A STUDY ON “THE BONDING MOLECULAR

STRUCTURE AND LEWIS STRUCTURE”

A PROJECT WORK SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT IN CHEMISTRY OF CLASS 11

Submitted by

JONSON KATWAL
Class 11
Roll no: 058

Submitted to

SOS Herman Gmeiner Higher Secondary

School Sanothimi Bhaktapur, Nepal
 CERTIFICATE OF
APPROVAL

This project work entitled "TO STUDY THE BONDING MOLECULAR

STRUCTURE AND LEWIS STRUCTURE " by Jonson Katwal " of SOS
HERMAN GMEINERHIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL
prepared under
the supervision of Firoj Malla Sir, submitted for the partial fulfillment of
prerequisite
of the chemistry of class 11 has been accepted.

Name of Supervisor:
FIROJ MALLA SIR

Department of Chemistry SOS Herman Gmeiner School

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 RECOMMENDATION
LETTER

This project work entitled " TO STUDY THE BONDING MOLECULAR

STRUCTURE AND LEWIS STRUCTURE " by Jonson Katwal of SOS
Herman Gmeiner , Sanothimi has been prepared under my supervision as a
partial fulfillment for class 11 of the chemistry course. I, therefore,
recommend the project work for evaluation.
The project provides a comprehensive exploration of the classification,
characteristics, and use of drugs. His work is commendable as it reflects his
keen interest in understanding the chemical composition and effects of
various substances.
Under my guidance, Displayed exceptional research skills. He has collected
and analyzed relevant data from credible sources, ensuring the accuracy and
reliability of the information presented in the report. Additionally, he
employed a variety of research methodologies, including literature reviews
to gather comprehensive and well-rounded insights into the topic.

Signature:

...........................
Date:13/06/2023

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 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled " THE BONDING
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND LEWIS STRUCTURE " submitted to
the Department of Chemistry of SOS Herman Gmeiner, Sanothimi
Bhaktapur, is an original piece of work carried out under the supervision
and guidance of FIROJ MALLA SIR , Faculty of Chemistry, SOS
Herman Gmeiner School, Sanothimi Bhaktapur and is submitted for the
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the chemistry of grade 11. This
project work report has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any
degree.

Signature:

..........................

Date:................

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the people who

have supported me in the preparation of this report. Without their
guidance, encouragement, and assistance, I would not have been able
to complete this project.

First and foremost, I would like to thank my teacher, Firoj Malla

Sir , for their invaluable support and guidance throughout the
course of this project. Their feedback, insights, and encouragement
have been instrumental in helping me to develop my ideas and
produce a high-quality report.

I would also like to acknowledge the support of the SOS Herman

Gmeiner Library Staff, who provided me with access to a wide range
of resources and materials that were crucial to the success of this
project. Their expertise and willingness to help make the research
process much smoother and more efficient.

Additionally, I would like to express my thanks to my friends who

provided me with valuable feedback, encouragement, and support
throughout the writing process. Their insights and perspectives were
invaluable in helping me to refine my ideas and produce a more
polished report.

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 ABSTRACT

An extensive analysis of Lewis structures, bonding, and

molecular structure is presented in this report. Understanding
the basic ideas of chemical bonding and how it results in the
formation of molecules with particular shapes was the main
goal of this study. The study also explores Lewis structures,
which are an effective means of illustrating the electron
distribution in molecules. This information is essential for
forecasting a substance's reactivity and chemical behavior.

The fundamentals of electronegativity, valence electrons,

covalent and ionic bonding, and the VSEPR theory are
revealed through theoretical analyses. Advanced software and
computational tools make it easier to visualize complex
molecular structures, which gives the research a more useful
aspect. The research goes into the lab, where experiments are
carried out to produce empirical data and validate theoretical
ideas.

Overall, This study uses a mixed-methods approach to

navigate the complexity of chemical bonding and molecular
structures to have a better understanding about the topic.

