UNIT 2

Power Converters
“Phase Controlled Rectifiers”
(AC-DC Converters)
 SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED CNVERTERS
THREE PHASE CONTROLLED CONVERTERS

1
 Rectifiers (AC-DC Converters)
Introduction

• Typeof input: Fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac power supply.

• Type of output: Variable dc output voltage
• Type of commutation: Natural / AC line commutation

2
 Differences Between
Diode Rectifiers
&
Phase Controlled Rectifiers

3
• The diode rectifiers are referred to as uncontrolled rectifiers .
• The diode rectifiers give a fixed dc output voltage
• Each diode conducts for one half cycle.

• Diode conduction angle = 180° or ∏ radians.

• We can not control the dc output voltage or the average dc
load current in a diode rectifier circuit.

4
• Diodes of rectifier circuits are replaced by Thyristors.

• In thyristor based rectifiers, output voltage can be

controlled. So they are termed as controlled rectifiers.

• Controlled rectifiers produce variable DC output,

whose magnitude is varied by Phase control.

Phase Control
DC output from rectifier is controlled by controlling
duration of the conduction period by varying the point
at which gate signal is applied to SCR.
5
 Applications of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers
• DC motor control in steel mills, paper and
textile mills employing dc motor drives.
• AC fed traction system using dc traction
motor.
• Electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical
processes.
• Magnet power supplies.
• Portable hand tool drives. And so on.

6
 Different types of Single
Phase Controlled Rectifiers

• Half wave controlled rectifiers.

• Full wave controlled rectifiers.

– Full wave bridge circuit.
• Semi converter.
• Full converter.

7
Single Phase Half-Wave
Controlled Rectifier

8
With Resistive Load

9
Equations

10
To Derive an Expression for the Average (DC)
Output Voltage Across The Load

11
Cont…

12
Control Characteristic of Single Phase Half Wave Phase
Controlled Rectifier with Resistive Load

13
14
15
To Derive An Expression for the RMS Value of Output
Voltage of a Single Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier With Resistive Load

16
Cntd…

17
Performance Parameters of Phase Controlled Rectifiers

18
19
20
21
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier With An RL Load

22
23
24
25
26
27
Average (DC) Load Voltage

28
Cntd…

29
Effect of Load Inductance on the Output

Average DC Load Current

30
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier
With RL Load & Free Wheeling Diode

31
32
For Large Load Inductance the load current does not
reach zero, & we obtain continuous load current

33
 Single Phase
Full-Wave Bridge
Controlled Rectifier

34
 There are two types of Full-Wave
Bridge Controlled Rectifiers

• Half Controlled Bridge Converter (Semi-Converter)

• Fully Controlled Bridge Converter (Full Converter)

 Note that :- the bridge full wave controlled rectifier does

not require a centre tapped transformer.

 Center-tapped control rectifier is one of the full wave

controlled rectifier but not considered as a bridge rectifier
35
With Resistive Load

36
 1    delay angle
Vo   Vm sin( wt )d ( wt )
 
Vm
 ( 1  cos  )

Vo Vm
Io   (1  cos  )
　　　　　 R R
　
1  Vm
I rms 
  (
R
sin wt ) 2 d ( wt )
　
Vm 1  sin( 2 )
  
R 2 2 4

　 The 　 power 　 delivered 　 to 　 the 　 load P  I 2 rmsR

　 The 　 rms 　 current 　 in 　 source 　 is 　 the 　 same 　 as 　

the 　 rms current 　 in the 　 load.

37
With an Inductive (RL) Load For L /R Small ratio DCM

38
For L >>> R i.e. L /R large
ratio CCM

39
 Discontinuous-current (small L/R ratio)

io ( wt ) 
Vm
Z
 
sin( t   )  sin(    )e ( t 　　　　　　
) /(  )
for   t  

Z  R 2  ( L ) 2
L
  tan 1 ( ) , L
　 R R

　 For 　 discontinuous 　 current   

　　　

　 Analysis 　 of 　 the 　 controlled 　 full-wave 　 rectifier 　 operating 　

in 　 the 　 discontinuous 　 current 　 mode 　 is 　 identical 　 to 　 that 　
of 　 the 　 controlled 　 half-wave 　 rectifier, except 　 that 　 the 　
 　 for 　 the 　 output 　 current 　 is 　 .
period

40
41
With RL load and freewheeling diode

42
 Example
Explain with the help of waveforms the operation of a
full-wave rectifier with RL load for the following firing
angles for a center-tapped full-wave controlled rectifier.
(a) 0°
(b) 45°
(c) 90°
(d) 135°
(e) 180°

Assume highly Inductive Load (CCM)

43
 Solutions
Voltage and current waveforms for α=0°

• During positive-half cycle of source

voltage, SCR1 is forward biased and
SCR2 is reverse biased. During negative
half-cycle, SCR2 is forward biased and
SCR1 is reverse biased. In either case
voltage across the load is Vs.

