SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General Biology 1
Quarter 1 - Module 1
The Cell
General Biology 1 – Senior High School
Quarter 1 – Module 1: The Cell
Second Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer/Compiler: Julien D. Ambid, T2 - Regino Mercado Night High School
Content Editors: Celia C. Gepitulan, Principal 1 - Regino Mercado Night High School
Jocelyn C. Butanas, MT1 - Talamban National High School
Bonnie James Saclolo, T3 - Cebu City Science High School
Rey A. Kimilat, HT5 - Abellana National School
Language Editor: Roquesa B. Sabejon, PSDS - North District 7
Management Team:
Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent
Bernadette A. Susvilla, Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Grecia F. Bataluna, Chief – Curriculum Instruction Division
Raylene S. Manawatao, Education Program Supervisor - Science
Vanessa L. Harayo, Education Program Supervisor - LRMDS

Department of Education – Schools Division of Cebu City, Region VII

Office Address: New Imus Road, Day-as, Cebu City, Philippines

Telefax: 032-2551516
E-mail Address: cebu.city@deped.gov.ph
Website: http://www.depedcebucity.com

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Introductory Message
Welcome to the Senior High School K to 12 Module on General Biology 1!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to
assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time.
Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and
circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module:

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your
own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected
to learn in the module.
What I Need to Know

This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know
about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you
What I Know may decide to skip this module.

This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the
previous one.
What’s In

In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various

What’s New ways; a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a
situation.

This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help
you discover and understand new concepts and skills.
What is It

This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your

understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to
What’s More
the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.

This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to

process what you learned from the lesson.
What I Have Learned

This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new
What I Can Do knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns.

This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving

Assessment the learning competency.

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 At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

What I Need to Know

Quarter : First Quarter

Content Standard : The learners demonstrate the understanding of cell
theory and cell structure and functions
Learning Competencies : (1) Explain the postulates of the cell theory
STEM_BIO11/12 -Ia-c-1 (2) Describe the structure
and of major and subcellular organelles
STEM_BIO11/12 -Ia-c-2
Duration : 2 Weeks
Topics : Lesson 1: The Cell Theory
: Lesson 2: Cell Structure and Functions

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the activities.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Submit the accomplished module every end of the week.
7. Upon submission claim the module for the following week.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator through text, phone call, chat, online
classroom during the virtual orientation with students. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

LESSON 1: THE CELL THEORY

Hello, Science Enthusiasts! Today, you will start to learn about living organisms. This
module will help you gain knowledge about the cell: the basic unit of all living organisms.
It is the unit of structure and function of which all living organism are composed. The
cell is the smallest unit in the living organism that is capable of integrating life
processes. The is the key to biology because it is at this level that life truly originates.

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 Later on, you will discover what a living organism is made of. As you go on in this
module, you are expected to explain the key points of cell theory and the individual
contributions of Robert Hooke, Antoine van Leeuwenhoek, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor
Schwann, Robert Brown and Rudolf Virchow.

What I Know

A. Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.
1. What is the basis of scientists to determine whether an organism is a plant or an
animal?
A. how it obtains energy C. whether it is mobile or not
B. how it reproduces D. whether it is unicellular or multicellular
2. Which of the following organelles do plants and animals have in common?
A. nucleus, Golgi bodies, chloroplast and vacuoles
B. mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi bodies
C. mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplast
D. mitochondrion, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus
3. What is the purpose of the mitochondrion in both plants and animal cells?
A. provide proteins
B. package and transport proteins
C. store water, food and wastes
D. act as the powerhouse of the cell and release energy
4. What is the function of the cytoplasm?
A. releases energy in the cell
B. holds all the organelles in place
C. contains the pigment called chlorophyll
D. transports food, water and waste in and out of the cell
5. Which of the following is the function of the nucleus?
A. control protein production C. transport materials around and out of the cell
B. release energy in the cell D. control the activities of the cell; acts the brain
6. Which of the following is part of the cell theory?
A. Atoms create all matter.
B. All living organisms evolve.
C. The cell is the backbone of all matter.
D. The cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms.
7. Which statement is part of the cell theory?
A. Mammals are multicellular. C. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.
B. Eukaryotic cells are complex. D. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

8. Which of the following statements is/are NOT a postulate or assumption of the cell
theory?
I. All cells arise from other cells
II. All living cells require water for survival
III. All living things are only composed of cells
A. I only B. II only C. I and II D. II and III

