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SESBT 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1161 (2023) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1161/1/012012

Finite element method and P-delta analysis of G+10

multistorey frame building structure by using etabs software.

Abhishek Mishra1* & Parvej Alam2

1
PG student, Department of Civil Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Institute of
Professional Management andTechnology, Raipur, C.G, India-492001.
2
Assistance professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Institute
of Professional Managementand Technology, Raipur, C.G, India-492001.

*Corresponding author: abhishek6mishra@gmail.com

Abstract. Numerous techniques have been developed for the computation of approximate
solutions to valuate complex boundary value problems and the Finite Element method is one of
the advanced tools. In this investigation, an examination of a 3-d casing structure considering
two different types of analysis i.e., F.E.M and P-delta investigation to recognize both utilizing
examination methods. Taking one model and using the earthquake effect in x- direction only by
using IS code 1893:2016 with seismic zone 3 then analysis it and show the result in the form of
FEM. Then for another model taking the same IS code 1893:2016 and also use the effect of P-
delta by IS 16700-2017 then analysis it and generate a result. Compare the both the cases result
MS-excel in the form of bending moment, support reaction, storey shear and displacement and
give the difference in the form of percentage. The combination load case 1 is taken as per IS
1893:2016 and for the combination load case two as per IS 16700:2017 and the result and
conclusion are based on these codes which shows in the form of percentage. All the analysis
process case one and case two are done in Etabs software v19. Keywords: FEM, P-delta, Load,
Storey Shear, Moment, Displacement.

1. Introduction

Engineering analysis is unquestionably merely a support activity in the greater subject of engineering
design while being a very stimulating area of work. The analytical technique aids inthe discovery of
strong new designs and can be utilized to enhance a design in terms of cost and performance. Only
explicit designs were considered in the early applications of limited component techniques, which were
mostly used in aviation and structural designing projects. Theemphasis on creative work was instead
placed after using limited component techniques as a crucial part of the planning cycle in mechanical,
common, and aeronautical designing once the maximum capacity of finite element strategies was
acknowledged and the use of PCs in designing plan conditions increased.
Engineering analysis relies heavily on the use of vectors, matrices, and tensors since these variables are
the only ones that allow for the concise and elegant expression of the entire solutionprocess. To introduce
the basic concepts of matrices and tensors, with a focus on those elements that are crucial for finite
element analysis. Briefly defined, matrices can be thought of as arranged collections of integers that
follow a set of addition, multiplication, and other rules. Consequently, it's crucial to be well in these
guidelines.

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
SESBT 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1161 (2023) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1161/1/012012

A tall structure or multistorey structure is one that, from the viewpoint of the underlying architect, is
impacted by horizontal pressures to the degree that they have a considerable effect on the study and
development of designs. Due to the lack of understanding and complexity of the P-Delta investigation,
creators, designers, and planners conduct Linear.
Static inquiry which may ultimately turn out to be a reason for the catastrophic collapse of the
multistorey structure.
Any structure with elements subject to an axial load can encounter the nonlinear phenomenon known as
P-Delta. Structural engineers and architectures are inclined to undertake linear static analysis due to their
limited understanding of P-Delta and the difficulty of the study; yet, this technique can eventually lead
to a structure collapsing suddenly. For short columns and medium-rise structures, the P-delta impact
may be minor and consequently unimportant. The P-delta effect, however, becomes more prominent in
tall or thin columns. The importance of the second-order P-delta effects must be determined when
developing high-rise structures with vertical irregularity.

1.1 P-Delta Analysis

P-delta is the influence of a second request on a horizontally loading system. The underlying avoidance
of the construction as a result of the sidelong load is one first-request impact. The amount of this
underlying avoidance determines how much of an impact P-delta has. By increasing the force brought
on by the construction's weight and the pivotal load, P, that is imposed by the primary request redirection,
or, one may compute P-delta or P-delta. New forces and moments are produced when a structural
component is loaded because the geometry of the component changes. This is what the name "P-
analysis" refers to. The second-order analysis is involved. When a building experiences seismic lateral
stress that causes it to deflect, the structure may experience increased lateral displacements due to gravity
loading.
The P-effect is the second-order impact of vertical loads acting onto a laterally displaced structure, where
P is the total vertical force and the lateral displacement to the ground.
Figure 1.1 demonstrates the P-effect on an SDOF system. The P-effect explains how a moment is
produced at the structure base by the mass of the structure, which has a weight P and a displacement.
When a gravity force 'P' operates on the eccentricity " generated by the relative displacement of the
frame parts, it causes extra destabilizing moments to be produced on a laterally displaced beam column
[1].

