HERO D.

ANDRADE BSED SCIENCE 1-1

Module in
introduction to Matter

What this module is about

All living and nonliving things are made of matter and all matter consist of
microscopic particles called atoms. Life, in connection to matter, requires a
constant supply of matter. Matter can exist in different states, and plasma is a
state of matter that composes the bulk of the entire universe. Matter is conserved
and stores energy.
Human beings therefore, are made up of matter and so is everything else in
the universe. Matter is life and it is true to say that “Matter makes up reality”. It is
not objectively important or unimportant, it is only valuable as it is to the
observer. This module discusses the fundamental concept of matter, analyses
the properties used to describe matter, state of matter, behavior of matter, and
develops value in learning and understanding matter.
. Specifically, it tackles the following lessons:

▪ Lesson 1 – Describing Matter

▪ Lesson 2 – States of Matter

▪ Lesson 3 – Change of State

 What you are expected to learn
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. cite attributes and properties of matter;

2. illustrate changes in matter and transfer of energy for different
cases;
3. relate attributes and properties of matter in changes of states in matter
and transfer of energy; and
4. distinguish specific behavior of gases and liquids.

How to learn from this module

Going through this module can be both a fun and a meaningful learning
experience. All you need to do is make use of your time and resources efficiently.
To do this, here are some tips for you:

1. Take time in reading and understanding each lesson. It is better to be

slow but sure than to hurry finishing the module only to find out that you
missed the concepts you are supposed to learn.
2. Do not jump from one chapter to another. The lessons are arranged such
that one is built upon another. Hence, an understanding of the first is
essential in comprehending the succeeding lessons.
3. Be honest. When answering the test items, do not turn to the key to
correction page unless you are done. Likewise, when performing
experiments, record only what you have really observed.
4. Safety first. Perform the experiments with extra precaution. Wear
safety gears whenever necessary.
 5. Don’t hesitate to ask. If you need to clarify something, approach your
teacher or any knowledgeable person.

INTRODUCTION TO MATTER

THE NATURE OF MATTER

What to do before
Read the handouts on the attachment titled, " A Review of Matter Manual".
Based from the manual on matter that you have read, answer the given
question briefly. Try not to exceed from 3 to 5 sentences in translating your
answer.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xuFc1luJu4bbQVALKcFUYe-O8j329KQs/view?usp=sharing

What you will do

Classwork

1. Check first your google classroom classwork.

2. Open the document attached.
3. Answer the given question.
4. Create a PDF copy of answered document for evaluation.
5. Submit/Turn in a PDF copy of answered document for
evaluation.
 THE NATURE OF MATTER

Key Concepts
▪ What kinds of properties are used to describe matter?

▪ What are elements and how do they relate to

compounds?
▪ What are the properties of a mixture?

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Chemistry is the study of the
properties of matter and how matter changes. In Chemistry, a substance is a single
kind of matter that is pure.

Every form of matter has two kinds of properties - physical properties and
chemical properties. A physical property is observed without changing a substance
into another substance. Examples of physical properties are hardness, texture, color,
and ability to dissolve on water. A chemical property is the ability of a substance to
change into different substances. Some chemical properties are burning and rusting.
All matter is made up of elements. An element is a pure substance that cannot
be broken down into any other substance. Elements are the simplest substance.
Each element is identified by its specific physical and chemical properties. An atom is
the basics particle that makes up an element. Atoms of most elements can combine
with other atoms. A chemical bond is the force that holds two atoms together. Atoms
often combine to form molecules, which are larger particles made of two or more atoms
held together by chemical bonds.
When elements are chemically combined, they form compounds having
properties that are different from those of the uncombined elements. A
compound is a pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in
a set ratio. A compound may be represented by a chemical formula. A chemical
formula shows the element in the compound and the ratio of the ratio of the atoms. For
example, the chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. In carbon dioxide, there are
always two oxygen atoms to every one carbon atom.
Elements and compounds are pure substance, but most of the material you see
every day are not. Instead, they are mixtures. A mixture is made of two or more
substance that are together in the same place but are not chemically combined.
Mixtures differ from compounds in two ways. Each substance in a mixture keeps its
individual properties. Also, the parts of a mixture are not combined in a set ratio.
A mixture can be heterogenous or homogenous. In a heterogenous mixture,
you can see the different parts. The substance in a homogenous mixture are so
evenly mixed that you cannot see the different parts. A solution is an example of a
homogenous mixture. Air is a solution of nitrogen gas, oxygen gas, plus small amount of
other gases. Unlike compounds, mixtures are easily separated into their components.
For example, iron filings can be easily removed from salt with a magnet.
Describing Matter
This section describes the properties used to describe matter. It also defines elements
and contrast compound and mixture.

