GROUP MEMBERS

HAMMAD AHMAD FA21-BME-001

SHAVAIZ AHMED FA21-BME-023

Project Based Learning

INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT

Distance Measurement System also known as
EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
1.INTRODUCTION
Distance measurement of an object in front or by the side of a moving entity is required in a
large number of devices. These devices may be small or large and also quite simple or
complicated. Such distance measurement systems are available. These use various kinds of
sensors and systems. Low cost and accuracy as well as speed is important in most of the
applications. In this project, we have implemented such a measurement system which uses
ultrasonic sensor unit and a ATmega32 microcontroller based system. This microcontroller is
easily available at low cost. A correlation is applied to minimize the error in the measured
distance. Ultrasound sensors are very versatile in distance measurement. They are also providing
the cheapest solutions. Ultra- sound waves are useful for both the air and underwater. Ultrasonic
sensors are also quite fast for most of the common applications. In simpler system a low cost
version of 8-bit microcontroller can also be used in the system to lower the cost.
2.OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is to provide a useful system to measure the distance which
will be easy to configure and handle. As IR sensors distance measurement systems cannot work
good in different light conditions and also cannot work in water, hence build a low cost system to
measure the distance which will work under water and is not affected by varying light
conditions.
3.SYSTEM COMPONENTS
The proposed system will comprise the following key components:
1. Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04
2. Atmega 32
3. Object
4. Microcontroller unit (e.g., Arduino or Raspberry Pi)
5. LCD display for distance indication
6. Power supply unit
4.METHODOLGY
These modules are designed to be used for microcontroller based applications hence optimized
for it. The interface is a single pin called SIG (signal). The MCU is connected to the Ultrasonic
Sensor Module by a single i/o line. The steps required to read distance are:
 Ultrasonic Sensor Interface with MCU
1. Microcontroller make the i/o line output. (by using the DDRx Register in AVR)
2. The i/o line is made low (this may be the default state of i/o pin)
3. Wait for 10uS
4. Make the i/o line high.
5. Wait for 15uS
6. Make the i/o line low
7. Wait for 20uS
8. Now make it input (by using the DDRx Register in AVR)
9. Module will keep it low. Wait till it is low, as soon as it becomes high start the timer.
10. After that wait till it is high, as soon as it becomes low copy the timer value and stop the
timer.
11. Finally we have the time required for the wave to go hit the obstacle and come back to the
module.
If the pulse width is in microseconds, the distance can be calculated by the following formula:
Distance in cm = Pulse width/58
Distance in inches = Pulse width/148
5.WORKING
The technique of distance measurement using ultrasonic in air include continuous wave and
pulse echo technique. In the pulse echo method, a burst of pulses is sent through the transmission
medium and is reflected by an object kept at special distance. The time taken for the pulse to
propagate from transmitter to receiver is proportional to the distance of object. For contact less
measurement of distance, the device has to rely on the target to reflect the pulse back to itself.
The target needs to have a proper orientation that is it needs to be perpendicular to the direction
of propagation of the pulses. The amplitude of the received signal gets significantly attenuated
and is a function of nature of the medium and the distance between the transmitter and target.
The pulse echo or time-of-flight method of range measurement is subject to high levels of signal
attenuation when used in an air medium, thus limiting its distance range.
6.CONCLUSION
The objective of this project was to design and implement an Ultrasonic Distance Measurement
device. As described in this report a system is developed that can calculate the distance of the
tracked object. With respect to the requirements for an ultrasonic rangefinder the followings can
be concluded.
1. The system can calculate the distance of the obstruction with sufficient accuracy.
2. This device has the capability to interact with other peripheral if used as a secondary device.
3. This can also communicate with PC through its serial port.
4. This offers a low cost and efficient solution for non-contact type distance measurements.
7. REFERENCES
[1] Abdesalam.M, Al_Issa.H.A ,Thuneibat.S ,“Sensors Application Using PIC16F877A
Microcontroller,” American Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 13-18, 2016.
[2] Abraham .J, Habeeburahman.C.A, Hareesh.K.S, Jithin.K.K, Thomas.R.P, “Range Detection
Based on Ultrasonic Principle,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 7638-7642, 2014.
[3] Aldoulah.Z.A, “Application of Ultrasonic Radars in a Real-time Distance Detection System
for Individuals with Visual Impairment,” M.S. thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, The
University of Toledo, USA, 2017.
[4] Alessio Carullo and Marco Parvis,”An ultrasonic sensors for distance measurement in
automotive application”,IEEE Sensor Journal,2001.
[5] Anand.N,Jain.A,Mukhija.K, Thakrani.A, and Sharma.D “Arduino Based Ultrasonic Radar
System using Matlab,” International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering
Technology (IJRASET), vol. 05, no. 4, pp. 215-218, 2107.
[6] Anitha.K ,Rajesh kumar.P, Srilakshmi.K, Srinivas Raju.G.R.L.V.N, “Design and
Implementation of Distance Measuring Digital Hardware,” International Journal of Electronics
& Communication Technology (IJECT ), vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 222-225, 2011.
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