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NPP 1 (1st Incourse)

Nuclear and Particle Physics

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Md. Mohiuddin
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16 views44 pages

NPP 1 (1st Incourse)

Nuclear and Particle Physics

Uploaded by

Md. Mohiuddin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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| a ‘pablems wth the kG. Equechion, ’ | 4. we. caw: + have a postive definite probability density. Because. m tne definition sf 9 ow tee KG. eqn we had bole y and OH | 2. there was exithnce' of negative. eneray. solution. . he nature of fra. negative energy Sol was not completely under shod at thal time. ) J A LDinac tried to solve tuese problems. He realized that “tne hegative velue of the - probability dori ty ia related to Fhe piston of a in f The» Oo itenm came from tne i SECOND ORDER HIME Fanpentek in KG) equation. Even witht D Dirac 4 formulation, there was still megach've “enero, solution: Dirac tried to fhd a | | ~ Tl reletivishe wave equator wh ich 16 fest air ||onder in fme. leu one gain discarch fue reletivish'c velahore between energy me amnarnentunn sa which rising. the posi Fion wn rf (representation im mM , Ane 61 equation War ‘donived. : / } And Dirac uged & multi component Wave! | function fon which -fre wave equahoy) "Ss || Frest ORDER in time, but the individual I coven satisfied KG eqn, ii Gnsider on N-component wave. functor. | Wy We Hay ono hy We Can express thd aa column vector. - Ye =/“ ‘ ij t | Ye ' : “the most general first ye ondor time dentvative N eae equation in Yr Will be \ a LINEAR COMBINATION OF ALL OTHER COMPONENTS 2. (yy: ~My ) ow au) = i Prt, - oY ei : Uv - Lime” A .. C4 yi z and “a sudh thet? rel Bi and Oe are dimennionlerd . * : [2 + ae Ry tca.V¥ —) aking Hermitian conjugate, ; Time _ et = ine iy pl + aA VG) <0 _—® from eqn —-@ and, WhO +¥xO > toy a spr ih My ee yah meet v4'@) +_ime* neo meh ye yt pt = =o ti = 7 tie SEY) +e¥'R. Ve ouvE + ime vray Yu tpt) Pe ye Cee Wy) ey H+ Yat + Ye aN 4 |" bale <4 [Ya D0 2 imc™ Vv = a genre ty o domand that each. component sk must also satioty die kr eqn « m2, } : Me =~ i p 3% eer eR HH i a -itnte fp initio W Vk “Hy BE ay — ime glare (e. (av) ‘ge Or Hy ime (eo) Hp) ar” yo 4 he ' “6 ali, . Vp 2a’ as a Pate 0 ||[07.05, 202 + | Simil ant » ant y aevwa YH | Divac equation. , / |! oh y CWP im py 0, . 