20EEGO1

Basic Electrical and Electronics

Engineering
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Systems of units:
Quantity Basic Unit Symbol
Length Meter M
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric Current ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela Cd

One great advantage of SI unit is that it uses prefixes based on the power of 10
to relate larger and smaller units to the basic unit.
Multiplier Prefix Symbol
1012 Tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo K
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro 𝝁
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

CHARGE :
• The most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric
charge.
• Electric charge is the physical property of matter that
causes it to experience a force when placed in an
electromagnetic field.

Each atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

• ‘e’ , an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.602x10-19 C

• proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron
and the neutron has no charge

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

CURRENT :
• Current can be defined as the motion of charge through a conducting
material, measured in Ampere(A). Electric current, is denoted by the
letter i or I.
• The unit of current is the ampere (A) and corresponds to the
quantity of total charge that passes through an arbitrary cross
section of a conducting material per unit second.
𝑸
I=
𝒕

• The current can also be defined as the rate of charge passing through a
point in an electric circuit
𝒅𝒒
i=
𝒅𝒕

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

CURRENT :
• A constant current (also known as a direct current or DC) is denoted
by symbol I whereas a time varying current (also known as alternating
current or AC) is represented by the symbol i or i(t).
I I I
R A
Circuit
Ammeter
Element
Two types of currents:
1. A direct current (DC) is a current that remains constant with
time
2. An alternating current (AC) is a current that varies with time.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

VOLTAGE or POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE:

• To move the electron in a conductor in a particular direction requires
some work or energy transfer. This work is performed by an external
electromotive force (emf), typically represented by the battery in
I e e +
a
e e
Vab

+ - -b
• This emf is also known as voltage or potential difference. The voltage
Vab between two points a and b in an electric circuit is the energy (or
work) needed to move a unit charge from a to b.
• Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move charge
from one point to the other, measured in volts (V). Voltage is denoted
by the letter v or V.
𝒅𝒘 w is energy in joules (J)
Vab=
𝒅𝒒 q is charge in coulombs (C).
• 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb = 1 newton-meter/coulomb
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

VOLTAGE or POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE:

Voltmeter

I
R
Circuit Element

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

POWER :
• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in
watts (W). Power, is denoted by the letter p or P.
𝒅𝒘
P =
𝒅𝒕
P is power in watts (W), w is energy in joules (J), and t is time in seconds (s).

• From voltage and current equations, it follows that

𝒅𝒘 𝒅𝒒
P= ∗ =𝑽 ∗𝑰
𝒅𝒒 𝒅𝒕
Energy :
• Energy is the capacity to do work, and is measured in joules (J).
• The energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time 0 to t is
given by, 𝒕 𝒕
E=‫𝒕𝒅𝒊𝒗 𝟎׬= 𝒕𝒅𝒑 𝟎׬‬
• The electric power utility companies measure energy in watt-hours
(WH) or Kilo watt-hours (KWH)
1 WH = 3600 J
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Find the Solution:

1. Determine the current in a circuit if a charge of 100 coulombs passes a
given point in 25 seconds (s).
2. Determine the total charge entering a terminal between t=1s and t=2s if
the current passing the terminal is i= (3t2− t)A.
3. An energy source forces a constant current of 3A for 20s to flow through
a light bulb. If 2.7 kJ is given off in the form of light and heat energy,
calculate the voltage drop across the bulb.
4. An electric heater consumes 1.8Mj when connected to a 250 V supply for
30 minutes. Find the power rating of the heater and the current taken
from the supply.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS :
An element is the basic building block of a circuit. An electric circuit is simply an
interconnection of the elements. Circuit analysis is the process of determining
voltages across (or the currents through) the elements of the circuit.

There are 2 types of elements found in electrical circuits.

a) Active elements (Energy sources)
b) Passive element (Loads)

ACTIVE ELEMENTS (ENERGY SOURCES)

The energy sources which are having the capacity of generating the energy are called
active elements.
There are two kinds of sources
a) Independent sources
b) Dependent sources

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring
Independent sources:
An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified
voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit elements.
Independent Voltage Source Independent Current Source

+
V +
Symbol - Is
-

IL + IL
+ +
+
Circuit V VL VL
- - - -

VL IL
VL=V IL= Is
V Is

IL VL

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring
Independent sources:
But Practically

Independent Voltage Source Independent Current Source

Internal Resistance

Rse
+ +
Symbol V Is Rsh
- -

Rse IL + Ish IL +
+ +
Circuit V VL Rsh VL
Is
- - - -

VL IL
VL=V IL= Is
V Is

IL VL

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring
Passive Elements:
A passive element is defined as one that cannot supply average power that is
greater than zero over an infinite time interval.
Resistor

Material with
Resistivity ρ
Cross sectional area A

𝝆𝒍 𝟏 𝑨 𝑨 𝑽 𝟐
𝑹= 𝑮= = =𝝈 P= VI = I2R =
𝑨 𝑹 𝝆𝒍 𝒍 𝑹

𝑡 𝟐
𝑡
𝑡 𝑽
𝑊 = ‫׬‬0 I2R𝑑𝑡 = I2Rt 𝑊 = න 𝑃 𝑑𝑡 𝑊 = න 𝑉2/𝑅 𝑑𝑡 = t
0 0 𝑹

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Inductor

- - -
- - -

𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
𝑽∝ 𝑽=𝑳
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒕
𝑽 𝟏 𝒕
𝒅𝒊 = 𝒅𝒕 න 𝒅𝒊 = න 𝑽𝒅𝒕
𝑳 𝟎 𝑳 𝟎
𝟏 𝒕
i(t) – i(0) = ‫𝒕𝒅𝑽 𝟎׬‬
𝑳

