MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

SECTOR-14, FARIDABAD

GRADE-X (SESSION 2024-25)

SUBJECT-BIOLOGY TOPIC-NUTRITION AND RESPIRATION

(LIFE PROCESSES)

Introduction

 All the plants and animals are alive or living things.

 The most important criterion to decide whether something is alive or not is the movement.
 The movements in animals are fast and can be observed easily but the movements in plants are slow and
observed with difficulty.
 Animals can move from one place to another or they can move their body parts.
 The plants can only move parts of their body such as leaves, flowers, roots and shoots.

Life Processes

functions performed by living organisms to maintain their life on this earth are called life processes.
Basic life processes common to all living organisms are:
Basic life processes Function
Taking of food inside the body and converting it into
Nutrition
smaller molecules which can be absorbed by the body.
The process which releases energy from the food
Respiration
absorbed by the body.
The process in which a substance absorbed or made in
Transportation
one part of the body is moved to other parts of the body.
The process in which the nitrogenous waste materials
Excretion produced in the cells of the body are removed from the
body.
 All the living organisms need energy to perform various life processes. They get this energy from
food. Food is a kind of fuel which provides energy to all the living organisms.

Nutrition

 Food is an organic substance. The simplest food is glucose also called simple sugar.
 A more complex food is starch. It is made from glucose.
 The general name of substances like glucose and starch is ‘carbohydrates’.
Nutrient: A nutrient can be defined as a substance which an organism obtains from its surroundings and uses it
as a source of energy or for the biosynthesis of its body constituents.
Example: carbohydrates and fats are the nutrients which are used by the organism mainly as a source of energy.
Proteins and mineral salts are nutrients used by organism for the biosynthesis of its body constituents like skin,
blood, etc.
Nutrition:
Nutrition is the process of intake of nutrients (like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins and
water) by an organism as well as the utilization of these nutrients by the organism.

Mode of Nutrition:
Mode of nutrition means method of obtaining food by an organism. There are mainly two modes of
nutrition:

1. Autotrophic mode of nutrition

2. Heterotrophic mode of nutrition
Autotrophic mode of nutrition: (‘auto’ means ‘self’ and ‘trophe’ means ‘nutrition’)

 Autotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism makes (or synthesizes) its own food
from the simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water present in the surroundings (with the
help of sunlight energy and chlorophyll).
 Those organisms which can make their own food from carbon dioxide and water are called autotrophs.
 Example: all green plants, autotrophic bacteria.
 Autotrophs make their food by photosynthesis.
Heterotrophic mode of nutrition: (‘heteros’ means ‘others’ and ‘trophe’ means ‘nutrition’)
 Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make (or synthesizes) its
own food from simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water, and depends on other
organisms for its food.
 Those organisms which cannot make their own food from inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and
water, and depends on other organisms for their food are called heterotrophs.
 Example: all the animals (man, dog, cat, lion, etc.), most bacteria and fungi.

Question : Differentiate between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition

Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition:

Heterotrophic mode of nutrition is of three types:

1. Saprotrophic (saprophytic) nutrition

2. Parasitic nutrition
3. Holozoic nutrition
Saprotrophic nutrition:
 Saprotrophic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism obtains its food from decaying organic
matter by breaking complex food into simple form outside the body and then absorb it. .
  The organisms having saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called saprophytes.
 Saprophytes are the organisms which obtain food from dead plants (like rotten leaves), dead and
decaying animal bodies, and other decaying organic matter.
 Example: Fungi (like bread moulds, mushrooms), and many bacteria.
Parasitic nutrition:
 The parasitic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism derives its food from the body of another
living organisms(host) without killing it.
 A parasite is an organism (plant or animal) which feed on another living organism called its host.
 Example: some animals like Plasmodium and roundworms, a few plants like Cuscuta (amarbel) and
several fungi and bacteria.
Holozoic nutrition:
 The holozoic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism takes the complex organic food materials
into its body by the process of ingestion, the ingested food is digested and then absorbed into the body
cells of the organism.
 Example: human beings and most of the animal.