7 @ Hermihan conjugate , +3 batat wee eww Ta amelie Bl ao he a) Ftom » yt® yy o ghey cyte Tagore wae tet Ung PY =o 7 a oe woe “to, 4) + as Te 7 hy 4 fmt Mpy “ine Y tpt yp - }, ane the spedal cage. Cw out Vee. sf sere ) a tO) 09 0-9 | Lee + eer) is Oh 4 0T= . \3 gly au teysylavy Jeeps y | . . eS ee Dirac equation. Da spent Pay dlomand that kr 4 veh fiunchion , iP ote at eww pimc, eB) SA ae ele = (% + wy ie * 9) Lis (o gahisfied oy wave : 2 4H) < ( | o> = «space and time oopdinetes ane ae uence, Qj, Ope operalvrh ‘commute , Pipsar vay cme ae ava Hae & UM - pas @wp¥ - oe = ime - > maa. vy meet why 25 | a = os wid vik, Put etme *(Payer-ps pid 4 el Fr By= Le) YE oF & (Pa Bear + fas ai) \ + ine hep PVs sua ee YW =o gy We Lee k.63 BS port nel a - 4 vA g - hoe HO Hi a » Ye vee’ = ey ae =] ; thus Sinee Aye ey machor. will Aaiaty kG equochon. y “fan , : + ot of Fp beh) 25 Me yo Vy 3H, bod mY 3 dl aha? =2S°—. ; : “fo” @) and, & pre d®=o +a a 2? eas | (a0) x $f) jal? . oat Sea Tantivornentalor 5 d?, RF eb | te W- Matrices : / V=R > vised PaW4 OP = as 6) le AN - > Per + Mero = 28 CO=7 > fpr + a@&p ‘i 2 agit ~y ye yty! as > vivtprty = Bea » Ny), v"% = 23 > , Gs. aa =| j= Nt / as ‘a oO oO D = | o A 00 on D5 po=e | 0 0 AO ign | Oo 0 o -A | SP Ptprizc 2 vit Vy) =o Dac equation i lepmas 6h Y= a ted wy pime’ gy _ - PY =o (9) p ne . sie $C XK 2) y+ ime p¥ =o = © fe P Se 5 ay | OOM sotide 2 3 (ct) + O° Oj y +ime pyso 7 ay. Ola. ; Pow t Oe ite “a PT Y=0 2 Yo, y + ay + ME Pwo, WL . ” A im > \% ar + Uy Eb? Vso ney. it Dinae, Slash 2. (By + ime =o, Fs + h a | Pek ye kof, > Ey rmeyeo: why 7 Pz & a =-iho; Mw , L Pre ih Oy A v'oys V4) 4 meow’ =o I z > ih 795 p- hBV DIY + mce¥=o la jh Vay tih vayy—me4=0 > Pye Pp me =o [Wem co] | perk fm SS Dirack equation HE Dimension Gf the Dirac Mateices : p+ pono | > Pp-- pk > p' Pee pet Pet (@'Pp) = ae EA) > det (6! op) = Ci det) vit 0) ate (p) cual) 9 det (s'e) aH?) = Ca)" det) a det?) — CaN det (ol) (N = even integer | _|fe9 05. 755 A Dincanion of ~ ya wai hT ps Pe ° det py set(@') a es" dot(o?) Mans be an even integer. (w20) N=2, we have only four lineanly independent sat Matrices . | Pali Spm -matoices and the identity matnix AG HED ME) ey But we need FOUR matrices which are different dhe identity. matrix, | ‘ > ow, of & mw Gis), climenmnoys « Hen | 0 oto” iT} then, . done fren saltifent ot. te, Neq the exe choice . : Relive [e a : vAs ee - itnen we have. ig See Wr i of 4d “pe flo eo WO xo oA O-, Od ' ’ 26% 1 o eo + 8 9, at ji oft og tio O¢ of) 020 OSI 2} Oe aud 2/0 ©. st © x O° tL o prio biainie © oe *¥ O° 21 O ° as we also define | et [io 00 Y- oe] 60 6.677120 60 0 ye oO Sed v Fa OF al So. tol ¢ VY Foo 1 o Od Oo gry 08 --O 00 6 3 5 Oo Lo - ee we Oo,a +4 we. also define, + 0 00 Yay? o4 00 a Y= -¥ YW=-¥ - Co [SDentaty (oD: Yue ~¥ Ly show that, . . YA on | E990 =| Levi-chivrla. symloo| in 4 dimension | Me Pn , Ens