1

*
UNIT 4: Three Phas

<D
*
Induction Motors
 2

Introduction
" Three-phase induction motors are the most common and
frequently encountered machines in industry.
Advantages Disadvantages
Simple and rugged in construction. Draws a lot of current
Generally cheaper due to absence of at starting.
brushes, commutators and slip rings.
Low starting torque
Lower maintenance.
Can safely be operated in hazardous Harder to control
environments.
RPM can be changed without gear
box.
 3

Construction of 3-Phase IM
> An induction motor has two main
parts
(a) stationary stator
• Consisting of a steel frame
that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core
• core, constructed from
stacked laminations, having
a number of evenly spaced
slots, providing the space for
the stator winding Stator of IM
 4

Construction
(b) Revolving rotor
• composed of punched laminations, stacked to
create a series of rotor slots, providing space
for the rotor winding.
Two types of rotors:
Squirrel-Cage rotor: conducting bars laid into slots and shorted
at both ends by shorting rings (aluminum rings), forming a
squirrel-cage shaped circuit.
wound-rotor: Complete set of three-phase windings exactly as
the stator. Usually Y-connected, the ends of the three rotor wires
are connected to 3 slip rings on the rotor shaft. In this way, the
rotor circuit is accessible.
 5

Construction
Squirrel cage rotor

Wound rotor

Notice the
slip rings
6
 7
1. Frame. Made of close-grained alloy cast iron.
. -
2 Stator awl Rotor C ore Built from high-quality low loss silicon steel laminations and flash-enam-
elled on both sidei.
3. Stator and Rotor Windings. Have moisture proof tropical insulation embodying mica and high
quality varnishes. Arc carefully spaced for most effective air circulation and arc rigidly braced to
withstand centrifugal forces and any short-circuit stresses.
. -
4 Air gap. The stator rabbets and bore are machined carefully to ensure uniformity of air gap.
-
5. Shafts and Bearings. Ball and roller bearings are used to suit heavy duty, toruble-free running
and for enhanced service life.
6. Fans. Light aluminium fans arc used for adequate circulation of cooling air and are securely keyed
onto the rotor shaft.
7. Slip rings mid Slip ring Fnclosurcv Slip-rings are made of high quality phosphor-bronze and
- -
are of mouldedconstruction.
 8

SCIMVsSRIM
S. N Squirrel Cage Induction Slip Ring / Wound Rotor Induction
o Motor Motor
1 The rotor is simplest and most The rotor is wound type and
rugged in construction. construction is not simple.
2 Cylindrical laminated core rotor Cylindrical laminated core rotor is
with heavy bars or copper are wound like winding on the stator,
used for conductors.

3 Rotor conductors or rotor bars At starting the 3 phase windings are

are short circuited with end connected to a star connected rheostat
rings. and during running, the windings are
short circuited at the slip rings.
4 Rotor bars are permanently It is possible to insert additional
short circuited and hence it is resistance in the rotor circuit. Therefore
not possible to connect external it is possible to increase the torque; the
resistance in the circuit in series additional series resistance is used for
with the rotor conductors. starting purposes.
 9

5 Cheaper cost. Cost is slightly higher.

6 No moving contacts in the rotor. Carbon brushes, slip rings etc

are provided in the rotor
circuit.
7 Higher efficiency. Comparatively less efficiency.
8 Speed control by rotor resistance Speed control by rotor
is not possible. resistance is possible.
9 Starting current is 5 to 7 times Less starting current
the full load current. compared to squirrel cage
Induction Motor.
 10

Rotating Magnetic Field in 3-Phase IM

> Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees
from each other, fed by balanced three * \ Axis of phase B
phase source.
> A rotating magnetic field with constant
magnitude is produced, rotating with a
speed Axis of phase R

nmm
,
P
Axis of phase Y
Where fe is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and nsync is called the
synchronous speed in rpm (revolutions
per minute)
 11

Mathematical Proof:
> Applied Currents in all the phases
h = 4 cos COt
iY = Im cos { cot -120°)
iB = Im cos { cot + 120°) = Im cos { cot - 240°)
> Then flux will be produced in all the phases with
120 degree phase difference. Then the three mmfs are:
FR = Fm cos cot cos 6
Fy = Fm cos { cot -120°) cos ( (9 -120°)
FB = Fmcos { cot + 120°) cos ( ^ + 120°)
 12