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9. Who among these scientists observed that all plants are made of cells?
A. Robert Hooke C. Matthias Schleiden
B. Rudolf Virchow D. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
10. Which of the following statements concerning plant vacuoles are correct? Please
select all that apply.
A. The turgor pressure within a mature plant cell is maintained by the fluid
cytosol.
B. The fluid contained within the central vacuole of mature plant cells is called
the cell sap.
C. The membrane surrounding the central vacuole of mature plant cells is
called the tonoplast.
D. Components of the central vacuole of mature plant cells are synthesized in
the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
11. Who among these scientists discovered the nucleus?
A. Robert Brown C. Theodore Schwann
B. Robert Hooke D. Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek
12. What is the function of Golgi bodies?
A. Serves as the control center of the cell
B. Transport materials in both plant and animal cells
C. Separate the inner parts of the cell from the surrounding environment
D. Package and transport proteins, and hold waste products until the cell is
ready to get rid of them
13. What is the second formal statement in the cell theory?
A. Every cell has nucleus.
B. The cell is the basic unit of life.
C. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
D. All living organisms are made of cells.
14. Which of the following statements of Cell Theory is Rudolf Virchow best known for?
A. New cells arise from only one tissue.
B. Once cells die the tissue degenerates.
C. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
D. All living organisms are made of cells.
15. Which group of these scientists contributed to the cell theory?
A. Robert Brown, Robert Hooke, and Albert Einstein
B. Robert Boyle, Rudolf Virchow, and Robert Brown
C. Matthias Schleiden, Robert Hooke, and Charles Darwin
D. Robert Hooke, Antoine van Leeuwenhoek, and Theodore Schwann

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 What’s In

The development of the concept of life draws from theories and discoveries that
are supported by a growing body of evidence. Such conceptual development of life
leads to questions like “How did life begin?” “How did it evolve?”
Curiosity about many mysteries of life serves as the driving force in studies that
seek to further our understanding of how life began. An important part of the nature
of science provides theories on the beginning and formation of the universe. There are
pieces of evidence to support these theories.
The origin of life has been one of the most controversial issue in the field of
biology. Until recently, people believed that life occurred from a nonliving substance.
This is consistent with the theory of abiogenesis, also known as the theory of
spontaneous generation. This theory was disproved by Louis Pastuer and Lazzaro
Spallanzani. They argued that life originated from pre-existing life forms – a concept
first raised by Robert Virchow.
As you go along in this module, you will discover more about living organisms
and the people behind who worked tirelessly in the discovery of the cell.

What’s New

Activity 1.1.
Directions: Read the basic information given about the Discovery of the Cell and
the development of the Cell Theory. Then, study carefully the information.

The Discovery of the Cell

The cell was discovered by English physicist Robert Hooke in 1665.

Using a magnifying glass, he observed the cork of an oak tree and saw tiny
boxes or hollow spaces that are distinct from one another. He called these
hollow spaces, “cells.” In 1673, perhaps, the first to discover live cells was
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch microscopist. He observed unicellular
or single-celled organisms that have animallike properties. He called these
organisms “animalcules” or small animals. In 1831, Scottish botanist
Robert Brown provided the first account of the nucleus – the distinct
central structure in a cell.
The concept that all life forms are made of cells is credited to the
German botanist Matthias Schleiden and German physiologist Theodore
Schwann. In 1838, Matthias Schleiden, conducted a microscope study of
plant structures and concluded that plants are made up of cells. In 1839,
Theodore Schwann, performed a similar study involving animal tissues
and concluded that animals are made up of cells. These scientists,

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through their observations and discoveries, have formulated the first and
second postulate or assumption of the cell theory. In 1855, the German
biologist Rudolph Virchow suggested that cells came from pre-existing
cells through cell division – the third postulate or assumption of the cell
theory. This ability of the cells to divide and form new cells is the reason
for the reproduction and growth of all living organisms.

The Cell Theory

The following postulates or assumptions comprise the cell theory.

1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure, function and organization in all
living organisms.
3. Cells come from pre-existing cells.

Let’s look at each of the statements in further detail.

All Living Organisms are Made Up of One or More Cells

The first part of the cell theory is the concept that all living things are
made of cells. In other words, in order for something to be alive, it must
either be a cell or made up of cells. All plants and animals are made up of
cells. A paramecium is made up of just one cell, but it is still enough for it
to be living. A stone, however, is not made of cells, so it is not alive.

Cells are the Basic Units of Structure, Function, and Organization in

All Living Organisms
The second part of the cell theory states that cells are the basic units of
life. A cell is capable of independent existence and can carry out all the
functions which are necessary for a living being. A cell carries out
nutrition, respiration, excretion, transportation, and reproduction; the way
an individual organism does. Single-celled or unicellular organisms are
capable of independent existence which shows a cell’s capability to exist
independently. Because of this, a cell is called the fundamental and
structural unit of life. All living organisms are composed of the basic unit
of life, i.e. cell.

