an Book Multivariate analysis and Nor paramelric methed | Unit-1 Matrices # Maltin 59 A Sel of mn numbers (real or compler ) arranged n the form of Aectngular array beng m tows and n columns is called an men motnir. (to be read as ‘m by n? madeix) [m rows aor n Column cer site anol 3 ay FY caer mn numbers (real ar complex) % BH set Hl myn matrix oer me EL Car om by a! read) Peer omar Bi) J fin imnxn motix js usually writen as On A, ---- Ay . = ~m = | Oa eS ag fie [get] gah le eltands bate ne (oid uae Om Qma-—-- Amn Eoch of the mn numbers consisting an myn madrix is called On element of the motrin. [myn modix 2 uae mn numbers AT elemends of mod rix ar unat &y] an the above madrx Mn.Q,,-... ate are the elements of the matrit. We waite the general elements of the matrix and enclosed it in the rocked of the type LJ or OC), I I. Types of Matrix () Row Matrix s+ py xn moteix which has only one row and n columns fs colle « row motdx os row vector. Cat off ix matix reir Bae_T sow aur n cdumns ar tow matrix IT tow veclor arcomat E) JEW for edn], tL? 6 Of 7 Gi? [62 Moding @ Column Matrixt> Any mxi_ matrix which hos only m rows and only 4 column Is called a column matrix or col¥mn vector, La off met madyix BRP m ows AUT AveT eH column &, column modric a column veclr aeOrr) eid, ae @ gu ft 2 3 4] 4x) ete. @ Square Matrix 24 Any Myxn .malrix fr which is m=n (ie. no. of rows is equal 40 no. of colum) is colked O square matrix. : Lax af myn. matix Bx men Cate pow Basa column a} aim 35 equal BF) Sqvare morriz aeciel Fi] oS 5 4 * a-(2 ; , 3 RT dye square > yf re 0 s 34av3 — malrices of order 2and & @® Diogonol Malixsa AA matrix A= [as] fs said b be cliagonal matrie if it a square matrix and If each of its non cliagonal element is zero. [ew matrix pz[O;;] ciogona) motax meson & oi of car Square motrix 8 aur aktar WEIR anon oliagonal element zero 1] Ge Ins 0.00.9 f=: | 0,250 see‘ (5) Scalar Matin: A diagonn) matrix whose cligganal elements are egual (same) is called a Scalar matiix , [Bs diagonal malrix Wie gist) cliagenal elements equal (same) Y scolar motix aeart % ] Ex 00 O53 oo 5 (6) Unit Or Tdentity Matrix: A cliagonal matrix each of whase | diagonal elkments is equal -lo 1, is colled o unit matty and is denoted by I. Ty will deme a unit matric of order n, [Eee cliownal matrix Denar Wyle, cuagonal element 1 aul a, unit matrix héopdl Bam Br a dente ay ey h order ad unit matrix ot denote aril I] Ge ca) AO: tO et t= [ho] n= 4 he 0.0 4 ele. s=ce 000 100 010 0 01 coon (D Mull Matrix or Zero Matrix 39 A teclangulor or Square matrix ie each of whose element is zero, 1s called Zero (null) mateix and is clenwled by O tm reclongular 7 Square matrix Tee Tray element 20% zero malriz aE) = oa sear ore denole Par und) 8] iC Ee: o 6.0 00 | 0 0 0 #1 }o 2 | 0 0 OY sys 0 O}ayg' ete — @ Triangular Matrix i A Square matric N= [aj] is called | st upper triangylr matrix if ol) elements below the principal cliggonal are zero ie ags=0 4 {>J.