Nutrition in plants:

 Green plants are autotrophic and synthesize their own food by the process of photosynthesis.
 The process, by which green plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water by using
sunlight energy in the presence of chlorophyll, is called photosynthesis.
 Oxygen is released during photosynthesis.
 The process of photosynthesis takes place in the green leaves of a plant.
 The food is prepared by the green leaves of a plant in the form of a simple sugar called glucose.
 The extra glucose is changed into another food called starch. This starch is stored in the leaves of the
plant or different parts of the plant such as stem,root
 The green plants convert sunlight energy into chemical energy by making carbohydrates.

The photosynthesis takes place in the following three steps:

1. Absorption of sunlight energy by chlorophyll.

2. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy, and splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen by
light energy.
3. Reduction of carbon dioxide by hydrogen to form carbohydrate like glucose by utilizing the chemical
energy.

Q. Stomata remain closed in desert plants during daytime’. How do they perform
photosynthesis?
Ans. The stomata does not open during the day to avoid water loss and only opens during the night for carbon
dioxide to enter the plant. The carbon dioxide is present as an intermediate inside the plant to perform
photosynthesis during the day.
Q What is sequence of steps in photosynthesis? How is it different in desert plants
and those in temperate regions?

Conditions necessary for photosynthesis:

The conditions necessary for photosynthesis to take place are:

1. Sunlight
2. Chlorophyll
 3. Carbon dioxide
4. water
Raw materials for photosynthesis:
The raw materials for photosynthesis are: Carbon dioxide, Water

How the plants obtain carbon dioxide?

 There are a large number of tiny pores called stomata on the surface of the leaves of plants.
 The carbon dioxide gas enters the leaves of the plant through the stomata present on their surface.
 Each stomatal pore is surrounded by a pair of guard cells. The opening and closing of stomatal pores
is controlled by the guard cells.
 When water flows into the guard cells, they swell, become curved and cause the pore to open.
On the other hand, when guard cells lose water, they shrink, become straight and close the
stomatal pores.
Question : How do guard cells regulate the opening and closing of the stomata?

Question : Draw a well labelled diagram of open and closed stomata. What are the functions of
stomata?

How the plants obtain water for photosynthesis:

 The water required by the plants for photosynthesis is absorbed by the root of the plants from the soil
through the process of osmosis.
 The water absorbed by the roots of the plants is transported upward through the xylem vessels to the
leaves where it reaches the photosynthetic cells.

Question: What are the other raw materials used by the plant for growth and development?
1. The plants also need other raw materials such as nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and magnesium, etc.,
for building their body.
2. The plants take these materials from the soil.
3. Nitrogen is essential element used by the plants to make proteins and other compound and is used by
the plants in the form of nitrites and nitrates.
Site of photosynthesis: Chloroplasts
 The site of photosynthesis in a cell of the leaf are chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll.
 Chloroplasts are present in the photosynthetic cells (mesophyll cells) of green plants. These cells
contain more chlorophyll than other plant cells.
Diagram of Cross section of Leaf
Experiments: The experiments on photosynthesis depend on the fact that green leaves make starch as
food and the starch gives a blue –black colour with iodine solution.
Experiment to show that Sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis:

1. Take a potted plant with green leaves and place it in a dark place for about three days to destarch its
leaves.
2. Take a thin strip of aluminium foil and wrap it in the centre of one leaf on the both sides so that sunlight
may not fall on this covered part of the leaf.
3. The remaining part of the leaf remains uncovered and exposed to sunlight.
4. Now keep the plant in sunshine for about six hours.
5. Pluck the partially covered leaf from the plant and remove its aluminium foil.
6. Boil the leaf in boiling water to soften the cells
7. Remove its green color chlorophyll by boiling the leaf in alcohol with the help of water bath.
8. Wash the decolorized leaf with water to remove any chlorophyll which may be sticking in it.
9. Pour iodine solution over the colorless leaf and observe the change in colour of the leaf.