These effects can be divided into two categories: The statement of P- (Large P-delta or P-Big delta), the
frame instability effect, has been made as a result of the impacts of vertical loads, like gravity load,
acting on the laterally displaced structure depicted in Figure 1. 2(a) The horizontal displacement of the
structure is caused by earthquake forces (V) or wind, and it is the gravitational loads (P) on the displaced
structure that produce the vertical displacement.
The total vertical load P multiplied by the structural displacement results in the secondary moments
being incorporated into the structure [2]. P- (small P-delta or P-small delta) refers to the consequences
of an axial force on a single member when it is subjected to end node deflection, as shown in Fig. 1.2.
(b). The p-delta effect, which in this case is brought on by the member's curvature, is created by a change
in the stiffness of the member under the load and an extra moment.
In actual calculations, P-value will be lower than the P-value Load (P), which is the load that would be
applied to a column if earthquake, wind, or gravity forces were to act on it and create a deflection as a
result of the connection conditions of supported beams. The axial load P multiplied by the deflection
results in the moments that are in the member. Therefore, P-is regarded as being important for high
displacement values in compression parts like columns. These effects also affect beams that are axially
loaded.

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SESBT 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1161 (2023) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1161/1/012012

Fig 1.1: Deflected shape due to Lateral Fig 1.2 a) Large P-delta effect. b) Small P-delta effect
and gravityload.
The present investigation is to determine the impact of P-delta analysis on the G+10 multistorey Building
structure to linear static analysis, including forces, moment, and deflection by using Finite Element
method Etabs software. In a few papers I have studied just like in this paper the author compares the p-
delta and withoutP-delta method impact by using software in six different types of models [3].
Buildings that are subject to P-lateral Delta's displacement, base shear and moment at base columns were
examined for their design characteristics. The gap is that no one can apply FEM to generate the result in
the form of displacement, shear and moment and compare it with p-delta result. The key objective of the
research was to find out the nonlinear analysis and its effect on joints of a G+8 High rise multistorey
building #-dimensional frame considering P-delta analysis using ANSYS. Conventional slab and Pre-
tensioning slab were considered and effect on beam column joint was investigated using ANSYS
software considering lateral force (P-delta) and Non-linear analysis. The results stated that the changes
in the forces due to the presence of rigid diaphragm is effective and results concluded that due to
introduction of pretension Ing slab, structure become more stable and stiffer in comparison. It can be
said that P-delta analysis results in observing overturning moment and rotational forces using analysis
tool Ansys [4].
The research study presented a nonlinear, one-of-a-kind analysis of a renowned RC structure, taking
into account the various seismic forces that occurred in the seismically active state of Uttarakhand. The
structure viable was demonstrated utilizing limited component-based programming SAP 2000 v.14.0.0.
The reaction boundaries utilized in the seismic examination are time-frame, modular mass cooperation,
base shear, horizontal uprooting and story float. Results expressed that the time span is a step by step
diminishing, which shows the increment in solidness. Extreme ground motion with high recurrence
content takes 0.817 seconds, whereas low recurrence ground motion takes just 0.170 seconds. Most of
the ground traffic is handled by modules, and here is where modularity really shines because it's where
you get the most bang for your buck because of the low-frequency material you're getting. Eleven modes,
twelve modes, and ten modes, respectively, for high, low, and moderate repetition content, should be
crucial for the inquiry. When it comes to the recurrent content layout, the base shear is independent, but
the PGA is essential. For ground motions with a medium recurrence content and a high PGA, the
maximum estimated base shear is 2303.37 KN. Maximum roof displacement due to high-frequency
content ground motion is 96.416 mm. The maximum allowable story float, as per the IS specification,
is 19.601 mm for highly-recurrent material. Henceforth, the outcomes closed time-history examination

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SESBT 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1161 (2023) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1161/1/012012

strategy sustained the wellbeing of the multi-story building when they are exposed to seismic excitations
[5].