What you will do

Use Target Reading Skills
Write a definition of each key terms in your own words.
1. Matter- is anything that has mass and takes up space.
2. Chemistry- is the science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and
change of matter.
3. Substance- a substance is a type of matter with a specific composition and
distinct properties.
4. Physical property- are characteristics of a substance that can be observed por
measured without changing that substance’s identity.
5. Chemical property- describe how a substance interacts with other substances,
leading to a chemical changes.
6. Element- an element is a pure substance made up of atoms with the same
atomic number.
7. Atom- is the basic unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus (protons and neutrons)
surrounded by electrons.
8. Chemical bond- is the force that holds atoms together in a compound.
9. Molecule- a molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical
bonds.
 10. Compound- a compound is a substance formed when two or more different
elements chemically combine in fixed proportions.
11. Chemical Formula- a chemical formula is a symbolic representation of
compound’s composition, showing the types and ratios of atoms present.
12. Mixture- is a combination of two or more substances that are physically mixed
but not chemically bonded.
13. Heterogenous mixture- is one in which the different component are visibly
separate, like a salad with distinct ingredients.
14. Homogenous mixture- a homogenous mixture, or solution, is one in which the
components are uniformly distributed and not visually distinguishable, such as
salt dissolved in water.
15. Solution- is a specific type of homogenous mixture where one (solvent)
dissolves another (solute) to form a single, uniform phase, like sugar dissolved in
water

What you will do

Self-Test 1.1 Fill in the blanks.

Properties of Matter
1. The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes is called
CHEMISTRY
2. Is the following sentence true or false? Table sugar and table salt are pure
substances. TRUE
3. A(n) PHYSICAL property is a characteristic of pure substance that can be
observed without changing the substance into something else.
4. Complete the table by classifying each property as either a physical or chemical
property.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER

PROPERTY PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL

Ability to burn CHEMICAL

 Color PHYSICAL

Flexibility PHYSICAL

Ability to tarnish CHEMICAL

Melting point PHYSICAL

Ability to rust CHEMICAL

Elements
5. A pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by
chemical or physical means is a(an) ELEMENT
6. Is the following sentence true or false? The basic particle from which all elements
are made is a molecule. - ATOM
7. When atoms combine, the force of attraction that holds
them together is a(an)- CHEMICAL BOND
8. The diagram to the right represents a water molecule.
How many atoms of hydrogen does a water molecule contain?
- 2 ATOMS

Compounds
9. What is a compound? - a compound is a substance formed when two or more
different elements chemically combine in fixed proportions.
10. What is the ratio of carbon dioxide, or CO2? - 3:8
11. What is the chemical formula of carbon dioxide? - CO2
12. Is the following sentence true or false? When elements chemically combine, they
form compounds that have properties that are similar to those of the uncombined
elements.-FALSE
Mixture
13. A(an) MIXTURE is made of two or more substance that are together in the
same place but are not chemically combined.
14. What are two ways in which mixture differ from compounds?
 a. Mixtures have variable compositions and the constituent particles retain their
individuals properties.
b. Compound has fixed compositions and the constituent particles are
chemically combined to form new particles with distinct properties.
15. UNDERLINE the letter of each mixture below that is heterogenous.
a. Damp soil
b. Sugar water
c. Brass
d. Salad
16. Is the following sentence true or false? A solution is an example of a
homogenous mixture. TRUE
17. Give three examples of ways to separate the substance in a mixture.
1. CHROMATOGRAPHY- is a separation technique based on how the
different components in a mixture have different affinity for the stationary and
mobile places.
2. DISTILLATION- is a separation technique use to separate components of
a liquid mixture by a process of heating and cooling.
3. EVAPORATION- is a separation method used to separate of a mixture of
a liquid with dissolved solid, involving removal of a liquid evaporating it and
leaving behind a solid.

