfO{ xfdL eujfg\ dfg]/ JolQmTj k|bfg ul//x]sf 5f}+“ . eQm Tof] xf]
h;n] ;f/f cl:tTjnfO{ Pp6} dfg]/ k|]d u5{ . eQmn] ;"o{, gbL, lkkn j[If nufot ;f/f cl:tTjnfO{
k/dfTdfsf] lx:;f dfg]/ em's]/ gd:sf/ u5{ . x/]s :yfgdf, ¿kdf / cfsf/df pxL k/dfTdf g}
hfg]/ k|]d ub{5 . eujt\ k|]ddf JolQm / k/dJolQmsf lar rrf{ Pjd\ ;+jfb cfbfgk|bfg x'g ;S5 .
o:tf] k|]ddf k|fy{gf 3l6t x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ;+zod'Qm eujt\ k|]dn] el/Psf] JolQm o; nf]sdf cfgGbdf 8'A5g\ /
k/nf]sdf klg cfgGbdf pknAw x'G5g\ . ;+zoL k'?if o; nf]sdf / k/nf]sdf klg b'v kfpF5 . b'v
xfd|f] cfh{g xf] t/ b'v kfpg' xfd|f] lgolt xf]Og . cfglGbt x'gsf nflu JolQm ;+zod'Qm eP/
k|e'sf] k|;fbaf6 el/g'k5{ . jiff{df vfN8fdf kfgL el/G5 t/ kxf8df el/Fb}g lsgeg]] vfN8f] vfnL
5 t/ kxf8 el/Psf] 5, l/Qm 5}g . ;+zon] el/Psf] JolQm;Fu ;+zosf] kxf8 x'G5 . >4f PSn}
cfpF5 / ;+zo le8df cfpF5 . ;+zosf] kxf8df kfgL eg{ kfOFb}g / ;+zo/lxt vfN8fdf kfgL
el/G5 . k|e'sf] k|;fb u|x0f ug{ l/Qm / z"Go x'g'k5{ . k|e'sf] k|;fb ;dfg ¿kdf ;a}df al;{/x]sf]
x'G5 . hf] ljgd| eP/ u|x0f u5{ To;n] k|e'sf] k|;fb k|fKt ub{5, hf] cxª\sf/n] o'Qm / ;+zoo'Qm
x'G5 Tof] vfnL x'G5 .

nf]suLtf– 177
cWofo–$
of]u;GGo:tsdf{0f+ 1fg;l~5Gg;+zod\ .
cfTdjGt+ g sdf{l0f lgaWglGt wg~ho ..$!..
x] wg~ho Û h;n] cfˆgf sd{of]usf] ljlwn] ;d:t sd{nfO{ k/dfTdfdf ck{0f u/]sf] 5 /
h;sf] ljj]såf/f ;d:t ;+zox¿ gfz ePsf 5g\ To:tf cfTd1fgL dflg;x¿ sd{kmnsf aGwgn]
afFlwFb}gg\ ..
hf] ;+zo/lxt eP/ cfˆgf] sd{ eujb\ ;]jfdf ck{0f ub{5 jf k|e'nfO{ ;dk{0f u5{ Tof] JolQm
sd{df afFlwFb}g eg]/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5 . k"0f{tfdf hf] z"Go eP/ ljgd| efjsf ;fy eujt\ k|]ddf
el/G5 o:tfnfO{ sd{n] afFWb}g . h;n] ;a} sd{ k/dfTdfnfO{ ;dk{0f u5{ p;nfO{ sd{sf] aGwg x'g}
;Sb}g . To:tf] cj:yfdf JolQm k|e'df lge{/ x'G5, ;a} lhDd]jf/L k|e'sf] g} x'G5 . ;dk{0f gug{'df
;a}eGbf 7'nf] afwf cxª\sf/ xf] . cxª\sf/df k|]dsf] åf/ slxNo} v'Nb}g . ;dk{0f cxª\sf/sf] k"0f{
lj;h{g xf] . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– hf] cfˆgf ;f/f sd{ k|e'df ljgd|tfsf ;fy ;dk{0f ub{5 To:tf]
k|e'k/fo0f JolQmdf sd{aGwg z]if /xFb}g . sd{aGwgaf6 d'Qm eP/ JolQm :jtGq x'g] cj:yf klg
;dk{0f efj g} xf] . ;+zo/lxt eP/ eujt\ k|]dsf ;fy ;dlk{t x'g] JolQmnfO{ g} k"0f{ :jtGqtf
k|fKt x'G5 . o:tf JolQm g} k|e'df nLg x'G5g\ .
t:dfb1fg;De"t+ ÅT:y+ 1fgfl;gfTdgM .
l5Œj}g+ ;+zo+ of]udflti7f]lQi7 ef/t ..$@..
x] ef/t Û ltd|f] Åbodf c1fgsf sf/0faf6 pTkGg h'g ;+zo 5, To;nfO{ 1fg¿kL t/jf/n]
sf6 / ;dtf¿kL a'l4of]udf l:yt /x]/ o'4sf lglDt p7 ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û ltdL ;dtf a'l4 k|fKt u/]/ ;+zonfO{ 1fg¿kL t/jf/n] sf6 /
;dtf a'l4of]udf l:yt /x]/ o'4sf lglDt p7 . ;dtfsf] cy{ lgikIftf, t6:ytf / å}teGbf kf/ x'g'
xf] . xfd|f] a'l4 ;bf c;Dos\ x'G5 . oyfy{df xfdL slxn] Psflt/ t slxn] csf{lt/ 9lNsG5f}+“ .
slxn] wd{–cwd{tkm{, slxn] lx+;f–clx+;ftkm{, slxn] kbfy{lt/ t slxn] k/dfTdflt/ 9lNs/xG5f}+“ /
;dtfefjdf slxNo} /xFb}gf“}+ . a'l4 ha Hof]lt h:t} sDkg/lxt eP/ l:yt x'G5 To:tf] l:ylt ;dTj
a'l4sf] cj:yf xf] . o:tf] ;dTj a'l4n] dfq JolQm ;dk{0f ug{ ;dy{ x'G5 . ;+zo x6\gnfO{ t dg
;dtfefjdf / ;Gt'ngdf x'g'k5{ . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– ;dtfdf /x]/ 1fgsf] t/jf/n]
;+zonfO{ sf6 .
