Egyptian Academy For Engineering and Advanced Technology

ECO Electrical Engineering Department

345

POWER ELECTRONICS

PHASE CONTROLLED CONVERTER CIRCUITS

 Phase-Control Converters

Single-Phase Three-Phase

Semiconverter Semiconverter

Full converter Full converter

Dual converter Dual converter

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 Phase-Control Converters
Semiconverter
..is a one-quadrant converter and it has one polarity
Full converter
..is a two-quadrant converter and the polarity of its output can be
either positive or negative.
However
the output current of full converter has one polarity only
Dual converter
..can operate in four quadrants ; both the output voltage and current
can be either positive or negative
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 Thyristor switch

• Once a SCR is fired, the gate has no control on the device.

• A SCR turns off when the current falls below its holding current.
This could be due to the load current decrease or a large reverse
voltage across the SCR.
• In this lecture, a phase-control thyristor is turned on by applying
short pulse to its gate and turned off due to natural or line
commutation. And for high inductive load, it is turned off by firing
another thyristor of the rectifier during the negative half-cycle of
input voltage. [forced commutation]

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 Quadrants

• A semi converter is a one

quadrant converter. It has
one polarity of output
voltage and current (positive
or negative). A full converter
is a two quadrant converter.
While a dual converter is a
four quadrant converter.

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Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier (resistive load)

DC Load current is equal to:

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Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier (resistive load)

Drive an Expression for output RMS Voltage:

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Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier (resistive load)
𝜋
Average Output 1 𝑉𝑚
Voltage 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 1 + cos 𝛼
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝛼

Maximum 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑚 =
Output Voltage 𝜋

Normalizing 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑛 = = 0.5 1 + cos 𝛼
Output Voltage 𝑉𝑑𝑚

RMS Output Voltage

𝜋
1 2 2
𝑉𝑚 1 sin 2 𝛼
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋−𝛼+
2𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝛼
Copyright by www.noteshit.com 8
 Example 1

If the converter has a purely resistive load of R and the delay

angle is , 𝛼 = 𝜋/2 determine
(a) the rectification efficiency
(b) the form factor FF
(c) the ripple factor RF
(d) the peak inverse voltage PIV of thyristor T1

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Example 1 𝜋
1 𝑉𝑚 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 1 + cos
2𝜋 2𝜋 2
𝜋
2
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 0.1592𝑉𝑚
𝜋
𝑉𝑚 1 𝜋 2×
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝜋 − + sin 2 = 0.3536𝑉
𝑚
2 𝜋 2 2
2
𝑉𝑑𝑐 0.1592𝑉𝑚 2
𝜂= 2 = 2
= 20.27%
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 0.3536𝑉𝑚

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 0.3536𝑉𝑚
𝐹𝐹 = = = 2.221
𝑉𝑑𝑐 0.1592𝑉𝑚
𝑅𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹 2 − 1 = 2.2212 − 1 = 1.983
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 10
Example 2 : Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of 40V
across a 100Ω load resistor from a 120Vrms 60-Hz ac source.
Determine the power absorbed by the resistance and the power factor.
Vdc= so

V
rms

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.756𝐴 𝑆 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 120 × 0.756 = 90.72𝑉𝐴
𝑅
𝑃𝑅 57.1
𝑃𝑓 = = 0.629 = 0.629
𝑆
 Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier (R-L load)
The current is the sum of the forced and natural responses.

The constant A is determined from the initial condition t=α i(α)=0:

Substituting for A and simplifying,

The extinction angle  is defined as the angle at which the current

returns to zero, as in the case of the uncontrolled rectifier. When
t = 
 Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier (R-L load)
The average (dc) output voltage is

The average (dc) output current is

Or

The rms current is computed from

Or it can be written as
𝛃
𝟐
𝟏 𝐕𝐦 𝟏 𝟏
𝐕𝐫𝐦𝐬 = 𝟐𝛑
න 𝐕𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 𝟐 𝐝𝛚𝐭 = 𝛃 −𝛂 − 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝛃+𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝛂
𝟒𝛑
𝛂

𝟐
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟏 𝐕𝐦 𝟏 𝟏
𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐬 = = = 𝛃 −𝛂 − 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝛃+𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝛂
𝒁 𝑹𝟐 + 𝝎𝒍 𝟐 𝑹𝟐 + 𝝎𝒍 𝟐 𝟒𝛑
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 Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier (R-L load)
Example3: For the circuit of controlled half-wave rectifier with RL Load, the source is
120Vrms at 60 Hz, R=20Ω, L=0.04H, and the delay angle is 45.
Determine (a) an expression for i( t), (b) the rms current, (c) the power absorbed by the
load, and (d) the power factor.

(a)

(d) 14
 Single Phase Controlled Full Wave Rectifier (R load)
➢ The first figure shows a fully controlled bridge rectifier, which
uses four thyristors to control the average load voltage.
➢ Thyristors T1 and T2 must be fired simultaneously during the
positive half wave of the source voltage vs to allow conduction
of current. To ensure simultaneous firing, thyristors T1 and T2
use the same firing signal.
➢ Alternatively, thyristors T3 and T4 must be fired simultaneously
during the negative half wave of the source voltage.
➢ For the center-tapped transformer rectifier, T1 is forward-
biased when vs is positive, and T2 is forward-biased when vs is
negative, but each will not conduct until it receives a gate
signal.
➢ The delay angle is the angle interval between the forward biasing
of the SCR and the gate signal application. If the delay angle is
zero, the rectifiers behave exactly as uncontrolled rectifiers with
diodes.
 Single Phase Controlled Full Wave Rectifier (R load)
The average component of the output voltage and current
waveforms are determined from

Vdc=

The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are
determined from
𝛑
𝟏 𝟐 𝐝𝛚𝐭
𝟏 𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜶
𝐕𝐫𝐦𝐬 = 𝛑 න 𝐕𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 = 𝐕𝐦 − +
𝟐 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅
𝛂

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐕𝐦 𝟏 𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜶 The rms current in

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = − + the source is the
𝑅 𝑅 𝟐 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 same as the rms
current in the load.
The power delivered to the load is
2
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅
 Single Phase Controlled Full Wave Rectifier (R load)
Example 4: The full-wave controlled bridge rectifier has an ac input of 120Vrms at 60 Hz and
a 20Ω load resistor. The delay angle is 40o. Determine the average current in the load, the
power absorbed by the load.

𝑉𝑚 2 120
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 40° = 95.4𝑉
𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝟗𝟓. 𝟒
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = = = 4.77𝐴
𝑅 20
2 120 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟖 𝒔𝒊𝒏[𝟐 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟖 ]
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = − + = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟎𝑨
20 𝟐 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅

2
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 = 5.80 2 20 = 673 𝑊
 Single-Phase Bridge Half-Controlled Rectifier (highly inductive load)
➢ The rectifier shown in the figure consists of a combination of thyristors
and diodes and used to eliminate any negative voltage occurrence at the
load terminals. This is because the diode DFD is always activated (forward
biased) whenever the load voltage tends to be negative. For one total
period of operation of this circuit.
The average (dc) voltage across the load and the average (dc) current are

Vdc =

The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are
determined from 𝛑
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜶
𝐕𝐫𝐦𝐬 = 𝛑 න 𝐕𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 𝐝𝛚𝐭 = 𝐕𝐦 − +
𝟐 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅
𝛂

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐕𝐦 𝟏 𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜶 2
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = − +
𝑅 𝑅 𝟐 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