Chapter - 2

CAPACITANCE

EXERCISE I
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Two large metallic plates having area A and charge Q and –Q each are separated by a small
distance d and are connected by two springs of spring constant k , as shown in the figure. The
energy stored in any one of the springs in equilibrium condition is

Q -Q
d
A A

Q2 Q2 Q4
(a) d (b) d (c) (d) none of these
4A 2 20k 2A02 8A 202k

2. A parallel plate capacitor is charged and the charging battery is then disconnected. If the plates
of the capacitor are moved further apart by means of insulating handles. Which statement is
incorrect ?
(a) The charge on the capacitor increases.
(b) The voltage across the plates increases.
(c) The capacitance decreases.
(d) The electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor increases.
3. The capacitance of capacitor, of plate area A and separation 2d with dielectrics inserted as shown
is
d d
A/2

k 2k
A A

A/2
k

2d
3k 0 A 5k 0 A 7k 0 A k 0 A
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2d 12A 12d d

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4. What is the potential at point O ?

+5v

4F 1F
O
+6v +3v
3F 3F

+3v

(a) 4.27 V (b) 17 V (c) zero (d) 34V

5. A capacitor of capacitance 1µF and charge 1µC is connected to a 2µF capacitor charged to 4 µC
with the terminals of unlike sign together. The final charge on the two capacitors is

1 1
(a) µC and µC (b) 1µC and 2µC
3 3

1 2 2
(c) µC and 1µC (d) µC and µC
3 3 3
6. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C with air as dielectric is connected across a battery of
emf E. If space between plates is filled by a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K, then further
charge drawn from the battery is
(a) KEC (b) (K–1) EC (c) KEC/2 (d) zero
7. Five identical conducting plates of area A and separation between the plates d are connected as
shown in figure. If A & B are connected to a battery of emf E, the charge drawn from the battery
is
1
2
A
3
B
4
5

20A 0A 30A

(a) E (b) E (c) E (d) none of the above
d 2d 2d
8. A capacitor having square plates of cross sectional area a2 is connected with a cell of emf V0 volts.
A dielectric material of dielectric constant k is inserted inside the plates in such a way that it fills
half the space between the plates. The work done by external agent to remove the dielectric
material slowly from the space between the plates would be (the separation between the plates is
d)

V0

0a 2 (k  1) v02 0a 2 (k  1) v02 k0a 2 v02

(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2d 4d 2d

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9. The figure shows a spherical capacitor with inner sphere earthed and outer shell is given some
charge. The capacitance of the system is

a
b

40ab 40b 2
(a) (b) (c) 40 (b  a ) (d) none of these
ba ba
10. A capacitor of capacitance C is initially charged to a potential difference of V volt. Now it is
connected to a battery of 2V with opposite polarity. The ratio of heat generated to the final
energy stored in the capacitor will be
(a) 1.75 (b) 2.25 (c) 2.5 (d) 1/2
11. Three identical metal plates of large area A numbered 1,2,3 are arranged as shown in the diagram.
The plates 1 and 3 are connected by a conducting wire. The charge given to plate 2 is 2q and no
other plate is given any charge. Find the potential difference between the plate 2 and 3.

4 q 0d 8 q0d 12 q 0d 2 q 0d
(a) 3 A  (b) 3 A  (c) 3 A 0 (d) 3 A 
0 0 0

12. The capacitance of C1 and C2 shown in the diagram is C. C1 is initially uncharged and C2 is given
a charge 2C as shown. Which of the following graph represents charge on plate B of capacitor
C2 as a function of time?