1fg ;"Id t/jf/ xf] . ;+zonfO{ ;"Id 1fgljgf s'g} klg zlQmzfnL xltof/n] sf6\g ;Sb}g .
;+zonfO{ s]jn 1fgn] sf6\g ;S5 . 1fg ;d:t a'l4¿kL of]u xf] . oyfy{df ha a'l4 ;dtfdf
k|fKt x'G5, ta 1fgsf] pbo x'G5 . hlt c;Gt'lnt a'l4 x'G5, Tolt g} afSnf] c1fg k}bf x'G5 /
hlt ;Gt'lnt a'l4 x'G5 Tolt g} ulx/f] 1fg k}bf x'G5 . ch{'gdf /x]sf] ;+zon] 1fg¿kL t/jf/nfO{
sf6\g lbO/x]sf] 5}g . h;n] ;+zonfO{ 1fg¿kL t/jf/n] sf6\g ;S5, To;sf] cflv/L afwf klg
cGt x'G5 / k/dfTdfsf] åf/ v'Nb5, hxfF cfgGb, d'lQm, zflGt / lgjf{0f k|fKt x'G5 .
Psflt/ 1fg / csf{lt/ ;GGof;, lardf sd{ 5 . 1fg k|fKt u/]/ sd{ ub}{ ;GGof; k|fKt
x'G5 . 1fgn] sd{ kmlnt eof] eg] ;GGof; klg kmlnt x'G5 . 1fgk"0f{ sd{ ul/of] eg] klg Tof]
csd{ aGb5 . 1fgk"0f{ ef]u eP/ g} Tofu aGb5 . 1fgk"0f{ cGwsf/ klg k|eft xf] . 1fg, sd{of]u /
;GGof; oL tLg zAb ;"rs x'g\ . o;sf] tfTko{ k|f/De 1fgaf6 ub}{ sd{df ;+nUg eO{ ;GGof; eP/
k/dfTdfdf k'Ug] cj:yf xf] . o:tf] ePdf Ps rqm k"/f x'G5 . 1fg ha sd{ aGg ;S5 ta dfq

nf]suLtf– 178
 cWofo–$
;GGof; kmlnt x'G5 . ;dTj a'l4sf ;fy k|e'df ;dk{0f ub}{ u/]sf k|To]s sd{ ;GGof;df kb{5g\ .
>Ls[i0fsf] d"n ;Gb]z efUg] xf]Og, cfkm"nfO{ ¿kfGt/0f u/ eGg] xf] .
ç tT;lblt >Ld∫eujb\uLtf;"klgifT;' a|XdljBfof+ of]uzf:q]
>Ls[i0ffh{'g;+jfb] 1fgsd{;GGof;of]uf] gfd
rt'yf]{›WofoM ..$..

nf]suLtf– 179
cWofo–$

nf]suLtf– 180
 cWofo–%
ç >Lk/dfTdg] gdM
kfFrf}F cWofo
sd{;GGof;of]uM

ch{'g pjfr
;GGof;+ sd{0ff+ s[i0f k'gof]{u+ r z+;l; .
oR5«]o Ptof]/]s+ tGd] Af|"lx ;'lglZrtd\ ..!..
ch{'gn] eg]– x] s[i0f Û xh'/ sd{x¿sf] ;GGof; / lgisfd sd{of]usf] k|z+;f ug{'x'G5 . ctM oL
b'O{ sd{;GGof; / lgisfd sd{of]udWo] s'g a9L sNof0fbfoL 5, Tof] lgZro u/]/ dnfO{ atfpg'xf];\ ..
dg'iosf dgdf ;bf c¿n] g} lg0f{o ul/lbP x'GYof] eGg] rfxgf x'G5 . cfkm"n] lg0f{o ubf{
ljjfbdf tflgg] ;Defjgf ePsf sf/0f pm cfk}m“ lg0f{o ug{ rfxFb}g, ;To klg :jtM k|fKt xf];\ eGg]
rfxG5 . ch{'g >Ls[i0f;Fu ;f]W5g\– xh'/n] sd{ ;GGof;sf] / lgisfd sd{of]usf af/]df klg atfpg'
eof] . To;}n] oL b'O{ dfu{dWo] d]/f nflu s'g dfu{ sNof0fbfoL 5, Tof] lgZro u/]/ dnfO{
atfOlbg'xf];\ . s[i0fn] ch'{gnfO{ clxn];Dd eGg''ePsf jrgx¿ ;Nnfxsf ¿kdf pgsf ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfgsf nflu atfpg'ePsf] xf] . ;f/f dfu{x¿sf af/]df k|sfz kfl/lbP/ pxfFn] clGtd lg0f{o
ch{'gdf g} 5f]l8lbg'ePsf] 5 . >Ls[i0f rfxg''x'G5– ch{'g cfk}Fm ;ª\sNkjfg\ ag]/ lg0f{o ug{ ;s"g\
t/ ch{'g ;+zodf /x]sfn] clg0f{osf] aGbL ag]sf 5g\ . pgL cfkm}+ lg0f{o gu/]/ >Ls[i0fnfO{ eG5g\–
d]/f] sNof0fsf nflu s''g dfu{ l7s xf], ;'lglZrt u/]/ atfOlbg'xf];\ . pgsf] cfzo s[i0faf6 g}
pko'Qm dfu{sf] 5gf]6 xf];\ eGg] 5 . ch''{g clglZrttfsf] e'Fj/Ldf k/]sf] x'gfn] cfkm"n] lg0f{o
ug{'eGbf s[i0fn] g} pgsf nflu plrt dfu{ lglZrt u/]/ atfOlbPx'GYof] eGg] rfxG5g\ .