A seismic evaluation of a four-story building's operation with and without P-Delta influences was
presented in the exploration study, employing ETABS v2016 assistance examination software. P-
influence Delta's on the calculations of urgent forces, shirking, bending moments and story shears was
examined by comparing the results of analyses done on G+19, G+14, G+9, and G+4, story R.C.C.
buildings with and without P-presence. Delta's According to the findings, when compared with the
copies distressed by witnessing the P-delta sway, the ones distinguished by P-delta impact (non-straight
static assessment) had significantly higher evaluations of expulsions, center point pressures, bending
moment, and story shears (direct static examination). In this way, the P-Delta sway is significant other
than the commitment to be cautious in the examination of multi-story structures [6].

The study of shear walls and dampers was subjected to both experimental and analytical investigation
in this publication. Any structure subject to lateral deformation experiences the P-delta effect, a second-
order phenomenon. This discovery is important because it is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve
perfectly symmetrical vertical load distributions in real-world applications. This study evaluates the
lateral displacements of a structure using the finite element nonlinear static analysis and compares it to
the standard linear analysis method. Lateral and gravitational forces inside a structure may be mitigated
with the use of a shear wall and a damper. The torsional impact of a building may be mitigated via
strategic placement of shear walls and dampers, and cost-effective design can be achieved through
careful study and selection of dampers. Dampers' locations and counts may be determined by conducting
a thorough investigation of the structure [7].

The primary objective of the research was to investigate the design target ductility proposed by Caltrans
for RC bridge Column. The case studies in this research showed some of the flaws of this method and
highlighted the fact that this design target ductility can be improved. The ductility goal for Caltrans
designs is solely sensitive to the ratio of the P-Delta generated moment to the idealized plastic moment
capacity, and not to other critical characteristics like axial load or the column slenderness. First case
study showed that the column was capable of achieving high levels of displacement ductility before P-
Delta effects significantly deviates the structural response, while the second case study showed that
design target ductility of four is unsafe. Due to complex nature of studying P-Delta effects under
earthquake loading and uncertainties associated with accurately capturing the structural model and the
random nature of ground motions, obtaining a reliable limit state for ignoring the P-Delta effects for RC
bridge columns requires an intensive amount of nonlinear time history analysis for properly capturing
all sources of uncertainty [8].

The examination paper explored the plan boundaries of structures that are influenced by P-Delta, like
sidelong uprooting, base shear, and second at the base-sections. When determining the P-Delta effect
for symmetric rectangular normal arrangement structures, the non-iterative P-Delta test is used. The P-
Delta effect necessitates the dismantling and planning for the destruction of reinforced concrete (RC)
buildings with exposed casings taller than 20 floors. As a result of the shoring frames and brickwork
infill structures, the P-Delta effect is severely muted. P-Delta analysis was deemed too rigorous for
buildings with infill brickwork up to 40 stories in height. Observations of infill craftsmanship buildings
revealed a sharp increase in the frequency with which they fell from 30 stories and upwards. More
vulnerable to the P-Delta effect than the brickwork infill and supported structures are the rectangular
exposed casing RC buildings. Nonetheless, exposed edge RC constructions of in excess of 40 stories
have a lot of bigger removals and even plan for the P-Delta impact won't be affordable. Along these
lines, for in excess of 40 stories the supporting frameworks can be received to diminish P-Delta impacts.
The infill workmanship structures have irrelevant P-Delta impacts contrasted with exposed casing RC
structures. The removals and toppling minutes in the workmanship structure are lesser than the
uncovered edge structures and supported constructions, however, the base shear in the brickwork
structure is a lot higher than other primary structures [9].

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SESBT 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1161 (2023) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1161/1/012012

The research papers have analyzed numerous cases which led to the objective to compare reports on
analysis of structure considering both P-Delta analysis and FEM of different parameters using ETABS.