Cells come from Pre-existing Cells

The third part of the cell theory states that cells come from pre-existing
cells. Cells give birth to other cells by a pre-existing cell dividing into two
daughter cells. Scientists call this process – cell division – because one cell
produces two new genetically identical daughter cells. Although mitosis
occurs after sexual reproduction as the embryo develops and grows, it also
occurs during the lifespan of a living organism to replace old cells, with
new cells.

The Modern Principles of the Cell Theory include the following:

1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the fundamental, structural and functional unit of all living
organisms.

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 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells, by cell division.
4. The activity of the organism is the total activity of the independent cells
of organism.
5. All energy flow of life occurs within the cell.
6. The cells contain hereditary information and is passed on from one to
another during cell division.
7. The chemical composition of cell are basically the same in organisms of
similar species.

A. Complete the Cell Theory timeline with scientist name, year, and a
summary of contribution to the Cell Theory. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

Scientist Year Contribution to the Cell Theory

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

B. Name the three tenets of the Cell Theory. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. ________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________

What’s More

A. Cryptogram
Directions: Identify the letter that corresponds to the symbol to form the new words.
Then use the key to decode the answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

KEY
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
ↈ ∆ ↇ ⅌ ⅏ ℧ ₽ ₠ ₡ ‫۝‬ ۩ ۞ ֍

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N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
ꭃ Ꞝ Ꝏ ⸿ ⸙ ⸎ ♥ ♣ ♫ ☼ ☻ ╬ ∞

Hint: Use the given symbols to decipher the sentence below.

T ₠ E ♣ N ₡ ℧ I E ⅌

ↇ ۞ ₠ Ꞝ ╬

⸎ ↈ ⸎ ₠ ↈ

۞ ۞ ۞ ♫ ₽

♥ ₠ ꭃ ₽ ⸙

Ꞝ Ꝏ ⸎ ⅌ ℧

Ꞝ ⅏ ⸙ ֍ ⸙

ↇ ⅏ ⸎ ۞ ۞

₡ ♥ ∆ ⸎ ↇ

♣ ₡ ₽ ℧ ⅏

ꭃ ꭃ ☼ ۞ ۞

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 ↈ ₡ ⅏ ⸙ Ꞝ

⅏ ⅏ ☻ ꭃ ₽

ↇ ⅏
.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete each statement by supplying the correct term. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

I Learned that…….
1. Robert Hooke observed a cork using a primitive microscope and coined the term
“_____________” which means hollow spaces or tiny boxes.
2. Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann first observed living organisms with a
_________________ which led to many scientific discoveries.
3. Robert Brown discovered a new structure in living organisms known as ___________.
4. Rudolf Virchow proposed that all cells are produced from __________ cells.
5. - 7. The fundamental concepts of modern biology includes the three postulates or
assumptions of the cell theory such
_________________________________________________________________________, and
____________________________________________________________________________________.

8. – 10. The Modern Cell Theory states that:

_____________________________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Directions: For those who have internet connection, answer Part I and II. For those
who have no internet connect, answer Part III only.
Note: The activities below are only supplemental for added learning. If you have internet
access, you may visit these sites.
I. Visit the link https://youtu.be/ZRFykdf4kDc in the internet. Study the video and
write your answer with the following focused questions on your answer sheet.
To address - 1) Cells are the smallest unit of structure and function of living things

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1. Why do they compare the building of city to that of a human body? In a human
body what is analogous to the bricks in a city.
2. According to the video what are the smallest part of living things?
3. Write down some examples of human cells.
4. Fill in the following sequence: cells > _________ > organs > __________ > organism.
5. Without bricks it would be very difficult to build and repair a city. What do you
believe would be the outcome if living things had no cells?
II. Visit the link https://youtu.be/XdKvdURrtDs in the internet, study the video,
sketch or draw what you have seen and write your answer with the following focus
questions in your answer sheet.
To address - 2) Cells come from pre-existing cells
1. Based on your observations where do new cells come from?
III. Study the following pictures and write your answers with the following focus
questions below in your answer sheet.
To address 3) All organisms are made of one or more cells

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3

1. Based on the picture below, what are the two types of organisms that exist?
Source: www.google.com

2. Are plants and animals multicellular or unicellular? What does it mean to be

multicellular? _______________________________________________________________________

LESSON 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

Good day, Science Enthusiasts! Today, you will start learning more about living
organisms. This module will also take you to the different activities about the cell
structure and functions.
As you work on the activities in this module, you will be able to:
• Identify the structure of various organelles located in a cell;
• Identify the specific functions of organelles;
• Explain the how different organelles work together; and
• Compare and contrast between plant and animal cells.