[eH square matrix N= [acy] upper triangular mahix argon % 4 af} principal cliagonal x fy 3 zi elements zero BF aime ai;=0 + iri. J Eis 4 0 2 8 Ore £4 o 0 + 8 Or 0 Oe A square matrix A= [aj;] fs called flower triangular matrz if all elements above the principal cliagonal are zen fe ayo + i OD = a safe yeas cliagonal element arp conjugale 3 equal eI = = ae . er St EB Hermitian matrix sag Weep | cHlagonal element Breer Sr a veal Sar Fy] for a Hermitian matriz A-, we hove =a] | # Skew-Hermitian matrix s> A’ square matrix A is said t be Skew- Hermitian 7# and only if A'=- or ph =a, every diagonal element of a skew Hermitga mafale is e/therQ pure imagénary no. oF Zero. 6 [eas square matrix A skew- Hermifian matric oneal & ah ae Aoor a ate-F or pe=-A Skew-Hermitiqn matrix ar weeny ciaganol element ap ay pyre imaginary num ber- Sar Sour zero Se Biz H# Unitary Matric iy 1 square matrix A is sold -b be ynrlory it (APA= Jap? =r # Invwlutary matrix 3» A square matrix A is said 0 be involysory Matix if # Tdem potent matric 2 A square mafrix A is said to be idempotent if # Nilpotent matrix + f matrix A is said to be nilpotent mabiz if [ak =) (nun mahix) where k is a positive integer. Gus-1 Show that the folbwing matrices are orthogonal — => ° a Me gs sh @ J3 Se Jr aL a ; as I¢é + al 4 & "s ee Su Let 5 We icy anv -ol Ae) ire Te.) ? aa age St, +c ai Yn *e Be | ame ae Wig 0 YBSS BX 2 ERA SSS An oy 9 Iv mt + sk 9 AN qe ale po 1 pe & eo le ghey eles afro ae ie alo 4 -|eo 9 a. 2 2 + PF Tailed athe aia Hee 4 Oe y = tie he whe ao |e 1 ={ cit ee mise Wee REE Ss ao aly -le -po oho he i ee i << W aa) ‘aD reg 10 x T = = = hee 4 ot Us Se ee OE ex |p 5 7 x = yan aay 2p a See a = Sai Sle ae — 14 jaa (a lee = -|r9 TS | 1 " x 2 2 = é = =Lede RR 24h ca = ql-aare 4the 4ead rA44 2 42-2 44st q 0 ° =4 prac qunna 0 o 4 i foo) of o)* qt ou 7 Tus A is orthogonal matrix. ai) Fee ind A=] -sing ‘caso Bla He cop8 — -4in = | aie ose An = [08 sind Aino = hogan cpa laina Coal _ [ ersins §— -Anbist + sino CoS ~Sin (250 4 SINS (938 pin 40089 << ' 0 c 4 T since AN'=T thus A is orthogenal matt, (JW Show that the motrit, jz ae a jis unitary» site A efile - | f/f} -I Gi fash = @ aout zi es i]Now lit i Dey eee GY oe ( ara Satan] -1 lel st det) e = + iu P| at Taye 79 igi. =U! 2 (tt San 2 °| ipo © =) 2m bd Alo a2 a. a | a Ol a itt since ASA =L go A is unitary matrix, Pg bac WD Prove that the matrix A= “ay “Z| fs unitary. we ee 2 Z gms i let i 2a z ale ae 2 Zz (A) i i ee aan 2 A= | avd nd 2 2 Now ii we att] fit ue ee fe 2 cance we et ele PEC 2 2 2Jo, i (‘eda CECE) CED e-8e(89 (C+ (eC) (Hw +( ee) Ged Seeded) Gai eeh of) Gee See) bee ee dg) Loa 2 Ag? ah