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(a) (b)

(c) (d)

13. A parallel plate capacitor is connected from a cell and then isolated from it. Two dielectric slabs
of dielectric constant K and 2K are now introduce in the region between upper half and lower
half of the plate (as shown in figure). The electric field intensity in upper half of dielectric is E1
and lower half is E2 then

(a) E1 = 2E2
(b) Electrostatic potential energy of upper half is less than that of lower half
(c) Induced charges on both slabs are same
(d) Charge distribution on the plates remains same after insertion of dielectric
14. A parallel plate capacitor, partially filled with a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K, is connected
with a cell of emf V volt, as shown in the figure. Separation between the plates is D. Then

(a) electric field at point P is less than that at point P’

(b) electric field at point P’ is less than that at point P.
(c) electric fields at points P and P’ are equal

V
(d) electric field at point P is E 
KD
15. A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance of 9 pF. The separation
between its plates is 'd'. The space between the plates is now filled with two dielectrics. One of the
dielectric has dielectric constant K1 = 6 and thickness d/3 while the other one has dielectric
2d
constant K2 = 12 and thickness Capacitance of the capacitor is now
3
(a) 18 pF (b) 25 pF (c) 81 pF (d) 20 pF

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ONE OR MORE THAN CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS

1. A parallel plate capacitor is charged and then disconnected from the source of steady E.M.F. The
plates are then drawn apart farther. Again it is connected to the same source. Then
(a) the potential difference across the plate increases, while the plates are being drawn apart.
(b) the charge from the capacitor flows into the source, when the capacitor is reconnected.
(c) more charge is drawn to the capacitor from the source, during the reconnection.
(d) the electric intensity between the plates remains constant during the drawing apart of plates
2. Following operations can be performed on a capacitor :
X – connect the capacitor to a battery of emf . Y – disconnect the battery
Z – reconnect the battery with polarity reversed.
W – insert a dielectric slab in the capacitor
(a) In XYZ (perform X, then Y, then Z) the stored electric energy remains unchanged and no
thermal energy is developed.
(b) The charge appearing on the capacitor is greater after the action XWY than after the action
XYW.
(c) The electric energy stored in the capacitor is greater after the action WXY than after the action
XYW.
(d) The electric field in the capacitor after the action XW is the same as that after WX.
3. In the figure shown, if  is the surface charge density on the upper metallic plate, then

A
Area of plate = A

I Dielectric 1 = 3 d/3
II Dielectric 2 = 5 2d/3
–

(a) The ratio of energy density in I dielectric to second dielectric is 5/3

(b) The ratio of energy density in I dielectric to second dielectric is 3/5
(c) Total induced surface charge density on the interface of the two dielectric is –3/15
(d) Total induced surface charge density on the interface of the two dielectric is –2/15
4. A capacitor of capacity C0 is connected to a battery of emf V0. When steady state is attained a
dielectric slab of dielectric constant K is slowly introduced in the capacitor. Mark the Correct
statement(s), in final steady state :-
(a) Magnitude of induced charge on the each surface of slab is C0V0 (K – 1)
(b) Net electric force due to induced charges on one the plate is zero.
2
K  C 0 V0 
(c) Force of attraction between plates of capacitor is
2 0 A

2
8V0  k  1 
(d) Net field due to induced charges in dielectric slab is
K 0 A

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5. A dielectric slab of relative permittivity r and thickness t is inserted into the capacitor. Then

 0A
 
(a) the capacitance of the system increases by t  1  1 
 r 

q free 
(b) q  r
bound r  1

(c) the fraction change in the energy stored is r  1

 1
(d) the plates are moved apart by a relative distance  1    to recover the original energy stored
 r 

(or original capacitance)

COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS

COMPREHENSION I
To find the capacitance between two arbitrary shaped conductors A and B carrying equal and
Q
opposite charges Q and –Q say, we use the formulae C  , where VAB = V = –  E . d . If E =
V

aQ  x2 
1  2  , where a = constant and d = least distance between the conductors, answer the following questions :
0  d 

+
+ ––
A O P B
––
+
+

d
x
O

1. The potential difference between the conductors is

aQd 3aQd 4aQd 2 4aQd

(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 0 2 0 3 0 3 0

2. The capacitance of the system is

0  0a 3 0
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
4ad 3d 4ad
3. The ratio of electrostatic field energy densities at O and P is
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 4 (d) None of these

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COMPREHENSION II
In the circuit shown in figure, switch S is closed at time t = 0. Thereafter the constant current
source by varying its emf, maintains a constant current I out of its upper terminal.

