Phase-Controlled Rectifiers

(Single Phase Full wave)

By
Dr. P.K.Biswas
Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
NIT Mizoram
Single Phase Full wave Controlled Rectifiers (Mid-Point
Type With R- load)

Voltage and current waveform

The average output voltage and current

 Vm sin( wt)d (wt)
1
Vo 

Vm
 (1  cos  )

  delay angle

When α =0 the average output voltage is

Vm 2V
(1  cos 0)  m
 
When α =π the average output voltage is
Vm
(1  cos  )  0


The average output current

Vo Vm
Io   (1  cos )
R R
 The rms value of output voltage and current across load are


 
1
Vrms  (V m sin wt) 2 d (wt) V V 1 1
1
I rms  rms  m [ (    sin 2 )] 2
1 R R 2 2
1 1
 Vm [ (    sin 2 )] 2
2 2
The dc power delivered to the load The ac power is

Pdc  Vdc I dc Prms  Vrms I rms

The form and ripple factor of load current is

I
FF  rms
I avg RF  FF 2  1

Transformer utilization factor is

Pdc
TUF  Where V is the supply voltage
VI rms
Single Phase Full wave Controlled Rectifiers(Mid-Point Type
With RL- load)

Voltage and current waveform

From the equivalent circuit,
 Discontinuous load current
The average output voltage The rms output voltage
1 
Vo  
 
Vm sin( wt)d (wt) Vrms 
1
 

(Vm sin wt) 2 d ( wt)

Vm Vrms
 (cos  cos  ) I rms 
 R

The form and ripple factor of load current is

V rms
FF  RF  FF 2  1
V avg

Continuous load current

The average output voltage Therefore the average output voltage can be
2Vm 2Vm
  varied from  to   for α=0 to π

1
Vo  Vm sin( wt)d (wt)

2Vm
 cos 

The rms output voltage

 

 
1
Vrms  (Vm sin wt) 2 d (wt)

The voltage equation when thyristor is ON

Vm sin t  L di0 dt  Ri0 at (  t     )
Single Phase Full wave Controlled Rectifiers (Bridge Type )
• Only SCRs are used for rectification.
• Two quadrant operation is possible.
• Diagonally opposite pair of SCRs are made to conduct & commutated
simultaneously.
• Firing angle can be adjusted in the range of 0o -180o , thereby average value of d.c
voltage can be controlled from positive to negative maximum.
Single Phase Full wave Controlled Rectifiers (Bridge Type With
RL-load)
• Large value of inductance is used for continuous current conduction.
• D.C voltage waveform consists of a steady d.c component & a superimposed a.c ripple
component.
• Two modes of operation are possible , i.e rectifying mode & inverting mode.
• Fundamental component of a.c input current lags the line voltage by the same angle as
firing angle(α).
• For inverting mode operation , power is required to flow back from d.c side to a.c side.
• Practically a source of d.c voltage is connected at output.
Single Phase Full wave Controlled Rectifiers (Bridge Type With
RLE-load)

Voltage and current waveform

Voltage and current waveform
Discontinuous load Current
when thyristor is ON
The minimum firing angle can be determined at ωt=αmin
Vm sin t  E
E
 min  sin 1 ( )
Vm
The voltage equation when thyristor is ON
Vm sin t  L di0 dt  Ri0  E at (  t   ) (Find out current equation)
The average output voltage is The average output current
  
  V  Vm sin 
1 V0  E
Vo  [ Vm sin( wt)d (wt)  Ed (wt) I0   0
 R Z cos 

Continuous load Current

The voltage equation when thyristor is ON
Vm sin t  L di0 dt  Ri0  E at (  t     )

 

1
Vo  Vm sin( wt)d (wt)

2Vm
 cos 

** Find the average and rms voltage
 Effect of Source Inductance
• Practically , inductance & resistance must be present in supply source & time is
required for a current change to take place.
• During which both the outgoing & incoming thyristors do conduct , is called overlap
period.
• Wave forms will be different at this period.
• Effect of source inductance is to reduce the mean d.c voltage at the output terminals.
• Source resistance , being very small , its effect is usually neglected.

Single phase Full bridge converter with source inductance

Voltage and current waveform
The source inductance delays the current transfer from one pair of conducting
thyristors to another set. During this time, the source is short-circuited through the
effect of source impedance, variably reducing the load voltage to zero. Hence, the
overall effect of source inductance is to reduce the available dc output voltage. The
source inductance can be introduced by the isolation transformer or by intentionally
placed reactors, to reduce the rate of rise of currents in the thyristors.
Due to the presence of source inductance the output voltage of a converter will not
be remaining constant and input current waveform will be changed significanly.
Assume that the converter operates in the continuous conduction mode and the
load current is constant and ripple free.
Initially SCRs T3 and T4 are in conduction state and load current flows through SCRs
and RL load.At ωt=α T1 and T2 are triggered . If the source inductance is zero,
SCRs T3 and T4 can be commutated as soon as T1 and T2 are turned ON and input
current polarity can be changed instantly.
The voltage equation

Vi  Ls
di
for   t    
dt

Vm
di  sin t.dt
Ls

After integrating the above equation, we get

Vm
i cos t  C
Ls
At t   it   I 0

After substituting the value of C, we obtain

Vm
i (cos  cos t )  I 0
Ls

At t     it     I 0 Then we can write

Vm
I0  [cos  cos(   )]  I 0
Ls
2Ls
[cos  cos(   )]  I0
Vm
2Ls
cos(   )  cos   I0
Vm
Average output voltage is

 
  Vm sin( wt)d (wt)
1
Vo 
 
Vm
 [cos  cos(   )]

2Vm 2Ls
 cos   I0
 
Equivalent circuit
Thank You