𝟏 𝒕
i(t) = ‫ 𝒕𝒅𝑽 𝟎׬‬+ i(0)
𝑳

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Capacitor

+ -

𝒕
q = 𝑪𝒗 𝟏 𝒕
න 𝒅𝒗 = න 𝒊𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝑪 𝟎
ε𝑨
𝑪= 𝟏 𝒕
𝒅 v(t) – v(0) = ‫𝒕𝒅𝒊 𝟎׬‬
𝑪

𝒅𝒗 𝟏 𝒕
i= 𝑪 v(t) = ‫ 𝒕𝒅𝒊 𝟎׬‬+ v(0)
𝒅𝒕 𝑪

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

German Physicist
Georg Simon Ohm

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Ohms Law

German physicist Georg Simon Ohm

stated that the electric current flowing
through a metallic wire is directly
proportional to the potential
difference across its ends, provided its
temperature remains the same. This law
is called Ohm's law.
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Verifying the Ohms law

𝑽
S.NO Current (I) Voltage (V)
𝑰
1 0.5 5 5/0.5 = 10
2 0.7 7 7/0.7 = 10
3 1.0 10 10/1.0 = 10
4 1.5 15 15/1.5 = 10
Voltage

V∝I V =IR

Resistance

Current

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Ohms law Relationship

To Find Voltage

V = 𝐈𝐑

To Find Current

𝐕
I=
𝐑

To Find Resistance

𝐕
R=
𝐈

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

It’s a Challenge_ Find me

Ohms law Relationship
Resistance (R) Current (I) Voltage (V) Power (P)

  ? ?

?   ?

?  ? 

 ?  ?

 ? ? 

? ?  

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Ohms law Relationship

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

NETWORK/CIRCUIT TERMINOLOGY
Network Elements: The individual components such as a resistor, inductor,
capacitor, diode, voltage source, current source etc. that are used in circuit are
known as network elements.
Network: The interconnection of network elements is called a network.
Circuit: A network with at least one closed path is called a circuit. So, all the
circuits are networks but all networks are not circuits.
Branch: A branch is an element of a network having only two terminals.
Node: A node is the point of connection between two or more branches. It is
usually indicated by a dot in a circuit.
Loop: A loop is any closed path in a circuit. A loop is a closed path formed by
starting at a node, passing through a set of nodes, and returning to the starting
node without passing through any node more than once.
Mesh or Independent Loop: Mesh is a loop which does not contain any other
loops in it.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law

2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law

• Kirchhoff’s Current Law, often abbreviated as KCL, states

that “The algebraic sum of all currents entering and
exiting a node must equal zero.”

• This property also commonly called as Conservation of

charge in which, I(enter) + I(exit) = 0

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Current OUT
I3 Current Entering the
I4 I2 node is equal to current
leaving the node

Node
I1 I1 + I2 + I5 = I3 + I4
I5

I1 + I2 + I5 - I3 - I4= 0
Current IN

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Nodal Analysis
Analysis using KCL is to solve for voltages at each common
node of the network and hence determine the current
through and voltages across each elements of the network
Determine
Solve the
the current
Procedure resulting
through and
Simultaneo
voltages
us linear
Apply KCL across each
Assign equation
at each of elements of
Current and for the
the the network
its direction node
common
to each voltage
Determine node in the
Number of distinct network Determine
Common branch of
Solve I and V
Nodes and nodes in
Reference network Equation
nodes with in KCL
the network Current
Direction
Common
Node

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

1. Find the current flow through each resistor using node analysis
for the circuit below.
R1=10𝛀 Va R2=20𝛀
I2
I1
I3

V1 =10 R3=40𝛀
V2=20

Determine Assign Current

Number of and its Apply KCL at
Common direction to each of the
Nodes and each distinct common node
Reference branch of in the
nodes with in nodes in network
the network network

I1+ I2= I3
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring
R1=10𝛀 Va R2=20𝛀
I2
I1
I3

V1 =10 R3=40𝛀
V2=20

C
I1+ I2= I3 (10 – Va) (20 – Va) Va
+ =
10 20 40
(10 – Va) I1= -0.143A
I1= 10 𝟕 Va
40 = 2
(20 – Va)
I2= 20 I2= 0.429A
Va =11.28 V
Va
I3 = 40
I3 = 0.286A

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

• Kirchhoff’s Current Law, often abbreviated as KCL, states

that , “The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any
loop in a circuit equals zero”.

• This Property is called as a conservation of energy.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

R1

V1
Loop 1
Vt V2 R2

Applying KVL

Vt = V1 + V2
Vt = IR1 + IR2
or
Vt - IR1 - IR2 = 0
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Mesh Analysis

Analysis using KVL to solve for the currents around each

closed loop of the network and hence determine the currents

through and voltages across each elements of the network.