b'lawfu|:t cj:yfdf /x]sf ch{'gn] s[i0fsf] pkb]znfO{ u|x0f klg ug{ ;Sg'k¥of] . ch{'gsf]
b'lawf ;dfKt ePkl5 dfq s[i0fsf] pko'Qm ;'emfj ch'{gn] a'‰g ;Sg] 5g\ . ch{'g zfGt lrQ eP/
s[i0fsf s'/f ;'Gg tof/ ePdf dfq pxfFn] lgZrok"j{s ch{'gnfO{ pkfox¿ eGg'x'g] 5 . ch{'gn]
k|f/Dedf s[i0f;Fu d o'4 ulb{gF eg]sf lyP . Tof] a]nf o:tf] nfUbYof] ls ch{'g h] eGb} 5g\ hfg]/ g}
elg/x]sf 5g\ . ch{'g wd{zf:q, gLlt / k/Dk/fsf af/]df cfkm"nfO{ ;a} 1fg eP h:tf] u/]/ eGb}
lyP . c1fgLsf] efiffdf klg o:t} b[9tf x'G5 . ch{'gnfO{ cfk"mn] p7fPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ klxn]b]lv
g} yfxf ePh:tf] nfUbYof] . pgL s[i0fnfO{ cfˆgf egfOsf] ;fIfL agfpg / pgsf] d'vaf6 g} of] o'4
Joy{ xf] eGg] s'/f egfpg rfxGy] .
t/ >Ls[i0fn] ch{'gsf] egfOdf ;dy{g ug{'ePg . ch{'g b'lawfdf km;]sf 5g\ / of] g}
ch{'gsf] 1fgdfu{sf] klxnf] sbd xf] . 1fgsf] dfu{df c1fgsf] b[9tf klUng' dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw xf] .
ch{'g ca lgZrok"0f{ egfOaf6 cfkm"nfO{ pko'Qm x'g] sNof0fbfoL dfu{ atfOlbg'xf];\ eGg]
l:ylt;Dd k'u]sf 5g\ . To;}n] ch{'g s[i0fnfO{ eGb5g\– xh'/ sd{;GGof; / lgisfd sd{of]usf]
k|z+;f ug'{x'G5 ctM oL b'O{ dfu{dWo] s'g a9L sNof0fbfoL 5 Tof] lgZro u/]/ dnfO{ elglbg'xf];\ t/
>Ls[i0f o:tf dgf]ljZn]ifs u'? x'g'x'G5 hf] ;TonfO{ a'‰g] cj:yfdf gk'uL lgZrok"j{s eGg'x'Gg .
ch{'gdf Ifdtfsf] ljsf; gxf]pGh]n s[i0f pgnfO{ ;dfwfg lbg tof/ x'g'x'Gg . ch{'gdf a'‰g]
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; eof] eg] s[i0f pgnfO{ 1fg lbg tof/ x'g'x'G5 . ;To hfGgsf nflu ch{'gsf]
k"j{tof/L cfjZos 5 .
nf]suLtf– 181
cWofo–%
>Leujfg'jfr
;GGof;M sd{of]uZr lgM>]o;s/fj'ef} .
tof]:t' sd{;GGof;fTsd{of]uf] ljlziot] ..@..
eujfg\n] eGg'eof]– sd{;GGof; / lgisfd sd{of]u oL b'j} k/d sNof0fsf/ ePsfn] lgZro g}
>]i7 5g\ t/ tLdWo] sd{sf] kl/TofueGbf t lgisfd sd{of]u g} ljlzi6 5 ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sd{;GGof; / lgisfd sd{of]u b'j} k/d sNof0f u/fpg] dfu{ x'g\ . t/
klg lgisfd sd{of]u ;'ud x'gfn] ;fwssf nflu Hofb} sNof0fsf/L x'G5 . sd{;GGof;sf] cy{
kfgLdf lvlrPsf] /]vfh:tf] sd{ xf] h'g lvRg kfPsf] 5}g tTsfn d]l6G5 . t;y{ d]l6g] / gl6Sg]
/]vfnfO{ lvRg] k|of; ug{' cToGt} sl7g sfo{ xf] . xfdLnfO{ s'g} sd{sf] :d/0f 5}g / ;a} u/]sf
sd{x¿ e'ln;s]sf 5f} . xfd|f] gofF hGd;Fu} k]ml/ gofF ;kgf / gofF sd{ ;'? x'G5 . xfd|f] dgn]
k'/fgf s'/faf6 s]xL l;s]sf] 5}g . xfd|f] x/]s hGddf u/]sf sd{x¿ o;/L g} lj:d/0f ePsf 5g\ .
xfdLn] hGdnfO{ g} t lal;{of}+ eg] cfh;Dd u/]sf sd{sf pknlAwnfO{ ;lDemg] s'/} ePg . of] hfg]/
klg sd{sf] /]vf lvRg lxhf] klg 5f]8]gf}+“ / cfh klg lvlr g} /x]sf 5f}+ . dg]{ a]nfdf dfq of] ;a}
a]sf/ xf] eg]/ yfxf x'G5 t/ Tof] a]nf l9nf] eO;s]sf] x'G5 . kmn:j¿k k'gM gofF hGd / d[To''sf]
k'g/fj[lQ eO/xG5 .
sd{k|ltsf] xf]; / sd{af6 s]xL kmlnt x'Fb}g eGg] af]wsf] gfd sd{;GGof; xf] . sd{nfO{ v]n
7fGg] JolQm sd{af6 aflx/ x'G5 . sd{;GGof; sd{sf] Tofu xf]Og . of] sd{k|lt xf];k"0f{ hfu/0fsf]
l:ylt xf] hxfF sd{af6 s]xL klg k|fKt x'Fb}g eGg] cg'ej x'G5 . of] hfu/0f ePdf sd{ 5'6\5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– of] dfu{ sl7g t/ dª\unbfoL 5 / o; dfu{af6 k/d cg'e"lt;Dd k'Ug ;lsG5 .
lgisfd sd{of]usf] dfu{ ;/n 5 . o;df sd{k|lt xf]Og, kmnfsfª\Iff /fVg' Joy{ xf] eGg] hfGg'kb{5
eg] sd{;GGof;df sd{ g} Joy{ xf] eGg] hfGg'kb{5 . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– lgisfd sd{of]udf sd{ hf/L
/fVb} kmnfsfª\Iff dfq Tofu u/] k'U5 . kmnfsfª\Iffn] cGttM b'v lgDTofpF5 eGg] hfGof] eg] lgisfd
sd{af/] hfGg ;lsG5 .