pov -€ bL Lad Pov e” 44 FP wu PO) EVEN PERMUTATION 6 (012 3) -1 iF Woy opp PERMUTATION oP (01 13): 6 otherwine s ¢ . _ o A Pat VV yg rer a8, yy y'v 4i eos . eo ti v y” reese 4 Sori VV ) There. are 24 mongero terms , - % 42 4 ol ° Ears VV VY" = yy ety” every 1? gel a . Sag? py" = y yy? mL, % Sy S : a ery Ca) = — lh 7 x! yy? Cay* 6 yy yh vrs ge tyey by” O12 O12 D. > € Yr ae sy ol? vv yy? Gil in the blanks: Similarly, we- tan show that all 24 -tenms .. are the same, i ARS. 2 i Che h'v'y'y®) 8 = ty*y' yy? aa LHS. | ML (Dingo pay: pet") Pel eyes feast of : a 5M vy? : brers $3 y yew a ais ye i yVeylyy? We can be equal to ether f- 0,1, 21d- fo tale yet foom’the: night to the = __ lef E in tho frat term. le. +o ; % . Wyle’ into iy yyiy*y? ct will antwm mute with. % sh fee VV matress and commute. with onlyene. Cathieh has the, index ecjual to the. vaule of ey ry Wey yee : yyy en” : - ea y25 =O. Meow jest (B=) ss : define, [or [vy] protf s fe c i - ae RH5, = gn . og a ~g_: L [. r| _ a +4 Mh Ga yy) =gt Pe way sy) Jpg yy ag yoy 2 yy” a ee [ivy ry? ory s [iver? 'o ee Pv] peer y “ye vy") io at PANN? 2 2 aby wie at ¥% Layyey'y | Ue = yyy PyLy vviy'y of >y* wy ¥ using. the commurtection’ between -the ¥ matrices we. get each time two different y- matnice® side by side are owi pped » we get a negative. -a, H+ cn be om mt oh. o- 4, 13, veel yy Cy yeyty y Bindlarty , . Oya yh? _ Ca" ie MP yy ly “he using. thing we get, 4 —— he = = eee etna ye", * ow | SENT, Sete ree on: we y VT tL yey ot yi" viv'y? ies post, In. the standard. cere eet) ety fre, Hoe, PY Nek Widen Kor yor, ee 3 t= 4/2/% YY ne GH) ea o = | ou ey G2 We eal ary quake) peel age ivy yy yy? | = icy rye” en TL "every = ier yy oot vir ot yryet _y? sah wry vy’ rye Wey Lavy ore ty? Fe edy ve. rem su pti] [oe =), al? na : ery Y ; # yyy. ta). Lising. fuose. two ows Jak (v8 y) ¥° 2 ay Peosf- ; app DP yyttyee 5 vy yyy ry? 1 = iy’? vr) vty EH” = eeel ae - “4 = py! : wyityt e Bey OV vy Cy ery yt - yy uf bis. = 4? i: >, vy) x . Mh Py my Py? ‘ yrrye ve? mies, s (e)" 2 i Ge y oH (yt yatyst) © V0 6, IM, * e ; oo, pyO eek PP yey 4 LYE T L bh ny Nice « > Mo eb yeyty ye i yy?y L Ck “4 , ys WK yy tint PN, OI oy 09- 09)" = 2 -G)-€1)-€n | Sal, 5 or = G1)" pn = pW)” == fale t= -agas as 1) . % % A ests peas 2 VIA, EUV ATO AY 1B aw yy 4 a¥e Hy) vy ty cyy ow vy woes Sette ytyee vey jvtaty= ag =v" 1 | wabws a ¥ “(ag er ¥ Ca “iY “egttyy4-¥ v3 0g" ery ae yy EY | awe | ag/?y? — ag ty! -ag ty" 298 Y ) oe - Howser — 5 us Pr © ik, ‘proof: ; nt LHS = Fo" shure, We an ~S are two ws Pee indices, fe, pds YO. sco Lc Beem POY uy 2 ee My =O endeg t r . for any two cafe I indices , Meo wel, veo LO] a5° i ov! 1 ay tl Q’r'y'y) = iyeyy'! ar : 6 E LHS = Ris, 2 pr: ei + olye ai 1 0” ete bY * | jolt? i = % x Tas Ley cot | =i ¢?