What you will do

Classwork

1. Check first your google classroom classwork.

2. Open the document attached.
3. Answer the given questions.
4. Create a PDF copy of answered document for
evaluation.
You may refer to the attached PDF copy for the
standard
layout of the document.
 5. Submit/Turn in a PDF copy of answered document for
evaluation.

STATES OF MATTER

Key Concepts
▪ How can you describe the motion of particle in solid?

▪ How can you describe the motion of particle in liquids?

▪ How can you describe the motion of particle in gas?

Matter can be classified as solids, liquids and gases. These states of matter are defined
mainly by the way they hold their volume and shapes.

A solid has a definite volume and a definite shape. The particles that make up a
solid are packed very closely together. Each particle is tightly fixed in one position. The
particles in a solid are closely locked in a position and can only vibrate. This fixed,
closely packed arrangement of particles causes a solid to have a definite shape and
volume.
In many solids, the particles form a regular, repeating pattern. These patterns
create crystals. Solids that are made up of crystals are called crystalline solids. Table
salt, table sugar, and snow are examples of crystalline solids. When a crystalline solid is
heated, it melts at a specific temperature.
In other solids, called amorphous solids, the particles are not arranged in a
regular pattern. Amorphous solids include plastics, rubber, and glass. Unlike a
crystalline solid, an amorphous solid does not melt at a distinct temperature. Instead,
when it is heated it may become softer and softer or change into other substances.
A liquid has a definite volume but no shape of its own. A liquid takes on the
shape of its container. Without a container, a liquid can spread into wide, shallow
puddle. Compared to particles in solid, the particle in a liquid are more loosely
connected and can collide with and move past one another. Because its particles
are free to move, a liquid has no definite shape. However, it does not have a definite
volume.
A liquid can flow from place to place. For this reason, a liquid is also called fluid,
meaning “a substance that flows.”
One property of liquids, surface tension, is caused by inward pull of the
molecules making up liquid. This pull brings the molecules on the surface closer
together. This property explains why water forms droplets and supports ‘the weight of
certain insects on its surface.
Another property of water, viscosity, is a liquid’s resistance to flowing. Viscosity
depends on the size and shape of the particles of a liquid. It also depends on the
attractions between particles. Liquids with high viscosity flow slowly. Liquids with low
viscosity flow quickly.
 Unlike solids and liquids, a gas can change volume very easily. In gases, the
atoms and molecules are free to move independently, colliding frequently. As they
move, gas particles spread apart, filling all spaces available. Thus, a gas has neither
definite shape nor definite volume.

States of Matter
This section explains how shape, volume, and the motion of particles are useful in
describing solids, liquids, and gases.

What you will do

Use Target Reading Skills
As you read, complete the outline about the states of matter. Use the highlighted
headings for the main ideas and subtopics. Add subtopics, and supporting ideas to the
subtopics when possible.

STATES OF MATTER

I. Solids
A. Particles in a Solid
1. Packed closely together
2. Locked in a position and vibrate
3. Solid has definite shape and volume
B. Types of Solid
1. Crystalline
2. amorphous
II. Liquids
A. Particles in a liquid
1. Close together
2. Always moving
3. Liquid has no definite shape but have definite volume.
B. type of liquid
1. pure liquid
2. Liquid mixtures

III. Gas
A. Particles in gas
1. Move very fast.
 2. Collide with another.
3. Causing diffuse.
4.
B. Types of gas
1. Elemental gases
2. Diatomic gases
3. Nobles gases
4. Greenhouse gases
5. Industrial gases

What you will do

Self-Test 1.2 Fill in the blanks.

Solids
1. Which state of matter has definite volume and a definite shape? SOLID
2. Is the following sentence true or false? A solid will keep its volume and its shape
in any position and in any container. TRUE
3. Why do solids have a definite shape and a definite volume?
-Solid have a definite volume and shape because particles in a solid vibrate
around fired location. Solid have very less intermolecular spaces between them.
The particles of solids have a very strong force of attraction between
them.Complete the table about the types of solids.