;a} sd{ ;kgfh:t} x'g\ eGg] ;f]lrof] eg] sd{;GGof; kmlnt x'G5 . To:t} kmnfsfª\Iff b'v
xf] eGg] 7flgof] eg] lgisfd sd{ kmlnt x'G5 . kmnfsfª\Iffn] b'v dfq lbG5 lsgeg] xfdL h]
rfxG5f}+ Tof] slxNo} k"/f x'Fb}g . xfdLnfO{ jt{dfgdf ;bf b'v / eljiodf ;bf ;'vsf] k|tLlt x'G5 .
ha;Dd of] cj:yf /xG5, ta;Dd lgisfd sd{ kmlnt x'g ;Sb}g . jt{dfg ;'v ag]df eljiosf]
cfzf ;dfKt x'G5 . xfdL t jt{dfgdf slxNo} afFRb}gf“}+, s]jn eljiosf] cfzfdf dfq afFR5f}“+ .
lgisfd sd{sf] lgiklQ g} eljiosf] sNkgfdf gafFr eGg] xf] . ef]ln kfpg] cfzfdf /flvPsf]
kmn b'v dfq xf], h'g slxNo} cfpFb}g . ef]ln slxNo} cfpFb}g, h] 5 cfh g} 5, jt{dfgdf afRg]
JolQm kmnfsfª\IfL x'Fb}g . xfdL ;a} kmnnfO{ cd[t 7fG5f}+“ t/ xftdf t ljif dfq k|fKt x'G5 . xfdLn]
ctLtdf kmnfsfª\Iff /fv]/ u/]sf sd{sf] :d/0f Pjd\ ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] xftdf z"Go dfq
e]l6G5 . kmnfsfª\Iff e|fGt ;kgf xf] hf] slxNo} el/“b}g, vfnL dfq x'G5 . kmnfsfª\Iffsf] Joy{tfnfO{
hfGg] JolQmnfO{ lgisfd sd{ kmlnt x''G5 . o:tf] k|tLlt x'g] JolQm sd{af6 efUb}g, pm sd{ ul/ g}
/xG5 t/ sd{ p;sf nflu clegoeGbf Hofbf x'Fb}g . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] ch{'g Û bf];|f] dfu{ cyf{t\
lgisfd sd{of]usf] dfu{ ;'ud 5 . ;a} sd{ 5f]8]/ lgh{/fnfO{ pknAw x'g] dxfjL/sf] dfu{ / lgisfd
sd{ ug]{ hgs h:tf JolQmsf] dfu{ b'j} sNof0fsf/L, lxtsf/L Pjd\ pTs[i6 5g\, t/ oL b'O{df
lgisfd sd{of]usf] dfu{ ;/n 5 .

nf]suLtf– 182
 cWofo–%
1]oM ; lgTo;GGof;L of] g å]li6 g sfª\Iflt .
lgå{Gåf] lx dxfafxf] ;'v+ aGwfTk|d'Rot] ..#..
x] dxfafx' ch{'g Û slxNo} sd{kmnsf] cfsfª\Iff klg gug]{ / sd{kmnk|lt å]if klg gug]{ lgisfd
sd{of]uL lgTo ;GGof;L xf] . ;GGof;L ;d:t å}t efjaf6 /lxt eP/ ;'vk"j{s ejaGwgaf6 klg d'Qm
x'G5 ..
xfdL s;};Fu of t cfslif{t jf ljslif{t x'G5f}+“ . xfdL ls t cfsfª\Iffn] jf ljk/Lt
cfsfª\Iffn] el/Psf x'G5f“}+ . xfdLnfO{ cfsif{0f / ljsif{0fsf] lardf /xg] s'g} cg'ej 5}g . cfsif{0f /
ljsif{0fdf s'g} klg JolQm cfglGbt x'Fb}g . oL b'j}sf lardf hf] JolQm /xG5 To;}n] cfgGb k|fKt
ub{5 . /fu / å]if ljk/Lt h:tf] nfUb5 t/ oL b''j}sf] zlQm Pp6} xf] . ;a} cfsif{0f ljsif{0f aGg
;S5 / ljsif{0f cfsif{0f aGg ;S5 . To;}n] /fu / å]if b'O{ zlQm xf]Ogg\ Pp6} zlQmsf b'O{ ¿k x'g\ .
To:t} 3[0ff–k|]d / ldqtf–zq''tf b'O{ zlQm xf]Ogg\, Pp6} zlQmsf b'O{ ¿k x'g\ . xfd|f] dg ls k|]ddf
ls 3[0ffdf x'G5 . k|]dn] ;'vsf] cfZjf;g lbG5 / 3[0ffn] b'vsf] kmn NofpF5 . /fun] ;'vsf] e/f];f
lbG5 / å]if b'vsf] kl/0flt aG5 . /fu cfsfª\Iff xf] / å]if kl/0ffd xf] .