Observation: On adding iodine solution, Covered part of the leaf does not turn blue-black showing that no
starch is present in this middle part of the leaf. The uncovered part of the leaf which received light turns blue-
black showing that starch is present in this part of the leaf.

Inference: Since the part of the leaf which was covered and hidden from sunlight does not contain starch and
the part of the leaf which was exposed to sunlight contains starch. Therefore, sunlight is necessary for
photosynthesis.

Aim :To show that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis.

Materials Required :

Two healthy potted plants of same size, two glass plates, two

bell jars, vaseline, watch glass, potassium hydroxide, alcohol,

spirit lamp and beaker.

Procedure :

1. Keep the potted plants in dark for three days, so that the leaves are destarched.

2. Place the potted plant (a) on a glass plate and put a watch glass containing potassium hydroxide (KOH) by
the side of the pot. Cover it with a bell jar.

3. Place the other potted plant (b) on second glass plate and cover it with a bell jar.
4. Use Vaseline to seal the bottom of jars to the glass plates so that the set up is air tight.

5. Keep the plants in sunlight for two hours.

6. Pluck a leaf from each plant and test the same for the presence of starch by following above steps.(in the
previous experiment)

Observation :

The leaf of plant (b) without potassium hydroxide turns blue-black, while the leaf of plant (a) with

potassium hydroxide remains pale coloured or colourless.

Conclusion :This experiment demonstrates that the leaf of plant(b) has synthesized starch by photosynthesis.
Leaf of plant (a) has not synthesized starch as it does not contain carbon dioxide which is essential for
photosynthesis. CO2is absorbed by potassium hydroxide. So, photosynthesis did not occur in

plant (a).

Nutrition in Animals: Animals are heterotrophs and hence they depend on other organisms (plants and other
animals) for their food. All the animals can be divided into three groups on the basis of their food habits. These
are: Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores.

Herbivores: Those animals which eat only plants are called herbivores. Examples are Goat, Cow, and Deer etc.
Carnivores: Those animals which eat only other animals as food are called carnivores. Examples are Lion,
Tiger, and Lizard etc.
Omnivores: Those animals which eat both, plants and animals are called omnivores. Examples are Man, Dog
and Crow etc.
Different steps in the process of nutrition in animals
There are five steps in the process of nutrition in animals.

1. Ingestion: The process of taking food into the body is called ingestion.
 2. Digestion: the process in which the food containing large, insoluble molecules is broken down into
small, water soluble molecules is called digestion.
3. Absorption: The process in which the digested food passes through the intestinal wall into blood stream
is called absorption.
4. Assimilation: The process in which the absorbed food is taken in by the body cells and used for energy,
growth and repair is called assimilation.
5. Egestion: The process in which the undigested food is removed from the body is called egestion.

Nutrition in Simple Animals:

Amoeba and paramecium are two very simple unicellular animals. In unicellular animals, all the processes of
nutrition are performed by the single cell.

Nutrition in Amoeba:
 Amoeba eats tiny organisms as food which floats in water in which it lives.
 The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic.
 The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called phagocytosis.
Steps involved in the nutrition of Amoeba:

Ingestion:
 Amoeba ingests food by forming temporary finger-like projections called pseudopodia around it.
 The food is engulfed with a little surrounding water to form a food vacuole (‘temporary stomach’) inside
the Amoeba.
Digestion:
 In Amoeba, food is digested in the food vacuole by digestive enzymes which break down the food into
small and soluble molecules by chemical reactions.
Absorption:
 The digested simple and soluble substances pass out of food vacuole into the surrounding environment.
Assimilation:
 The absorbed food materials are used to obtain energy through respiration and make the parts of
Amoeba cell which leads to the growth of Amoeba.
Egestion:
 The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out of the body of
Amoeba.
Diagram of Nutrition in Amoeba
Nutrition in Paramecium:
 Paramecium is also a tiny unicellular animal which lives in water.
Ingestion:
 Paramecium uses its hair like structures called cilia to sweep the food particles from water and put them
through a specific spot.
 Ingestion is followed by other steps such as digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. (as written
in Amoeba)

Nutrition in Human Beings (Complex Multicellular Animal):

 The various organs of the human digestive system in sequence are: Mouth, Oesophagus (Food pipe),
Stomach, Small intestine and Large intestine.
 The glands which are associated with the human digestive system are: Salivary glands, Liver and
Pancreas.
The various steps of nutrition in human beings are as follows:
Ingestion:

 In human beings, food is ingested through the mouth. The food

is put into the mouth with the help of hands.

