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Lecture 2 Slides

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Badaboody TV
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System Dynamic and Control

Components
Lecture -3
Ch. 2: Analog Signal Conditioning

Dr Abdel-Fattah Heliel
Professor
Kafrelsheikh University, Faculty of Engineering,

Email: aheliel@eng.kfs.edu.eg
URL :http://eng.kfs.edu.eg/ 1
Analog Signal Conditioning
Definition

Signal conditioning circuits are used to process the


output signal from sensors of a measurement system
to be suitable for the next stage of operation
The function of the signal conditioning circuits
include the following items:
• Signal amplification (opamps),
• Filtering (opamps),
• Interfacing with µP (ADC),
• Protection (Zener & photo isolation),
• Linearization, Current – voltage change circuits,
resistance change circuits (Wheatstone bridge), error
compensation
An overview of sensor
characteristics
Objectives
1. Principles of Analog Signal Conditioning:
– Bias and Scale change
– Linearization
– Conversion
– Filtering
– Concept of Loading
2. Passive Circuits
– Voltage Divider Circuits
– Bridge Circuits
– Filter Circuits (Low, High, Band-Pass, Band-Reject)
3. Active Circuits
– Operational Amplifiers
Lecture 3: Analog Signal Conditioning 5
Signal-Level and Bias Changes.
• A common type of signal conditioning involves
adjusting the level (magnitude) and bias
• (zero value) of some voltage representing a process
variable.
Ex: A sensor output voltage may vary from 0.3 to 0.8 V
as a process variable changes from 20ºC to 80ºC.
• However, the circuitry requires a voltage that varies from
0 to 5 V for the same variation from 20ºC to 80ºC
Linearization.
• Sensors rarely provide linear
output.
• Linearization circuits are difficult to
design and usually operate only
within narrow limits.
• The approach is to provide the
nonlinear signal as input to a
computer and perform the
linearization using software.

FIGURE 2.1 The purpose of linearization is to provide an output that varies linearly with some variable even
if the sensor output does not.
Conversions.
Overview:

• Often, signal conditioning is used to convert one type of electrical


variation into another.
• Many sensors exhibit changes of resistance with changes in a dynamic
variable.
• A circuit is then needed to convert this resistance change to a voltage or a
current signal.
• This is accomplished by bridges

Signal Transmission

• An important type of conversion is associated with the process-control


standard of transmitting signals as 4- to 20-mA current levels in wire.
• Current transmission is used because current is independent of load
variations.
• Thus, voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage converters are often required
Digital Interface
• The use of computers in process control requires
conversion of analog data into a digital format by
devices called ADCs.

• Analog signal conversion is needed to adjust the


analog measurement signal to match the input
requirements of the ADC.

• Ex: the ADC may need a voltage that varies


between 0 and 5 V, but the sensor provides a
signal that varies from 30 to 80 mA.
Slides 3: Analog Signal Conditioning
Filtering and Impedance Matching.

• Spurious signals of considerable strength are present


in industrial environments, such as the 50/60-Hz line
frequency signals and motor start transients.
• It is necessary then to use high-pass, low-pass, or
notch filters.
• We may use passive filters using only resistors,
capacitors and inductors.
• We can also use active filters, using gain and
feedback.
• Impedance matching is an important element of
signal conditioning too.
Lecture 3: Analog Signal Conditioning
Concept of Loading

This equation shows how the


effects of loading can be reduced
RL>>Rx

Lecture 3: Analog Signal Conditioning


Example:

Lecture 3: Analog Signal Conditioning


Passive Circuits
Voltage Divider Circuit
Converts Sensor Resistance
Variation Into Voltage Variation

• Relation between VD and R2 is


non-linear
• Power dissipation and loading
effect must be considered
Voltage Divider Circuit
Example:
Vs= 12 V, R1= 10 KΩ, R2= 4→12KΩ
Find: VD Range? Power Dissipation
of Sensor?
Signal conditioning: (Wheatstone Bridge)
Bridge Circuit (Wheatstone Bridge)
Bridge Circuit (Wheatstone Bridge)
Bridge Circuit (Wheatstone Bridge)
Example:
Vs= 12 V, R1= 4 KΩ, R2= 4→12KΩ(Nominal 8 KΩ), R3= 10 KΩ
Find: R4 that null the Bridge? Range of VD?
Bridge Circuit (Galvanometer Detector)

When a galvanometer is used for a null detector, it is convenient to


use the Thévenin equivalent circuit of the bridge.
Long distance effect
Lead Compensation

For remote sensor applications, this compensation system is used to avoid errors from lead resistance.
Current Balance Bridge

Standard Wheatstone bridge is


modified by splitting one arm
resistor into two, R4 and R5.

R4 >> R5 (R2 + R4) >> R5


V = 0 when
AC bridges

Basically it the same as the


previous bridge, but impedance
replace resistance. The bridge
offset voltage then is represented
as:
Bridge Linearization

• Bridge off-null voltage is clearly nonlinear for large-scale


changes in resistance.

• For small ranges of resistance change, the off-null voltage


is nearly linear
Filter Circuits:
Low-Pass RC Filter
High-Pass RC Filter

• fc = 1/(2RC)
• C in F to pF range
• 1K  R  1 M
• Use standard values
for R
• Capacitors have a
tolerance as high as ±
20%
Band-pass RC Filter
Band-Reject RC Filter
Active Circuits
Operational Amplifier

• Voltage Follower
• Inverting Amplifier
• Summing Amplifier
• Non-Inverting Amplifier
• Differential Amplifier
• Instrumentation Amplifier
• Voltage-to-Current Converter
• Current -to-Voltage Converter
• Integrator
• Differentiator
• Linearization
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier

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