i fibe ¢ a] = 1 ph pa - 2 ee ays t$+a$ 2 ca 2 Ee ie 0 es 0 st since fh = Thus A is unitary matrix, Oo Tf ap ! if Find A-4N' and hence express A as the 1 201) sam of a je and skew symmetric 34 id \ aon. Symmetric and skew symmetric ous 2, 8 ae et er ilNow FCA 4 S (An) = i BE -— op COR 2» oe co _) 2. nye i ats ats a es wv wlhp Pb = een 5 " > Ti [as Slams (nea) fos (i) Write the following matrix as +he ‘sym of a symmetric anda ékew Symmetric madrix i 23 Aeter | aeoteg ah OA, 012 = oD) Si oo , ree eg SS bd NM o SWS Mie) 5 Sits AS TAB vino ow tr at W Se i a a uu = W ~e a = < ri <= Bll Now (nn ad (pny =4 ab a An tay+ $ (A-AY ins A= Thus Kew symmetric, is | 0 Oo 6 60 oh we g ( Show that the matrix |sine = '=-A 52 fl is o Skew symmetric . GD Show that the matrix A. where p | % oh A ts symmetric. ae ua ye y stay | eM (Te. % Wer % Ver a 1 [0A] So. Ais symmetric matric , ; 2-2 -47]. © Show that the mahix A =|]_) 3 ai 1s idempotent. [ Prove that A ‘[: if | is a Hermitian matti« ee We Ss ¢ Qa -{ 0 ae oe fh yet ye Bees ah Nee 2 f-0 Nolo pe a" . | 1 if 2 ae oy, Q -—o aA so A is @ Hemitian matrix 64 shoo that gf & Hf ~ki | is 0 skew Herein mab “sry | oD 3-47 : of =a ay gyno re Cu | 3-ar -Q+t ~3-ar o git i 8H Ae,6 _ rx) at 3-8 ont ag -| 38 oo “344i i“ Hate 8446 ge c ata -aed er) ote 0 3-40 Ca “3-4 a ff=-A sof) is a Skew Hermition matrix. [« 0 Qu 10 Determine the value of &, BY When p= fs otthogona). S213 since A Is orthogonal Hence = pp'=I fe Balle fab ea] 7 li 7 eB B B o ot +P a orgy on aptiy? foo o1ape a aft tpi fist \t oO 0 -op ty yet? pyr a0! empania on both sides. 4B + =| — ap - =0 —o aw wth ee 1 —@) 2 pi-y*= 0 ——ay te eqn (1) 4a) a Chat 1 pte from eq” (1) axpaesl Di om no LeFrom eq” (3) I} qnd VF iva tt Rank of Maltin s+ fl number 1 is said 4o be the rank of amalrix A if i @ There exist (4) a square submatric of matrix f\ of order tr whose determinant is not equal to zero. Gi) IF matrix A contains ony square submatrix of order r+ then determinant of every submatrix of matrix A of order r4t Should be zero. . F Al number x ay matrix A oF yank ar nar & mi; ()_ Matrix A ar Ga square submadrfe exist BY kek order r Saw Prep determinont zero % equal a Gd o> matrix 4 3 order rit amr oat square submatrix @& a order yl %& matrix A a yelky submatrix ar determinant ze Per Me | 4 Determination of rank of matrix #4 wm ra a ‘| then [F=5) or [PU=O] 00 6: (i) rF I T=[o ) Of then ptAror [p On Ort Wi) TF IAL 40, +hen -thefank of A order of A ae ' A -[: | IAl = 1( 6-8)-2(4-0)+3(4-0) Pwa [eres|a} = -2-8412 18 |A) =2 IN +0 so If Jal =o then rank of A gay £3 lava =0 =) $A) <2 So |PfA)=4 (WS ofS el] SI" Wl = 5x6 -3x 10 = Bo- so SN L2Wasla46@ 19, ae 1G obey A lAlaxg =] 4 6 8 6 9) 9 Vllaya = 2 (42-72)-3 (48-48) 44(36-36) \Alaxg =0 Woo =|) 8 4] 2 6 8 | = N(F2-12)-3(a4-24) 44 (18-18) 34 