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 Table of Contents

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL................................................................................ii

RECOMMENDATION LETTER................................................................................iii

DECLARATION.........................................................................................................iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…........................................................................................v

ABSTRACT…..............................................................................................................vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................vii

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................8

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY..........................................................................................21

METHODS OF STUDY OR RESEARCH DESIGN..................................................23

RESULT AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………………25

CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................26

FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT…....................................................................16

RECOMMENDATION................................................................................................28

APPENDIX…................................................................................................................29

REFERENCES.............................................................................................................30

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1. INTRODUCTION

In the study of chemistry, knowledge of molecular structure and chemical bonding is

essential.
CHEMICAL BOND is the force of attraction between atoms which binds the atoms of
elements together . The atoms collectively combine with each other to form a molecule.
Chemical bond between the atoms may be of different types .
I ) Ionic bond
II) Covalent bond
III) Hydrogen bond
IV) Coordinate bond

The Atoms combine with each other to form a molecule in order to obtain stability . The
atoms are more stable in bonded form than in uncombined form as the energy of the system is
decreased in combined state .
Therefore , chemical bonding is an essential part in formation of molecules by the atoms in
order to attain stability .

This research focuses on molecular geometry, covalent and ionic bonding, Hybridization,
Theories on chemical bonding and the use of Lewis structures to represent the distribution of
electrons within molecules.

1) IONIC BONDING
The bond formed between two or more than two atoms by the transfer of one or
more electrons by an atom of an element foming cation and gain of electron
resulting in formation of anion . The structure is maintained by the electrostatic
attraction between these ions.
Some examples of ionic bond are NaCl , KCL, AL2O3 ,etc

a. Formation of Potassium Chloride

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 b. Formation of Calcium Oxide

PROPETIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

A.High Melting and High Boiling point

B.Generally soluble in polar solvents but insoluble in organic
solvents .
C.Bad conductors in solid state but conducts electricity when
dissolved in polar solvent or in molten form .
D.Generally exist at solid state in room temperature
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E. Nature of bond is ionic formed by the strong electrostatic
force of attraction
F. Ionic crysrals are usually hard and brittle

2)COVALENT BOND
When atoms share electrons to form a stable electron configuration,
this is known as covalent bonding. We looked at the idea of valence
electrons, or an atom's outermost electrons and the way that atoms
bond with one another is mostly determined by these electrons.
Depending on the difference in atoms' electronegativity, covalent
bonds can be either polar or nonpolar.
Eg : O2 , HCL , CL2 ,H2O , CH4

A. FORMATION OF OXYGEN MOLECULE

B. FORMATION OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE MOLECULE

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PROPERTIES OF COVALENT BOND

1. Covalent compounds can be found in the forms of liquids,

soft solids, or gases

2. Covalent compounds can be found in the forms of liquids,

soft solids, or gases

3. Covalent compounds dissolve in organic solvents but are

insoluble in water.
4. Whether they are solid, molten, or aqueous, they are not
electrically conductive materials.
5. Covalent bonds are directional in nature .

3) HYDROGEN BONDING
Hydrogen bonding is not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom;
rather, it is a unique kind of dipole-dipole attraction between
molecules. It arises from the attraction force between another
very electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom covalently
bound to a very electronegative atom, such
as an N, O, or F atom
A substance's melting and boiling points rise when hydrogen
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bonds are present. This reduces its volatility as a result.
Compared to the feeble Van der Waals bonds, it is stronger.
Comparatively speaking, ionic and covalent bonds are
stronger than hydrogen bonds.
 Eg : WATER (H2O) , AMMONIA ( NH3 )

1.FORMATION OF WATER (H20)

4) COORDINATE BONDING
One kind of alternate covalent bond created by sharing an
electron pair from a single atom is called a coordinate bond.
The same atom provides both of the shared electrons. It is also
referred to as a dipolar or dative bond.
Eg: CO , Ozone ( O3)

 FORMATION OF OZONE MOLECULE (O3)

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 LEWIS STRUCTURE
When covalent molecules (or polyatomic ions) are represented, all of
the valence electrons are distributed around the bonded atoms as
either unshared (lone pairs) or shared (bond pairs) pairs. This is
known as a Lewis Structure. A single bond, or a short line, represents
a shared pair of electrons. A double bond, or two short lines, indicate
the sharing of two pairs of electrons by an atom at certain times. Even
three pairs of electrons, symbolized by three short lines (a triple
bond), can be shared by atoms. Lone pair electrons are represented by
pairs of dots.

 LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE OF NH3

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 LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE OF SO2

 RULES FOR DRAWING LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE

1. Count the number of valence (outer shell) electrons that each

atom has in total (Q)
2. Select the atom with least no. in the molecule or least
Electronegative atom / Atom with largest size as the central
atom .
3. Hydrogen and Fluorine can never be the central Atom
4. Complete the octate of the corner atom at first .
5. Central Atom can have 8 or more electrons
6. If net charge is positive (eg. H3o+) then it will be on central
atom and if the net charge is negative (eg. NO3-) then it will be
on corner atom.

LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE OF SOME MOLECULES

Method: calculate
 Q= total valance electron + negative charge – positive charge
 Bond pair Electron(BPE) = 2 x No. of Bonds
 Lone pair Electorn (LPE) = Q – BPE

Then, assign valance electrons as dots to corner atoms 1st then central
atom. After all the above process Use multiple bonds if necessary

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 For Formal charge , Use the Formula
F.C= valance electron of C.A – Lone pair electron – B.P.E/2
Where (B.P.E= bond pair electrons)

1) NH4+

Here , Q=5+4-1=8
BPE= 2x4 = 8
LPE = 8-8 =0

2) NO3-1

Here, Q= 5+3(6)+1=24
BPE= 2x3 =6
LPE = 24-6=18

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 PO4-3

Q= 5+4(6) +3 = 32
BPE= 8
LPE = 24

RESONANCE

When two or more valid Lewis structures can be drawn for the same
molecule, resonance occurs.

A molecule can only resonate if it contains one or more double bonds.

Single-bond molecules never exhibit resonance.

Every resonance structure needs to follow the octet rule and have the
appropriate amount of electrons.

The resonating structures are formed due to delocalization of π-bond

Or lone pair of electrons or odd electrons.

Resonance occurs in many compounds and ions like NO, O3 , CO2

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 A. RESONANCE IN OZONE

B. RESONANCE IN CO3

VALANCE SHELL ELECTRON PAIR REPULSION

THEORY ( V.S.E.P.R )

 V.S.E.P.R theory was proposed by Sedgwick and

Powell in 1940 and developed by Gillespie and
Nyholm in 1957.
 Essentially, it is a model that forecasts the geometry of molecules.
VSEPR models specifically examine the bonding and molecular
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geometry of polyatomic ions and organic molecules.

POSTULATES OF VSEPR THEORY

1. Electron pairs are always repelling each other and tries to
remain far apart

2. Different electron pairs have different order of repulsion

Repulsion of
L.P –L.P > L.P –B.P > B.P – B.P

3. If the lone pair is zero then geometry is shape

4. The shape of covalent molecule is determined by the

total no. of electron pairs (b.p and l.p ) present in valance
shell of central atom in molecule .

5. Any structure with two or more resonance structures that

can each represent a molecule can be modeled using the
VSEPR approach.

A. METHANE ( CH4 )

LEWIS STRUCTURE TETRAHEDRAL GEOMETRY

SHAPE

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SHAPE TETRAHEDRAL

B. AMMONIA (NH3)

LEWIS STRUCTURE

GEOMETRY : TETRAHEDRAL

SHAPE :TRIGONAL

COMMONLY USED TERMS IN SHAPE OF

MOLECULES
 Bond Angle: This is the angle between a bonded atom, the central atom, and another bonded
atom.

 Lone Pair: This refers to a pair of valance electrons that are not shared with another atom.

 Molecular Geometry: This is the 3-D arrangement of bonded atoms in a polyatomic ion or
molecule.
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 Electron Pair Geometry: This is the 3-D arrangement of electron pairs around the central atom
of a polyatomic ion or molecule.