SOLIDS

TYPE OF DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES MELTING

SOLIDS TEMPERATURE
Quartz, calcite,
Made up of crystals Specific
CRYSTALLIN sugar, mica,
E SOLID diamonds,
 snowflakes, rock,
calcium flouride,
silicon dioxide,
and alum.

AMORPHOUS Particles are not Plastic, glass,

arranged in a Not distinct
SOLID rubber, metallic
regular pattern
glass, polymers,
gel, fused silica,
pitch tar, thin
layer lubricants,
and wax.

4. UNDERLINE the letter of each sentence that is true about particles in a solid.
a. They are completely motionless.
b. They stay in about the same position.
c. They vibrate back and forth.
d. They move around one another.

Liquids
5. Which state of matter has no definite shape but does have a definite volume? -
LIQUID
6. Is the following sentence true or false? A liquid’s volume does not change no
matter what shape its container has. TRUE
7. A substance that flows is called a(an)- LIQUID
8. What causes surface tension?
- Surface tension, is caused by inward pull of the molecules making up liquid.
This pull brings the molecules on the surface close together. Surface tension is
 caused by the effects of intermolecular forces at the interface. Surface tension
depends on the nature of the liquid, the surrounding environment and
temperature.
9. UNDERLINE the letter of the term that means the resistance of a liquid to
flowing.
a. Amorphous
b. Solid
c. Viscosity
d. Surface tension
10. Is the following sentence true or false? Liquids with high viscosity flow quickly. -
FALSE

Gases
11. Which state of matter has neither definite volume nor definite shape? GAS
12. If you put a gas into a container with a top, what will a gas do?
-Gasses will take the shape of the container they're in , they spread out so that
the space is filled up evenly with gas molecules.
13. Is the following sentence true or false? Like a liquid, a gas is a fluid. TRUE
14. In the containers below, draw how the particles are arranged in the three states
of matter.
OOOOOOOO OOOOOO O O O
OOOOOOOO OOOOOO O O O
OOOOOOOO OOOOOO O O 0

SOLID LIQUID GAS

What you will do

Classwork
1. Check first your google classroom classwork.
2. Open the document attached.
 3. Answer the given question.
4. Create a PDF copy of answered document for evaluation.
5. Submit/Turn in a PDF copy of answered document for
evaluation.

CHANGES OF STATE

Key Concepts
▪ What happens to a substance during changes between solid and
liquid?
▪ What happens to a substance during changes between liquid and
gas?
▪ What happens to a substance during changes between solid and gas?

The physical state of a substance is related to its thermal energy. Particles of a liquid
have more thermal energy than particles of the same substance in solid form. As a gas,
the particles have even more thermal energy. A substance changes state when its
thermal energy increases or decreases sufficiently.
 The change in state from a solid to a liquid is called melting. In most pure
substances, melting occurs at a characteristic temperature called melting point. As a
solid absorbs thermal energy, its molecules vibrate faster, raising the temperature of the
substance. When a substance melts, the particles in the solid vibrate so fast that
they break free from their fixed positions. The temperature of the substance stops
increasing. The added energy leads to the change in the arrangement of particles from
solid to a liquid.
Freezing is the change of state from liquid to solid – the reverse of melting.
When a substance freezes, the particles in the liquid move so slowly that they
begin to take on fixed positions. The liquid becomes a solid.
The change from a liquid to a gas is called vaporization. Vaporization takes
place when the particles in a liquid gain enough energy to move independently,
forming a gas. When vaporization takes place throughout a liquid, the process is
called boiling. A pure substance boils at a certain temperature, called its boiling
point. The boiling point of a liquid also depends on the pressure of the air above the
liquid. Lower air pressure decreases the boiling point of a liquid. Higher pressure
increases the boiling point.
The opposite of vaporization is called condensation. During condensation, the
particles in a gas lose enough thermal energy to form a liquid. Clouds usually form
when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into droplets. It rains when the droplets
get heavy enough.Sublimation occurs when the surface particles of a solid gain
enough energy to become a gas. During sublimation, particles of a solid do not
pass through the liquid state as they form a gas. Dry ice is a solid carbon dioxide
that changes directly into a gas. As it changes state, the carbon dioxide absorbs thermal
energy. That is why dry ice is used to keep materials cold.