Digestion:

 The digestion of food begins in the mouth itself.

 The teeth cut the food into small pieces, chew and grind it.
(Physical digestion)
 The salivary glands in our mouth produce saliva (watery
liquid) which contains an enzyme salivary amylase which
digests the starch (carbohydrate) present in the food into
sugar. (Chemical digestion)
 Our tongue helps in mixing this saliva with food.
 The digestion of food remains incomplete in mouth.

Oesophagus:

 The slightly digested food in the mouth is swallowed by the tongue and goes down the food pipe called
oesophagus.
 When the slightly digested food enters the food pipe, the walls of food pipe start contraction and
expansion movements called as peristaltic movement.
 This peristaltic movement of food pipe pushes the slightly digested into the stomach.
Q. What is peristaltic movement?

Stomach:

 The stomach is a J-shaped organ present on the left side of the abdomen.
 The stomach walls contain s three gastric glands in its walls, which secrete gastric juices.
 The gastric juice contains three substances: Hydrochloric acid, the enzyme pepsin and mucus.
 The hydrochloric creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action of the enzyme pepsin i.e.
digestion of protein.
It kills germs present in food.
 Makes food acidic in nature.
 The mucus helps to protect the stomach wall from its own secretions of hydrochloric acid.
 The partially digested food then goes from the stomach into the small intestine.

Q. State the location and function of gastric glands.

Q. Name the glands present in the wall of the stomach that release secretions for digestion of
food. Write the three components of secretion that are released by these glands.

Q State the role played by the following in the process of digestion :

(i) Enzyme trypsin
(ii) Enzyme lipase-

Small intestine:

 From the stomach, the partially digested food enters the small intestine.
 The small intestine is the largest part (about 6.5m) of the alimentary canal.
 The small intestine is very narrow and arranged in the form of a coil in our belly.
 Digestion of cellulose takes a longer time. Hence, herbivores eating grass need a longer small
intestine to allow complete digestion of cellulose. Carnivorous animals feed on meat , hence they have
a shorter intestine.
 The small intestine in human beings is the site of complete digestion of food (like carbohydrates,
proteins and fats)
 The small intestine receives the secretion of two glands: Liver and Pancreas.
 Liver secretes bile (greenish yellow liquid made in the liver and stored in gall bladder).
 Bile performs two functions:
1. Makes the acidic food coming from the stomach alkaline so that pancreatic enzymes can act on
it.
2. Bile salts break the large fat globules present in the food into small globules making it easy for
the enzymes to act and digest them. This is called Emulsification of fats.
 The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes like pancreatic amylase for breaking
down starch, trypsin for digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats.
 The walls of the small intestine contain glands which secretes intestinal juice. The enzymes present in
it finally convert the proteins into amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into
fatty acids and glycerol.
 In this way the process of digestion converts the large and insoluble food molecules into small water
soluble molecules.
Q. What is emulsification of fats?
Q. Write the function of Lipase.
Q. Differentiate between pepsin and trypsin.

Absorption:
 The small intestine is the main region for the absorption of digested food.
 The inner surface of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections called villi which increase
the surface area for rapid absorption of digested food.
 The digested food which is absorbed through the walls of the small intestine goes into our blood.

Q. List two functions of fnger-like projections present in the small intestine.

Q. Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?
Q. How is small intestine designed to maximize the absorption of digested food?
Assimilation:
 The blood carries digested and dissolved food to all the parts of the body where it becomes assimilated
as part of the cells and is utilized for obtaining energy, building up new tissues and the repair of old
tissues.