What’s In

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 Ever wondered what living organisms are made of? Or rather, what is it
that makes us living individuals? The cell is the smallest or tiniest structural and
functional unit of a living organism. Thus, everything that we are able to do so is
possible because of the 10 trillion cells present in our body. The number is so huge
and of course, the function performed by is even bigger. Among the multicellular
organisms, there are two typical cell types – the animal and the plant cells. Even
though these two types of cells share many common structures, there are few
exceptions. The following activities will help you understand more the difference
between a plant cell and an animal cell.

What’s New

Activity 1.1.
Directions: Study the figures below and answer the questions on a separate sheet
of paper.

Figure 2.1. Plant Cell Figure 2.2. Animal Cell

Source: www.google.com

1. Identify the structure labelled B which is the justification for considering figure 2.1.
as a plant cell?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. The structure labeled A is present in all living organisms.
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. The organelle labelled F is responsible for life in this planet and animal cells lack
this organelle.
_________________________________________________________________________________

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4. This is the physical basis of life where organelles are present. The location labeled C
is……
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. The structure labeled E is called the “brain of the cell” where the genetic material is
located.
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. The structure labeled G give rise to spindle fibers and can only be seen in animal
cell.
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. The organelle H is the “powerhouse of the cell” in all multicellular organisms where
ATP is synthesized.
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. It is the site of synthesis of secretory proteins. The organelle is labelled I is…..
__________________________________________________________________________________
9.It is the site of lipid biosynthesis and drug detoxification. The organelle is labelled J
is …….
__________________________________________________________________________________
10. Unlike animal cells, plant cells possess cell wall and large vacuole. In the figure, it
is labeled as…….
_________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1.2.
Directions: Read the selection, “Brilliant Workers of the Cell Company”. Then answer
the questions that follow on a separate sheet of paper.

Brilliant Workers of the Cell Company

One day, while the nucleus got tired of his work, he decided to
take a short nap. But as he closed his eyes, he heard noises of
quarreling members of his cell company. The cytoplasmic
organelles such as mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, golgi
bodies (apparatus), endoplasmic reticulum were complaining of
their very tiring and routinary works. They felt that the
administration headed by the nucleus have given light duties for the cell membrane,
cell wall, and chloroplast.
He stood up and called an emergency meeting and let each organelle cite their
sentiments. Cytoplasm acts as a mediator since all organelles are embedded to him.
Each of them was given an opportunity to defend themselves.
Mitochondria: I change chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are
more convenient for the cell to use.
Lysosomes: I am a clean up worker, I have chemicals and enzymes necessary for
digesting certain materials in cells that have outlined their usefulness.
Golgi bodies (apparatus): Without me, lysosomes will not be here. I’m , responsible
also to modify, collect, package, and distribute molecules made at one location of
the cell and used at another.
Ribosomes: Even I’m just very small, I’m very active in making proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum: Without me…each of us will not receive any important
materials. Proteins that are released or exported from the cell are synthesized by
me.
The nucleus carefully analyzed the explanations of each and gave the chance to
the second group.

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 Cell (plasma) membrane: I act like a door. Since you are working in this company,
I always make sure that I know what enters and leaves the company for your
protection.
Cell wall: I go with the cell membrane in supporting and protecting the company.
Chloroplast: I agree with you, mitochondria, but I’m the only organelle that can
trap the energy of sunlight and convert it into chemical energy.
Cytoplasm: Now that we are all enlightened by your beliefs, as mediator I believed
that all of you played an important role for the company. But the decision still
depends on our director and manager, the Nucleus.
The nucleus said, :” Do you still want to be a part of our company? Are you still
willing to perform your job satisfactorily and faithfully? Can you live without each
other? The answers are all yours…..
The first group of organelles shamefully approach the second group of
organelles, hug each other and humbly accept their faults.
From then on, Cell Company’s organelles worked harmoniously.

Putting Yourself on the Task…….