21 Me)-3l0) 4410) 1 a4 |, Alors 2 & 8 | 7 4E-4d) 2 (24-94) 4 4 (12-2) ie =) t[0) -2[0) 44[0) Allsx3 =0 | ait 2 Whs =] 5 4 6] = t(ae-g6)-a(10-1d) 40( wk) a =) '(0)-2[0) +3 (0) \Alaxa =o since All) | Alsx3 = So | $A) <3 Here aj} |Alayg =0 Sy (A) £2 oF |: 4 | > 4-4 =0d0 Mea = [2 8] = 56 Nofes> Shik madrix Teclangy br : & aU JA] fo ca Submal vig since | Alaya +0 same t maria Sh rank : ! Qu 92% Under what conelifion the rank of fhe following matrix A is3? is (4 posible for the tank 4 be ? why ¢ \lava =! 2 Q Dele a li 0) © Jaya S429 Rank of matrix A=3 60 |A[ +0 2 42 i y a]| #0 1 02 SQ (2-0)-4 (37-2) 42 (0-1) #0 Qx- lax +d -2 #0 lox 2-6 lox# 6 aF £ or xF 2 the rank of A cannot be 108 ot least one element of A zero fe one minor of order 2 of matnx f) is non zer0- Gul92> Find the rank of the fallowing matrices a : a 0) = 4:3 2 A 3 21 3 6 8 47 5 S19 From echekn frm 2 3 0 co, a) Re > Ra -dRy R3 > 3-3, Ra Ry -6 Rr ‘ Ne 2 eoo~ 440 a Soy7 | a¢46 0 3 Q 5 Meo y= Le aFod t -900 | il ° ‘ Ra J i]s og -4 -83 0 0 0. 0 .- 3), 2 { 0 Re R4-Ry | sos, OMe 220 Q -4 0 0 eos, =3 HA) Dp Mm od Ect 0. wd 2 | -| a iY Ra > SRaVK Ra 3R3-SRr R43 BR4- PR d 13 0.5% 24 oO 4 12 -1q + 2 -19 6 0 ne. e 4 =Q Tay ee “i 2 wy 3 30 -4 ' 3 6 co)22 | “tel 1-9 -4 3 a bos 0 2 3 let A ‘| 43) gol. zee ~~ OS s no 3 © eer 1 ToT = ee s < —— eee! YRor oh ay | Mono om fe eo - Togo Tm -oo9o ~anmo t-—— eee, ee et OF eo % op | 7% 2 aaa x Prag nm Fmm 8 eae) -0o900 pune o- oH Sawa27 sodov -o-0 | (lv)ot < “ 1 an + a t a oe 2 ee aad =: = pss eee a ee = o6 Bane 7t* 2oos amos —--an am +p U3 609% 6 Vv 99 oe " -—-oood —-ooo — ergo ed eee meee W é 2 ie + e 2 z w Sol" or2 Ques 14 Reduce the following matrix 4o Hs Echelon form aad ee Ws rank . lo 4 5 a 4 9) 4 ao ed SM Let 13 4 5 A =|) 3 Ge 2) 4 -l 3-4 -3 (og 4 ow © 0 o -¢|] R27 Re-3R 0 00 ‘| R39 Rat R, 53.4 5 oy {0-8 8-8} Rya3R +R, O 0 OF 6 ins Ques I5- With the help of elementry transformations, find) the tank of the following modrix. a 3 a0 2 12-3 -3 | 23 hey | 9 = fA =/]t 30 Hy | 2-3 -3 tls I 1 2 oo 0 2 -2 Of Rr R-e 0-3 -5 6] R33 Rae 6 oO Ol to aei i B49 02-2 of R 37 2R3 4 3R ow [0 0 -~% 12 ; O 0oO ob Gus 162 Find fhe rank of the following moltices afer reducing 4t Jo normal -form. w ee A =/2 3 + 6 6? Sg" legit oO cl <2] Rav Rao QR or ew 123 — o -t -2]| Ra Ra -3R 0-1 = | R37 Ra-Ra OO 70: t © © aa 0 -l : Cat Cg-201 a 0 C33 C3 -3er WetOLe 0. w |9 4+ Of} C3 Cz-2c2 0: 0° 0 i 10.0 w [OF Of Ra CDR 0 0 0 aoto ——— Soo o6 31] ReoR Oo 2 3 i oO Note Echelon form 7 der jee ons te lion fe use el Bae Normal 2] Ro 1-30 tidy Tow aut column 1 3-1 prov ReoRs al use & vari By 23) I 3-1 | R57 Rg- Ro “6 0} R4> Ry Ro 3 V1 Ry > Ry-Rs ° 3-1] C33 Ca-% é cy Cac 0 0] ¢3> Ca- ben 0 o| [4% 44(ip Oo (2 = OF h=|4 02 6 13 | 2 -2 2 6{ R3— Re-k, I 2 2 GE] RIAARE- Ry a oO 10) 0. 