Procedure of Analysis
• Assign a distinct current to each closed loop of the network.
• Apply KVL around each closed loop of the network
• Solve the resulting simultaneous linear equation for the loop currents

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

1. Find the current flow through each resistor using mesh analysis
for the circuit below
R1=10𝛀 R2=20𝛀

I1 I2
V1 =10 R3=40𝛀
V2=20

Step 1: Assign a distinct current to each closed loop of the network.

Step 2: Apply KVL to the closed loop
Step 3: Solve the resulting simultaneous linear equation for the loop currents

I1R1 + (I1 – I2 )R3= V1 10I1+ 40I1 – 40I2= 10 50I1 – 40I2= 10

I2R2 + (I2 – I1 )R3= V2 20I2 + 40I2 – 40I1=20 -40I1 +60I2 = -20

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

50I1 – 40I2 = 10
-40I1 +60I2 = -20
Matrix form

-
I1 = ∆I1
- - ∆
−200
=
50 −40 1400
∆=
−40 60
= 3000 – 1600 I1 =-0.143
=1400
10 −40 I2 = ∆I𝟐
∆I1= ∆
−20 60
= 600 – 800 −600
=
=-200 1400

50 10 I2 =-0.428
∆I2=
−40 −20
= -1000 + 400
=-600
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

RESISTIVE NETWORKS
SERIES RESISTORS AND VOLTAGE DIVISION
Two or more resistors are said to be in series if the same current flows through
all of them. V1 V2 V
i i

R1 R2 Req
+
V V
- -

By Ohms law For N resistors connected in series

𝑣1 = 𝑖𝑅1 𝑣2 = 𝑖𝑅2 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2+ 𝑅3 + ⋯ … … + 𝑅𝑁
Apply KVL = σ 𝑅𝑁
𝑣 − 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 0 VOLTAGE DIVISION:
𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑖(𝑅1 + 𝑅2) 𝑣1 = 𝑅
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 1
𝑣 𝑣
𝑖= 𝑣2 = 𝑅
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 2
𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑁
𝑉𝑁 =
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2+ 𝑅3 + ⋯ … … + 𝑅𝑁

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

RESISTIVE NETWORKS
PARALLEL RESISTORS AND CURRENT DIVISION
Two or more resistors are said to be in parallel if the same voltage appears
across each element i2 i
i i1

V R1 V R2 V V Req V

i
By Ohms law CURRENT DIVISION
𝑖(𝑅1𝑅2) 𝑖𝑅2
𝑣 = 𝑖1𝑅1 = 𝑖2𝑅2 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑖1 =
𝑣 𝑣 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑖1 = 𝑖2 =
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑖𝑅1
𝑖2 =
Applying KCL at node gives the 1 1 1 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
total current as = +
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑖 = 𝑖1+ 𝑖2 𝑅𝑅
𝑣 𝑣 𝑅𝑒𝑞= 1 1
𝑖= + 𝑅1+ 𝑅2
𝑅1 1 𝑅 2 1 For N resistors connected in Parallel
𝑣 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑖 = 𝑣( + )= = + + +….. + = σ𝑁
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑅𝑁 𝑛=1 𝑅𝑛
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

INDUCTIVE NETWORKS
SERIES INDUCTORS
Consider a series connection of N inductors, as shown below, The inductors have the same
current through them.
V1 V2 V

i L1 L2 i Leq
+
V V
- -

Apply KVL Similarly for N Inductors

𝑑𝑖
𝑣 − 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 0 𝑉 = ( 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 + ⋯ . + 𝐿𝑁 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝑉 = 𝐿1 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐿2 𝑑𝑡 𝑉 = 𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 + ⋯ . + 𝐿𝑁
𝑉 = ( 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 )
𝑑𝑡

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

INDUCTIVE NETWORKS
PARALLEL INDUCTORS
Consider a series connection of N inductors, as shown below, The inductors have the same
current through them.
i1 i2

i i

L1 L2 Leq

Applying KCL at node gives the Similarly for N Inductors

total current as 𝒕
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑖 = ( + + + ⋯ . + ) න 𝑽𝒅𝒕
𝑖 = 𝑖1+ 𝑖2 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝟑 𝑳𝑵 𝟎
𝟏 𝒕
i= ‫ 𝒕𝒅𝑽 𝟎׬‬+ i(0) 𝟏 𝒕
𝑳 𝑉= න 𝑽𝒅𝒕
𝑳𝒆𝒒 𝟎
𝟏 𝒕 𝟏 𝒕
𝑖 = 𝑳 ‫𝒕𝒅𝑽 𝟎׬‬+ 𝑳 ‫𝒕𝒅𝑽 𝟎׬‬ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 =( + + + ⋯.+ )
𝑳𝒆𝒒 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝟑 𝑳𝑵

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

CAPACITIVE NETWORKS
Series Capacitors
Consider a series connection of N capacitors, as shown below, The inductors have the
same current through them.

