Dronacharya Group of Institutions, Gr.

Noida
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Department of Applied Sciences (B. Tech.-First Year)
Semester- First (Session 2023-2024)
Subject Name & Code: Engineering Physics BAS 101/201

Short Questions (02 Marks)

( Unit-3)
1. Two independent sources of light cannot produce interference, why?
2. Why does an excessively thin film appear dark in reflected system?
3. Why the centre of Newton’s ring is dark in reflected system?
4. What are Newton's rings and how they are formed?
5. Why Newton's rings are circular?
6. Two independent sources of light cannot produce interference, why?
7. Why does an excessively thin film appear dark in reflected system?
8. Why the centre of Newton’s ring is dark in reflected system?
9. What are Newton's rings and how they are formed?
10. Why Newton's rings are circular?
11. What is the need of extended sources in thin film interference
12. What are the changes that are caused in the diffraction pattern, if the number of slits
is made large.
13. What do you understand by coherent sources?
14. What particular spectra would be absent if width of transparencies and opacities of
grating are equal?

(Unit- 4)
15. What is the principle of operation of an optical fiber?
16. Explain Numerical Aperture (NA) of Fiber.
17. Differentiate between step index and graded index fiber.
18. What is an acceptance angle?
19. Explain attenuation in optical fiber.
20. Why model dispersion is negligible in single mode fiber?
21. Discuss the applications of fiber in engineering fields.
22. Differentiate between spontaneous and stimulated emission.

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23. Why population inversion is necessary for laser action?
24. How can you say that He-Ne laser is superior to ruby laser?
25. Distinguish between spontaneous and stimulated emissions. Which one is required
for laser?
26. Write the essential requirements for laser action
27. Define population inversion in LASER.
28. With the help of well-labelled diagram, name the components of optical Fiber.
29. State any two differences between single mode and multi-mode step index fiber.

(Unit-5)
30. What are superconductors?
31. Define superconductivity.
32. What is Meissner effect?
33. Define High Temperature Superconductors. Give some examples.
34. Define Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.
35. Write down the applications of nanomaterials.
36. Explain effect of temperature on electrical resistivity of superconducting material.
37. What is persistent current.
38. What do you understand by transition temperature?
39. What is the value of critical field of a super conductor at transition temperature?
40. What are the types of single walled nanotube?

(Unit-2)
41. Define poynting vector.
42. What is the significance of continuity equation?
43. Explain the concept of Maxwell’s displacement current.
44. What is gauss-divergence and stokes theorem.
45. Write down the expression for Continuity Equation in differential
form.
46. Differentiate between conduction current and displacement current.

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 Long Questions (07 Marks)
Unit-3
1. (i) Obtain an expression for the fringe width in a wedge-shaped thin film and
explain nature of fringe pattern. (ii) A light of wavelength 6000Å falls normally
on a slit of width 0.10 mm. Calculate the total angular width of the central
maximum.
2. (i) What particular spectra would be absent if width of the transparencies and
opacities of the grating are equal. (ii) A plane transmission grating has 16,000
lines to an inch over a length of 5 inches. Find in wavelength region of 6000Å, in
the second order, the smallest wavelength difference that can be resolved.
3. Newton’s rings are observed in reflected light of wavelength 5900A 0. The
diameter of 10th dark ring is 0.50cm. Find the radius of curvature of the lens.
4. What is Rayleigh criterion of resolution how one can increase the resolving
power of a diffraction grating? Using Rayleigh criterion for just resolution show
that the resolving power of grating is equal to nN, where n is the order of the
spectrum, and N is total no of lines on the grating.
5. Discuss the phenomena of Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit and show that the
relative intensities of the successive maximum are nearly 1: 4/9π 2: 4/25π2: 4/49π2:
…
6. Discuss the phenomenon of interference of light due to thin films and find the
conditions of maxima and minima. Show that the interference patterns of
reflected and transmitted light are complementary to each other.
7. (i) Show that diameter of dark ring is proportional to square root of natural
numbers in Newton’s ring.
(ii) Discuss the phenomenon of interference due to thin films and find the
condition of maxima and minima in reflected light.
8. Describe how Newton’s Ring experiment is used to find the refractive index of
liquid and wavelength of unknown source.
9. Give the construction and theory of plane transmission grating. Explain the
formation of spectra by it.

