Chapter 2

we have understood few things today.

Network-
-LAN - Has no internet
-WAN - has internet

LAN - Local Areal Network

We use the physical device Cisco Catalyst Switch to create LAN Network

Example:

WAN - Wide Area Network

We use the physical device Cisco Router to create WAN Network
Example:

13 = D
9=9
0=0
17=
A=10
B=11
C=12
D=13
E=14
F=15

IP address has 2 version

IPV4 - 32bit - Decimal Format - 0 - 255 Range
IPV6 - 128bit - Hexadecimal Format -
Number+Alphabet -
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
255.255.255.255
Types of Communication -

Unicast - One To One Communication

2 PC’s can talk in both directions but one at a time.

Example : Walkie Talkie

Broadcast -

First Octet SM
Class A 0 - 127 255.0.0.0 /8
B 128 - 191 255.255.0.0 /16
C 192 - 223 255.255.255.0 /24

IPV4 Network IP Subnet

Mask
10.20.30.40 /8 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0

11.45.68.92 /9 11.0.0.0 255.128.0.0

Home Work

12.34.56.78 /24

13.87.90.23 /13

14.22.33.44 /16

15.55.66.77 /21

16.98.76.54 /12

17.12.34.56 /20
 18.78.90.12 /17

19.55.66.77 /30
32

11.45.68.92 /9 255.128.0.0
4th Octet 6Bit borrow to network
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 H H

Subnetting….
FORMULA

No. of Network - 2^N = 32

Available Host in Each network 2^H = 8
Usable IP Address 2^H-2 =
1)18.78.90.12 /17

2)19.55.66.77 /30
 SM
Class “C” - 192.168.12.12 / 24 +6 <- here 6 is network

VLSM - Variable Length Subnet Mask

Starting 24, 25,26,27,28,29,30
Subnet Mask Value… 255.255.255.252

4th Octet
Place Value
1bit 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 = Total 5bits in Host
Network 1 Available Host 254

Network 1 Available Host 254

Total 1bit in Network

Q) 192.168.12.12 / 30 - 30-24 = 6 is Network Bit

FORMULA

No. of Network - 2^6 = 64

Available Host in Each network 2^2 = 4 host
Usable IP Address 2^2-2 = 2
Box Value 4
128+64+32+16+8+4 = 252 255.255.255.252
- Subnet Mask

N.IP -1 F.H.IP L.H.IP

N1) 192 . 168 . 12 . 0 [ 192.168.12.1, 192.168.12.2]

+4
B.IP -1
192.168.12.3

N.IP F.H.IP
N2) 192.168.12.4 [ 192.168.12.5 ……….
+4 L.H.IP
192.168.12.6]
B.IP
192.168.12.7
N.IP F.H.IP L.H.IP
N3) 192.168.12.8 [ 192.168.12.9 ………… 192.168.12.10 ]
+4
B.IP
192.168.12.11
 N.IP
N4)192.168.12.12

192.168.12.95
.
.
.
. N.IP F.H.IP
N64) 192.168.12.252 [ 192.168.12.253 ……..
L.H.IP
192.168.12.254]

B.IP
192.168.12.255 - Network broad
cast…….

Class B - 24 = 173.136.18.0
16 = 172.136.0.0
Q) 173.136.18.5 / 19 19-16 = 3

FORMULA

No. of Network - 2^6 = 64

Available Host in Each network 2^10 = 1024 host
N.IP+U.IP+B.IP
Usable IP Address 2^H-2 = 1022
Box Value 4
128+64+32+16+8+4 = 252 255.255.252.0 - Subnet
Mask