4. Derive an expression for the charge on the capacitor as a function of time :-

  t   
t
  
t
 1  
t

q  iRC e RC q  iRC 1  e RC q  it 1  e RC q  1  e RC
(a)        
  (b)   (c)   (d) RC  
      
5. Find the time at which the rate of energy storage on capacitor is equal to the rate of heat dissipation
through resistor :-

RC ln 2
(a) t  (b) t  2RC ln 2 (c) t  RC ln 2 (d) Not possible
2

COMPREHENSION III
Two conductors carry charges +Q and –Q. They create a nonuniform electric field as shown in
figure. A coordinate system is placed on the positive conductor, and the electric field strength
 y2 
along the y-axis is found to vary according to the function E(y)  QA 0  1   where A and B
 B
 
are constant. The separation between the conductors is d as shown in figure.

6. The equivalent capacitance of the system is

1 1
 3

(a)
 d  (b)
 d3 
A 0  d   A 0  d  
 3B   3B 

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A 0
 d3   3

(c) A 0  d   (d)  d  d 
 3B  3B 


7. Surface charge density at point P on conductor M is

2  d2  2  d2  2  d2   d2 
(a) QA 0  1   (b) 2QA 0  1   (c) 2QA 0  1   (d) QA 0  1  
 B   B   B   B 

INTEGER TYPE QUES TIONS

1. Four uncharged capacitors are charged by 24 V battery as shown in the figure. How much
charge (in C) flows through S when it is closed ?

2. The amount of heat liberated when the switch S is shifted from position 1 to 2 is………….

3. For the given circuit in the steady state condition charge on the capacitor is q0 = 16µC. If now the
battery is removed and the nodes A and C are shorted. The time during which charge on the
XY
capacitor becomes 4µC is X (µs) and emf of battery was Y (volt). Write value of
ln 2

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4. Initially switch S is open. Charge flows through switch S when it is closed is 6 × Q µC. Then find
the value of Q ?

5. Initially the plates of the parallel plate capacitor shown in the figure are A and B containing
charge +2µC and –2µC respectively. Negatively charged plate B is connected to a spring of spring
constant 5000N/m at oneend and the other end of the spring is connected to a rigid support.
Now the plate A is fixed and the system is released from rest. The maximum elongation produced
  10 12
in the spring is m . The area of the plates is 2 cm2, the medium between the plates is air
0

  10 12
and Electric permittivity of air is m . The area of the plates is 2 cm2 , the medium
0
between the plates is air and Electric permittivity of air is 0 (in SI). Then the value of  .

6. A certain series RC circuit is formed using a resistance R, a capacitor without dielectric

having a capacitance C = 2F and a battery of emf E = 3V. The circuit is completed and it is
allowed to attain the steady state. After this, at t = 0, half the thickness of the capacitor is filled
with a dielectric of constant K = 2 as shown in the figure. The system is again allowed to attain a
steady state. What will be the heat generated (in joule) in the circuit between t = 0 and t =  ?

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7. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance 0.1 µF is shown in the figure. Its two plates are given
charges 2 µC and 1 µC. Find the value of heat disipated (in µJ) after switch is closed.

8. There are six plates of equal area A and the plates are arranged as shown in figure. The equiva-
 0 A
lent capacitance between points A and B is . Find value of  .
d

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Four concentric conducting spherical shell A, B, C & D having radius R, 2R, 3R & 4R respectively
are shown in figure. Shell B & C are connected by thin conducting wire. Then calculate the
capacitance of this system between shell A & shell D.

2. Find the equivalent capacitance of the combination between the terminals as shown in the figure.
Each capacitor is of capacitance C.

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3. Three capacitors of capacitance 1 F, 2 F & 3 F are given initial charges 3 C, 1 C and zero,
respectively. They are connected together at a certain instant as shown, with the + & – signs
indicating the charges on their plates at the time of connection. After the charge redistribution
has taken place, find the charge on the 1 F capacitor and the heat generated?