>Ls[i0f lgisfd sd{nfO{ kl/eflift ub}{ eGg'x'G5– hf] JolQm /fu / å]ifsf] ctLt x'G5 Tof]
lgisfd sd{df k|fKt x'G5 . /fuL / lj/fuL b'j} aGwgdf x'G5g\ . /fuL wgdf afFlwPsf] x'G5 / lj/fuL
wg 5f]8\g] qmddf wg;Fu} g} afFlwPsf] x'G5 . ljsif{0f klg cfsif{0fsf] g} ljk/Lt ¿k xf] . >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– h'g lbg hf] /fu / å]ifaf6 kf/ eP/ åGåftLt x'G5, ToxL lbg lgisfd sd{of]u kmlnt
x'G5 . xfdL t sd{ s]xL kfpgsf nflu u5f}{+ cyf{t\ s'g} lrhdf cfsif{0f / ljsif{0f eof] eg] dfq
u5f}{+ . xfd|f] sd{sf] pTk|]/0ff oL b'O{af6 dfq cfpF5 . klZrdsf dgf]j}1flgsx¿ ljgf pTk|]/0ffsf]
sd{ x'g ;S5 eg]/ dfGg tof/ 5}gg\ . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– sd{df cfsif{0f jf ljsif{0fsf] efj eof]
eg] Tof] aGwg x'G5 t/ olb s'g} sf/0f ePg eg] Tof] lgisfd sd{ x'G5 . o:tf] lgisfd sd{ ug]{
JolQm sd{ ubf{ ub}{ klg sd{sf] aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'G5 . t/ dgf]j}1flgsx¿ o:tf] sd{ x'g} ;Sb}g
eG5g\, pgLx¿sf cg';f/ s'g} k|]/s sf/0f geO{ sd{ x'g} ;Sb}g t/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– ljgf sf/0f
sd{ x'g ;S5 Pjd\ /fu / å]ifljgfsf] sd{ ;Dej 5 .
k|mfo8b]lv kmf]d;Ddsf ;a} klZrdf dgf]j}1flgsx¿sf] cWoog la/fdL dflg;sf]
dfgl;stfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ul/Psf kl/0ffd x'g\ . pgLx¿n] ?U0f, ljlIfKt, kfun JolQmx¿sf]
cWoog u/]/ cfˆgf] lgisif{ k|:t't u/]sf x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] cWoog ;fOsf]l;;, Go'/f]l;; cflb
dfgl;s /f]ux¿df cfwfl/t 5g\ . o;/L la/fdL JolQmx¿sf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df lgsflNfPsf lgisif{
;fdfGo JolQmx¿sf af/]df k|:t't ug{' unt x'G5 . bf];|f] s'/f– ;fdfGo JolQm klg k"0f{ JolQm xf]Og
To;}n] ;fwf/0f JolQmsf cfwf/df ul/Psf] cWoog k""0f{ gx''g klg ;S5 .
>Ls[i0fsf] dgf]lj1fg k"0f{ JolQmnfO{ cWoog u/]/ k|:t't ul/Psf] glthf xf] . dg'io h] x'g
;S5, To;sf pRrtd cfwf/df xfd|f] dfg;zf:q lgwf{l/t x'G5 . klZrdsf] dfg;zf:q dflg; hlt
tn lug{ ;S5 To;sf cfwf/df to ul/Psf] xf] . To;}n] klZrdsf] dgf]lj1fg xfd|f] dgf]lj1fg;Fu
tfnd]n x'g ;Sb}g . xfdLn] >]i7tfdf Wofg /fVof}+“ eg] pgLx¿n] lgs[i6tfdf Wofg /fv] . dg'iodf
pRrtf / lgs[i6tfsf b'j} cj:yf x'G5g\ . klZrdsf] dgf]lj1fgsf cfwf/df olb dg'io cfgGbdf
pknAw x'g} ;Sb}g eg]/ lgisif{ lgsflnof] eg] dflg; cfˆgf] b'vdf g} /f]lsG5 . lgs[i6tfnfO{ cfwf/
agfpg] xf] eg] dg'io b}lgs tn emg]{ 5 .

nf]suLtf– 183
cWofo–%
ljd'Qm k'?if /fu / å]ifaf6 d'Qm x'G5 lsgeg] ha s'g} JolQmn] /fu / å]ifnfO{ lrGb5, ta
p;sf] /fu / å]ifdf vr{ x''g] pmhf{ aRb5 / Tof] pmhf{ lgisfd sd{df vr{ x''g yfN5 . pmhf{ zfGt
eP/ vr{ geO/xg ;Sb}g . Tof] pmhf{ csf/0f pTk|]/0ff/lxt sd{df axG5 / To:tf] csf/0f aUg]
pmhf{df cfgGb x'G5 . /fu– å]ifaf6 kf/ ePsf] JolQmsf] leqL zlQm h''g cleJoQm x''g rfxG5 Tof]
xfjf / gbL csf/0f k|jflxt eP h:t} u/L axG5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– olb ltdL /fu /
å]ifaf6 d'Qm eP/ sd{df ;+nUg eof} eg] ;'vb\ dfu{ x'Fb} ;f/f aGwgx¿af6 d'Qm x'g] 5f} .