HYBRIDIZATION
The idea of combining two atomic orbitals to create a new class of
hybridized orbitals is known as hybridization in chemistry. Usually,
this intermixing leads to the formation of hybrid orbitals with
completely distinct energies, forms, etc. The majority of hybridization
occurs between atomic orbitals of the same energy level. But as long
as they have the same amount of energy, half-filled and fully-filled
orbitals can also participate in this process.
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Characteristics of Hybridization
1. When orbitals from the same atom or ion have
comparable energies, hybridization takes place.
2. The number of orbitals engaged in the hybridization
process is equal to the number of hybrid orbitals.
3. Hybrid orbitals are always similar in energy and
shape.
4. Hybrid orbitals produce more stable bonds than pure
atom orbitals.
5. The creation of equivalent orbitals with the highest
symmetry is the aim of hybridization.

TYPES OF HYBRIDIZATION

A. SP HYBRIDIZATION
- Mixing up of s and p orbital of nearly same energy
- Geometry = linear
- Bond angle = 180
- Eg : BECL2 , C2H2
B. SP2 HYBRIDIZATION
- Mixing up of s and two p orbitals of similar energy
- Geometry = Trigonal Planar
- Bond Angle = 120
- Eg : BF3 , C2H4

C. SP3 HYBRIDIZATION
- Mixing up of s and three p orbitals of similar energy
- Geometry = Tetrahedral
- Bond angle = 109.5
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 - Eg : CH4 , NH3 , H20

2. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

1. To comprehend the basic ideas behind chemical

bonds, such as ionic and covalent bonds, and how
they affect the synthesis of molecules.

2. To investigate the idea of valence electrons and

how they affect an atom's ability to form bonds and
be chemically reactive.

3. To distinguish between polar and nonpolar

covalent compounds and investigate how
electronegativity affects covalent bond polarity.

4. Understanding how lone pairs and bonding pairs

affect molecular shape can help researchers apply
the VSEPR theory to the study of various
compounds and predict their three-dimensional
molecular geometry.

5. To understand the concept of Hybridization and

different types of bonds.

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3) METHODS OF STUDY OR
RESEARCH DESIGN

STUDY AND RESEARCH METHODS

Lewis structures, molecular structure, and chemical

bonding were all intended to be thoroughly covered in
the study and research done for this project. A
combination of theoretical and practical approaches
were used as research methods. The following are the
main elements of the research and study process :

LITERATURE REVIEW
To compile the body of knowledge and theories regarding chemical
bonding, molecular structure, and Lewis structures, a comprehensive
literature review was conducted. A thorough search of scholarly
articles, textbooks, and internet resources was required for this step.
Understanding the historical evolution and present status of the field
was made possible thanks in large part to the literature review.

THEORETICAL STUDIES
The basic ideas of chemical bonding were understood through
theoretical analysis. Important theories like valence electrons,
electronegativity, covalent and ionic bonding, and the VSEPR theory
were all examined in this process. In order to gain a better
understanding of how atoms interact to form molecules, the study also
included the concepts of electron distribution and molecular
geometry.
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COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS
Computational tools and software were used to improve our
understanding of molecular structures and their three-dimensional
shapes. The spatial arrangement of atoms and electron pairs was
visualized using molecular modeling software and visual aids. These
resources made it easier to comprehend molecular geometry in a more
hands-on and visual way.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

One important component of the research was incorporating real-

world experiments into the laboratory. The purpose of the
experiments was to illustrate ideas related to ionic bonding, Lewis
structure formation, bond angle measurement, and molecular shape
measurement. Practical experiments yielded significant insights into
the practical implementation of theoretical knowledge.

Therefore , Integrating real-world experiments into the

lab was a crucial part of the research. The experiments
served as illustrations for concepts in the areas of
molecular shape measurement, Lewis structure
formation, bond angle measurement, and ionic bonding.
Significant insights into the application of theoretical
knowledge in practice have been obtained through
practical experiments.

4) RESULT AND DISCUSSION

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The results obtained from our study are :

RESULTS:

 Ionic compounds are created through the transfer of electrons

through ionic bonding. These compounds are held together
by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged
ions.

 The sharing of electrons that results in the formation of

molecules is known as covalent bonding. In contrast to
nonpolar covalent bonds, which involve equal electron
sharing, polar covalent bonds are the product of unequal
electron sharing

 When determining a molecule's physical characteristics and

reactivity, molecular geometry is essential. Based on the
configuration of electron pairs surrounding a central atom,
the VSEPR theory aids in the prediction of molecular shapes.