4. The capacitors, each having capacitance C = 2F are connected with a battery of emf 30 V as
shown in figure. When the switch S is closed. Find

(a) the amount of charge flown through the battery

(b) the heat generated in the circuit
(c) the energy supplied by the battery
(d) the amount of charge flown through the switch S

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EXERCISE II
QUESTIONS ASKED IN PREVIOUS IIT JEE/ JEE ADVANCED
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS

1. In the given circuit with steady current the potential drop across the capacitor must be
[2001]
(a) V
(b) V/2
(c) V/3
(d) 2V/3
2. Consider the situation shown in the figure. The capacitor A has a charge q on it whereas B is
uncharged. The charge appearing on the capacitor B a long time after the switch is closed is
[2001]
(a) zero
(b) q/2
(c) q
(d) 2 q
3. Two identical capacitors have the same capacitance C. One of them is charged to potential V1
and the other to V2. The negative ends of the capacitors are connected together. When the positive
ends are also connected, the decrease in energy of the combined system is [2002]
1 1 1 1
(a) C (V12 - V22) (b) C (V12 + V22) (c) C (V1 - V2 )2 (d) C (V1 + V2)2
4 4 4 4
4. Dotted line represents the charging of a capacitor with resistance X.
If resistance is made 2X then which will be the graph of charging [2004]

(a) P (b) Q (c) R (d) S

5. An uncharged capacitor of capacitance 4µF, a battery of emf 12 volt and a resistor of 2.5 M are
connected in series. The time after which VC = 3VR is (take n2 = 0.693) [2005]
(a) 6.93 seconds (b) 13.86 seconds (c) 7 seconds (d) 14 seconds
6. A circuit is connected as shown in the figure with the switch S open. When the switch is closed,
the total amount of charge that flows from Y to X is 3 F 6 F [2007]
X

(a) 0
3 6
(b) 54 C Y
(c) 27 C
9V
(d) 81 C
7. A parallel plate capacitor C with plates of unit area and separation d is filled with a liquid of
d
dielectric constant K = 2. The level of liquid is initially. Suppose the liquid level decreases at a
3
constant speed V, the time constant as a function of time t is [2008]

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6 0 R (15d  9V t) 0 R
(a) (b) C
5d  3V t 2d2 –3d V t – 9V 2 t 2
d R
d
3

6 0 R (15d– 9V t) 0 R
(c) (d)
5d–3V t 2d2  3d V t – 9V2 t 2
8. A 2F capacitor is charged as shown in figure. The percentage of its stored energy dissipated after
the switch S is turned to position 2 is [2010]
(a) 0%
(b) 20%
(c) 75%
(d) 80%
9. A 2 C capacitor is charged as shown in figure. The percentage of its stored energy dissipated
after the switch S is turned to positions 2 is [2011]

(a) 0% (b) 20 % (c) 75 % (d) 80 %

10. In the given circuit, a charge of +80 80 C is given to the upper plate of the 4 C capacitor. Then
in the steady state, the charge on the upper plate of the 3 C capacitor is [2012]

(a) 32 C (b) 40 C (c) 48 C (d) 80 C

11. A parallel plate capacitor having plates of area S and plate separation d, has capacitance C1 in
air. When two dielectrics of different relative permittivities  1  2 and 2  4  are introduced
C2
between the two plates as shown in the figure, the capacitance becomes C2. The ratio C is
1
[2015]

(a) 6/5 (b) 5/3 (c) 7/5 (d) 7/3

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12. A medium having dielectric constant K > 1 fills the space between the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor. The plates have large area, and the distance between them is d. The capacitor is con-
nected to a battery of voltage V, as shown in Figure (a). Now, both the plates are moved by a
distance d/2 of from their original positions, as shown in Figure (b). [2022]

In the process of going from the configuration depicted in Figure (a) to that in Figure (b), which of
the following statement(s) is(are) correct?
(a) The electric field inside the dielectric material is reduced by a factor of 2K.

1
(b) The capacitance is decreased by a factor of
K1
(c) The voltage between the capacitor plates is increased by a factor of (K+1).
(d) The work done in the process DOES NOT depend on the presence of the dielectric material.