Rotating Magnetic Field

> The resultant mmf is F = FR + F + FB ¥

= Fm [cos cot cos 0 + cos ( cot - 120°) cos (0 -120°) + cos (® f + 120°) cos (0 + 120°)]
The first term of this expression is
cos cot cos 0 = 0.5 [cos (0 - *yr ) + cos (0 + *yf )]
The second term is
cos ( co t -120°) cos (0 -120°) = 0.5 [cos (0 - co t ) + cos (0 + co t - 240°)]
Then the total mmf F = * cos iO - a t )
> ^
> This shows that the resultant magnetic field is
rotating with synchronous speed.
The peak value of the resultant mmf is Fpeak = 1.5 Fm
 13

120/,
nsync rpm
Synchronous speed P
P 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720

12 500 600
 14

Principle of operation
> A 3-phase balanced AC supply is given to the 3-phase stator
winding, a rotating magnetic field will be developed;
> This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and
produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
> Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for
both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current
flows in the rotor windings
> The rotor current produces another magnetic field
> A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those
two magnetic fields
Tind = k B R X B s
Where rind is the induced torque and BR and Bs are the magnetic
flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
 15

Induction motor speed

> At what speed will the IM run?
- Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
- If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the
same speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor
will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and
the rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is
generated and the rotor speed will fall below the
synchronous speed
- When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will
cut the rotor windings and a torque is produced
 16

Induction motor speed

> So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than
the synchronous speed
> The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip

nslip = nsync ~
nm
Where nslip= slip speed
n —= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
 17

The Slip
nsync
S =
ftsync
.
Where s is the slip
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
5= 0
if the rotor is stationary
5 =1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the above
eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesn’t have units
 18

Induction Motors and Transformers

> Both IM and transformer works on the principle of
Mutual Induction (induced voltage).
- Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary windings
- Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings
produce an induced voltage in the rotor windings
- The difference is that, in the case of the induction motor,
the secondary windings can move.
- Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding
of the IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the
same frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage
 19

Frequency
> The frequency of the voltage induced in the rotor is
given by
Pxn
fr —
120
Where fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)
P = number of stator poles
n = slip speed (rpm)
P x ( ns - n j
fr =
120
Pxsns Sfe
120
 20

Frequency
> What would be the frequency of the rotor ’s induced
voltage at any speed nml

> When the rotor is blocked (5 =1) , the frequency of

the induced voltage is equal to the supply frequency
> On the other hand, if the rotor runs at synchronous
speed (5 = 0), the frequency will be zero
 21

Torque
> While the input to the induction motor is electrical
power, its output is mechanical power and for that we
should know some terms and quantities related to
mechanical power
> Any mechanical load applied to the motor shaft will
introduce a Torque on the motor shaft. This torque is
related to the motor output power and the rotor speed

P
Nm and
60
 22

Horse power
> Another unit used to measure mechanical power is
the horse power
> It is used to refer to the mechanical output power
of the motor
> Since we, as an electrical engineers, deal with
watts as a unit to measure electrical power, there is
a relation between horse power and watts

bp = 746 watts
 23

Example
A 208-V, lOhp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected
induction motor has a full-load slip of 5 percent
1. What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
2. What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?
3. What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated load?
4. What is the shaft torque of this motor at rated load?
 24

Solution
wm _
^
1 60)
1 . nsync

2.
=

nm=(\- s )ns
P
^800
^

= (1- 0.05) x 1800 = 1710 rpm

3. fr = sfe - 0.05 x 60 = 3/Zz

4 . Tload _ PQU , _ ^ Olrf

In —
60
10 /7/ j x 746 waft / hp
= 4\ .l N .m
1710 x 2 x (l / 60)
^
 25

Equivalent Circuit
> The induction motor is similar to the transformer with
the exception that its secondary windings are free to
rotate.
h *1 JX1 h

M
,|
V Rc jXM Ei

As we noticed in the transformer, it is easier if we can combine

these two circuits in one circuit but there are some difficulties
 26

> EMF induced in the Rotor

ER» = sBRO
,
Where ER0 is the largest value of the rotor’s induced voltage
obtained at s = 1(locked rotor)
 27

> The same is true for the frequency, i.e.

> It is known that

X = mL - 2n f L \
> So, as the frequency of the induced voltage in the
rotor changes, the reactance of the rotor circuit also
changes », 2 ,
Where Xr0 is the rotor reactance
K = 4 = */ 4
at the supply frequency = 2*s/A
(at blocked rotor) = sX .
 28

> Then, we can draw the rotor equivalent circuit as

follows:

Where ER is the induced voltage in the rotor and RR is the

rotor resistance
 29

> Now we can calculate the rotor current as

4=( E *
RR + JXR )
( RR R0 )
^ jS
> Dividing both the numerator and denominator by 5
so nothing changes, we get
4= Mm
$
Where ER0 is the induced voltage and XR0 is the rotor
reactance at blocked rotor condition 4 = 1)
 30