 An illustration of the electron distribution in molecules is

given by Lewis structures. They are helpful in forecasting
chemical behavior and comprehending the valence electron
configuration.

 Covalent bond is formed by the overlapping of atomic

orbitals by sigma and pi bonds which helped in a better
understanding the strength of bonds.

 The intermixing of atomic orbitals of similar energy to give

new orbitals is the concept of hybridization where which
helps to show the geometry of compounds in which the
hybrid orbitals orientate such that they exhibit minimum
repulsion.

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5) CONCLUSION

In conclusion Understanding the Bonding molecular

structure and Lewis structure is an essential part in
chemistry .An extensive review of bonding, molecular
structure, and the application of Lewis structures to the
study of chemical compounds has been given by this
study. Predicting the behavior of chemical substances,
their reactivity, and their involvement in different
chemical reactions requires an understanding of the
fundamental concepts covered in this study. It provides
a strong basis for additional research in chemistry and
related subjects.

Furthermore , the study also highlights the methodology

of understanding and creating the lewis dot structure of
different compounds accompanied by the formation of
their 3 Dimensional geometry and shape .

6) FUTURE SCOPE OF THE

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 PROJECT
1. APPLICATION IN DRUG DESIGN
Drug design may benefit from the understanding of molecular
structures and bonding that this study has provided. Future studies
could concentrate on comprehending how particular molecular
interactions and shapes affect the effectiveness of drugs, which could
result in the creation of more effective and targeted pharmaceutical
compounds.

2. ADVANCED COMPUTAIONAL MOLEDING

Subsequent studies may explore increasingly complex computational
modeling methods to forecast molecular structures. Investigating
high-performance computing and quantum mechanical techniques
may improve our comprehension of intricate molecular interactions
and yield more realistic representations of electron distributions.

3. FUTURE INVESTIGATION OF UNCHARTERED

MOLECULE

Investigation of Uncharted Molecules: Examining the

structure and bonding of molecules with unusual or poorly understood
properties could be a fascinating field of study. Studying molecules
with unusual electrical configurations or those found in harsh
environments could be part of this.

4. GREEN CHEMISTRY INNOVATIONS

Subsequent research endeavors might concentrate on the advancement

of ecologically sustainable chemical procedures and substances.
Gaining an understanding of the bonding principles involved in green
chemistry practices may help the field come up with sustainable
solutions.

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7) RECOMMENDATION
If you are conducting a study about the bonding molecular structure
and Lewis structure here, are some recommendations to enhance the
quality and scope of your research:

1. Comprehensive Literature Review: Start by reading through all

of the pertinent literature, which should include textbooks,
scientific journals, and reliable internet sources. This will give
your research a strong foundation and enable you to
comprehend the gaps in the field's knowledge.

2. Integration of Advanced Computational Tools:

It is recommended to incorporate advanced computational tools
and software for more accurate modeling of molecular
structures. This could involve exploring quantum mechanical
methods and utilizing high-performance computing resources to
enhance the precision of simulations.

3. Define Clear Objectives: Clearly define the objectives and

research questions of your study. This will help you stay
focused and guide your data collection and analysis efforts.

4. Proper Understanding about Molecular Bonding : Having a

proper and factual knowledge about the formation of a molecule
by the use of different bond and the formation of their shapes
and geometry is also necessary .

5. Emerging Trends : There is a growing body of research on the

adhesion of atoms. Researchers are beginning to employ
machine learning and intelligent computer programs to predict
molecular behavior more accurately. Furthermore, the
development of quantum computers—extremely powerful
computers—promises to advance our understanding of complex
chemical phenomena. In addition, scientists are collaborating
with experts in various domains, such as environmental science
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 and new materials science, to apply our understanding of
molecules in novel and practical ways.

8) APPENDIX
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE OF SOME OTHER MOLECULES
ARE :

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9) REFERENCES
1. Bijyus.com

2. Class 11 Modern chemistry Book (Asmita

Publication )

3. chemistrylearner.com
4. Chem.libretexts.org

5. Wikipidea

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