2. Methodology
ETAB is used to design, evaluate, and compare the G+10 structure while taking the P-delta effect and
FEM into account. The two structures below are under consideration for investigation. Case1: FEM and
Case2: P-Delta.
2.1 Loads calculation
Consideration for these loads is made during building design analysis. The loads are measured in line
with the requirements of IS: 875 (Part 1) and (Part 2).

2.1.1 Dead load

a) Wall load
b) Floor finish: 1.25KN/m2
c) Self-weight

2.1.2 Live load

a) Intermediate floors with live loads Live load intensity = 2KN/m2

2.1.3 Lateral loads

As per zone-3 of IS 1893:2016
EQX: Earthquake load in X-direction
Soil: Type 3
Importance factor=1
Zone factor=0.16
Table 2.1 Building Description

S.NO Description Value

1 Built-up Area 20m x 30m

2 Bay number in X-direction 5 spans

3 Bay number in Y-direction 6 spans

4 Floor Height 3m

5 Overall height G+10 (30 m)

6 Analysis F.E.M & P-DELTA

7 Support Fixed end

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SESBT 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1161 (2023) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1161/1/012012

2.2 Load Combinations

The load combinations are taken into account under IS 1893 (Part1):2016.
1. 1.5(DL+IL)
2. 1.2(DL+IL+EL)
3. 1.2(DL+IL–EL)
4. 1.5(DL+EL)
5. 1.5(DL–EL)
6. 0.9DL+1.5EL
7. 0.9DL–1.5EL
As per IS 16700-2017 amendment considering the p-delta effects.

Fig 2.1 FLOW CHART

SELECTION OF
STRUCTURE ASPER STRUCTURE
START FRAME
DEFINED GEOMETRY
MODELLING

IF ALL FRAMES
Apply load and IF ALL LOAD
ARE
Fixed supports CONDITIONS OK
CON SIDER ED

P-DELTA ANALYSIS
ANDFINITE ELEMENT COMPARIVE
ANALYSING ANALYSIS STUDY AND
RESULTS

STOP

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SESBT 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1161 (2023) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1161/1/012012

(A)

(B)

Fig 2.2 Results extracted on parameters (A) FEM Analysis and (B) P Delta Analysis.

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SESBT 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1161 (2023) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1161/1/012012

3. Results and Discussion

The table below lists the values for displacements, storey shear, and bending moments for the G+10
storey model as determined through linear FEM analysis and P-Delta analysis for in X-axis Direction
only and compared the variations in terms of percent between these two analyses are evaluated and
tabulated, and plotted in terms of graphs also.
3.1 Table & Graphs

DISPLACEMENT (mm) STOREY SHEAR MOMENT (KN-m)

NO. OF Ux direction (KN) Mx direction
STOREYS Vx direction

FEM P-DELTA FEM P-DELTA FEM P-DELTA

10 108780.3495 132634.2737
30.342 48.408 -32.4 -43.2

9 218170.1092 266251.831
29.173 46.526 -64.8 -86.4
8 328061.7781 400673.5038
27.306 43.517 -97.2 -129.6
7 438360.5026 535741.2025
24.789 39.465 -129.6 -172.8
6 548984.0761 671317.9162
21.733 34.555 -162 -216
5 659862.9392 807287.7124
18.249 28.971 -194.4 -259.2
4 770940.1796 943555.7376
14.437 22.882 -226.8 -302.4
3 882171.5322 1080048.217
10.392 16.441 -259.2 -345.6
2 993525.3791 1216712.453
6.238 9.852 -291.6 -388.8
1 1104982.75 1353516.828
2.31 3.642 -324 -432

Fig 3.1: Displacement Discussion: The highest value displacement of the model is 48.408 mm and
30.342 mm, respectively, as determined by P-delta analysis and FEM in Ux direction, and the greatest
value difference between the two approaches is discovered to be 59%.
Fig 3.2: Storey Shear Discussion: The greatest storey shear value determined by P-delta analysis is -
43.2 KN, whereas the maximum value determined by FEM is -32.4 KN in Vx direction. The maximum
difference between the two is discovered to be 33%. Storey shear values are calculated for each analysis
from storey 1 to 10 and it is discovered that P-delta analysis produces the highest storey shear when
compared to FEM.