C1 C2 Ceq
i
i

Apply KVL Similarly for N Inductors

𝒕
𝑣 − 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 0 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑣 = ( + + + ⋯ . + ) න 𝒊𝒅𝒕
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟑 𝑪𝑵 𝟎
𝟏 𝒕
v= ‫ 𝒕𝒅𝒊 𝟎׬‬+ v(0) 𝟏 𝒕
𝑪 v= න 𝐢𝒅𝒕
𝑪𝒆𝒒 𝟎
𝟏 𝒕 𝟏 𝒕
𝑣 = 𝑪 ‫𝒕𝒅𝒊 𝟎׬‬+ 𝑪 ‫𝒕𝒅𝒊 𝟎׬‬ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
= ( + + + ⋯.+ )
𝑪𝒆𝒒 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟑 𝑪𝑵

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

CAPACTIVE NETWORKS
Parallel Capacitors
Consider a series connection of N capacitors , as shown below, The inductors have the
same current through them.
i2
i i
i1
C1 C2 Ceq

Applying KCL at node gives the

total current as Similarly for N Inductors 𝑑𝑣
𝑖 = ( 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯ . +𝐶𝑁)
𝑑𝑡
𝑖 = 𝑖1+ 𝑖2
𝑑v
𝑑𝑣 i = C𝑒𝑞 𝑑𝑡
i=𝐶
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 C𝑒𝑞 = C1 + 𝐶2 + C3 + ⋯ . +C𝑁
𝑖 = ( 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )
𝑑𝑡

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Determine the current flowing left to right through the 15 resistor

v1 15 Ω v2

7Ω

2A 5Ω 4A

3Ω

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

v1 15 Ω v
2

2A 10 Ω 5Ω 4A

Apply KCL to node v1

𝑣1 𝑣1 − 𝑣 2 5𝑣1 − 2𝑣2 = 60
2= + 1
10 15
𝑣1 = 20 & 𝑣2 = 20
Apply KCL node v2
𝑣2 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 − 𝑣1 + 2𝑣2 = 60
4= + (2)
5 15
𝒗𝟏−𝒗𝟐
Current through the resistor 15Ω is
𝟏𝟓

𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐= 0 , so no current is flowing through the resistor in the circuit

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Determine the current flowing left to right through the 15 resistor

-3A

3Ω 7Ω

4Ω
- 8A 1Ω - 25 A 5Ω

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Determine the current flowing left to right through the 15 resistor

Apply KCL for node 1

𝑣1 − 𝑣2 𝑣1 − 𝑣3
−3 − 8 = +
3 4

−132 = 7𝑣1 − 4𝑣2 − 3𝑣3

Apply KCL for node 2

𝑣 −𝑣 𝑣 −𝑣
-(−3) = 2 1 + 2 3 + 𝑣2/1
3 7

63 = −7𝑣1 + 31𝑣2 − 3𝑣3

Apply KCL for node 3

𝑣3 − 𝑣2 𝑣3 𝑣 3 − 𝑣1
− −25 = + +
7 5 4

3500 = −35𝑣1 − 20𝑣2 + 83𝑣3

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Find the value of ∆ , ∆v1 , ∆v2, ∆v3

∆𝒗𝟏
𝒗𝟏 =
∆

v1=5.412V

∆𝒗𝟐
𝒗𝟐 =
∆

v2 =7.736V

∆𝒗𝟑
𝒗𝟑 =
∆

v3= 46.32V

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Determine the nodal voltages v1 and v2

v1 15 Ω v2

2Ω

5A 4Ω 2A

3Ω

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Determine the power supplied by the 2 V source

4Ω 5Ω 4Ω 5Ω

5V 2Ω 1V 5V
i1 2Ω i2 1V

2V 2V

Applying KVL to Mesh 1

−5 + 4i1 + 2(i1 − i2) − 2 = 0 The current flows through 2V
source is i1-i2
Applying KVL to Mesh 2
+2 + 2(i2 − i1) + 5i2 + 1 = 0 We know power p= vi

i1 =1.132 i2 = −0.1053

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Superposition Theorem:

R1 V2 R3

V1
I R2 R4 IS

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Superposition Theorem:

R1 R3

V1
I R2 R4

Current I1 due to V1

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Superposition Theorem:

R1 V2 R3

I R2 R4

Current I2 due to V2

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Superposition Theorem:

R1 R3

I R2 R4 IS

Current I3 due to Is

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Superposition Theorem:

R1 V2 R3

V1
I R2 R4 IS

So Current through resistor R2=I1+I2+I3

Superposition theorem is most often used when it is necessary to determine the

individual contribution of each source to a particular response.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Superposition Theorem:
• In any linear bilateral network containing two or more independent
sources (voltage or current sources or combination of voltage and
current sources ), the resultant current / voltage in any branch is the
algebraic sum of currents / voltages caused by each independent
sources acting along, with all other independent sources being
replaced meanwhile by their respective internal resistances.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Procedure for using the Superposition Theorem

Step-1: Retain one source at a time in the circuit and replace all other
sources with their internal resistances.

Step-2: Determine the output (current or voltage) due to the single

source acting alone.

Step-3: Repeat steps 1 and 2 for each of the other independent sources.