Egestion:
 The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where more villi absorb water from this material.
 The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus.
 The exit of this waste material is regulated by the anal sphincter.

Q. Why is nutrition necessary for the human body?

Q. What are dental caries and how they can be prevented?

Dental caries also known as tooth decay or a cavity, is an infection, bacterial in origin that
causes the demineralisation and destruction of the hard tissues of the teeth. This is due to the
production of acid by bacterial fermentation of food debris accumulated on the tooth surface. By
brushing the teeth regularly, the formation of these acids can be prevented.

Respiration

The process of releasing energy from food is called respiration.

The process of respiration involves taking in oxygen (of air) into the cells, using it for releasing energy by
burning food, and then eliminating the waste products (carbon dioxide and water) from the body.

 The process of respiration which releases energy takes place inside the cells of the body. So, it is also
known as cellular respiration.
 Respiration is essential for life because it provide energy for carrying out all the life processes which are
necessary to keep the organism alive.

Breathing and Respiration :

Breathing Respiration
The mechanism by which organisms obtain oxygen Respiration includes breathing as well as the
from the air and release carbon dioxide is called oxidation of food in the cells of the organism to
breathing. release energy.
Respiration includes physical as well as
Breathing is a physical process.
biochemical process of oxidation of food.
The process of breathing involves the lungs of the The process of respiration involves the lungs and
organism. mitochondria of the cells.

How Energy Released during Respiration is Stored:

 The energy produced during respiration is stored in the form of ATP molecules in the cells of the
body and used by the organism as when required.
  ADP (Adenosine Di-Phosphate, low energy content), Inorganic Phosphate (Pi) and ATP (Adenosine Tri-
Phosphate, high energy content) are the substances present inside a cell.
 The energy released during respiration is used to make ATP molecules form ADP and inorganic
phosphate.

 Thus, energy is stored in the form of ATP.

 When the cell needs energy, then ATP can be broken down using water to release energy. Thus:

 The energy equivalent to 30.5KJ/mole is released in this process.

 ATP is known as energy currency of cells.

Types of Respiration:

In most of the cases, the organisms carry out respiration by using oxygen. There are, however some organisms
which carry out respiration without using oxygen. Based on this, we have two types respiration: Aerobic
respiration, Anaerobic respiration

Aerobic Respiration:
 The respiration which uses oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
 In aerobic respiration, the glucose food is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water by
oxidation.
 Aerobic respiration produces a considerable amount of energy for use by the organism which gets stored
in the ATP molecules.

 Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration in the cells. Thus, the breakdown of pyruvate to give
carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in mitochondria.
Anaerobic Respiration:
 The respiration which takes place without oxygen is called anaerobic respiration.
 The microscopic organisms like yeast and some bacteria obtain energy by anaerobic respiration (which
is called fermentation).
 In anaerobic respiration, the microorganisms like yeast break down glucose (food) into ethanol and
carbon dioxide, and release energy.
 Anaerobic respiration produces much less energy which gets stored in the ATP molecules.
  Sometimes, when there is lack of oxygen in our muscle cells, another pathway for the breakdown of
pyruvate is taken. Here the pyruvate is converted into lactic acid (which is also a three-carbon molecule)
with the release of small amount of energy.

Respiration In Plants

 Like animals, plants also need energy. The plants get this energy by the process of respiration. Plants
also use oxygen of air for respiration and release carbon dioxide.
 The respiration in plants differs from the animals in three respects:
Respiration in plants Respiration in animals
All the parts of a plant (like root, stem and leaves)
An animal performs respiration as a single unit.
perform respiration individually.
During respiration in plants, there is a little
Respiratory gases are usually transported over long
transport of respiratory gases from one part of the
distance inside an animal during respiration.
plant to the other.
The respiration in animals occurs at a much faster
The respiration in plants occurs at a slow rate.
rate.