| “Oy = im = iE Gow) .2 Vk4—Vy, 1) x », ers. = “5 y ¥e vy") a —— ~y> Pry? = -¥ iv ylytyy"y? = Wie vy tyr? ~ToN ieaece iva enV eccee «|e tak ° : e, faa yiebh LHS, = Bol iy?yly” r i (yy ~yry') = -L ¥¥'v walvtiey = “erred = -e1? vy'y eyy? - yy? ywPo 2 Soe 1230 . 109 ; neg, a - Heid Cy at & m5 =-tis ane fat) | oer aera RHS, = PE pe t! - tyr) - ae = yy? HS; [notes whenever those ident tes with e are \aren. we have to Ltr glows Amt can er] | Similarly. , it can be proved fon ang | crmbination o& i, 5° yuo ibs and | shoal = 4,24,3, rs Contraction idemttties ¢ Oe Oe aim, ) | (5) years | |e Vee yee age” ) pes: , ; | preg peo] SVG? it «Aud . «8 Lt YR - iver I"t 2 oy 6A TKN poy 162.9" Wy — iv? LOY vy) %y | * 4gx” +4 y> rey \? Py Mad 7 i ee is it Vy- VY Agee ee agh? _ iv Aoyya » = Age Loe med, oP z0] [re segs ; AgenPy Ling = YAY = gtx va - IT ‘ | gh? - L Lia gry) va = ok yA yryeyrr) Va = yr ytyPra Take, K=O, 92) || TY ; Vy. ol LHe. 2 yaya a) ae mytal ge MET AT ul ° vy! L,Y wy HMA, is 2 | = 4yey! br show that, fer wed | eer VVwr yy = V4", () merdz i) de ° LHS, = YAY = 4q°° = , @ wesep Las. = WAY) Y9 = aa = 44 or, LHS = =4 24g) ; ka ‘ re 5 3 yyy, avy Yt Vy yt Ye vy ° eke . r go Sei 5 [earn] \ | i BH. = yey atyy ty Eee 4 very, ; - A of ct | . vy, ~yyyvine yy vir yy yy it can be ether J,2/% | ih LS avy” VV AVY Vy y a! > Fa YY 10 ! aa apy 4 OU + YM ae 2 yytyy= Vey" \| 2a@y i , deh bss aL TE vty” RPP EVV EV YOY aw v, wv HO iI SPE EVR TY =0. We yet 925 5] Y aviv! vy yy ya yey envy =(¥’) “yi fete dvi Pee ay _¥r'yy iy yt vy! VY tayy! ‘y" Vevey? “fr, Yas iee Cite S¢4), i x 4 LHS. = ¥ vy! PV VV y ya yey Tt yy" 20. Wee, jeg, Gey (#4) I bMS, = yy v_yly yt yl ayy ¥” cy ey hyd syle py a ay ZO. |[Hiws can be done. in another way , using ee > er & wuy> | Vues ge iow” || \ le aanae e we | Sagat yay tty 1 ign ayy 1] = (eas yay Fy, ; | 2 Ag" iat’) ¥ i | = guy Syy Vryttyy = -2¥ | MP? > LOA MP Py NLS = ot y 3% Liye y > ; p | = 9G?) cig ad ry Va \\ 5 ° 2 a Dy | E mag VFL PAV va -iy¥y rr) \| 2 | take) wed PP, | Auen | UP AS LY vgs apy rey Pa | HZ wd | 2 ag | RS 2 py Pyy?s ove. pte lig? 2 P Hist Gens wha AE V STAY Es ans. - 2% yiv' = tay? SSP a ayy, go =r, 4 vn 19 Vee Vag i 4 Hy Ye Yo Pry = -2V° 25 aw VY Wy — avg ayy oy v7 Lie yar ey, > = se. =aytq” BIG ay MySH ié WY ae gory” age ee (290) Deke alga pare i ry, Se rr Yee vet enn ak | : a lite. Sena a (i) Ct Enes’ yyy Ge . T GECT oo qr i gs ert spt 9°. — 4” Br po’ sp! oe! ‘ opt as! ae som 4 8 where, Lo ote -- sor ) Thoace_idemtivies : + Sinelmme. eee 0964) no ee) | Gr) 7 ely) 