ONE OR MORE THAN CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS

1. In the circuit shown in the figure, there are two parallel plate capacitors each of capacitance C.
The switch S1 is pressed first to fully charge the capacitor C 1 and then released. The switch S 2 is
the pressed to charge the capacitor C2 . After some time, S 2 is released and then S 3 pressed.
After some time.

(a) The charge on the upper plate of C1 is 2CV0 [2013]

(b) The charge on the upper plate of C1 is C V 0
(c) The charge on the upper plate of C2 is 0
(d) The charge on the upper plate of C2 is -CV0

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2. A parallel plate capacitor has a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K between its plates that
covers 1/3 of the area of its plates, as shown in the figure. The total capacitance of the capacitor
is C while that of the portion with dielectric in between is C1. When the capacitor is charged, the
plate area covered by the dielectric gets charge Q1 and the rest of the area gets charge Q2. The
electric field in the dielectric is E1 and that in the other portion is E2. Choose the correct option/
options, ignoring edge effects. [2014]

E1 E1 1
(a) 1 (b) 
E2 E2 K

Q1 3 C1 2  K
(c)  (d) 
Q2 K C2 K
3. A parallel plate capacitor having plates of area S and plate seperation d, was capacitance C 1
in air. When two dielectrics of different relative permittivities ( 1  2 and  2  4 ) are
introduced between the two plates as shown in the figure, the capacitance becomes C 2. The
C2
ratio C is [2015]
1

(a) 6/5 (b) 5/3 (c) 7/5 (d) 7/3

4. In the circuit shown, initially there is no charge on capacitors and keys S1 and S2 are open.
The values of the capacitors are C 1  10F , C 2  30F and C 3  C 4  80F . [2019]

Which of the statement(s) is/are correct ?

(a) The keys S1 is kept closed for long time such that capacitors are fully charged. Now key S 2
is closed, at this time, the instantaneous current across 30  resistor (between points P and
Q) will be 0.2 A (round off to 1st decimal place).
(b) If key S1 is kept closed for long time such that capacitors are fully charged, the voltage
difference between points P and Q will be 10 V.

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(c) At time t = 0, the key S 1 is closed, the instantaneous current in the closed circuit will be 25
mA.
(d) If key S1 is kept closed for long time such that capacitors are fully charged, the voltage
across the capacitors C 1 will be 4V.
5. A medium having dielectric constant K > 1 fills the space between the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor. The plates have large area, and the distance between them is d. The capacitor is connected
to a battery of voltage V, as shown in Figure (a). Now, both the plates are moved by a distance
d/2 of from their original positions, as shown in Figure (b). [2022]

In the process of going from the configuration depicted in Figure (a) to that in Figure (b), which of
the following statement(s) is(are) correct?
(a) The electric field inside the dielectric material is reduced by a factor of 2K.

1
(b) The capacitance is decreased by a factor of
K1
(c) The voltage between the capacitor plates is increased by a factor of (K+1).
(d) The work done in the process DOES NOT depend on the presence of the dielectric material.

COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS

COMPREHENSION I
Consider an evacuated cylindrical chamber of height h having rigid conducting plates at the
ends and an insulating curved surface as shown in the figure. A number of spherical balls made
of a light weight and soft material and coated with a conducting material are placed on the
bottom plate. The balls have a radius r <<h. Now a high voltage source (HV) is connected across
the conducting plates such that the bottom plate is at +V0 and the top plate at -V0 . Due to their
conducting surface, the balls will get charged, will become equipotential with the plate and are
repelled by it. The balls will eventually collide with the top plate, where the coefficient of restitution
can be taken to be zero due to the soft nature of the material of the balls. The electric field in the
chamber can be considered to be that of a parallel plate capacitor. Assume that there are no
collisions between the balls and the interaction between them is negligible. (Ignore gravity)
[2016]

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1. Which one of the following statements is correct?