1. What are the two groups of organelles in the story that are quarrelling with one
another?
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why are these organelles complaining?
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Do you agree or disagree with the first group? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. How important are these organelles in the company? Give their duties.
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. a. Why do you think the chloroplast agrees with the mitochondria?
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. In what way are they similar?
__________________________________________________________________________________
c. In what way are they different?
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. What makes lysosomes describes himself as clean up crew?
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. If you were the nucleus, would you do the same thing?
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. Among the organelles, why does the nucleus head the company?
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. If you will be given a chance to be one of these organelles, who do you want to be?
Why?
__________________________________________________________________________________

What is It

The Cell Structure and Function

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Cell Number, Shape and Size
Cell Number
Our human body have 10 trillion of cells. There are several different groups of
cells which perform a plethora of functions. Every organism that has more than one
cell is known as the multicellular organism.
Even an organism that has billions of cells happens to begin its life with a
single cell, that is a fertilized egg. This fertilized egg goes on to multiply, thereby
increasing the number of cells as the development takes place. If an organism is a
single-celled organism, then it would be a unicellular organism.
A single-celled organism is just as capable of performing all the requisite life
functions. So, just like the multicellular organisms, the single-celled organisms also
perform their functions but only using a single cell. Every single-celled organism such
as an amoeba captures and digests food, respires, excretes, grows and reproduces.
The similar functions are performed in the multicellular organisms. However, in
their case, these functions are performed by a group of specialized cells forming
different tissues. These tissues, in turn, go on to form organs.

Cell Shape
Usually, the cells are round, elongated or spherical. There are also some cells
which are long and pointed on both the ends. Such cells exhibit spindle shape. In
some cases, the cells are very long. Some may be branched like the neuron or the
nerve cell. The nerve cell transfers and receives messages.
It, therefore, helps in coordinating and controlling the working of the different parts of
the body. The components of the cell are enclosed in a membrane. This membrane
provides shape to the cells of animals and plants. There is a cell wall surrounding
them. The cell wall is an additional covering over the cell membrane in the plant cells.
It offers rigidity and shape to the cells.

Cell Size
The cell size is variable. In the living organisms, the cell size may be as small as
a millionth of a meter or may be as large as a few centimeters. Usually, all the cells are
microscopic in size and aren’t visible to the naked eye. Thus, they need to be enlarged
by a microscope for seeing.

Functions of a Cell
As you already know that a cell is a structural and functional unit of living
organisms. Let us study the 6 most vital functions performed by a cell.

1. Structure and Support. You know a house is made of walls, beams etc. Similarly, a
living organism is made up of cells. Though there are certain cells such as
collenchyma and sclerenchyma are present for offering structural support however in
general too, all cells generally provide the structural basis of all living organisms.
2. Growth. In complex organisms such as mammals, the tissues grow by simple
multiplication of cells. Therefore, cells are responsible for the growth of the organism
via the process of mitosis.
3. Transport. Cells import nutrients that are used in different chemical process which
takes place inside the cell. As a result of these processes, a waste product is
produced. Cells then work to get rid of waste. In this manner, the micromolecules like
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethanol pass through the cell (plasma) membrane) by

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passive transport. On the other hand, macromolecules, like the proteins and
polysaccharides, go in and out of the cell via active transport.
4. Energy Production. Cell is responsible for metabolism that includes all the chemical
reactions that take place inside an organism to keep it alive.
5. Reproduction. A cell helps in reproduction by the process (in more evolved
organisms) and meiosis.

Cells have three major parts:

1. Nucleus is the largest and most distinct feature of both animal and plant cells
which is usually centrally located and serves as the control center of the cell. It is
responsible for cell division and where DNA is located. It is enclosed with a nuclear
membrane.
The following are the parts of the nucleus and their functions:
Nuclear membrane – a double-walled membrane that regulates the exchange of
materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Nucleolus – a dark staining body which disappears when the cell is about to divide.
Nucleoplasm – the liquid matrix that is enveloped or enclosed by the nuclear envelope.
Chromatin – the long thread-like or granular structures that are made up of the
genetic material and proteins to form chromosomes.
Nuclear pore (nucleopore) - a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that
regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Figure 2.3. The Nucleus

Source: www.google.com

2. Cytoplasm is the material between the nucleus and the outer boundary where
organelles are found.
3. Cell (plasma) membrane is a semipermeable membrane. It serves to t the organelles
in the cytoplasm and determines which material can pass in and out of the cell. It has
an outer membrane regulates exchange of materials between the cell’s internal and
external environment. It also permits cell to cell adhesion and intercellular
communication. Cell (plasma) membrane is composed of lipids, proteins and
carbohydrates.

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 Figure 2.4. Protein Channels
Source: www.google.com

The Suborganelles of the Cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes form a thin network of membranes
within the cytoplasm and continuously connect with the membrane of the nucleus.
The endoplasmic reticula may look like long tubules or flattened sacs. When
ribosomes are attached to the surface, the structure is called rough endoplasmic
reticulum. In the absence of ribosomes, the structure is called smooth endoplasmic
reticulum.
The ribosomes are small bead-like structures that serves as sites of protein
synthesis. Proteins are essential parts of the cell’s structure. They act as enzymes or
catalysts that help speed up chemical reactions in cells.

Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus

It is made up of a system of membrane-bound vesicles where secretory
products of the cell are stored and packed for secretion. The polysaccharides
synthesized from simple sugars are stored and packed in these organelles. The Golgi
body also prepares proteins and carbohydrates for release into the body.

Mitochondria
The mitochondria serve as sites for chemical reactions that extract energy from
different food sources. The mitochondria appear as double-walled sausage-like
structures or oval bodies. These organelles are usually called as the powerhouse of the
cell for their involvement in cellular respiration.

Lysosomes
Lysosome serve as storage vesicles for hydrolytic enzymes. As such, these
organelles also function as digestive system for the cell through which food particles
ingested by phagocytosis or pinocytosis are digested. Lysosomes contain chemicals
that break down food into new cell-building materials.

Vacuoles
Vacuoles are fluid-filled spaces found in both animal and plant cells. The
vacuoles in a plant is bigger than in an animal cell. Most plant cells have a single
vacuole which take up much of the cell’s interior and helps maintain the shape of the
cell.

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 Figure 2.5 Plant Vacuole
Figure 2.6. Animal Vacuole
Source: www.google.com
Centrioles
Centrioles are structures found outside the nucleus. They are responsible for
formation of spindle fiber in cell division. They are self-replicating organelles made up
of 9 bundles of microtubules and are found only in animal cells. They appear to help
in organizing cell division but are not essential to the process

Cell Wall
Cell wall is a rigid, semipermeable membrane in plant cells. This outer
membrane is positioned next to the cell (plasma) membrane. Animal cells however, do
not have cell wall. The cell wall has many important functions in a cell including
protection, structure and support. The cell wall is composed mainly of cellulose.
Additional functions of the cell wall include withstand turgor pressure, regulate
growth, regulate diffusion, communication and storage.

Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are structures found only in plant cells. They are oval in shape. It
contains the green pigment called chlorophyll. Chloroplast is also the site of
photosynthesis.

Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton, a system of filaments or fibers that is present in the cytoplasm of
eukaryotic cells (cells containing a nucleus). The cytoskeleton organizes other
constituents of the cell, maintains the cell’s shape, and is responsible for the
locomotion of the cell itself and the movement of the various organelles within it. Three
major types of filaments make up the cytoskeleton: microfilaments (actin filaments),
intermediate filaments and microtubules. Microfilament functions include cytokinesis,
amoeboid movement, cell motility, changes in cell shape, endocytosis and exocytosis,
cell contractility, and mechanical stability. Giving shape to cells and cellular
membranes. Microtubules functions cell movement, which includes contraction in
muscle cells and more, transportation of specific organelles within the cell via
microtubule "roadways" or "conveyor belts,” movement of chromosomes during cell
division (mitosis and meiosis), and creation of the mitotic spindle.

19
Figure 2.7. Animal Cell
Source: www.google.com

Figure 2.8. Plant Cell

Source: www.google.com

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 What’s More

Directions: Compare and contrast plant and animal cells by completing the Venn
Diagram below. Write you answer on your answer sheet.

Plant Cell Animal Cell

What makes plant

What makes animal
cells different? cells different?
How are they
similar?

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the table below by putting a (√) if the structure is present and
an (x) if the structure is absent under each column. Then answer the questions that
follow. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper

Is it found in Is it found in
Cell Part or Organelle a Plant Cell? an Animal Cell?

1. Cell membrane
2. Cell wall
3. Chloroplast
4. Cytoplasm
5. Endoplasmic reticulum
6. Golgi bodies
7. Lysosomes
8. Microtubule
9. Mitochondrion

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 10. Nucleus
11. Nucleolus
12. Nuclear pore
13. Ribosomes
14. Vacuole

Questions:
1. What cell parts do animal cells have that plant cells do not have?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. What cell parts do plants have that animal cells do not have?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why do plant cells have walls that animal cells do not have?
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think plant cells have bigger vacuoles than animal cells?
__________________________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Note: Choose one task from the options below.

Option 1
Directions: Make your own model of a cell at home. Prepare small package of gulaman
and pour it into dish. Put foods in the gelatin to present cell structures. You could use
lettuce or shredded carrots for endoplasmic reticulum and raisins for mitochondria.
Be creative. Unmold you “cell”. And serve it to your family for salad or dessert.
(10 points)

Option 2
Directions: Read the paragraph below and answer the questions on a separate sheet of
paper.