Plants get Oxygen by Diffusion:

  Plants have a branching shape, so they have quite a large surface area in comparison to their volume.
Therefore, diffusion alone can supply all the cells of the plants with as much oxygen as they need for
respiration.
 Diffusion occurs in the roots, stems and leaves of plants.
Respiration in Roots:
 Air occurs in soil interspaces. Root hairs of the roots are in direct contact with them.
 Oxygen of the soil air diffuses through root hair and reaches all internal cells of the root for respiration.
 Carbon dioxide produced by root cells diffuses in the opposite direction.
 In water-logged conditions, soil air becomes deficient. In the absence of oxygen, metabolic activity of
the root declines and the plant may wither.
Respiration in Stems:
 The stems of herbaceous plants have stomata. The oxygen from air diffuses into the stem of a
herbaceous plant through stomata and reaches all the cells for respiration.
 The carbon dioxide gas produced during respiration diffuses out into the air through the same stomata.
 In woody stems, the bark has lenticels for gaseous exchange.
Respiration in Leaves:
 The leaves of a plant have tiny pores called stomata. The exchange of respiratory gases in the leaves
takes place by the process of diffusion through stomata.

Net gaseous exchange in the leaves of the plant:

During day time, when photosynthesis occurs, oxygen is produced. The leaves use some of this oxygen for
respiration and rest of the oxygen diffuses out into air.
 Again, during the day time, carbon dioxide produced by respiration is all used up in photosynthesis by
leaves. Even more carbon dioxide is taken in from air.
 Thus, net gas exchange in leaves during day time is: O2 diffuses out ; CO2 diffuses in.
At night time, when no photosynthesis occurs and hence no oxygen is produced, oxygen from air diffuses into
leaves to carry out respiration. And carbon dioxide produced by respiration diffuses out into air.
 Thus, net gas exchange in leaves at night is: O2 diffuses in; CO2 diffuses out.

Respiration in Animals

Different animals have different modes of respiration.

Animals Respiratory organ

Unicellular animals like Amoeba,
Cell membrane
Planaria
Earthworm Skin
Aquatic animals like Fish, Prawns Gills
Insects like Grasshopper,
Spiracles and tracheae
Cockroach
Land animals like Humans, birds Lungs

*All the respiratory organs have three common features:

1. All the respiratory organs have a large surface area to get enough oxygen.
2. All the respiratory organs have thin walls for easy diffusion and exchange of respiratory gases.
 3. All the respiratory organs like skin gills, and lungs have a rich blood supply for transporting
respiratory gases.
 Terrestrial animals can breathe the oxygen in the atmosphere, but animals that live in water (aquatic
animals) need to use the oxygen dissolved in water.
 Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air, the rate
of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms.

Respiration in Amoeba:

 Amoeba is single-celled animal. Amoeba depends on simple diffusion of gases from breathing.
 The exchange of gases in Amoeba takes place through its cell membrane.
 Amoeba lives in water. This water has oxygen dissolved in it. The oxygen from water diffuses into the
body of Amoeba through its cell membrane.
 Since the amoeba is very small in size, so the oxygen spreads quickly into the whole body of Amoeba.
 This oxygen is used for respiration inside the Amoeba cell. The process of respiration produces carbon
dioxide gas continuously. This carbon dioxide gas diffuses out through the membrane of amoeba into
the surrounding water.

Respiration in Earthworm:
 The earthworm exchanges the gases through its skin. The earthworm absorbs the oxygen is needed for
respiration through is moist skin.
 The oxygen is then transported to all the cells of the earthworm by its blood where it is used in
respiration.
 The carbon dioxide produced during respiration is carried back by the blood. This CO2 is expelled from
the body of the earthworm through its skin.

Respiration in Fish:
 The fish has special organs for breathing called ‘gills’. The fish has gills on both the sides of its head.
 The fish lives in water and this water contains dissolves oxygen in it. The fish breathes by taking in
water through its mouth and sending it over the gills.
 When water passes over gills, the gills extract dissolved oxygen from this water. The water then goes
out through the gill slits.
 The extracted oxygen is absorbed by the blood and carried to all the parts of the fish. The carbon dioxide
produced by the respiration is brought back by the blood into the gills for expelling into the surrounding
water.
Note: diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of large multicellular organisms like
humans because the volume of human body is so big that oxygen cannot diffuse into all the cells of the
human body quickly.