• Output is similar to uncontrolled

rectifier.

• Each SCR conducts for 180° and supplies

current to the load for this period

44
 Voltage and current waveforms for α=45°

• Average DC output voltage

decreases.

• If SCR1 is triggered at 45°, SCR2 will

conduct upto that point, even
though the source voltage is zero,
due to highly inductive nature of
load.

• When SCR1 is turned on, SCR2 is

turned off.

• Current to the load is supplied by

SCR1 and SCR2, each conducting for
180°

45
Voltage and current waveforms for α=90°

• Average DC voltage is zero, so

there is no transfer of power
from AC source to DC load.

• Each SCR remains in conduction

for 180°

• As firing angle is increased

from 0 to 90°, the power
supplied to the DC load
decreases, becoming zero
at α=90°

46
Voltage and current waveforms for α=135°

• Average DC voltage is negative.

• Load current still flows in each SCR

for 180° in its original direction.

• Load voltage has changed polarity.

• Power now flows from DC load to

AC source .

• Circuit acts like an inverter.

47
Voltage and current waveforms for α=180°

• Average output DC
voltage is at its maximum
negative value.

• SCRs remain in
conduction for 180°

48
Operation and Analysis of
Three Phase -Converter
i. M-3 (3-Pulse)
ii. M-6 (6-Pulse)

49
 1-phase Controlled Rectifiers
• Single phase semi-controlled bridge converters & fully
controlled bridge converters are used extensively in industrial
applications up to about 15kW of output power.
• The single phase controlled rectifiers provide a maximum dc
output of

• The output ripple frequency is equal to twice the ac supply

frequency, fo = 2*fs.
• The single phase full wave controlled rectifiers provide two
output pulses during every input supply cycle and hence are
referred to as two pulse converters

50
 3 Phase Controlled Rectifiers

• Three phase converters are 3-phase controlled

rectifiers which are used to convert ac input power
supply into dc output power across the load.
Features of 3-phase controlled rectifiers
• Operate from 3 phase ac supply voltage.
• They provide higher dc output voltage.
• Higher dc output power.
• Higher output voltage ripple frequency (i.e. 3*fs or 6*fs).
• Filtering requirements are simplified for smoothing out load voltage
and load current.
• Extensively used in high power variable speed industrial dc drives.
• Three single phase half-wave converters can be connected together to
form a three phase half-wave converter.
51
Classification of 3-phase converters
• 3-phase half wave converter
• 3-phase full converter
• 3- phase dual converter

Classification according to no. of pulses in the output wave

•3- pulse converter

• 6-pulse converter
• 12- pulse converter
52
 Vector Diagram of
3 Phase Supply Voltages

53
3 Phase Supply Voltage Equations

54
55
3-Pulse Converter with R-L Load

56
57
Expression for the Average Output Voltage of
a 3-Phase Half Wave Converter with RL Load

58
59
Three Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier
Output Voltage Waveforms For RL Load at
Different Trigger Angles shown below
60
61
3 Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier
With R-load and RL-load with FWD

62
3 Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier Output Voltage Waveforms
For R -load or RL-load with FWD at Different Trigger Angles

63
Expression For The Average or Dc Output Voltage of A 3 Phase
Half Wave Converter With R-load Or RL -load With FWD

64
 For R-load and RL-load with FWD
1. When α < 30° system is CCM and Vdc is found from (30°+α to 150°+ α)
2. When α > 30° system is DCM and Vdc is found from (30°+α to 180°)

65
 Three Phase Full Controlled Converter
• 3 Phase Fully Controlled Full Wave Bridge Converter.
• Known as a 6-pulse converter.
• Used in industrial applications up to 120kW output power.
• Two quadrant operation is possible.

66
67
• The Thyristors are triggered at an interval of ∏ / 3.
• The frequency of output ripple voltage is 6fS.
• T1 is triggered at ɯt = (∏/6 + α), T6 is already conducting
when T1 is turned ON.
• During the interval (∏/6 + α ) to (∏/2 + α ),
• T1 and T6 conduct together & the output load voltage is equal
to line voltage Vab = (Van - Vbn)

68
 To Derive An Expression For the Average
Output Voltage of 3-phase Full Converter
• The output load voltage consists of 6 voltage pulses over a
period of 2∏ radians,
• Hence the average output voltage is calculated as

69
70
71
Single Phase Dual Converter

72
73
74
 Three Phase Dual Converters
• For four quadrant operation in many industrial variable speed dc drives , 3
phase dual converters are used.
• Used for applications up to 2 mega watt output power level.
• Dual converter consists of two 3 phase full converters which are
connected in parallel & in opposite directions across a common load.

75
76
Thank
You!
AUGUST,2021
77