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10. What do you understand by Fraunhoffer diffraction. Find out the ratio of
intensities of successive secondary maxima compared to intensity of principal
maxima.
11.Explain the formation of colors in thin films. White light is incident at an angle of
30̊ on a thin film of thickness 0.5x10-6m and index of refraction is 1.6. Find the
wavelength in visible region reflected most strongly.
(Unit-4)
12. What are solid state lasers? Explain construction and working of Ruby laser with
suitable diagrams
13. Discuss the important factors responsible for the loss of power in optical fiber.
Calculate the fiber loss through the optical fiber when the mean optical power
launched into a 5 km length of fiber is 120 x10 -6 W and the mean optical power at
receiver is 4x10-6W.
14. A step index fibre has μ1 =1.466 and μ2 = 1.46 where μ1 and μ2 are refractive
indices of core and cladding respectively. If the operating wavelength of the rays
is 0.85 μm and the diameter of the core = 50 μm, calculate the cut-off parameter
and the number of modes which the fibre will support.
15. A silicon optical fibre with a core diameter large enough has a core refractive
index of 1.50 and a cladding refractive index 1.47. Determine (i) the critical angle
at the core cladding interface, (ii) the numerical aperture for the fibre (iii) the
acceptance angle in air for the fibre
16. What do you mean by population inversion? Describe the principle and working
of He-Ne laser system with the help of neat diagram
17.W rite note on i) Dispersion ii) Attenuation in optical fibers.
18.What do you understand three and Four level laser? What are the advantages of
three level laser over four level laser.
19.What do you understand by attenuation and dispersion in optical fiber? The
optical power after propagating through a 500 m long fiber is reduced to 25% of
its original value. Calculate fiber loss in dB/km
20.Write the essential requirements of laser. Calculate the relative population of two
states of He-Ne laser that produces light of wavelength 6000Å at 300K.
(Boltzmann constant=8.6x10-5eV/K)

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21. Describe the construction and working of Ruby Laser with the help of well
labelled diagram. In a Ruby laser, total Cr 3+ ions are 2.8x1019. If the laser emits
radiation of wavelength 7000Å. Calculate energy of the laser pulse.
22. What do you understand by attenuation and dispersion in optical fiber? A
communication system uses 30 km long optical fiber having a loss of 3db/km.
The input power is 3000μW, Compute the output power.
23. What are Einstein’s coefficient A and B? Derive Einstein’s relation between
them.
24.Explain how light is guided in optical fibre. Explain acceptance angle, acceptance
cone and numerical aperture. Derive necessary expression.
25.Discuss various types of optical fibres based on modes and core refractive index.
26.What are the differences between single mode fiber and multimode fibers?
Unit-5
27.Discuss properties and the potential applications of nano materials. What are the
risks of using nano materials to human body?
28.Discuss the effect of external magnetic field on superconductors. The transition
temperature for Pb is 7.2K, however, at 5K it loses the superconducting property
subjected to a magnetic field of 3.3 x 10 4A/m. Find the maximum value of H
which allow the metal to retain its superconductivity at 0K.
29.Explain the Meissner effect and persistent current in superconductivity.
30.What are Nano materials? Explain briefly the basic concepts of Quantum Dots,
Quantum wires and Quantum well.
31.How the temperature affects the critical field of a superconductor? The critical
fields for lead are 1.8 × 106 A/m at 6 K and 2.4 × 106 A/m at 0 K. Find the critical
temperature of the material.
32.What are carbon nanotubes? Discuss its properties and applications
33.Explain type-I and type-II superconductors. Also briefly discuss the important
property that change during transition.
34.What are carbon nanotubes? Explain CVC technique for its synthetization.
35.What do you mean by super conductivity? Discuss high temperature
superconductors and some potential applications.

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 (Unit-2)
36.Derive equation for simple plain electromagnetic wave starting from Maxwell’s
equations in free space. Show that the electromagnetic wave in free space is
transverse in nature.
37.Prove the Poynting theorem in electrodynamics and explain the physical
significance of each of the term appearing in the final expression of the theorem.
38.State and explain Stoke’s theorem and Divergence theorem.
39.Derive the electromagnetic wave equations in free space. Calculate the amplitude
of electric and magnetic fields E 0 and H0, at a distance of 5m from an oscillator
which radiates energy isotopically at 1000W.
40.Define skin depth. Write the necessary formula for the skin depth for conducting
and non-conducting media. Calculate the skin depth for silver at 10 8 Hz
frequency. Given- for silver μ = μo, μo = 4πx10-7 N/A2, σ = 3x107 mhos/m.
41.Assuming that all the energy from a 1000-watt lamp is radiated uniformly;
calculate the average values of the intensities of electric and magnetic fields of
radiation at a distance of 2m from lamp
42.Derive the electromagnetic wave equation in vacuum. Hence show that the
wave travels at the speed of light.

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