CHAPTER 3 BINARY CODES only two states namely HIGH and LOW or ON and OFF of binary nature. In the previous chapters we have gone through the binary number system and binary arithmetic. In binary number system, the number of bits required goes on increasing as the numbers become larger and larger. When the number is large, the conversion procedure to get the binary equivalent is tedious. Also, some special binary codes are required to represent alphabets and special characters. Digital calculators, multimeters, frequency meters etc., prefer 4-bit code to represent decimal numbers 0 to 9. Based on these points, different types of binary codes have been developed. This chapter discusses some important codes under the following All digital circuits operate with or 1 and 0.That is, all the operations are headings 3.1 BCD codes - 8421 code 3.2. Excess-3 code 3.3. Gray code 3.4 ASCII code 3.1 BCD CODES - 8421 CODE ‘A group of bits (usually four) which are used to represent decimal numbers 0 to 9 are called Binary Coded Decimal codes or BCD codes The most popular BCD code is the 6421 code. The 8421 indicates the binary weights of the four bits (2°,22,2',2"). Using the four bits with weights 6,4,2,1 we can easily represett the decimal numbers 0 to 9 as given in Table (3.1a). From the Table (3.1a), we can see that the four bit binary combination given is ony the first ten: combination of the four bit binary progression, The six remaining combinations: inamly 1010, 1014, 1100, 1101, 1110 and 1111 are invalid 8421 BCD codes @ scanned with OKEN ScannerBINARY CODES 43 Decimal Table 3.1a | Any decimal number greater than 9 can be easily represented in 8421 BCD, by | repeatedly using the four bit code for each digit. Few examples are shown in Table 3,1b. Decimal 8421 BCD code 15 0001 0101 29 0010 1004 468 0100 0110 1000 } 97.5° 1001 0111 . 0101 Table 3.1b Note: Each digit must be represented by @ 4-bit BCD code. BCD (8421) Addition: Many applications require the arithmetic operations to be performed using BCD codes (as in calculators). The general rule for binary addition is 0+0=0 o+1=1 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner4 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & MICROPROCESSOR soe 14024 14420, cany1 The same rule is followed for BCD addition, but we should make sure that the resuy does not contain any invalid BCD codes, mentioned earber, The following steps are fotloweg to add two BCD numbers. 1. Add the two numbers, using the rules of binary addition. 2.1f the 4-bit sum is equal to or less than 9, it is a valid BCD number. 3.1 the 4-bit sum is greater than 9, or if a carry out of a BCD group is generated. the result is invalid BCD. To get the correct BCD result, add 6 (i.e. 0110) to the first group and take the carry to the next group. The following examples illustrate the above points. (a) 5+ 0101+ 2 0010 7 0111 —_ Valid BCD result; No correction required. Ont + & . 0110 13 1101+ Invalid BCD as it exceeds 9; 0110 Add 6 to get correct BCD 1001 Valid BCD number (0001 0011) - a + 17 10001+ Valid BCD, but we get a carry, ON10_ Add 6 to get correct BCD 10191 Valid BCD number (0001 0111) 3.2 EXCESS -3 CODE The Excess-3 code is another BCD code used in earlier computers. The Excess-3 cod? for # decimal digit iS obtained by adding 0011 (3) to the 6421 BCO code. The Excess? tode also has ten valid codes and six invalid codes. The six invalid codes are 6000, 0001 O40, 1101,.1110 and 1111) The valid Excess-3 codes are given in Table 3.2. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerBINARY CODES COP ; Decimal 8421 Excess-3 0 0000 0011 1 0001 0100 2 . 0010 0101 3 0011 0110 4 0100 0111 - 0101 1000 0110 1001 0111 1010 1000 1011 1100 | Table 3.2 Like in 8421 BCD code, in Excess-3 code also, if the number is greater than 9, the code is given separately for each digit. Few examples are given below. Decimal Number Excess-3 code - 26 0101 1001 97 1100 1010 853 1011 1000 0110 We also note that the Excess-3 code is not a weighted code. From table 3.2, we see that the excess 3 code for 0 is 0011. The 1's complement of 0011 is 1100 which is the excess 3 code for 9, and 9 is 9's complement of 0. Similarly, the excess 3 code for 1 is 0100. The 1's complement of 0100 is 1011 which is the excess 3 code for 8, and & is 9's complement of 1,.This can be checked for other numbers. Hence excess 3 code is called as self complementry code @ scanned with OKEN Scanner