> Now we can have the rotor equivalent circuit

 31

Equivalent Circuit
> Now as we managed to solve the induced voltage
and different frequency problems, we can combine
the stator and rotor circuits in one equivalent
circuit «1 JXi \ &2
(YW\

Where
V — aeff ^ RO

Rc E ,
h
°eff
~
aeff ^R0

aeff
Ns
= TT
NR
 32

Power losses in Induction machines

> Copper losses
- Copper loss in the stator ( PSCL ) ~ h2 i
-
^
Copper loss in the rotor ( PRCL ) = I22R2
> Core loss ( Pcore )
> Mechanical power loss due to friction and windage
> How this power flow in the motor?
 33

Power flow in induction motor

PAG Pconv
I
l \
Air-gap power
Pout ^load^m
“

Pin — VTIL COS 6

I
I ^indent /
i
i
+
i
p Pfriction c

and windage t* misc.l

PCOK (Rotor
PscL (Core copper
(Stator losses)
loss)
copper
loss)
 34

Power relations

4 = P VLIL cos e = iVptIptcose

P / 2 /?
rSCL =
^ 11 ^
J 1

PAG P<n ( PSCL + Pcore )

~

_ 1 /- D
P J JX
122

Pconv = 1PAG
1 ~1 PRCL
1

Pconv
Pout = Pconv ( Pf + + Pstray )
W ^ ind COm
 35

Power relations

4=
P
rSCL —
^^ 3 VLIL cos g = iVptIptcose
J
2
11 P
T

PAG P,n ~ ( PSCL + Pcore ) ~

Pconv + PRCL P
= 22
^ ^ S
2 PRCL
s
p = 1
J / - I/V?
rRCL 12 2
Pconv PA G PRCL R2 ( l - s ) PRCL 0 s)
1 = 1 ~1 1
= 31\
s s
pconv (1 - s ) PAG
Pconv (1 ~ s ) PAG
Pout = Pconv ( Pf + w + Pstray ) ^ ind C0m ni A ~ S )OJs
 36

Power relations
( Oil )'

conv

1 : s : is
 37

Example
A 480-V, 60 Hz, 50-hp, three phase induction motor is
drawing 60A at 0.85 PF lagging. The stator copper
losses are 2 kW, and the rotor copper losses are
700 W. The friction and windage losses are 600 W,
the core losses are 1800 W, and the stray losses are
negligible. Find the following quantities:
1. The air-gap power PAG
2. The power converted Pconv
3. The output power Pout .
4. The efficiency of the motor.
 38

Solution
1. P„ = SrLILaH »
= V3 x 480 x 60 x 0.85 = 42.4 kW
PAG — Pin PsCL Pcore '

= 42.4 - 2 -1.8 = 38.6 kW

2- PCOnv PAG PRCL
~

700
= 38.6 - = 37.9 kW
1000
3.
Pout — Pconv PF
600
= 37.9 - 1000 = 37.3 kW
 39

Solution
37.3
Pout 50 hp
0.746

4. Pout
n= p
x 100%
in

37.3
xlOO = 88%
42.4
 40

Example
A 460-V, , 60 Hz, four-pole, Y-connected induction motor
has the following impedances in ohms per phase referred to
the stator circuit:
R ]= 0.64 IQ R2= 0.332Q
Xj = 1.106 Q X2= 0.464 Q XM= 26.3 Q
The total rotational losses are 1100 W and are assumed to be
constant. The core loss is lumped in with the rotational losses.
For a rotor slip of 2.2 percent at the rated voltage and rated
frequency, find the motor’s
4- conv ar|d P0ut
1. Speed ^
2. Stator current 5. xindandxload
3. Power factor 6. Efficiency
 41

Solution
120 fe _ 120 x 60 _
1- % 1800 rpm
P 4
nm = (1- s )nsync = (1- 0.022) x 1800 = 1760 rpm
0.332
—
2. Z2 = + jX 2 =
s 0.022
+ y 0.464

= 15.09 + y'0.464 = 15.1Z1.760 Q

1 1
Z/ =
1 / jXM + 1 / Z2 -y0.038 + 0.0662 Z -1.76°
1
= 12.94Z31.1° 0
0.0773Z - 31.10
 42

Solution
Ztot = Zstat + Zf
= 0.641 + yl . l 06 + 12.94Z31.1° Q
= 11.72 + /7.79 = 14.07Z33.6° Q
460Z00
V,: A = 18.88Z - 33.6° A
Ziot 14.07 Z33.60
3. PF = cos 33.6° = 0.833 lagging
4. pin = AvjL COS e = X 460 x 18.88 x 0.833 = 12530 W
73
PSCL 3/,2
= /?J = 3(18.88) 2
x 0.641 = 685 W