Step-4: Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the

contributions due to the independent sources.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Using Superposition Theorem find the current through R2

R1 R3 First find the total current flowing
in the circuit.
100 Ω 100 Ω

VS2 Req(S1)= R1+R2||R3

VS1 R2 5V
100 Ω 100 ∗ 100
10 V = 100 +
100 + 100

= 100 + 50 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎Ω
𝑉𝑆1 10
R1 R3 𝐼𝑇(𝑆1) = = = 66.7𝑚𝐴
𝑅𝑒𝑞 (𝑠1) 150
100 Ω 100 Ω
The Current through R2 due to 𝑉𝑆1 is
VS1 R2 𝑅3
100 Ω 𝐼2 𝑆1 = 𝐼
10 V 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝑇(𝑆1)
100
= ∗ 66.7𝑚𝐴
200
= 33.3𝑚𝐴

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Using Superposition Theorem find the current through R2

R1 R3 First find the total current flowing
in the circuit.
100 Ω 100 Ω

VS2 Req(S2)= R3+R1||R2

VS1 R2 5V
100 Ω 100 ∗ 100
10 V = 100 +
100 + 100

= 100 + 50 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎Ω
𝑉𝑆2 5
R1 R3 𝐼𝑇(𝑆2) = = = 33.3𝑚𝐴
𝑅𝑒𝑞 (𝑠2) 150
100 Ω 100 Ω

VS2 The Current through R2 due to 𝑉𝑆2 is

R2 5V 𝑅1
100 Ω 𝐼2 𝑆2 = 𝐼
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑇(𝑆2)
100
= ∗ 33.3𝑚𝐴
200
= 16.7𝑚𝐴

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Using Superposition Theorem find the current through R2

R1 R3

100 Ω 100 Ω

VS2
VS1 R2 5V
100 Ω
10 V

𝑰𝟐 𝑻 = 𝑰𝑻 𝑺𝟏 + 𝑰𝑻 𝑺𝟐

= 33.3𝑚𝐴 + 16.7𝑚𝐴 = 𝟓𝟎𝒎𝑨

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Using Superposition Theorem find the current through

R
R3
R1 R2 R1 2

100 Ω 20 Ω 100 Ω 20 Ω

V2
R3 V1 R3
V1 13 V 10 Ω
10 Ω
15 V 15 V

REQ = 106.7 , IT = 0.141 A and IR3= 0.094 A

R1 R2

100 20 Ω
Ω
V2
R3
10 Ω
13 V
Adding the currents gives IR3= 0.5 A

REQ = 29.09 , IT = 0.447 A and IR3= 0.406 A

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Using Superposition Theorem find the current through R2

R1 R1

220 Ω 220 Ω

VS IS VS IS
R2 100mA R2 100mA
10 V 100 Ω 10 V 100 Ω

R1
I2(Is)= (R1||R2 )IS=(220/320)∗100 =68.8mA
220 Ω

VS
R2
10 V 100 Ω

Adding the currents gives I2= 100mA

The Current through R2 due to (VS)

Req(Vs)= R1+R2 =220+100 =320Ω 𝐼 𝑉𝑠 10
2(VS) =𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 320 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝒎𝑨
𝑉𝑠
( )

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Using Superposition Theorem , find iR3.

R1 R3

100 Ω 100 Ω

VS1 R2 R2
100 Ω 100 Ω
10 V

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin theorem is an analytical method used to change a complex circuit into a
simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single resistance in series with a source
voltage

Thevenin’s Theorem states that “Any

linear circuit containing several
voltages and resistances can be
replaced by just one single voltage in
series with a single resistance
connected across the load“.

Thevenin’s Theorem is useful in the circuit analysis of power or battery systems

and other interconnected resistive circuits where it will have an effect on the
adjoining part of the circuit.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Thevenin’s Theorem
Follow these steps in order to find the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit,
when only the sources of independent type are present.

Step 1 − Consider the circuit diagram by opening the terminals with respect to
which the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is to be found.

Step 2 − Find Thevenin’s voltage VTh across the open terminals of the above
circuit.

Step 3 − Find Thevenin’s resistance RTh across the open terminals of the above
circuit by eliminating the independent sources present in it.

Step 4 − Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit by connecting a Thevenin’s

voltage VTh in series with a Thevenin’s resistance RTh.

Now, we can find the response in an element that lies to the right side of
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Thevenin’s Theorem
Find the current flowing through 20 Ω resistor by first finding a Thevenin’s
equivalent circuit to the left of terminals A and B.

R1 R3
A

5Ω 10 Ω

20 V R2 4A R2
10 Ω 20 Ω

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Thevenin’s Theorem
Step 1 − In order to find the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit to the left side of
terminals A & B, we should remove the 20 Ω resistor from the network by
opening the terminals A & B. The modified circuit diagram is shown in the
following figure.

R1 R3 A
V1
5Ω 10 Ω

20 V R2 4A VTh
10 Ω

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Thevenin’s Theorem
Step 2 − Calculation of Thevenin’s voltage VTh.

There is only one principal node except Ground in the above circuit. So, we can
use nodal analysis method. The node voltage V1 and Thevenin’s voltage VTh are
labelled in the above figure. Here, V1 is the voltage from node 1 with respect to
Ground and VTh is the voltage across 4 A current source.

The nodal equation at node 1 is

R1 R3 A
𝑉1 − 20 𝑉1 V1
+ −4 =0
5 10 5Ω 10 Ω

2𝑉1 − 40 + 𝑉1 − 40 R2 4A VTh
=0 20 V
10 10 Ω

3𝑉1 − 80 = 0
B
80
𝑉1 = 𝑉
3
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Thevenin’s Theorem
Step 3 − Calculation of Thevenin’s resistance RTh.

