PROJECT ON

WORKING OF TRANSFORMER
 INDEX

1.Certificate

2.Acknowledgement

3.Objective

4.Introduction

5.Principle

6.Construction

7.Materials

8.Experimental procedure

9.Observation

10.Sources of error

11.Precautions

12.Bibliography
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled ‘ WORKING OF

TRANSFORMER’ was completed under the guidance and

supervision by

__________________________________________________

a student of Xll, Sri Chaitanya Techno Institution within

stipulated time as prescribed by the CBSE.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

_______________ ________________
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I gratefully acknowledge my sincere thanks to our respected physics
teacher for remarkable, valuable guidance and supervision throughout the project
work. I’m also most indebted to the encouragement, help, suggestion and readily
helpful service provided in performing the experiment.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between

(i) output and input voltage

(ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a

self designed transformer.

INTRODUCTION
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages.
 A transformer is the most widely used device in both low and high current
circuits. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control circuits, the transformer size may be so small
that it weighs only a few tens of grams whereas in high voltage power circuits, it
may weigh hundreds of tones.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another

circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up transformer . A

transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer .

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low
current circuits. Principle

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this

principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighbouring coil that is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit
induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring circuit. The varying current in a
circuit produces varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring
circuit.

PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual induction that if a varying current is set up in

a circuit then induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighbouring circuit. The varying
magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighbouring circuit.
CONSTRUCTION
 A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of
laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p1&p2 and s1&s2 are
wound on the same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note that both the
coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f.is connected to s1
s2, the secondary coil through an open switch S. Thus there can be no current
through the secondary coil so long as the switch is open. For an ideal transformer,
we assume that the resistance of primary and secondary winding is negligible.
Further the energy losses due to magnetic iron core is also negligible. For
operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulated
by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy
losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit
is called secondary.
 THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in
the secondary.

In a good transformer, the whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn
of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary.Thus if Vp and
Vs be the instantaneous values of the emf induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary,secondary coils of the
transformer and

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turn off the coil at this instant,

we have,

Vp = - Np dф/dt -----------(1)

And

Vs = - Ns dф/dt ------------(2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Vs / Vp = - Ns / Np--------- (3)

As Vp is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1,
so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (V– Vp ) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance
o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = V– Vp / Rp

V– Vp = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, RpIp can be neglected so therefore
 V– Vp = 0 or Vp = V

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Vs / Vp= Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1.IRON ROD 2.COPPER WIRE

3.VOLTMETER 4.AMMETER
 PROCEDURE

▪ Take a laminated iron core and wind a small number [say about
2000 ] of turns of thick insulated copper wire uniformly on it
leaving two free ends P1 P2.

▪ Wind a large number of turns [say 100] of thin insulated copper

wire on the opposite arm of the core leaving two free end S1 &
S2.

▪ Connect the primary coil to a variable a.c. supply source and

secondary to a.c. voltmeter of suitable range .

▪ Connect an a.c. voltmeter across the primary to measure the

input voltage
 OBSERVATION

1. We will find that ratio of Vp and Vs across the two coils is equal to the ratio of
number of turns in the coil P to that in the coil S. i.e.,

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns ---------------(1)

2. The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is

Called the primary and coil S (in which AC is induced) is called the secondary.

3.Since coil S is placed very close to the coil P, the power in the primary is
transferred into the secondary through mutual induction.

4. It is clear from equation 1, that by appropriate choice of the turn ratio i.e.,
Np/Ns, we can obtain a higher voltage or lower voltage in S compared to that in P.
 ENERGY LOSSES

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss: is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a
transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.

2. Iron loss: is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in the iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux: occurs in spite of best insulations. Therefore, the

rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is
less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteretic loss: is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and

demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magneto striation: humming noise of a transformer

 SOURCE OF ERROR

⮚ Values of current can be changed due to heating effect

⮚ Eddy current can change the readings

 PRECAUTIONS

⮚ Keep yourself safe from high voltage.

⮚ While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain
constant.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

● Ncert text book

● www.wikipedia.com
● www.scrib.com
● www.academia.edu