sd{ /fu / å]ifaf6 xf]Og leqsf] pmhf{af6 k}bf x'G5 . rG›, tf/f klg /fu å]ifljgf lg/Gt/
cfˆgf] st{Jodf tNnLg 5g\ . s0f s0fdf ePsf pmhf{ klg csf/0f g[To ul//x]sf 5g\, km"n
kmlqm/x]sf 5g\, r/f–r'?ËL pl8/x]sf 5g\, em/gfx¿ gbLdf ldl;P/ ;fu/tkm{ alu/x]sf 5g\, ;fu/
afkm ag]/ cfsfztkm{ ljgf /fu / å]ifsf ;fy pl8/x]sf] 5 . k|s[ltdf ePsf ;a} cfˆgf] st{Joaf6
Ro't 5}gg\ t/ dflg; dfq Ro't 5 lsgeg] p;df /fu / å]if 5 . hLjg pmhf{ hf] sd{ aG5
To;nfO{ xfdL hxfF rfx\of] ToxLF vr{ ug{ ;S5f}+ . Pp6f ;"Id s0fdf t ljB't\zlQm 5 eg] dg'io;Fu
t cgGt pmhf{ ;|f]t 5 hf] xfdLn] rfx]df /fu jf å]ifdf vr{ ug{ ;S5f}F jf vr{ gug{ klg ;S5f}+ .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– lgisfdsdL{n] cfˆgf] pmhf{ /fu å]ifdf vr{ ub}{g . o;/L vr{ gePsf] pmhf{
lgliqmo klg x'g ;Sb}g lsgeg] zlQm ;lqmo 5 . lgisfdsdL{n] To:tf] pmhf{ k/dfTdfdf ;dk{0f
u5{ To;}n] p;sf] kmn k/dfTdfsf] xftdf x'G5 . h'g If0f /fu / å]if /xFb}g, ToxL If0f JolQmsf]
hLjg k/dfTdfsf] r/0fdf nLg x'G5 . of] k/dfTdfdf ;dlk{t hLjg g} lgisfd sd{of]u xf] . o:tf]
JolQm a8f] ;'vsf ;fy aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'G5 . of] kfs]sf] kmn j[Ifaf6 em/] h:tf] x'G5, hxfF j[If,
kmn, kftdf s'g} rf]6 x'Fb}g / kmn ;':jfb' x'G5 .
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– x] dxfafx' Û ltdL /fu / å]if/lxt eP/ sd{ u/ . To;f] u/]df Ps lbg
ltdL ;'vb ¿kdf ;'s]sf] kft of kl/kSj kmn ?vaf6 5'6]em}+“ aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'g] 5f} . /fu / å]if
b'j} b'v xf] eg]/ hfGof] eg] dfq JolQm To;af6 ;'vb ¿kdf aflx/ cfpg ;S5 . lgisfd sd{of]uL
efu]/ sxLF hfg' kb}{g . h'g sf/0fn] efUg rfx]sf] xf] To;sf] /fu / å]if 5f]8] dfq k'U5 . wgdf /fu
jf å]if geP wg 5f]8]/ efUg' g} kb}{g . lgisfd sd{of]uL cToGt zflGtk"j{s, r'krfk ;'vb
cj:yfdf aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'G5 . /fu / å]ifaf6 d'Qm x'g] lalQs} hLjg pmhf{ csf/0f ;lqmo x'G5 /
o:tf] pmhf{ cwd{sf nflu ;lqmo x'g ;Sb}g . Tof] pmhf{ clgjfo{ ¿kn] wd{, dËn / >]osf nflu
x'g] 5 . o:tf] JolQmsf] hLjg wfld{s s[To aG5 lsgeg] Tof] pmhf{ k/dfTdfdf ;dlk{t x'G5 .
;fª\Voof]uf} k[yUafnfM k|jblGt g kl08tfM .
PsdKofl:ytM ;Dou'eof]lj{Gbt] kmnd\ ..$..
pko'Qm ;Gof; / sd{of]unfO{ d"v{x¿ k[ys\–k[ys\ kmn lbg]jfnf eGb5g\ t/ 1fgLx¿ lognfO{
leGg b]Vb}gg\ lsgeg] oL b'O{dWo] Pp6f dfu{df dfq ;Dos\ k|sf/n] l:yt k'?if b'j} dfu{af6 k/dfTdf
k|fKt x'G5g\ ..
o; hut\sf] ;f/f leGgtf jf km/skg d"v{x¿sf] ;f]r dfq xf] . sd{;GGof; jf lgisfd sd{
b'j}af6 Pp6} wfd k|fKt x'G5 . 1fgLhg oL b'j}sf] uGtJo Pp6} xf] eg]/ hfGb5g\ . dfu{ cg]s 5g\
t/ lbJowfd jf k/d;Qf Pp6} dfq 5 . h'g;'s} dfu{af6 k|:yfg u/] klg ;Tosf] vf]hsf] cfsfª\Iff
5 eg] / cfgGb k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zo 5 eg] hxfFaf6 lxF8] klg ToxLF k'luG5 hxfF ;To / cfgGb l:yt
5g\ .

nf]suLtf– 184
 cWofo–%
>Ls[i0fn] b'O{j6f dfu{ atfpg' ePsf] 5 tLdWo] klxnf] dfu{ sd{sf] Tofu xf] / csf]{ dfu{
kmnfsfª\Iffsf] Tofu xf] . oL b'j} dfu{ sNof0fsf/L 5g\ t/ oLdWo] bf];|f] dfu{ ;/n / ;'ud 5 . /fu
/ å]ifaf6 d'Qm JolQm bf];|f] dfu{af6 ;lhn} kf/ x'G5 . To;}n] >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– d"v{x¿n] dfq oL
b'j} dfu{nfO{ ljk/Lt 7fG5g\ . t/ 1fgLx¿ eg] oL b'j} dfu{df leGgtf b]Vb}gg\, cyf{t\ b'j} dfu{ >]i7
7fGb5g\ . 1fgLx¿ b'j} dfu{nfO{ Pp6} dfGb5g\ . ch{'gnfO{ sd{;GGof; t a]sf/ /x]5≤ To;}n] lgisfd
sd{tkm{af6 g} kf/ x'g ;lsG5 eGg] nfUg ;S5 . x'g t ch{'g cem} 9'Ss dgl:yltdf 5}gg\ t}klg
ch{'gnfO{ sxL+ Pp6f dfq af6f] l7s /x]5 eGg] gnfuf];\ eg]/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– d"v{x¿ g} oL b'O{
dfu{nfO{ cnu cnu dfG5g\ ha ls 1fgLx¿ t b'j} dfu{nfO{ Pp6} dfGb5g\ . oL b'j}dWo] Pp6f
dfu{df dfq ;Dos\ k|sf/n] l:yt k'?if k/dfTdfdf k|fKt x'G5 .
oT;fª\Vo}M k|fKot] :yfg+ tBf]u}/lk uDot] .