Short circuit the voltage source and open circuit the current source of the above
circuit in order to calculate the Thevenin’s resistance RTh across the terminals A &
B. The modified circuit diagram is shown in the following figure.
R1 R3 A

5Ω 10 Ω

R2 RTh
10 Ω

The Thevenin’s resistance across terminals A & B will be

5 ∗ 10
𝑅𝑇ℎ = + 10 = 40/3Ω
5 + 10

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Thevenin’s Theorem

The Voltage across series branch 10Ω resistor is

𝑉10Ω = −4 ∗ 10 = −40

There are two meshes in the above circuit. The KVL equation around second
matter
𝑉1 − 𝑉10Ω − VTh = 0

80
− −40 − 𝑉𝑇ℎ = 0
3

(80 + 120)
= 𝑉𝑇ℎ
3

200
𝑉𝑇ℎ = 𝑉
3

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Thevenin’s Theorem
Step 4 − The Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is placed to the left of terminals A & B
in the given circuit. This circuit diagram is shown in the following figure.
R1
A

40/3 Ω

200/3 V R2
20 Ω

B
The Current through the 20Ω resistor can be found by substituting the values of
VTh, RTh and R in the following equation
𝑉𝑇ℎ
𝐼=
𝑅𝑇ℎ + 𝑅

200
3 200
𝐼= = = 2𝐴
40 100
3 + 20
The Current following through the 20Ω resistor is 2A
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Norton’s Theorem
Nortons theorem is an analytical method used to change a complex circuit into a
simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single resistance in parallel with a
current source

Nortons Theorem states that “Any linear circuit containing several energy
sources and resistances can be replaced by a single Constant Current generator in
parallel with a Single Resistor“.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Norton’s Theorem
Follow these steps in order to find the Norton’s equivalent circuit, when
only the sources of independent type are present.

Step 1 − Consider the circuit diagram by opening the terminals with respect to
which, the Norton’s equivalent circuit is to be found.

Step 2 − Find the Norton’s current IN by shorting the two opened terminals of
the above circuit.

Step 3 − Find the Norton’s resistance RN across the open terminals of the circuit
considered in Step1 by eliminating the independent sources present in
it. Norton’s resistance RN will be same as that of Thevenin’s resistance
RTh.

Step 4 − Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit by connecting a Norton’s current

IN in parallel with Norton’s resistance RN.

Now, we can find the response in an element that lies to the right side of Norton’s
equivalent circuit.
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit at the terminals a & b.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit at the terminals a & b.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit at the terminals a & b.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Electrical Wiring :
• Electrical Wiring is a process of connecting cables and wires to the
related devices such as fuse, switches, sockets, lights, fans etc to the
main distribution board is a specific structure to the utility pole for
continues power supply.
Methods of Electrical Wiring Systems w.r.t Taking Connection
• Wiring (a process of connecting various accessories for distribution
of electrical energy from supplier’s meter board to home appliances
such as lamps, fans and other domestic appliances is known as
Electrical Wiring) can be done using two methods which are
• Joint box system or Tee system
• Loop – in system

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Joint Box or Tee or Jointing System :

• In this method of wiring, connections
to appliances are made through
joints. These joints are made in joint
boxes by means of suitable
connectors or joints cutouts. This
method of wiring doesn’t consume
too much cables size.

• You might think because this method

of wiring doesn’t require too much
cable it is therefore cheaper. It is of
course but the money you saved from
buying cables will be used in buying
joint boxes, thus equation is
balanced. This method is suitable for
temporary installations and it is
cheap.
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Loop-in or Looping System : • This method of wiring is universally used

in wiring. Lamps and other appliances
are connected in parallel so that each of
the appliances can be controlled
individually. When a connection is
required at a light or switch, the feed
conductor is looped in by bringing it
directly to the terminal and then carrying
it forward again to the next point to be
fed.

• The switch and light feeds are carried

round the circuit in a series of loops from
one point to another until the last on the
circuit is reached. The phase or line
conductors are looped either in
switchboard or box and neutrals are
looped either in switchboard or from
light or fan. Line or phase should never
be looped from light or fan.
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Advantages of Loop-In Method of Wiring :

• It doesn’t require joint boxes and so money is saved

• In loop – in systems, no joint is concealed beneath floors or in roof
spaces.
• Fault location is made easy as the points are made only at outlets so
that they are accessible.

Disadvantages of Loop-In Method of Wiring :

• Length of wire or cables required is more and voltage drop and

copper losses are therefore more
• Looping – in switches and lamp holders is usually difficult.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Types of Electrical Wiring system:

• Cleat wiring
• Wooden casing and capping wiring
• CTS or TRS or PVC sheath wiring
• Lead sheathed or metal sheathed wiring
• Conduit wiring
• Surface or open Conduit type
• Recessed or concealed or underground type Conduit

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Cleat Wiring :
• This system of wiring comprise of
ordinary VIR or PVC insulated wires
(occasionally, sheathed and weather
proof cable) braided and
compounded held on walls or
ceilings by means of porcelain
cleats, Plastic or wood.