(a) The balls will stick to the top plate and remain there
(b) The balls will bounce back to the bottom plate carrying the same charge they went up with
(c) The balls will bounce back to the bottom plate carrying the opposite charge they went up
with
(d) The balls will execute simple harmonic motion between the two plates
2. The average current in the steady state registered by the ammeter in the circuit will be
(a) zero (b) proportional to the potential V0

(c) proportional to V0 1/2 (d) proportional to V02

COMPREHENSION II
Consider a simple RC circuit as shown in Figure [2017]
Process 1:
In the circuit the switch S is closed at t = 0 and the capactor is fully charged to voltage V0 (i.e,
charging continues for time T >> RC). In the process some dissipation  ED  occurs across the
resistance R. The amount of elergy finally stored in the fully charged capacitor is EC .
Process 2:
V0
In a different process the voltage is first set to and maintained for a charging time T>>RC.
3
2V0
Then the voltage is raised to without discharging the capacitor and again maintained for a
3
time T>>RC. The process is repeated one more time by raising the voltage to V0 and the capacitor
is charged to the same final voltage V0 as in Process 1.
These two processes are depicted in Figure 2.

3. In Process 1, the energy stored in the capacitor EC and heat dissipated across resistence ED are
related by:
1
(a) EC  ED (b) EC  ED In 2 (c) EC  ED (d) EC  2ED
2
4. In Process 2, total energy dissipated across the resistance ED is:

1 1 2
(a) ED  CV02 (b) ED  3  CV0 
2 2 

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1 1 2
(c) ED   CV0  (d) ED  3CV02
3 2 

COMPREHENSION III
In the circuit shown below the switch S is connected to position P for a long time so that the
carge on the capacitor become q 1 C . Then S is switched to position Q . After a long time the
charge on the capacitor is q 2 C 2 [2021]

5. The magnitude of q 1 is ______

6. The magnitude of q 2 is ______

INTEGER TYPE QUES TIONS

1. A time t = 0, a battery of 10 V is connected across points A and B is the given circuit. If the
capacitors have no charge initially, at what time (in seconds) does the voltage across them be-
come 4V ? [2010]

2. Three identical capacitors C1, C2 and C3 have a capacitance of 1.0 F each and they are
uncharged initially. They are connected in a circuit as shown in the figure and C1 is then
filled completely with a dielectric material of relative permittivity 1 . The cell electromotive force
(emf) V0 = 8 V. First the switch S1 is closed while the switch S2 is kept open. When the capacitor
C3 is fully charged, S1 is opened and S2 is is closed simultaneously. When all the capacitors
reach equilibrium, the charge on C3 is found to be 5 C . The value of r = ______. [2018]

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3. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C has spacing d between two plates having area A. The
region between the plates is filled with N dielectric layers, parallel to its plates, each with thick-

d  m
ness   . The dielectric constant of the mth layer is K m  K  1   .For a very large N (> 103),
N  N

 K 0 A 
the capacitance C is    . The value of  will be _____. [ 0 is the permittivity of free
 dln 2 
space] [2019]
4. Two capacitors with capacitance value C1  2000  10 pF and C 2  3000  15pF are connected in
series. The voltage applied across this combination is V  5.00  0.02 V . The percentage error in
the calculation of the energy stored in this combination of capacitors is [2020]
5 In the following circuit C 1  12F , C 2  C 3 4F and C 4  C 5  2 F . The charge stored in C3 is
_____ C . [2022]

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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE I
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
1. C 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. B
7. D 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. B 12. C
13. B 14. C 15. C
ONE OR MORE THAN CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
1. ABD 2. BCD 3. AD 4. AB 5. BD

COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS

1. D 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. B
7. A
INTEGER TYPE QUESTION
1. 12 2. 200 3. 768 4. 9 5. 4 6. 3
7. 5 8. 1
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTION
48 11C 12
1. CAD =  0 R 2. 3. mC, 3.34 mJ
7 15 11
4. (a) 20 mC, (b) 0.3 mJ, (c) 0.6 mJ. (d) 60 mC

EXERCISE II
QUESTIONS ASKED IN PREVIOUS IIT JEE/ JEE ADVANCED
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
1. C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C
7. A 8. D 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. B

ONE OR MORE THAN CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS

1. AD 2. AD 3. D 4. CD 5. B

COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS

1. C 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. 1.33 6. 0.67

INTEGER TYPE QUESTION

1. 2 2. 1.50 3. 1 4. 1.3 5. 8

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