0: w [0 4 9 6 3 Cg -2c OF 0 0 po) O47 G 42 1000 are ao 0 C39 2c9 -Co mo 8 of eee. Oo of a7 on 0 tt Taverse_of Matrix 2 Tf A be any matrix then a matric, B if Pt exist such that AB=8A = T, is colled the inverse of AS T being a unit matriz. Me necessary and sufficient condiiHon for a square matrit, A to posses the inverse is that E Aas motrit ® aa matrix B, AR aE sep THR exist a PB ABH=BAHT, motn'e A aT toverse weary &, TTTRH unit ©H square mahix A a inverse & FAC necessary and safficert m atric oRoTRI B condition re BPR 7 inverse of matrix 4 is Qu |} Find the inverse of the matrix =|) EA Ma pt 8 tohere Ady A Adi A alos A ‘Al we 72 3 = -2-4 IA) = - -6 +0 a from eq” (i) a v' " dl- — ren pe a 1 " where iif __ gy jae el lAl #0 Mele Aah Bente RE 94g madrix principal chiagonal & elemerds BY interchange axe B avr Sia elements a sign Change aye) Qt os Find the inverse of +he following matrices +— @ fe oO ! 3 brid 23 to A ge fA iAl24 where ee e ie Ss IAL = 0 (2-3) =1(1-9) 42(1-6) = 0+ 9-0 \A) = -2 #0 Tor Adj. A 5 hi. i _/t 2 0 2 rad, zi], 3], hares pcan = 2-3 =-(1-9 = 1-6 =-U12) = 0-6 =-l = 09 =e 7 a IS { V2 o 5 ot 3! cE : aa |? = ~ (0-3) ae =3 Rue »> " le a heat wold ¢ 3 = i ae Ble \ te att 4 MLqi) beted 20 A=}]2 45 3.5 6 sy% eS Roel a) {Al phere a 1 23 Me ao as 3.85 6 [Al = 1(24-25) -2 (12-15) 48( 10-12) = -146-6 l\Al = -1 FO for_ndys A 45 [25 24 ‘123 |: ‘| : ees) ous ‘cn = ats 2-(jr19) = lorl2 ete aut =3 = -2 ee ae a i : = - (5-6) = Jorl2 ey, on : *! ene al t =0 F Adare teeta Tees 3-31 = oI fd A fe = ' a X np a “| “ i. fat aul (wees fae Yorcer een a -t of gysa4 los A * |Al t where ae 4 3| > 1 (16-4) -a( 4-3) 48 (aa) 13 4 = 7-3-8 => 4 | fod A 2) -|\ 3] le “3 3 4 lee : Haale Ho], eae | = 1-9 eo a = ote (3 13 ee Sal : =o ar = -(3-3) a so =0 * 7 4 -), = adjjA = 1 ear ol j 7 adj-A fr from e994) eh if * Lap A uh . 3 6 I AnsWw ae Cop8 = Ain | bind Ces SA" ee. Al ( where jal = | Cad a ind cop = cos’9 + 4in°O \A) =! #0 aA = | “8 aind pind cond $iom eq” (1) ana Cos Aind T | sing copa} B08. w "Af -3 prove that ie a 2-3 4 Oe Mase yea PAs Aan wow a2 a Ave cot resueieae Hg 22 64 2 8 4//2 -3 4 | | o 7 ot o -1 1 bo -4AN-4 12-1244 =) 6-640 649-4 gn +4 0-2to 043-1 0-44 2 [3 -4 4+ to 2 2 -3 me A 3-4 4/3 -3 4 | 0-1! 9 2.3 4+ eee) Of83 q-8to -G 412-4 12-1644 A =| p-240 04340 0-440 Beigae © 626438 bathed 3 eal coy ate SOE 3h oa Now ; eise wl = AGA IAl where 2 (Ay =| ae 3 oO -I ! lA) = 3[-344) 4320) 44(-240) = 346-8 a)ot ! er) AdjA =}-2 3 -4 as AS G8 fiom eqn (1) =F 0 fits a 2 3 -4{ LHs=RHS -2 3 -3 el Compule -the inverse of the following matrices by using =~ elementry row tansfrmation. : ( -1 Qf © pe 2 02 -l Osta: SY%2 «Since =A '= IT or pn=TA [effete] 20 2/*}a 1 ofA oe aor 0 0 ! Rar Ratthy ll Ri +R Que) Ono ey 0 oO af =!o 1 afa Ra—> Ra +2R ! c 4201 ~ 0 6 ° #1 ={/6 1 2 4A : 0 -4 0 4 3-23 R39 4Rg-Si Ro