Ps+ ;fª\Vo+ r of]u+ r oM kZolt ; kZolt ..%..
;fª\Voof]uLx¿n] h'g lbJo:yfg k|fKt ub{5g\, ToxL :yfg lgisfd sd{of]uLn] klg k|fKt ug{
;S5g\ . oL b'j} of]ux¿nfO{ h;n] Pp6} b]Vb5 Tof] g} jf:tljs ›i6f xf] ..
b]Vg t xfdL ;a}n] b]V5f}“ t/ w]/} sd JolQmn] dfq oyfy{ b]Vg ;S5g\ . h] xfdL b]V5f“}+ Tof]
ToxL x'Fb}g a? xfdL ToxL b]V5f}+“ h'g xfdL x]g{ rfxG5f“}+ . xfd|f] b[li6n] bz{gnfO{ ljs[t u5{ . xfd|f
cfFvfn] b[Zo x]g]{ dfq xf]Og To;nfO{ lgld{t klg u5{g\ . hLjgdf xfdL rf/}lt/ ljgf JofVofsf] s]xL
cg'ej ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ / JofVof ul/Psf] cg'ej ljs[t cg'ej x'G5 . xfdL h] x]5f}{+ To;df xfdL klg
;lDdlnt x'G5f}+ / ljs[lt l;lh{G5 . >Ls[i0f j:t' h] h:tf] 5, ToxL ¿kdf h:tfsf] To:t} ljgf
JofVof b]Vg ;Sg] JolQmnfO{ 1fgL eGg'x'G5 . lgisfd sd{ of sd{;GGof;n] Pp6} k/dl:ylt k|fKt
x'G5 . h;sf] b[li6 bz{gdf afwf aGb}g, h;sf] ljrf/ oyfy{df cf/f]lkt x'Fb}g / hf] cfkm"nfO{ z"Go
eP/ x]b{5g\ Tof] lglj{rf/sf] l:ylt xf] . oL b'j} dfu{ ljk/Lt xf]Ogg\ t/ lognfO{ c1fgLn] dfq
ljk/Lt b]V5 . ;+;f/df h] ljk/Lt b]lvG5 Tof] c1fgsf sf/0fn] ePsf] xf] . To;y{ >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– ;fª\Voof]uL tyf lgisfd sd{of]uL b'j}n] Tof] lbJo :yfg k|fKt ub{5g\ .
cFWof/f]–k|sfz, hGd–d[To'df lj/f]w 5}g lsgeg] hGd klg ToxL xf] hf] d[To' xf] / cFWof/f] klg
ToxL xf] hf] k|sfz xf] t/ cxª\sf/ gePsf] JolQmn] dfq o:tf] b]Vg ;S5 . xfdLleq ljrf/sf] å}t
lj;lh{t ePkl5 dfq olt ulx/fOdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . xfdL t s]jn ljrf/sf] cfwf/df dfq x]b{5f}+ .
kmqm]sf] km"n b]Vg] lalQs} xfdL km"n dfq xf]Og To;sf] ;'Gb/tf klg b]Vb5f} . km"n ;'Gb/ nfUg'
ljrf/ xf] . bz{g t ta x'G5 ha km"nsf] ;fd'Gg] pleP/ JolQm lglj{rf/ x'G5 clg dfq k"mnnfO{
hfGg ;S5 . gq t k"mnsf af/]df hfg]sf] s'/f ;'g]sf] cfwf/df bf]xf]¥ofpg' dfq x'G5 .
hLjgdf lglj{rf/ x'g ;Sg]nfO{ lj/f]wL dfu{ klg Pp6} nfUg yfN5 . oL dfu{ k/:k/df lj/f]wL
nfu] klg oL b'j} dfu{ ljk/Lt / lj/f]wL xf]Ogg\ . h;n] kmnfsfª\IffnfO{ 5f]8\5 p;sf nflu sd{
clego / v]neGbf Hofbf x'Fb}g lsgeg] xfdL sd{af6 kLl8t x'Fb}gf“}+ kmnfsfª\Iffaf6 dfq kLl8t
x'G5f“}+ . ck]Iff/lxt sd{n] cfgGbsf] åf/ vf]Nb5 . ck]Iff/lxt sd{ ubf{ ToxLF clGtd kmn kfOG5 h'g
sd{ 5f]8\g] JolQmn] k|fKt ub{5 clg czflGtsf] sf/0f afFsL g} /xFb}g . ldYof1fg c1fgeGbf
vt/gfs x'G5 . c1fgLn] d hflGbgF eg]/ cg'ej u¥of] eg] hfGg] ;Defjgf /xG5 t/ ldYof1fgL d
hfGb5' eGg] e|ddf x'G5 . ha;Dd ldYof1fg ;dfKt x'Fb}g ta;Dd ;Dos\ 1fg k|fKt xF'b}g . >Ls[i0f
eGg'x'G5– k/:k/ lj/f]wL b'O{ tŒjdf h;n] ;dfgtf jf PsTj b]Vb5 To;n] l7s b]Vb5 . oL b'O{
lj/f]wsf lar PsTj b]Vg ;Sg' ulx/f] ;"Idb[li6 xf] .

nf]suLtf– 185
cWofo–%
oyfy{df cfsfz–k[YjL, hGd–d[To' klg b'O{ xf]Ogg\ . cfsfzn] k[YjLnfO{ rf/}lt/af6 3]/]sf] 5 .
j}1flgs eG5g\– k[YjLn] klg Zjf; lnG5, To:t} rG›–tf/f klg b}lgs hGdG5g\ / d5{g\ . xfdLn]
vfPsf] cGgsf] /;af6 r]tgf aG5 . df6f] / r]tgf klg cnu xf]Ogg\ lsgeg] df6f] klg xfdLleq
uP/ r}tGo x'G5 . xfd|f] z/L/ klg df6f]eGbf a9L 5}g≤ To;}n] d[To'kl5 df6f] df6}df ljnLg x'G5 .
kbfy{ / r]tgf klg cnu xf]Ogg\ . c1fgL ;a} s'/fnfO{ å}t / 1fgL cå}t b]Vb5g\ . 1fgL b'O{df Ps
b]V5g\ / c1fgL Psdf klg km/s b]Vb5g\ . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h;n] oL b'O{nfO{ Ps b]Vb5g\ pg}n]
sd{ ;GGof; / lgisfd sd{of]u b'j}nfO{ Pp6} hfGb5g\ .