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SESBT 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1161 (2023) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1161/1/012012

Displacement (mm) STOREY SHEAR

90 (KN)
80 0
70 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
-100
60
-200
50
-300
40
-400
30
-500
20
-600
10
-700
0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 -800

DISPLACEMENT (mm) P-DELTA STOREY SHEAR (KN) P- DELTA

DISPLACEMENT (mm) FEM STOREY SHEAR (KN) FEM

Fig 3.1 Displacement mm Fig 3.2 Storey Shear (KN)

Fig 3.3: Moment Discussion: The maximum bending moment value determined by P-delta analysis is
1353516.828 KN-m, whereas the value determined by FEM is 1104982.75 KN-m in Moment in X-axis
direction, with a maximum difference of 22% discovered between the two values.
Fig 3.4 Support reaction Discussion: The Support Reaction (Fz) is observed 20% more in P- delta case
due to double iteration analysis of second order in z-axis direction. Thus, it can be said in the analysis
F.E.M analysis method will show fewer reactions.

MOMENT (KN-m) Support Reaction KN

3000000 1200
1027.0643
2500000 1000
855.5618
2000000
800
1500000
600
1000000
400
500000
200
0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
CASES
MOMENT (KN-m) P-DELTA
MOMENT (KN-m) FEM FEM P-DELTA

Fig 3.3 Moment (KN-m) Fig 3.4 Support reaction

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SESBT 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1161 (2023) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1161/1/012012

4. Conclusion
In this study, we are proposing an analysis of a 3-d frame structure considering two different hybrid
mathematical models i.e., F.E.M and P-delta analysis to distinguish between both using the analysis tool
ETABS. When the storey displacements from both models are compared for the P-delta effect, it is found
that they differ by 59% from the findings of the FEM study. The maximum displacement of the model
is 48.408 mm and 30.342 mm, respectively, as determined using P-delta analysis and FEM. When the
findings of storey shear from both cases are examined for the P-delta effect, they both indicate a
difference of 33% above the results of the FEM study. When the findings of bending moments from
both models are examined for the P-delta effect, it is demonstrated that they are each 22% higher than
those from the FEM analysis. The study of multi-storey structures should take the FEM impact into
account, it may be inferred from the findings. The Support Reaction (Fz) is observed 20% more in P-
delta case due to double iteration analysis of second order. Thus, it can be said in the analysis F.E.M
analysis method will show fewer reactions.

5. References

[1] P. a. V. G. J. Shah, "Study of P-Delta Effect on Regular and Irregular RCC Buildings," IOSR
Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), vol. 15, no. 4, July 2018.
[2] B. N. a. A. R. Mallikarjuna, "Stability analysis of Steel frame structures: P-Delta analysis,"
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2014.
[3] P. P. L. T. a. V. K. Soni, "Structural analysis of multistory building of different shear walls
location and heights," International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology
(IJETT), vol. 32, Feb 2016.
[4] P. a. D. P. B. Soni, "Analysis of beam-column joint in a pre-stressed concrete structure using
finite element method," International Journal for Research in Applied Science &
Engineering Technology, vol. 5, no. 4, April 2017.
[5] A. P. P. a. Y. K. G. Verma, ""Non-linear Dynamic Analysis of a Multi-storey Building
Subjected to Earthquakes."," in Recent Trends in Civil Engineering. Springer,, Singapore,
2021. 231-242., 2021.
[6] V. a. V. B. P. Ravishankar, "Comparative Study of Seismic Performance of a Building with
and without P-Delta Effect Using Response Spectrum Analysis," IJSRD - International
Journal for Scientific Research & Development, vol. 05, no. 09, 2017.
[7] K. a. M. T. Gupta, "Performance of P-Delta Analysis of Flat Slab and RC Framed
Buildings," International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), vol. 9,
no. 1, May 2020.
[8] P. P. F. S. a. R. B. Heydarpour, "An Investigation on Ignoring P-Delta Effects Based on
Stability Index," International Journal of Structural and Civil Engineering Research, vol.
7, p. 06, May 2018.
[9] A. N. a. S. M. M. Pattar, "P-Delta Effect on Multi-Storey Buildings.," i-Manager's Journal
on Structural Engineering, octuber 2017.

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