20. Tr (P)= Te) =™CD) ° ip (v= Tr uae oh -T( 0)? “a cede . a v*: = ivy? Spar ol : vA | | =i ppa'pa’pa? = iapapra = jfalppae® = _ jatar” “este Wee] “Capes J) w LER Sian §)GH) tm 93) ea U7 Reuss Ls, = Te Civr'yx*y#) A ABLE) = Te (rtvr'v’v?) Ce “Fa(EABD)| v rf Azo, yy yey rye ans VN ee Similanly, HFwe- swap te yematrice® to bring y¥“ to the extreme Loft, we wil) | get product of three weqative ove, | bug 2 te (iy! yyy) = Tp e i yyy rt”) | “But acurcing, te the propenty. 6 trace , Te Civtrly'v7y*) = Te terre”) > Wp Cite?) = te (iv*r’v'y"¥*) D oltre’) rth (ere) “aaah aateamambenny 0 HOD [- Tp bey? yy") =o “Hn, Thy, samppingy Ah Y= materia [sae gel” emp We Lnow | Mydy yrs agi” Ree ag) wee canes + ers + T(r) = 4 2 ee a4 | | pel “118-05, 1025 Ta] Tnace ident hes =" eth (product of odd numer ot sina jena) = 0 e Tel I) <4 eT (")z0 6 Ly )=0 et Qty )= ° i Te W4y*) = _ agh® + Tvs) = 0 seh! IS a rat om OSH) = (gtr = a tev?) - Te (ry) ins 2g*o wm Wrty? cece | Te fee ay) tm (@)") | = etly®) =o. | Be S \ Sat 5 leh ted. € | een oy) Bt! Meo =A, ME1)2,3 | : ob TR Gh?) 2 op liv’y''y’) 2th (yt ivy?) 2. Ge y vy) i dd m0. 8 26 [trace fede . wef} eres » feel pos] ip] R(t) = Te (vi y8) 5 vol! yar part) now, _ (e (vv?) “ agit? we have taken | Met, Daf ank t$ 3. | . Henve , . \"" we on white F Gt paire ayy a ! r, | Ay La pyoy vy, | , a «) _ Herve- ont 5 Hine whore, €-42] 3 matrices YT? , = i wo will be same is mo yt? The otto, Led ‘| : we for oi, ai if) one, will be Aifforerck, lee on woite 5 ae CMY?) = 61 Ter *) | = €149°" 20 Ekdo] | “Tn O*P'r*) 0 ____#* Thaces shod saumbon faire amatries tS 22.. Te (yy yFy” ee fap y®) = 0 po EHS = Tp HPP.) | =I (tyr, Vr?) 29) Fe (AE | Ma D, Py Mar % = O,8,2,% (net ¥) ba bbe 0).7 Te yh ee): “ BEE) [Proved ] wit _ emelearetee) agitate tases) + Se Ys og + Tp (yy? = ag" aa oe Rey ry ys Fee 4) ve | 4 rs af Wy") - Yr”) : = ag 4 IO (y° fgtt!_v’v**) v~) | = 0g 4a! aa? ae Oy) 4 TH (VAY) egies _ aga wl evi Og vy] BPG Pe age Pet — we Gr? r¥*) seg agg agit? lever ° 2 : a" af vg 3r4 79°"9 Sp, Gr! v) Teyela 9 proper) os > PRB). ag al agit gatinsay Spor Be w TH ON) = Ag gag gape (Proved wl Y 4 s . : Cu mate if Seo even permutation SF 0/1/13 a1 if Spo odd pormation GF 01,21 Mio Pow Cusp 1 oh 9° 9 -——— 96. —___—"__ % ie a mate. hb %G Hos Aart 2 AoY pAVY 4 AeV +As ¥ ay - \t ™ ant by y? 5 Ud « » A,,bsxv? = ay bs(y int ) ws S 4b of — 1a, bb wi rat -1 ot? a. boy smaven)« Ans Gedy, TeV) = 4(a-v)le-d) -A(a. cfd) +4 @-DCoy) | #1 (Ad) <0 Te (feds ceeee fin) £0 ne 1 70d , Tea] last foomuta @- w= ey 5 | Yyty? yrs - _ysy%y4 oy ony | er eeomnvextcTOTY yelati aa CL en co a

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