;GGof;:t' dxfafxf] b'MvdfKt'dof]utM .
of]uo'Qmf] d'lga|{Xd glr/]0fflwuR5lt ..^..
x] dxfafx' Û lgisfd sd{of]u gu/L s]jn dg, OlGb|o / z/L/åf/f x'g] sd{x¿sf] dfq kl/Tofu
u/]/ sf]xL klg ;'vL x'bF }g . lgisfd sd{of]uljgf ;Gof; cyf{t\ dg, OlG›o / z/L/åf/f x'g] ;a}
sd{x¿df stf{kg TofUg sl7g x'G5 / eujt\:j¿ksf] dgg ug]{jfnf sd{of]uL k/a|Xd k/dfTdfnfO{
zL3| k|fKt ub{5 ..
>Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– oL b'j} dfu{ sd{Tofu -;GGof;_ / lgisfd sd{of]uaf6 ;fwsx¿ Ps}
:yfgdf k'Ub5g\ . ch{'gsf dgdf nfUg ;S5 ls To;f] eP lgisfd sd{ Tofu]/ ;GGof; g} lng'
pko'Qm xf]nf Û ch{'g sd{ 5f]8]/ efUg rfxG5g\ . To;}n] t uLtfsf] ;+jfb ;Dej eof] . ch{'gsf]
dgdf k¥of] xf]nf ls s[i0f klg d]/f] rfxgfcg'¿k g} s'/f ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . olb sd{nfO{ Tofu]/ klg
ToxLF k'luG5 eg] Joy{df o'4sf] emGem6 lsg lng' eGg] pgnfO{ nfu]sf] x'g'k5{ . pgnfO{ s[i0fsf]
egfOdf cfkm"n] rfx] adf]lhdsf] ;'emfj k|fKt ePsf] k|tLt ePsf] x'g'k5{ t/ >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5–
ha;Dd cfsfª\Iff 5'6\b}g / sd{df lgisfd efj k|fKt x'Fb}g, ta;Dd sd{;GGof; jf lgisfd
sd{of]usf] s]xL cy{ x'Fb}g . pxfFn] ch{'gdf k'gM b'lawf v8f ul/lbg'eof] . cfsfª\Iff 5f]8]/ sd{sf]
cEof; gu?Gh]n sd{ klg 5'6\g ;Sb}g . h;n] cfsfª\Iff 5f]8\g ;Sb}g To;n] sd{ klg 5f]8\g
;Sb}g . cfsfª\Iff g5f]8L sd{ 5f]8]/ efUof] eg] sd{ t 5'6\5 t/ cfsfª\Iff 5'6\b}g .
Pp6f rf]/nfO{ ck/fw sd{ u/]afkt ;dft]/ h]ndf xflnof] eg] p;sf] rf]/L ug]{ sd{ t
5'6\5, k'gM rf]/L ug{ ;Sb}g t/ p;sf] rf]/ x'g] cfsfª\Iff 5'6\b}g . ha;Dd cfsfª\Iff 5'6\b}g
ta;Dd rf]/L 5'6\g ;Sb}g . To:t} sd{;GGof;L sd{ t 5f]8\5 t/ ha;Dd p;leqsf] nf]e, jf;gf,
sfdgf 5'6\b}g ta;Dd p;sf] sd{;GGof; kmlnt g} x'g ;Sb}g . o;k|sf/sf ;GGof;Lsf] kl/l:ylt
ablnP klg dgl:ylt ablnFb}g . >Ls[i0f eGg'x'G5– h;n] h:tf] kl/l:yltdf klg dgl:ylt abNg
;S5 To;n] o'4af6 efu]/ hfg'kg]{ cfjZostf g} /xFb}g . d"n s'/f t dgl:ylt abNg' xf] . JolQm
olb jf;gf, cfsfª\Iff lnP/ lxdfnodf uP klg s]xL km/s kb}{g, :yfg dfq kl/jt{g x'G5 t/
dgl:ylt ablnFb}g / JolQm pxL /xG5 . >Ls[i0f ch{'gnfO{ eGg'x'G5– sd{ 5f]8]/ efUg' t ;lhnf] 5
t/ cfsfª\Iff lt/f]lxt ePsf] 5}g eg] sd{ 5f]8]/ klg s]xL pknlAw x'Fb}g . To:t} lgisfd sd{sf]
cEof; ;kmn ePsf] 5}g eg] klg sd{ 5f]8\g'sf] s]xL cy{ 5}g . klxnf ltdL lgisfd sd{sf] cEof;
u/, o;df ;kmn eof} eg] efu]/ sxLF hfg'kb}{g . olb lgisfd sd{sf] ;fwgf ;kmn eof] eg]
alxd{'vL JolQm sd{ ul//xG5 / sd{af6 efUb}g, s]jn kmn k/dfTdfdf ;dlk{t u5{ .
s[i0f k"/f ;do ch{'gsf] dgf]lj1fgsf] cWoog ub}{ x'g'x'G5≤ of] u'?sf] k/d s[kf xf] .
jf:tjdf ch{'g s[i0fnfO{ s]jn efUg rfx]sf] s'/fsf] ;fIfL dfq agfpg rfxG5g\ . ch{'g sfo/tfsf
sf/0f o'4af6 knfog ePsf xf]Ogg\ a? kl/l:ylt cg';f/ zf:q;Ddt gLltsf] cg';/0f ub}{ lx+;f