PAG = Pin - PSCL = 12530 - 685 = 11845 W

 43

Solution
Pconv = (1 - s )PAG = (1- 0.022X11845) = 11585 W
Pout Pconv PF & w = 11585 -1100 = 10485 W
_ 10485 14.1 hp
=
746
5 ^ind
•
PAG 11845
= 62.8 N.m
ync 2^ x 1800,60
Pout 10485
= 56.9 N.m
^load 7.71 x 1760,60

Pout
6. T ) = —^ x 100% =
10485
x 100 = 83.7%
4 12530
 44
Torque-Slip (or) Torque- speed
Characteristics of 3-ph IM
T,

\
\

(Starting Torque )
o ns

S= 1 s=0
Motoring
Region
 45

> The torque slip curve for an induction motor gives us

the information about the variation of torque with the
slip.
> When the supply is given to the stator sides and the
motor always rotates below the synchronous speed.
> The induction motor torque varies from zero to full load
torque as the slip varies. The slip varies from zero to one.
It is zero at no load and one at standstill. From the curve
it is seen that the torque is directly proportional to the
slip.
> That is, more is the slip, more will be the torque
produced and vice-versa.
 46

Starting Methods of an Induction Motor

> A three phase Induction Motor is Self Starting.
> When the supply is connected to the stator of a three-
phase induction motor, a rotating magnetic field is
produced, hence the rotor starts rotating and then the
induction motor starts.
> At the time of starting, the motor slip is unity, and the
starting current is very large.
> The purpose of a starter is not to just start the motor, but
it performs the two main functions. They are as follows.
S To reduce the heavy starting current
S To provide overload and under voltage protection.
 47

There are three main methods of Starting of

Squirrel Cage Induction Motor.
They are as follows:

Starting
Methods of
Induction Motor

r Direct On Line
Starter
Star Delta
Starter
Autotransformer
Starter
 48

Direct Online Starter

> The direct on line starter method, of an induction motor is
simple and economical.
> In this method, the starter is connected directly to supply
voltage.
> By this method small motors up to 5 kW rating is started
to avoid the supply voltage fluctuation.
 49

Star-Delta Starter
^common
The Star-Delta Starter is a very
type of starter and is used
extensively as compared to the
other type of starting methods of
the induction motor.
^
• When the switch S is in the
START position, the stator
Sutor +
Run

windings are connected in the star

as shown in Fig.
Start
Rotor
 50

> When the motor picks up the speed, about 80 percent of

its rated speed, the switch S is immediately put into the
RUN position.
> As a result, a stator winding which was in star connection
is changed into DELTA connection now as shown in the
fig -
> At the time of starting ( Star connection)
L / Phase

> Under Running condition(Delta) L / Pha:

 51

I ! per phase
/,/ per phase =
T* u

St = [ U T ,, .L i ,
5
/3 / 3 /,

starting line current with star delta starting

starting line current with direct switching in delta
= 1/3
Starting torque with star delta starting
Starting torque with direct switching in delta
= 1 /3
 52

5
Auto transformer Starter
> An Auto transformer *
nnn
Auto
Starter is suitable for transformer

both star and delta

connected motors. M .W t

> In this method, the Three Phase

Supply

starting current is LJ U U
limited by using a
three-phase auto
transformer to reduce
Motor
the initial stator
applied voltage.
 53

> The primary of the auto transformer is connected to the

supply line, and the motor is connected to the
secondary of the auto transformer.
> When the motor picks up the speed of about 80 percent
of its rated value, the handle H is quickly moved to the
RUN position.
> Thus, the auto transformer is dis-connected from the
circuit, and the motor is directly connected to the line
and achieve its full rated voltage.
LL
> where K is the transformation ratio
> The star delta starter is equivalent to an auto-
transformer starter of the ratio K =1/3= 0.58.
 54

Starting method of Slip Ring Induction Motor

> In the Slip Ring Induction Motor starter, the full
supply voltage is connected across the starter. The
connection diagram of the slip ring induction motor
starter is shown below.
Slip Ring
Three Phase Supply

V si —
A Shaft
—•-Awv—
•

Stator
—Run

Brush
 55

> Full starting resistance is connected and thus the supply

current to the stator is reduced.
> The rotor begins to rotate, and the rotor resistances are
gradually cut out as the speed of the motor increases.
> When the motor is running at its rated full load speed,
the starting resistances are cut out completely, and the
slip rings are short-circuited.
> In this way we can start the 3-Phase IM safely.