Changes of States
This section explains what happens to substance during changes of state.

What you will do

Use Target Reading Skills
As you read, complete the outline about the changes of state. Use the highlighted
headings for the main ideas and subtopics. Add subtopics, and supporting ideas to the
subtopics when possible.
CHANGES OF STATE
I. Changes Between Solid and Liquid
A. Melting
1. Melting point
2. Particles vibrate faster and break free from fixed position.

B. Freezing
1. Vaporization
2. Particles in the liquid moves slowly that they begin to take on fixed positions.

II. Changes Between Liquid and Gas

A. Vaporization
1. boiling point

B. condensation

C. Sublimation

What you will do

Self-Test 1.3 Fill in the blanks.
Changes Between Solid and Liquid
1. A change from solid to a liquid involves a(an)
Increase in thermal energy.
2. A change from liquid to a solid involves a(an)
Decrease in thermal energy.
3. The change in state from a solid to a liquid is called melting
4. In most pure substances, melting occurs at a characteristic temperature called
the melting point
5. Describe what happens to the water molecules in an ice cube that is set on the
kitchen counter. What does this action cause?
- the water molecules vibrate faster. They break out of their locked position and
collide with one another.
6. The change of state from liquid to solid is called freezing
7. Is the following sentence true or false? At its freezing point, the particles of a
solid are vibrating so fast that they break free from their fixed positions.false

Changes Between Liquid and Gas

8. A change from liquid to a gas is called? vaporation
9. When does vaporization takes place?
- vaporation, conversion of a substance from liquid or solid phase into the
gaseous ( vapour) phase. As a result of an increase in temperature, the kinetic
energy of the molecules increases. Due to the increases in kinetic energy, the
force of attraction between the molecules reduces. As a result the escape into
the sorrounding in the form of vapours.
10. Complete the concept map.
.
VAPORIZATION

Includes

a. EVAPORATION b.EVAPORATION
 which include which occurs

on surface throughout
of the liquid the liquid

11. The temperature at which a liquid boil is called its Boiling point
12. Why is the boiling point of water lower in the mountains that it is at sea level?
- At a higher altitude, atmospheric, pressure is lower it takes less energy to bring
water to the boiling point. Less energy means less heat, which means water will
boil at a lower temperature at a higher altitude, it takes less energy to bring
water to the boiling point.
13. Is the following sentence true or false? Condensation is the opposite of
vaporization. TRUE
14. When condensation occurs, does a gas lose or gain thermal energy?
- Condsensation occurs when particles in a gas lose enough thermal energy to form
a liquid. Clouds usually form when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into a
liquid droplets. It rains when the droplets get heavy enough. Condensation happen
when molecules in a gas cooldown. As the molecules lose heat, they lose energy
and slow down. They move close to other gas molecules. Finally those molecules
collect together to form a liquid.

Match the terms with its example. Write the letter of the correct example on the
blank before the number.
TERM EXAMPLE
B 15. Boiling point a. As a pot of water is heated, bubbles form
below the surface and rise.
D16. Evaporation b. A temperature of 100 0C.

A 17. Boiling c. Clouds form from water vapor in the sky

 C 18. Condensation d. A puddle dries up after a rain shower.

Changes Between Liquid and Gas

19. During sublimation particles of solid do not pass through
the liquid state as they form gas.
20. Give examples of sublimation.
1. Dry ice - is a solid form of carbon dioxide and its sublimation can be used to
create smokey special effect.
2. (Solid) Air Fresheners- are subline in nature. When the pieces of solid air
fresheners are heated in hot water both, we can observe solid air fresheners
directly into gas from solid.
3. Specialized printers- some specialized printers use the sublimation process to
print high quality images.
4. Moth balls- similar to dry ice, moth balls are sublime in nature.

What you will do

Classwork
1. Check first your google classroom classwork.
2. Open the document attached.
3. Answer the given question.
4. Create a PDF copy of answered document for evaluation.
5. Submit/Turn in a PDF copy of answered document for
evaluation.