Figure 2.9. Tadpole

A Tale of Tail
Mr. Gumban’s class studied the parts of plant and animal cells. The class captured
tiny tadpoles in a local stream. Mr. Gumban showed the students how to care for the
tadpoles in the classroom. Gradually, as the animals grew, the bodies were changing
in shape. Back and front legs grew out. The mouth expanded from a small hole to a
large opening capable of swallowing large insects. In addition, the tails started to
disappear. Mr. Gumban told the whole class that there would be a bonus question
about the tadpoles in the test on animals. For a study clue, he told them to review
their notes on cells. What do changes in the body parts of the tadpoles have to do with
cells?

22
Think critically…..

Answer the bonus question: (10 points)

What cell part makes a tadpole tails disappear? How?

Assessment

Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet.

1. Which of the following is NOT one of the main components of the cell theory?
A. cells must contain DNA C. cells are the basic unit of life
B. all living things are made of cells D. cells can only come from other cells
Refer to the figure below for numbers 2 to 4.

2. Food, water, and cellular wastes are stored primarily in the _________.
A. chloroplast B. mitochondrion C. nucleus D. vacuole
3. Which of these features would be found in an animal cell?
A. chloroplast B. cytoplasm C. mitochondrion D. nucleus
4. Which of the following is found in all living cells?
A. centriole and nucleus C. chloroplast and cytoplasm
B. vacuole and cell wall D. mitochondrion and cell membrane
5. In a biology class, students were asked to use a microscope to distinguish between
plant and animal cells. A student noticed a difference between the vacuoles in plant
and animal cells. How do the vacuoles in plant cells differ from animal cell vacuoles?
A. Plant cells rarely contain vacuoles.
B. Plant cell vacuoles are usually larger.
C. Plant cells vacuoles are usually smaller.
D. Plant cells usually contain more vacuole.

23
6. A biology student was observing unidentified cells. She obtained the following data.
Cell Cell X Cell Y
Cytoplasm ☺ ☺
Chloroplast ☺ ☺
Cell Membrane ☺ ☻
Cell Wall ☻ ☺
Nucleus ☺ ☺
Vacuoles ☺ ☺

Using the legend below, how would you classify the cells
☻ Absent ☺ Present
A. Cell X and Y are both plant cells because of the presence of vacuole.
B. Cell X is plant cell because of a small vacuole and presence of chloroplast.
C. Both cells X and Y are animal cells because they contain the three main parts.
D. Cell Y is a plant cell because of the presence of large vacuole, cell wall and
chloroplast.
7. Which two structures are found only in plant cells?
A. cell wall and sap vacuole C. Cytoplasm and cell membrane
B. nucleus and sap vacuoles D. Chloroplast and cell membrane
8. What did Robert Brown discover?
A. chloroplasts B. cell wall C. mitochondria D. nucleus
9. What did Rudolf Virchow, a German pathologist, propose?
A. cell theory C. third postulate of cell theory
B. first postulate of cell theory D. second postulate of cell theory
10. What makes the smooth endoplasmic reticulum different from the rough
endoplasmic reticulum?
A. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is larger than the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
B. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum are the same.
C. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is smaller than the rough endoplasmic
reticulum.
D. A. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks the ribosomes attached to the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
11. What did Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann both discover individually?
A. All cells have organelles.
B. All cells are composed of one or more cells.
C. All living things engage in metabolic functions.
D. Spontaneous generation of cells is an incorrect theory.
12. Which of the following is an assumption of cell theory, as proposed by Theodore
Schwann?
A. Not all organisms have cells. C. Cell can be seen with naked eyes.
B. Cell is the structural unit of life. D. Only animals are composed of cells.
13. Which statements are correct about the Cell Theory?
I. Every cell has nucleus.
II. All living things are made of cells.
III. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
IV. The cell is the basic unit of life.
A. I only B. II, III and IV C. II and III D. I, II and IV

24
14. What is the first postulate in the cell theory?
A. Every cell has nucleus. C. All living cells are made of cells.
B. The cell is the basic unit of life. D. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
15. Onion cells and human cheek cells are examined under a microscope.

Onion Cells Human Cheek Cells

How many of the following structures are seen in both cells?
1. nucleus 2. cell wall 3. cytoplasm 4. cell membrane
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

25
References

Printed Materials:
Duyanen, Joselito C. et. al., Earth and Life Sciences for Senior High School : C&E Publishing Inc., 2016

Laylay, Marilou H., Module 1 The Cell : Merryland Publishing Corporation, 2007

Ting Szu Kiong, Gradual Difficulty Science Topical Practice Secondary 1: Education Publishing House
Pte Ltd, 2015

Online Resources

https://quizlet.com/58215282/cell-theory-true-or-false-flash-cards/

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/56131b6648f82e2a6eae7f80/cell-discovery-cell-theory