• Cleat wiring system is a temporary

wiring system therefore it is not
suitable for domestic premises. The
use of cleat wiring system is over
nowadays.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Disadvantages of Cleat Wiring Advantages of Cleat Wiring

• Appearance is not so good. • It is simple and cheap wiring system
• Cleat wiring can’t be use for permanent use • Most suitable for temporary use i.e.
because, Sag may be occur after sometime under construction building or army
of the usage. camping
• In this wiring system, the cables and wiring • As the cables and wires of cleat
is in open air, therefore, oil, Steam, wiring system is in open air,
humidity, smoke, rain, chemical and acidic Therefore fault in cables can be seen
effect may damage the cables and wires. and repair easily.
• it is not lasting wire system because of the • Cleat wiring system installation is
weather effect , risk of fire and wear & tear. easy and simple.
• it can be only used on 250/440 Volts on low • Customization can be easily done in
temperature. this wiring system e.g. alteration and
• There is always a risk of fire and electric addition.
shock. • Inspection is easy and simple.
• it can’t be used in important and sensitive
location and places.
• It is not lasting, reliable and sustainable
wiring system.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Casing and Capping Wiring :

• Casing and Capping wiring system was famous wiring system in the past but, it
is considered obsolete this days because of Conduit and sheathed wiring
system. The cables used in this kind of wiring were either VIR or PVC or any
other approved insulated cables.
• The cables were carried through the wooden casing enclosures. The casing is
made up of a strip of wood with parallel grooves cut length wise so as to
accommodate VIR cables. The grooves were made to separate opposite polarity.
the capping (also made of wood) used to cover the wires and cables installed
and fitted in the casing.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Casing and Capping Wiring :

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Advantages of Casing Capping Wiring:

• It is cheap wiring system as compared to sheathed and conduit wiring systems.
• It is strong and long-lasting wiring system.
• Customization can be easily done in this wiring system.
• If Phase and Neutral wire is installed in separate slots, then repairing is easy.
• Stay for long time in the field due to strong insulation of capping and casing..
• It stays safe from oil, Steam, smoke and rain.
• No risk of electric shock due to covered wires and cables in casing & capping.

Disadvantages Casing Capping Wiring:

• There is a high risk of fire in casing & capping wiring system.
• Not suitable in the acidic, alkalies and humidity conditions
• Costly repairing and need more material.
• Material can’t be found easily in the contemporary
• White ants may damage the casing & capping of wood.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Batten Wiring (CTS or TRS) :

• Single core or double core or three core
TRS cables with a circular oval shape
cables are used in this kind of wiring.
Mostly, single core cables are preferred.
TRS cables are chemical proof, water proof,
steam proof, but are slightly affected by
lubricating oil. The TRS cables are run on
well seasoned and straight teak wood
batten with at least a thickness of 10mm.

• The cables are held on the wooden batten

by means of tinned brass link clips (buckle
clip) already fixed on the batten with brass
pins and spaced at an interval of 10cm for
horizontal runs and 15cm for vertical runs.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Advantages of Batten Wiring:

• Wiring installation is simple and easy
• cheap as compared to other electrical wiring systems
• Paraphrase is good and beautiful
• Repairing is easy
• strong and long-lasting
• Customization can be easily done in this wiring system.
• less chance of leakage current in batten wiring system

Disadvantages Batten Wiring:

• Can’t be install in the humidity, Chemical effects, open and outdoor areas.
• High risk of firs
• Not safe from external wear & tear and weather effects (because, the wires are
openly visible to heat, dust, steam and smoke.
• Heavy wires can’t be used in batten wiring system.
• Only suitable below then 250V.
• Need more cables and wires.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Conduit Wiring :
There are two additional types of conduit wiring according to pipe installation
➢ Surface Conduit Wiring
➢ Concealed Conduit Wiring

Surface Conduit Wiring

If conduits installed on roof or wall, It is known as surface conduit wiring. in
this wiring method, they make holes on the surface of wall on equal distances
and conduit is installed then with the help of rawal plugs.

Concealed Conduit wiring

If the conduits is hidden inside the wall slots with the help of plastering, it is
called concealed conduit wiring. In other words, the electrical wiring system
inside wall, roof or floor with the help of plastic or metallic piping is called
concealed conduit wiring. obliviously, It is the most popular, beautiful, stronger
and common electrical wiring system nowadays.
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

In conduit wiring, steel tubes known as conduits are installed on the surface of
walls by means of pipe hooks (surface conduit wiring) or buried in walls under
plaster and VIR or PVC cables are afterwards drawn by means of a GI wire of size if
about 18SWG.
In Conduit wiring system, The conduits should be electrically continuous and
connected to earth at some suitable points in case of steel conduit. Conduit wiring
is a professional way of wiring a building. Mostly PVC conduits are used in domestic
wiring.
The conduit protects the cables from being damaged by rodents (when rodents
bites the cables it will cause short circuit) that is why circuit breakers are in place
though but hey! Prevention is better than cure. Lead conduits are used in factories
or when the building is prone to fire accident. Trunking is more of like surface
conduit wiring. It’s gaining popularity too.
It is done by screwing a PVC trunking pipe to a wall then passing the cables through
the pipe. The cables in conduit should not be too tight. Space factor have to be put
into consideration.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Types of Conduit
Following conduits are used in the conduit wiring systems (both concealed and
surface conduit wiring) which are shown in the above image.
➢ Metallic Conduit
➢ Non-metallic conduit

Metallic Conduit:
Metallic conduits are made of steel which are very strong but costly as well.
There are two types of metallic conduits.
➢ Class A Conduit: Low gauge conduit (Thin layer steel sheet conduit)
➢ Class B Conduit: High gauge conduit (Thick sheet of steel conduit)