N.IP F.H.IP L.H.IP

B.IP
N1) 173.136.0.0 [ 173.136.0.1……………. 173.136.3.254 ]
173.136.3.255
+4

N2)173.136.4.0, 4.1, ,7. 254 ,

173.136.7.255

N3)173.136.8.0
.
.
.
.
.
N64) 173.136.252.0, 252.1 - 255.254
,173.136.255.255

IP - Internet Protocol
version = v4 , v6
IPV4 - Is logical address

4 = Octets
each octet will have raange of numbers

0 - 255 . 0 - 255 . 0 - 255 . 0 - 255

8bit 8bit 8bit 8bit

32bit - ipv4 address

0 - 255 - Decimal
130 . 12 . 12 . 12 - yes

30 . 0 . 0 . 300 - No

0 . 0 . 0 . 0 - yes

255 . 255 . 255 . 255 -

Mac Address - Hardware address
-Embeded
4BIT 4BIT - OCTET - 0----9 NUMBERS

10 - A

11 - B

12 - C

13 - D

14 - E

15 - F

1OCTET = 2 DIGIT

1DIGIT = 4BIT —> 0-9 A-F

1DIGIT = 4BIT —> 0-9 A-F

PLACE VALUE
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4bit 4bit

8 4 2 1

Company = A

88:66:5a:36:b3:15
2^24 = 16777216 - 24is your second
24bit in mac address

First 24 bit - given only to this company

A

Second 24 bit - identify each

motherboard manufactured by the
company A
88:66:5a:00:00:00 - start
88:66:5a:00:00:01
.
.
.
.

88:66:5a:00:00:0f
88:66:5a:00:00:10
.
.
.
.
88:66:5a:00:00:1f
.
.
.

88:66:5a:00:00:ff
88:66:5a:00:01:00
88:66:5a:00:01:01
.
.
.
.
.
.
88:66:5a:ff:ff:ff - End

98:66:5a:ff:ff:ff - different prefix

Command prompt
Ipconfig /all - command to execute in
CMD

First 24 bit - is assigned by IEEE

company
Basics Of CLI - Command Line Interface

Switch> user mode

Switch# Privilege mode
Switch(config)# Configuration mode
Switch(config-if)# Interface mode
VLAN

Switch>enable – privilege mode

Switch#configure terminal – take you to config
mode
Switch(config)#
Switch(config)#exit — will take one step back
Switch#show interfaces status — display port
status
Switch(config)#interface f0/1 – will take you inside the
port
Switch(config-if)#end — will take you directly to
privilege mode
Switch#show interfaces f0/1

ARP - Address Resolution Protocol.

In ARP there are 2 messages

1)ARP Request - sent from PC2 to PC1

2)ARP Reply - sent from PC1 to PC2

ARP Request always has broadcast

Dest. MAC address

LAYER3-

Src.IP - 10.0.0.1
Dest.IP - 10.0.0.2

LAYER2-

Src.MAC - 0000.0C74.91C8

Dest.MAC - FFFF.FFFF.FFFF - BROADCAST

MAC

WE NEED TO FIND THE PC1 MAC

ADDRESS?
Routing -

Static Routing - ip route (Dst. Network)(Dst. Network SM.) (Next

hop IP)

Dest Network - network that router does not know or present in its
routing table

EX:

ROUTER 0 -

Router#show ip route

Here the router does not know the 20.0.0.0/8 network. So Router 0
cannot make communication with Router 2.

Lets Check:
Now Lets configure the Static Route in the Router 0

Router(config)#ip route 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2

Now lets run the command:-

Router#show ip route

Here in the above image “S” = Static Routing

Now lets Check the Router 2.

Router#show ip route

The router do not have any 10.0.0.0 network learned

Lets configure the Router 2 with Static Routing

Router 2-
Router#show ip route

There is no 10.0.0.0 /8 Network leared

Lets configure the Static Routing
Router(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.1

Router#show ip route

Now lets do ping from Router 0 to Router 2

Default Routing - ip route (Default IP) (Default Subnet Mask) Next Hop
Ip

Default IP - Default IP address 0.0.0.0

Default Subnetmask - 0.0.0.0

Meaning of default route means it can reach any Network with any Subnet Mask

ROUTER 3 -

Router#show ip route

Here the Router 3 does not know the 20.0.0.0/8 network. So Router 0
cannot make communication with Router 5.

Lets configure with Default Routing on Router 3 and Router 5

Router 3:

Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2

Router#show ip route

S* - is your Default route

Router 5:

Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 20.0.0.1

Router#show ip route

Now lets do PING

Here in the image above (.)Dot indicates failure (!)Exclamation Mark

means Success

Dynamic Routing