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-theory/e/cell-theory-questions

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-cell-theory-definition-
parts.html#:~:text=These%20three%20assumptions%20are%3A,only%20from%20other%20living%20cells
.

https://sciencing.com/modern-cell-theory-5492537.html

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/foundations-of-modern-cell-theory/

https://www.sanfoundry.com/cell-biology-questions-answers-discovery-cells/

https://www.biologycorner.com/quiz/qz_cell_theory.html

https://www.excellup.com/classnine/sciencenine/cellnine.aspx

https://qforquestions.com/the-cell-the-basic-unit-of-life-questions-and-answers/

https://studylib.net/doc/7173012/chapter-7-cellular-structure-and-function-%E2%80%93-as-you-read

https://betterlesson.com/lesson/614535/the-history-of-the-cell-theory?from=mtp_lesson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_theory

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hooke-Microscope-cork.jpg

https://www.needpix.com/photo/702357/waterweed-plant-cell-mikroskopieren

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cheekcells_stained.jpg

https://www.thatquiz.org/tq/preview?c=wydc8bpc&s=nyu4pt

https://reviewgamezone.com/mc/candidate/test/?test_id=15601&title=Plant%20And%20Animal%20Cell
s

https://sciencesource.pearsoncanada.ca/quizzes/quiz2_01_2FqpMv.htm

https://www.google.com/search?q=humn+cheek+cells&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwifm_P7lLbqAhVtxIsBHS
AxBKgQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=humn+cheek+cells&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECAAQQzoCCAA6BQgAELEDOgcIABCxAxBD
OgYIABAIEB46BggAEAoQGDoECAAQGFCxwwJY5ukCYKbsAmgCcAB4AIABwAKIAf8ekgEHMC45LjYuM5g
BAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1n&sclient=img&ei=Y84BX9_dGu2Ir7wPoOKQwAo&bih=598&biw=1350&tb
s=sur%3Afm&hl=en#imgrc=IFlgMIsqdaS_5M

26
https://www.google.com/search?q=onion%20cells&tbm=isch&tbs=sur%3Afm&hl=en&ved=0CA
MQpwVqFwoTCJCik_uUtuoCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAC&biw=1350&bih=598#imgrc=5fi9pBdIEzxd
KM
https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-wall-373613
https://www.britannica.com/science/cytoskeleton
https://sciencing.com/main-function-microtubules-cell-8552402.html
https://www.quizbiology.com/2015/06/plant-cell-and-animal-cell-diagram-quiz.html
https://www.slideshare.net/gumbanjohndaniel/module-cell-structure-and-function
https://global.oup.com/uk/orc/biosciences/cellbiology/wang/student/mcqs/ch08/

Answer Key

LESSON 1: CELL THEORY

What’s New
Activity 1.1. 1. - 6. A. answers may vary
B. 1. – 3. answers may vary
What’s More
The unified cell theory states that all living things are composed of one or more cells, cell is the basic unit of life new
cells arise from preexisting cells.
What I Have Learned
1. cells
2. compound microscope
3. nucleus
4. pre-existing
5. – 7. answers may vary
8. – 10. answers may vary
What I Can Do
I. 1. Answers may vary
2. Answers may vary
3. Answers may vary
4. tissues – organ systems
II. 1. Answers may vary
III. 1. Unicellular and multicellular
2. Answers may vary
LESSON 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
What’s New
Activity 1.1.
1. Cell wall 6. Centrioles
2. Cell membrane 7. Mitochondria
3. Chloroplast 8. Endoplasmic reticulum
4. Cytoplasm 9. Golgi bodies
5. Nucleus 10. H
Activity 1.2.
1. – 9. Answers may vary
What’s More
Answers may vary
What I Have Learned
Is it found in Is it found in
Cell Part or Organelle a Plant Cell?

27
 an Animal
Cell?
1. Cell membrane √ √
2. Cell wall √ x
3. Chloroplast √ x
4. Cytoplasm √ √
5. Endoplasmic reticulum √ √
6. Golgi bodies √ √
7. Lysosomes x √
8. Microtubule √ √
9. Mitochondrion √ √
10. Nucleus √ √
11. Nucleolus √ √

12. Nuclear pore √ √

13. Ribosomes √ √
14. Vacuole √ √

Questions
1. Answers may vary
2. Answers may vary
3. Answers may vary
4. Answers may vary
What I Can Do
Option 2
Think critically……
Answers may vary
Bonus Question:
Answers may vary

28
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

Office Address: New Imus Avenue, Cebu City
Telephone Nos.: (063)255 – 1516, (032) 253 – 9095
E-mail Address: cebu city@deped.gov.ph

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