Respiratory system in Humans

 In human beings, many organs take part in the process of respiration. These organs are called organs of
respiratory system.
 The main organs of human respiratory system are: Nose, Nasal passage, Trachea (wind pipe),
Bronchi, Lungs and Diaphragm.
 The human respiratory system begins from the nose. The air then goes into nasal passage. The nasal
passage is lined is lined with fine hair and mucus.
 When air passes through the nasal passage, the dust particles and other impurities present in it are
trapped by nasal hair and mucus so that clean air goes into lungs.
 The part of throat between the mouth and wind pipe is called pharynx.
 From the nasal passage, air enters into pharynx and then goes into the wind pipe. Trachea does not
collapse even when there is no air in it because it is supported by rings of soft bones called cartilage.
 The trachea runs down the neck and divides into two smaller tubes called bronchi at its lower end.
  The bronchi are connected to the two lungs. The lungs lie in the chest cavity or thoracic cavity which is
separated from abdominal cavity by a muscular partition called diaphragm.
 Each bronchus divides in the lungs to form a large number of still smaller tubes called ‘bronchioles’.
 The balloon / bag air sacs at the ends of the smallest bronchioles are called alveoli.
 The walls of alveoli are very thin, and they are surrounded by very thin blood capillaries.
 It is in the alveoli that gaseous exchange takes place.

Mechanism of Respiration:
 When we breathe in, external intercoastal muscles contract, we lift our ribs and flatten our diaphragm.
And the chest cavity becomes larger as a result. Volume inside the lungs increases , pressure decreases
Because of this, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli.
 The alveoli are surrounded by thin blood vessels called capillaries carrying blood in them. So. The
oxygen of air diffuses out from the alveoli walls into the blood.
 The oxygen is carried by blood to all the parts of the body. As the blood passes through the tissues of the
body, the oxygen present in it diffuses into the cells.
 The oxygen combines with the digested food present in the cells to release energy.
 Carbon dioxide gas is produced as a waste product during respiration in the cells of the body tissues.
This carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood.
 Blood carries the CO2 back to the lungs where it diffuses into the alveoli.
 When we breathe out air. When we breathe out, external intercoastal muscles relax, ribs contact and
diaphragm moves inwards (dome shape) . And the chest cavity becomes contracts. As a result, Volume
inside the lungs decreases, pressure increases.
This contraction movement of the chest pushes out CO2 from the alveoli of lungs into the trachea, nostrils
then out of the body into air.
 Note: During the breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a residual
volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be
released.
 Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen is and hence is mostly transported in the dissolved
form in our blood.

Rate of breathing:
 The process of breathing pumps in oxygen into our body (and removes CO2).
 Breathing occurs involuntarily but the rate of breathing is controlled by the respiratory system of brain.
 The average breathing rate in an adult man at rest is about 15 to 18 times per minute. This breathing rate
increases with increased physical activity.
1. Oxygen required for breathing and respiration is carried by haemoglobin pigment present in our
blood. The normal range of haemoglobin in the blood of a healthy adult person is from 12 to 18
grams per deciliter of blood.
2. The deficiency of haemoglobin in the blood of a person reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of
blood resulting in breathing problems, tiredness and lack of energy.

Carbon monoxide poisoning:

 Carbon monoxide gas (CO) is formed whenever a fuel burns in an insufficient supply of air. For car
engine. For example, if coal is burned in a closed space, then a lot of carbon monoxide is formed. CO
produced when petrol burns in a car engine.
 Haemoglobin has more affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen, So, if carbon monoxide gas is inhaled
by a person, then this carbon monoxide binds very strongly with haemoglobin in the blood and prevents
it from carrying oxygen to the brain and other parts of the body.
 Due to lack of oxygen, the person cannot breathe properly. If carbon monoxide is inhale by a person he
might die very soon.