Non-metallic Conduit:
A solid PVC conduit is used as non-metallic conduit now a days, which is flexible
and easy to bend.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Size of Conduit:
The common conduit pipes are available in different sizes genially, 13, 16.2, 18.75,
20, 25, 37, 50, and 63 mm (diameter) or 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 2 inch in
diameter.
Advantage of Conduit Wiring Systems
• It is the safest wiring system (Concealed conduit wring)
• Appearance is very beautiful (in case of concealed conduit wiring)
• No risk of mechanical wear & tear and fire in case of metallic pipes.
• Customization can be easily done according to the future needs.
• Repairing and maintenance is easy.
• There is no risk of damage the cables insulation.
• it is safe from corrosion (in case of PVC conduit) and risk of fire.
• It can be used even in humidity , chemical effect and smoky areas.
• No risk of electric shock (In case of proper earthing and grounding of metallic
pipes).
• It is reliable and popular wiring system.
• sustainable and long-lasting wiring system.
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Disadvantages of Conduit Wiring Systems

• It is expensive wiring system (Due to PVC and Metallic pipes, Additional earthing
for metallic pipes Tee(s) and elbows etc.
• Very hard to find the defects in the wiring.
• installation is not easy and simple.
• Risk of electric shock (In case of metallic pipes without proper earthing &
grounding system)
• Very complicated to manage additional connection in the future.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Wire:
A wire is a metal, usually in the form of a very flexible thread or slender rod that
conducts an electric current.

Conducting Materials and Their Specification :

Two commonly used conductors are aluminum and copper. Copper has high
conductivity and is more ductile. It is relatively high in tensile strength and can be
soldered easily. Although silver is the best conductor, its use is limited because of its
high cost.

Copper is more expensive than aluminum. Aluminum wire has about 60% of the
conductivity of copper. It is used in high-voltage transmission lines and sometimes
in domestic and industrial wiring.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Electrical Earthing or Grounding

The body of any electrical equipment is connected to the earth by means of a wire
of negligible resistance to safely discharge electric energy, which may be due to
failure of the insulation, line coming in contact with the casing etc.

Earthing can be said as the connection of the neutral point of a power supply
system to the earth so as to avoid or minimize danger during discharge of
electrical energy.

Earthing brings the potential of the body of the equipment to ZERO i.e. to the
earth’s potential, thus protecting the operating personnel against electrical shock.
The body of the electrical equipment is not connected to the supply neutral
because due to long transmission lines and intermediate substations, the same
neutral wire of the generator will not be available at the load end. Even if the same
neutral wire is running it will have a self-resistance, which is higher than the
human body resistance. Hence, the body of the electrical equipment is connected
to earth only.

Thus Earthing is to connect any electrical equipment to earth with a very low
resistance wire, making it to attain earth’s potential. The wire is usually connected
to a copper plate placed at a depth of 2.5 to 3meters from the ground level
S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Necessity of Earthing:

➢ To protect the operating personnel from danger of shock in case they come in
contact with the charged frame due to defective insulation.
➢ To maintain the line voltage constant under unbalanced load condition.
➢ Protection of the equipment's
➢ Protection of large buildings and all machines fed from overhead lines against
lightning.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Methods of Earthing:

➢ The important methods of earthing are the plate earthing and the pipe earthing.
The earth resistance for copper wire is 1 ohm and that of G I wire less than 3
ohms. The earth resistance should be kept as low as possible so that the neutral
of any electrical system, which is earthed, is maintained almost at the earth
potential. The typical value of the earth resistance at powerhouse is 0. 5 ohm
and that at substation is 1 ohm.

➢ Plate earthing
➢ Pipe earthing

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Plate Earthing

In this method a copper plate of 60cm x 60cm x 3.18cm or a GI plate of

the size 60cm x 60cm x 6.35cm is used for earthing. The plate is placed vertically
down inside the ground at a depth of 3m and is embedded in alternate layers of
coal and salt for a thickness of 15 cm. In addition, water is poured for keeping the
earth electrode resistance value well below a maximum of 5 ohms. The earth wire
is securely bolted to the earth plate. A cement masonry chamber is built with a
cast iron cover for easy regular maintenance.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Plate Earthing

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Pipe Earthing

Earth electrode made of a GI (galvanized) iron pipe of 38mm in diameter and

length of 2m (depending on the current) with 12mm holes on the surface is placed
upright at a depth of 4.75m in a permanently wet ground. To keep the value of the
earth resistance at the desired level, the area (15 cms) surrounding the GI pipe is filled
with a mixture of salt and coal.. The efficiency of the earthing system is improved by
pouring water through the funnel periodically. The GI earth wires of sufficient cross-
sectional area are run through a 12.7mm diameter pipe (at 60cms below) from the
19mm diameter pipe and secured tightly at the top as shown in the following figure.
When compared to the plate earth system the pipe earth system can carry larger
leakage currents as a much larger surface area is in contact with the soil for a given
electrode size. The system also enables easy maintenance as the earth wire connection
is housed at the ground level.

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT
 Module 1:Electric Circuits and Domestic Wiring

Pipe Earthing

S.Thiyagarajan, AP/ECE/SRIT